Farmers and scientists in southern Tanzania participated in selecting superior cassava genotypes. Nine improved cassava varieties were planted in three agro-ecological zones and evaluated based on farmers' selection criteria. The top criteria were yield, disease resistance, and root characteristics. After harvest, farmers in each zone selected genotypes based on yield and disease tolerance. Their selections closely matched the highest performing varieties as determined by scientists. Four genotypes - Kiroba, NDL 2006/487, NDL 2006/438 and Naliendele - were identified as superior based on this participatory selection process.
Conservation Priorities for Tree Crop Wild Relatives in the United StatesCWRofUS
Presentation on conservation priorities of tree crop wild relatives of the U.S., given at the Gene Conservation of Tree Species – Banking on the Future Conference, 16-19 May 2016 in Chicago, USA
The Conservation and Use of Crop Genetic Resources for Food SecurityColin Khoury
Presentation of PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, for the Hugo de Vries award by the Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands (KNBV) for the best botany related thesis in the Netherlands in 2015, 11 April 2016, Lunteren, The Netherlands.
CWR US Presentation ASA/CSSA/SSSA Tampa 2013 CWRofUS
Presentation of gap analysis results for Priority 1A CWR in the United States, given at the annual international ASA/CSSA/SSSA meeting, November 3-6, Tampa, Florida
Conservation Priorities for Tree Crop Wild Relatives in the United StatesCWRofUS
Presentation on conservation priorities of tree crop wild relatives of the U.S., given at the Gene Conservation of Tree Species – Banking on the Future Conference, 16-19 May 2016 in Chicago, USA
The Conservation and Use of Crop Genetic Resources for Food SecurityColin Khoury
Presentation of PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands, for the Hugo de Vries award by the Royal Botanical Society of the Netherlands (KNBV) for the best botany related thesis in the Netherlands in 2015, 11 April 2016, Lunteren, The Netherlands.
CWR US Presentation ASA/CSSA/SSSA Tampa 2013 CWRofUS
Presentation of gap analysis results for Priority 1A CWR in the United States, given at the annual international ASA/CSSA/SSSA meeting, November 3-6, Tampa, Florida
Correlations and Path Analysis of Some Quantitative and Qualitative Character...ijtsrd
Durum wheat is the second most important triticum species next to bread wheat. Ethiopia is one of the centers of diversity for durum wheat. The present study was to determine the interrelationship and direct and indirect effects of yield component traits on grain yield of Ethiopian landraces durum wheat for further breeding activities of yield improvement. Out, 97 durum wheat accessions along with 3 improved varieties were evaluated in 10 x 10 simple lattice design during 2018 main cropping season at Mata Sub site of Haro Sabu Agricultural Research Center. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among accessions for all traits. More than 36 of accessions were superior in mean grain yield than the standard checks. Grain yield exhibited positive and significant correlation both at genotypic and phenotypic level with most of the characters such as plant height rp = 0.22, rg = 0.25 , harvest index rp=0.79, rg = 0.78 , biological yield rp = 0.31, rg = 0.30 , number of kernels per spike rp = 0.17, rg = 0.21 , spike length, rp = 0.36, rg = 0.39 , and hectoliter weight kg hl 1 rp = 0.44, rg = 0.45 . The association between yield, and yield related characters through phenotypic genotypic path coefficients revealed that biological yield, spike length, harvest index and plant height exerted highest positive direct effect on grain yield. This suggests that simultaneous improvement in these characters might be possible Zewdu Tegenu | Dagnachew Lule | Gudeta Nepir "Correlations and Path Analysis of Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characters in Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum L.) Accessions in Western Oromia, Ethiopia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28112.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/28112/correlations-and-path-analysis-of-some-quantitative-and-qualitative-characters-in-durum-wheat-triticum-turgidum-l-accessions-in-western-oromia-ethiopia/zewdu-tegenu
Partnering on CWR research at three scales: commonalities for successCWR Project
The potential for crop wild relatives (CWR) to contribute to crop improvement is growing due to improvements in information on species and their diversity, advancements in breeding tools, and the growing need for exotic genetic diversity to address compounding agronomic challenges. As wild plants, CWR are subject to a myriad of human caused threats to natural ecosystems, and their representation ex situ is often far from comprehensive. Ex situ conservation of many of these wild plants is also technically challenging, particularly in an environment of insufficient resources. Enhancing conservation, availability, and access to CWR requires a spectrum of action spanning basic and applied research on wild species to inform on-the-ground collecting, ex situ maintenance, and germplasm utilization. The development of effective information channels and productive partnerships between diverse organizations are essential to the success of these actions. Here we report on a spectrum of CWR activities involving broad partnerships, at three levels: a) the collaborative compilation and distribution on over 5 million occurrence data records on the CWR of major food crops, b) the analysis of conservation concerns and genetic resources potential of the CWR of potato, sweetpotato, and pigeonpea, and c) ongoing efforts to map the diversity and conservation concerns for CWR in the USA. Although differing in scales and depth of collaborations, the success of these initiatives are largely due to commonalities in research orientation, e.g., inclusiveness, offering clear incentives for involvement, and service providing to the crop science community.
Factor and Principal Component Analyses of Component of Yield and Morphologic...Premier Publishers
The research was conducted to evaluate the yield performance, genetic variation and diversity of the rice genotypes for breeding purposes. Genetic variability and diversity assessment for component of yield and morphological traits among sixteen lowland rice genotypes were carried out at three locations namely Akungba, Akure and Okitipupa during the rainy seasons of 2013, 2014 and 2015. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times, a plot size of 3m x 3m and spacing of 20cm x 20cm was adopted to make a total plant density of 250,000 stands/ha. Cultural operations such as weeding, fertilizer and pesticide applications were carried out as appropriate. Data were collected on plant height, number of tillers per hill, effective tillers, tiller without panicle, flag leaf length, panicle length, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle, number of spikelets per panicle, one thousand grains weight, grain length, grain width, number of days to panicle initiation, number of days to maturity and grain yield per hill. Factor analysis indicated that the first five factors accounted for 79.3 % phenotypic variability, number of tillers, effective tillers with panicle, number of days to flowering and number of days to maturity exhibited 1.00 communality. The first eight principal components had cumulative variance of 93.1 %, whereas, PC(s) 1 and 2 had eigen value greater than 2.0. Therefore, factor and principal component analyses identified some similar characters as the most important for classifying the variation among rice genotypes and these include grain yield, panicle weight, panicle length, one thousand grain weight and number of effective tillers per hill.
Genetic Progress for Yield, Yield Components and Other Agronomic Characters o...Premier Publishers
Genetic progress has brought about increase in yield potential per se for almost all production areas around the world. The present study examines the relationship of groundnut yield with year of release, yield components and other agro-morphological traits using aggregative data from 1976 to 2012 to calculate genetic gain in groundnut grain yield across four locations in Eastern Ethiopia. The direct method, that compares cultivars with their year of release, was used. The relative gain for groundnut grain yield was 1.08% since 1976. A deeper understanding of these issues facilitates the identification of specific yield-limiting factors that can be used for future breeding strategies. Grain yield, 100 seed weight, plant height and harvest index were significantly correlated with year of release for tested locations, emphasizing the most promising traits for groundnut breeders in the past. These traits were also responsible for the significant genetic progress in groundnut yield in Ethiopia since 1976. Further improvement in the yield potential of groundnut will have to involve increase in other traits, like pod weight per plant, seed weight per plant, that have shown significant positive correlation with grain yield.
Participatory Varietal Selection and Evaluation of twelve Soybeans [Glycine m...Premier Publishers
Participatory varietal selection was carried out at North Western parts of Ethiopia, Metekel Zone at Mandura and Mambuk woreda during the main cropping season in 2017/18, to select the best performing, stable, adaptable Soybean varieties in the target areas, to enhance accessibility of improved varieties for producers and to get farmers’ indigenous knowledge used in varietal selection for future soybean research. The result of the current study clearly showed a significant difference between the released 12 Soybean varieties for most agronomic traits obtained at both districts. Seed yield, disease resistance and Number of pods per plant were the dominant selection criteria used by the farmers at both districts. Accordingly, majority of farmers frequently selected Pawe-01 variety. In addition, farmers gave priority for Seed yield at both districts and secondly, they gave equal emphasis to Number of pods per plant, disease resistance and number of branch per plant at Mandura and plant height, seed per pod and disease resistance at Mambuk. General, development of high seed yielding with many pods per plant for Mandura and high yielding with medium plant height in line with disease resistance and medium maturing for Mambuk district can enhance farmers’ preference towards improved Soybean varieties.
Attitudes of Vegetable Farmers towards Risk In Al-Mafraq Governorate – JordanEditor IJAIEM
Ebraheem Suliman Yousef AL-Tahat
Jerash University, 26150 Jerash, Jerash, Jordan
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study is to examine vegetable farmers’ attitudes towards risk in Al-Mafraq Governorate. A random
sample of 68 vegetable farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate was selected. In order to measure risk attitudes, utility functions for
vegetable farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate were estimated. For this purpose, Von Neumann– Morgenstern model was used.
Based on the estimated utility functions, risk attitudes coefficient for each farmer was measured. Studying farmer’s attitudes
towards risk is very important in the decision-making process. These attitudes are considered to be the main constraints to the
adoption rates of vegetable technology by farmers. Consequently, vegetable production is affected by these attitudes. Of the total
random sample of 68 farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate, a purpose sample of 30 vegetable farmers was selected, i.e. 12
farmers (40%), 14 farmers (47%), and 4 farmers (13%) were falling into three categories: risk avert, risk neutral and risk taker,
respectively. They gave answers, which can be used for the purpose of utility function estimation. It is believed that those
farmers took the subject seriously so that their decisions are good indications of their preferred choices. To analyze the
relationship between farmers' personal characteristics such as age, education, farm size, family size, and experience in
agriculture and their risk attitudes, a multiple linear regression model was used, The risk – coefficient is taken as the
dependent variable, while the farmers' characteristics are taken as independent variables. The regression results of the study
indicated that the coefficient of the intercept, the coefficient of age (X1), the coefficient of educational level (X2), were
statistically significant at 5% of the significance level. The coefficient of family size (X5), the coefficient of farm size (X3), were
statistically significant at 10% of the significance level. The coefficient of agricultural experience (X4) was not statistically
significant.
Motives of cultivating traditional leafy vegetables in Tamale MetropolisAI Publications
Abstract— Although, there are several researches in
Ghana’s agricultural sector, little has been done on the
investigation of the motives of traditional leafy vegetable
production in Ghana. This present study assessed the
motive of traditional leafy vegetable crop production in the
Northern region of Ghana using cross-sectional data. A
simple random sampling technique was used to select 334
peri-urban and urban farming communities in the Tamale
Metropolis. A questionnaire was administered to the
respondents and data collected were analyzed using Chisquare
test, percentage and frequencies. The results
indicate that the motives for traditional leafy vegetable
production were very similar for both peri-urban and
urban farming communities. The main motive for
traditional leafy vegetable production was statistically
significant for cash income [χ2 (1, N=334) = 3.755, p <
0.050], and employment [χ2 (1, N=334) = 13.135, p <
0.001], statistically insignificant for manure [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 1.064, p < 0.302] and food/subsistence [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 3.755, p < 0.059]. Given that traditional leafy
vegetable production is a good source of income
generation, government should encourage the youth to
participate in agricultural activities through the provision
of incentives and ready market.
Estimate of Genetic Variability Parameters among Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea ...Premier Publishers
Sixteen groundnut genotypes (including local check) were evaluated for quantitative parameters. The crop was sown during 2015 wet season in Ethiopia across four locations. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Twelve quantitative parameters were studied. The analysis of variance revealed the prevalence of significant difference among the genotypes for all studied parameters. Based on mean performance of genotypes Beha gudo, Manipeter and Werer-962 were found to be best for grain yield in kg/ha. High to moderate estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were exhibited by all characters except for SHP and NSP indicating that those characters could be used as selection indices for crop improvement. High heritability was observed for 100SW (91.2%), AGBP (90.3%), NBP (90.2%), PH (89.4%), NMP (86.8%), NSPOD (85.7%), HI (83.7%) and KY (79.7%) accompanied by high genetic advance indicating the predominant role of additive gene action and the possibilities of effective selection for the improvement of groundnut genotypes based on these characters. Low broad sense heritability and low genetic advance was observed only for SHP and NSP indicating low genetic potentials for these characters and non-additive gene effect prevails.
Investigation of Correlation Coefficient for Forage and Grain Yield with Rela...Premier Publishers
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a staple worldwide in both human and animal nutrition. It is mainly grown for livestock, depending on its grain and forage yield in Turkey. This study was based on defining correlation coefficients of some oat genotypes (nine lines and three cultivars) in Konya, Turkey, among fodder and grain yields, and their components. The experimental design of this study was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The correlations were analyzed after harvesting at milk to dough period. The findings illustrated that there was a significant positive correlation between green fodder yield and leaf weights in ten stems, and grain yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter. The highest negative correlations was found between green fodder yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter, and grain yield and 50% flowering periods in addition to green fodder yield. This research suggests that the number of panicles stems per square meter and dry fodder yield would be selection criteria for grain yield. The number of leaves per stem, the number of nodes, and plant height would also be considered for green fodder yield by oat breeders in their program in Anatolia.
Genotype by Environment Interaction on Yield Components and Stability Analysi...Premier Publishers
Newly developed varieties can only contribute to increased productivity if high producing varieties are released in production niches they are adapted to. In order to enhance adoption of new improved cassava varieties in western Kenya, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) on agronomic and farmer preferred traits of cassava and to asses yield stability of 16 cassava genotypes. The study was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications across five different environments of western Kenya. AMMI analysis of variance identified highly significant (P= 0.001) GEI effects for plant height, height at first branching, and fresh root yield. Generally, GEI effects accounted for 14.98%, 24.64% and 28.3% variability in PH, HB, and FRY respectively. GGE biplot analysis shows that MM06/0138, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, MM98/3567, MM06/0074, MM96/4271 were high yielding and stable genotypes. AMMI stability value revealed that genotype MM06/0143 combined high stability for plant height, height at first branching, number of storage roots and fresh root yield. Genotypes MM06/0138, MM98/3567, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, and MM06/0074 outperformed the check in storage roots yield exhibited high yields in farmer preferred traits and were classified as stable genotypes. Therefore, recommended for release to farmers.
Correlations and Path Analysis of Some Quantitative and Qualitative Character...ijtsrd
Durum wheat is the second most important triticum species next to bread wheat. Ethiopia is one of the centers of diversity for durum wheat. The present study was to determine the interrelationship and direct and indirect effects of yield component traits on grain yield of Ethiopian landraces durum wheat for further breeding activities of yield improvement. Out, 97 durum wheat accessions along with 3 improved varieties were evaluated in 10 x 10 simple lattice design during 2018 main cropping season at Mata Sub site of Haro Sabu Agricultural Research Center. Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences among accessions for all traits. More than 36 of accessions were superior in mean grain yield than the standard checks. Grain yield exhibited positive and significant correlation both at genotypic and phenotypic level with most of the characters such as plant height rp = 0.22, rg = 0.25 , harvest index rp=0.79, rg = 0.78 , biological yield rp = 0.31, rg = 0.30 , number of kernels per spike rp = 0.17, rg = 0.21 , spike length, rp = 0.36, rg = 0.39 , and hectoliter weight kg hl 1 rp = 0.44, rg = 0.45 . The association between yield, and yield related characters through phenotypic genotypic path coefficients revealed that biological yield, spike length, harvest index and plant height exerted highest positive direct effect on grain yield. This suggests that simultaneous improvement in these characters might be possible Zewdu Tegenu | Dagnachew Lule | Gudeta Nepir "Correlations and Path Analysis of Some Quantitative and Qualitative Characters in Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum L.) Accessions in Western Oromia, Ethiopia" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28112.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/agricultural-engineering/28112/correlations-and-path-analysis-of-some-quantitative-and-qualitative-characters-in-durum-wheat-triticum-turgidum-l-accessions-in-western-oromia-ethiopia/zewdu-tegenu
Partnering on CWR research at three scales: commonalities for successCWR Project
The potential for crop wild relatives (CWR) to contribute to crop improvement is growing due to improvements in information on species and their diversity, advancements in breeding tools, and the growing need for exotic genetic diversity to address compounding agronomic challenges. As wild plants, CWR are subject to a myriad of human caused threats to natural ecosystems, and their representation ex situ is often far from comprehensive. Ex situ conservation of many of these wild plants is also technically challenging, particularly in an environment of insufficient resources. Enhancing conservation, availability, and access to CWR requires a spectrum of action spanning basic and applied research on wild species to inform on-the-ground collecting, ex situ maintenance, and germplasm utilization. The development of effective information channels and productive partnerships between diverse organizations are essential to the success of these actions. Here we report on a spectrum of CWR activities involving broad partnerships, at three levels: a) the collaborative compilation and distribution on over 5 million occurrence data records on the CWR of major food crops, b) the analysis of conservation concerns and genetic resources potential of the CWR of potato, sweetpotato, and pigeonpea, and c) ongoing efforts to map the diversity and conservation concerns for CWR in the USA. Although differing in scales and depth of collaborations, the success of these initiatives are largely due to commonalities in research orientation, e.g., inclusiveness, offering clear incentives for involvement, and service providing to the crop science community.
Factor and Principal Component Analyses of Component of Yield and Morphologic...Premier Publishers
The research was conducted to evaluate the yield performance, genetic variation and diversity of the rice genotypes for breeding purposes. Genetic variability and diversity assessment for component of yield and morphological traits among sixteen lowland rice genotypes were carried out at three locations namely Akungba, Akure and Okitipupa during the rainy seasons of 2013, 2014 and 2015. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) replicated three times, a plot size of 3m x 3m and spacing of 20cm x 20cm was adopted to make a total plant density of 250,000 stands/ha. Cultural operations such as weeding, fertilizer and pesticide applications were carried out as appropriate. Data were collected on plant height, number of tillers per hill, effective tillers, tiller without panicle, flag leaf length, panicle length, panicle weight, number of grains per panicle, number of spikelets per panicle, one thousand grains weight, grain length, grain width, number of days to panicle initiation, number of days to maturity and grain yield per hill. Factor analysis indicated that the first five factors accounted for 79.3 % phenotypic variability, number of tillers, effective tillers with panicle, number of days to flowering and number of days to maturity exhibited 1.00 communality. The first eight principal components had cumulative variance of 93.1 %, whereas, PC(s) 1 and 2 had eigen value greater than 2.0. Therefore, factor and principal component analyses identified some similar characters as the most important for classifying the variation among rice genotypes and these include grain yield, panicle weight, panicle length, one thousand grain weight and number of effective tillers per hill.
Genetic Progress for Yield, Yield Components and Other Agronomic Characters o...Premier Publishers
Genetic progress has brought about increase in yield potential per se for almost all production areas around the world. The present study examines the relationship of groundnut yield with year of release, yield components and other agro-morphological traits using aggregative data from 1976 to 2012 to calculate genetic gain in groundnut grain yield across four locations in Eastern Ethiopia. The direct method, that compares cultivars with their year of release, was used. The relative gain for groundnut grain yield was 1.08% since 1976. A deeper understanding of these issues facilitates the identification of specific yield-limiting factors that can be used for future breeding strategies. Grain yield, 100 seed weight, plant height and harvest index were significantly correlated with year of release for tested locations, emphasizing the most promising traits for groundnut breeders in the past. These traits were also responsible for the significant genetic progress in groundnut yield in Ethiopia since 1976. Further improvement in the yield potential of groundnut will have to involve increase in other traits, like pod weight per plant, seed weight per plant, that have shown significant positive correlation with grain yield.
Participatory Varietal Selection and Evaluation of twelve Soybeans [Glycine m...Premier Publishers
Participatory varietal selection was carried out at North Western parts of Ethiopia, Metekel Zone at Mandura and Mambuk woreda during the main cropping season in 2017/18, to select the best performing, stable, adaptable Soybean varieties in the target areas, to enhance accessibility of improved varieties for producers and to get farmers’ indigenous knowledge used in varietal selection for future soybean research. The result of the current study clearly showed a significant difference between the released 12 Soybean varieties for most agronomic traits obtained at both districts. Seed yield, disease resistance and Number of pods per plant were the dominant selection criteria used by the farmers at both districts. Accordingly, majority of farmers frequently selected Pawe-01 variety. In addition, farmers gave priority for Seed yield at both districts and secondly, they gave equal emphasis to Number of pods per plant, disease resistance and number of branch per plant at Mandura and plant height, seed per pod and disease resistance at Mambuk. General, development of high seed yielding with many pods per plant for Mandura and high yielding with medium plant height in line with disease resistance and medium maturing for Mambuk district can enhance farmers’ preference towards improved Soybean varieties.
Attitudes of Vegetable Farmers towards Risk In Al-Mafraq Governorate – JordanEditor IJAIEM
Ebraheem Suliman Yousef AL-Tahat
Jerash University, 26150 Jerash, Jerash, Jordan
ABSTRACT
The main objective of this study is to examine vegetable farmers’ attitudes towards risk in Al-Mafraq Governorate. A random
sample of 68 vegetable farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate was selected. In order to measure risk attitudes, utility functions for
vegetable farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate were estimated. For this purpose, Von Neumann– Morgenstern model was used.
Based on the estimated utility functions, risk attitudes coefficient for each farmer was measured. Studying farmer’s attitudes
towards risk is very important in the decision-making process. These attitudes are considered to be the main constraints to the
adoption rates of vegetable technology by farmers. Consequently, vegetable production is affected by these attitudes. Of the total
random sample of 68 farmers in Al-Mafraq Governorate, a purpose sample of 30 vegetable farmers was selected, i.e. 12
farmers (40%), 14 farmers (47%), and 4 farmers (13%) were falling into three categories: risk avert, risk neutral and risk taker,
respectively. They gave answers, which can be used for the purpose of utility function estimation. It is believed that those
farmers took the subject seriously so that their decisions are good indications of their preferred choices. To analyze the
relationship between farmers' personal characteristics such as age, education, farm size, family size, and experience in
agriculture and their risk attitudes, a multiple linear regression model was used, The risk – coefficient is taken as the
dependent variable, while the farmers' characteristics are taken as independent variables. The regression results of the study
indicated that the coefficient of the intercept, the coefficient of age (X1), the coefficient of educational level (X2), were
statistically significant at 5% of the significance level. The coefficient of family size (X5), the coefficient of farm size (X3), were
statistically significant at 10% of the significance level. The coefficient of agricultural experience (X4) was not statistically
significant.
Motives of cultivating traditional leafy vegetables in Tamale MetropolisAI Publications
Abstract— Although, there are several researches in
Ghana’s agricultural sector, little has been done on the
investigation of the motives of traditional leafy vegetable
production in Ghana. This present study assessed the
motive of traditional leafy vegetable crop production in the
Northern region of Ghana using cross-sectional data. A
simple random sampling technique was used to select 334
peri-urban and urban farming communities in the Tamale
Metropolis. A questionnaire was administered to the
respondents and data collected were analyzed using Chisquare
test, percentage and frequencies. The results
indicate that the motives for traditional leafy vegetable
production were very similar for both peri-urban and
urban farming communities. The main motive for
traditional leafy vegetable production was statistically
significant for cash income [χ2 (1, N=334) = 3.755, p <
0.050], and employment [χ2 (1, N=334) = 13.135, p <
0.001], statistically insignificant for manure [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 1.064, p < 0.302] and food/subsistence [χ2 (1,
N=334) = 3.755, p < 0.059]. Given that traditional leafy
vegetable production is a good source of income
generation, government should encourage the youth to
participate in agricultural activities through the provision
of incentives and ready market.
Estimate of Genetic Variability Parameters among Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea ...Premier Publishers
Sixteen groundnut genotypes (including local check) were evaluated for quantitative parameters. The crop was sown during 2015 wet season in Ethiopia across four locations. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Twelve quantitative parameters were studied. The analysis of variance revealed the prevalence of significant difference among the genotypes for all studied parameters. Based on mean performance of genotypes Beha gudo, Manipeter and Werer-962 were found to be best for grain yield in kg/ha. High to moderate estimates of genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) and phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) were exhibited by all characters except for SHP and NSP indicating that those characters could be used as selection indices for crop improvement. High heritability was observed for 100SW (91.2%), AGBP (90.3%), NBP (90.2%), PH (89.4%), NMP (86.8%), NSPOD (85.7%), HI (83.7%) and KY (79.7%) accompanied by high genetic advance indicating the predominant role of additive gene action and the possibilities of effective selection for the improvement of groundnut genotypes based on these characters. Low broad sense heritability and low genetic advance was observed only for SHP and NSP indicating low genetic potentials for these characters and non-additive gene effect prevails.
Investigation of Correlation Coefficient for Forage and Grain Yield with Rela...Premier Publishers
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a staple worldwide in both human and animal nutrition. It is mainly grown for livestock, depending on its grain and forage yield in Turkey. This study was based on defining correlation coefficients of some oat genotypes (nine lines and three cultivars) in Konya, Turkey, among fodder and grain yields, and their components. The experimental design of this study was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The correlations were analyzed after harvesting at milk to dough period. The findings illustrated that there was a significant positive correlation between green fodder yield and leaf weights in ten stems, and grain yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter. The highest negative correlations was found between green fodder yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter, and grain yield and 50% flowering periods in addition to green fodder yield. This research suggests that the number of panicles stems per square meter and dry fodder yield would be selection criteria for grain yield. The number of leaves per stem, the number of nodes, and plant height would also be considered for green fodder yield by oat breeders in their program in Anatolia.
Genotype by Environment Interaction on Yield Components and Stability Analysi...Premier Publishers
Newly developed varieties can only contribute to increased productivity if high producing varieties are released in production niches they are adapted to. In order to enhance adoption of new improved cassava varieties in western Kenya, a study was conducted to evaluate the effects of genotype by environment interaction (GEI) on agronomic and farmer preferred traits of cassava and to asses yield stability of 16 cassava genotypes. The study was conducted in randomized complete block design with three replications across five different environments of western Kenya. AMMI analysis of variance identified highly significant (P= 0.001) GEI effects for plant height, height at first branching, and fresh root yield. Generally, GEI effects accounted for 14.98%, 24.64% and 28.3% variability in PH, HB, and FRY respectively. GGE biplot analysis shows that MM06/0138, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, MM98/3567, MM06/0074, MM96/4271 were high yielding and stable genotypes. AMMI stability value revealed that genotype MM06/0143 combined high stability for plant height, height at first branching, number of storage roots and fresh root yield. Genotypes MM06/0138, MM98/3567, MM96/9308, MM97/0293, and MM06/0074 outperformed the check in storage roots yield exhibited high yields in farmer preferred traits and were classified as stable genotypes. Therefore, recommended for release to farmers.
Stenocarpella maydis and Fusarium graminearum maize cob rots are two most devastating cob rots in maize which causes yield losses and reduce grain quality as a result of mycotoxins which is produced from this fungus. Developing varieties resistant to cob rots is a practical and economic strategy that provides cheaper protection against yield loss and poor grain quality. There is still low adoption of improved varieties partly because of limited incorporation of farmer preferred standards. Therefore farmers’ preferences and perceptions should be captured early in a breeding program to enhance the adoption of released varieties. A focus group discussion (FGD) participatory approach was used in four districts of Uganda to assess farmers’ perceptions on maize cob rots and to investigate the possibilities of breeding for farmer-preferred cob rot resistant varieties. Semi- structured questionnaires were administered to selected seed merchants to consolidate and verify farmers’ reporting on seed varieties. Results ofinvestigationsuggested that absolute cob rot resistance was associated with undesirable traits such as small seededness, late maturing and low yields. Yield and earliness were the most preferred farmer agronomic traits, with a farmer-preference mean derived score of 4.5 and 3.75 respectively from the total of 5. In this regard, selection for farmer-preferred cob rot resistance varieties should strike a balance between yield and or earliness with cob rot resistance.
Assessment of common bean genotypes for farmers’ preferencesTropical Legumes III
Commonbean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plays a principal role in the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in Tanzania. It is estimated that over 75% of rural households in Tanzania depend on beans for daily subsistence. In order to ensure preferences and acceptance of developed bean varieties, farmers are involved in variety selection procedures through participatory research approach. Involvement of farmers confirms awareness, acceptance, adoption and spatial diffusion of the developed bean varieties.
Farmers perception on production constraints, trait preference and variety se...Innspub Net
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production in Kenya is mainly practiced on a small scale and productivity per hectare is lower compared with the world average, despite its promotion in different regions. The chickpea adoption rate is also relatively slow, despite its benefits. This study investigated farmers’ production constraints, preferred traits, and selection criteria for specific varieties to generate information that can assist in the development of new varieties, which can be more readily adopted by farmers. A participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) through Focus Group Discussions (FGD) was conducted in Bomet and Embu counties of Kenya. The direct ranking was used to identify farmers’ constraints to chickpea production, preferred traits, and specific chickpea varieties based on preference. The collected data was analysed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Farmers’ responses indicated that the major production constraints were pests and disease infestations, drought, lack of early-maturing varieties, lack of market, and lack of information on chickpea production and utilization. The farmers reported that they preferred ICCV 97105, ICCV 92944, and ICCV 00108 due to high yielding, drought tolerant, early maturing, and pest and disease resistance. Farmers in both counties also had a higher preference for Desi than Kabuli chickpea types because of tolerance to drought and disease resistance and that its testa does not peel off when cooked. This study revealed farmer-preferred traits in varieties they would want to grow. Breeders should aim at developing varieties with multiple traits for increased chickpea adoption and production in Kenya.
Effect of sowing year and seedbed type on yield and yield component in bambar...Innspub Net
Bambara groundnut (Vigna subterranea) is one of the most promising food legumes in Africa, due to its agronomic and nutritional potential. To take advantage of these attributes, several research programmes gathering agronomic and genetic data are being implemented throughout Africa. In this context, the responses of yield and yield components to year sowing and seedbed type were tested in a three densities (13 900 plants ha−1, 62500 plants ha−1 and 250000 plants ha−1) field experiment using a bambara groundnut landrace with a semi-bunch growth habit. Three years sowing: 2005, 2006 and 2007 were coupled with two seedbed types – raised and flat. A factorial trial using a split-plot design with three replicates was set up to analyse seed yield and plant biomass, as well as nine yield components (Plant spread, Plant height, Number of leaves per plant, Number of pods per plants, Number of seeds per plant, Pods weight per plant, Pod fill ration, Seed harvest index). The seedbed type and year of experiment did not influence significantly the marketable yield and plant biomass (p> 0.05). This result has been attributed to the suitability of the amount and distribution of rainfall and temperature for the production of bambara groundnut at the target site. Based on the trend of yield response, cultivation of landraces of bambara groundnut characterized by a semi-bunch growth habit on flat seedbeds was suggested in woodland savannas of Côte d’Ivoire to enhance seeds yield and reduce labour. Get the full articles at: http://www.innspub.net/ijaar/effect-of-sowing-year-and-seedbed-type-on-yield-and-yield-component-in-bambara-groundnut-vigna-subterranea-l-verdc-in-woodland-savannahs-of-cote-divoire/
New dryland legume and cereal varieties for genetic intensification in semi-a...africa-rising
Poster prepared by Wills Munthali, Peter Ngowi, Elirehema Swai, James Mwololo, Bekunda Mateete and Patrick Okori for the Africa RISING ESA Project Review and Planning Meeting, Lilongwe, Malawi, 3–5 October 2018.
Advances in groundnut breeding for drought prone west and central africaTropical Legumes III
ICRISAT has been working with national breeding programs to develop climate resilient improved groundnut varieties. The Tropical Legumes project been instrumental in strengthening the breeding program in the regions and have distributed >1,000 advanced breeding lines to national programs. Farmer preferred variety selection (FPVS) was found very useful for fast track release and adoption of improved varieties. Twenty two high yielding (yield advantage of >20%) varieties resistance/tolerance to drought and major diseases have been released/registered across the region as a result of project efforts (4 in Ghana, 5 in Mali, 4 in Niger, 3 in Nigeria and 6 in Senegal).
Potato is the second most important food crop in Kenya after maize. It is a valuable cash and food crop mainly grown by small-scale farmers. Potato is cultivated mainly under rainfed production conditions at altitudes between 1500 and 3000 metre above sea level (masl). Consequently, National Performance Trials (NPTs) test sites are located in these highlands. Recently, potato production has spread to the mid-highlands (1200-1500masl) mostly due to high food demand occasioned by population increase, and migration of small scale farmers from the densely populated highlands to the more spacious midlands. Consequently, there is increased need to breed potato varieties that can grow profitably in the warmer mid-altitudes. This development called for identification of new conventional NPT test sites located in the mid-altitudes. Six mid-altitude sites were identified and client-managed conventional NPTs carried out. Twenty six potato genotypes were evaluated for two seasons. First season crop was planted in 2016 while the second season crop was planted in 2017. There was a significant (p≤ 0.001) effect of genotypes, environments and genotype x environment interaction in the first season. Trans-Nzoia was the highest yielding site. All genotypes yielded between 10 and 25 ton/ha. In the second season, only environments showed significant (p≤ 0.001) effects. Again, Trans-Nzoia was the highest yielding site. Across the two seasons, Trans-Nzoia gave an average yield of 26.96 ton/ha followed by Kabete at 18. 21ton/ha. All the other four sites yielded less than 10 ton/ha. The high yields at Trans-Nzoia and Kabete could be due to higher altitudes in these two sites compared to the others. In order to develop potato varieties that can produce profitably in the warm mid-altitudes, breeding and early generation selections activities should be based in these areas.
analysis and determinants of profit efficiency of cassava farmersIJEAB
A study on the analysis and determinants of profit efficiency of cassava farmers in Cross River State, Nigeria was carried out using the stochastic frontier profit function of Cobb-Douglas functional form. Data for the study were collected from primary sources with the aid of a set of structured and pre-tested questionnaires. For the determinants of profit efficiency, the minimum and maximum profit efficiency was 0.14 and 0.91 respectively with mean profit efficiency of 0.65. The mean profit efficiency implies that farmers were able to obtain 65% of their potential profit from a unit mix of inputs. In other words, about 35% of the profit is lost to inefficiency of management. Thus in the short run, there is a scope for increasing profit from cassava production by 35%. Age (0.37), education (0.67) and household size (0.58) had positive impact on profit inefficiency. The analysis of profit inefficiency effect showed a significant gamma (γ = 0.86). This implies that 86% deviation from maximum profit obtainable was as a result of inefficiency of the farmers rather than random error or variability. The signs and significance of the estimated coefficients in the inefficiency model have important implication on profit efficiency of the farmers. It is recommended that farmers should be encouraged to invest in cassava production for its profitability and economic value, inputs should be made available and at affordable prices especially improved varieties of cassava cuttings and cassava farmers should be encouraged to receive training on proper agronomic practices and usage of inputs to enhance profit efficiency of input use.
Influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts, a case o...paperpublications3
Abstract: Groundnut (Arachis hypogea L.) is a major annual oilseed crop and its economic and nutritive quality makes the crop a beneficial enterprise for rural farmers in Ndhiwa Sub-County. Researchers have recommended adoption of technology and increased contact with extension agents as one way of increasing production but productivity remains low. Crop productivity or yield is a function of environment, plant, management and socio-economic factors that interact at optimum levels to give maximum yields. The study focused on farmer characteristics which are part of socio-economic factors using the ex-post facto research design. The objective was to determine the influence of farmer characteristics on the production of groundnuts in Ndhiwa Sub County, Kenya. Purposive, multistage and simple random sampling was used in the study. Data on famer characteristics was obtained from 323 farmers out of the population of 21,820 farmers involved in groundnut production during the 2014 main cropping season. Document analysis was used to collate and analyze secondary data. Cobb-Douglas production function model and multiple regression analysis were used to study the behaviour and effects of independent variables on the dependent variable and test hypotheses. The results of the study showed that majority of the farmers were in households that were male headed with an average of seven persons. The household heads were middle aged, experienced in groundnut farming and had low levels of formal education. Age, gender of head of household, household size, level of formal education and experience in farming all had a positive relationship with groundnut production. However, only gender and experience in farming were significant at p <0.05 level of significance. Based on the findings the study recommended that interventions that target female headed households and improvement of farmers’ traditional knowledge on production should be put in place to improve production.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most important widely grown food crops worldwide. In Zambia, it is an important cereal crop, second after maize. However, its production amongst the small-scale farmers has declined over the years. To determine the causes of this decline, a participatory rural appraisal was conducted in Mpika district in Zambia as a case study to assess farmers’ perceived constraints and preferences of rain-fed wheat varieties. Focus group discussions, semi-structured questionnaires, scoring and ranking were used. The results showed that wheat is produced both for food and income generation. The average wheat fields were 0.48 ha, with yields averaging 1.5 t ha -1. The major production constraints are lack of improved seed, bird damage, termites, lack of markets and diseases with spot blotch being the most important. Farmers preferred a white coloured grain cultivar, high yielding, resistant to diseases, termite attack and bird damage.
Herbicides perception and utilization among cassava farmers in Delta State, N...Open Access Research Paper
Over the years, herbicides have been widely used by farmers to control weeds in their farms. However, this study ascertained herbicides’ perception and utilisation among cassava farmers in delta state, Nigeria. The specific objectives were to: ascertain farmers knowledge about herbicide usage, ascertain cassava farmers perception of herbicide, determine cassava farmers level of herbicide utilisation; and identify constraints cassava farmers encounter with the use of herbicides. The multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select a sample size of 180 with the aid of questionnaire. Various descriptive statistics and logit regression were used for data analysis. The Results for perception reveal that eight statements were favourably perceived while three were not favourably perceive by the respondents. Statements that were favourably perceived include: herbicides can cause health problems, (mean = 3.90) use of herbicides saves labour time (mean = 3.36); herbicides make weeding easier (mean 3.76); herbicides reduce cost of weeding (mean = 4.0) while utilization of herbicides results reveals that 76% of respondents use herbicides. The respondents that do not use herbicides could be associated to ignorance, cost, and non-availability of herbicides. Several constraints were responsible for the utilization of herbicides usage included the heavy weight of the knapsack sprayers they use during herbicides application and undesired wind carriage of herbicides. The study recommends, among others, that farmers should be encouraged to participate in herbicides spraying techniques and Delta State government should subsidized the cost of herbicides for the farmers.
Genetic Variability and Morphological Diversity among Open-Pollinated Maize (...Premier Publishers
A study to characterize and determine the magnitude of genetic variation among 60 open-pollinated maize varieties was conducted at two contrasting locations in Sierra Leone during the 2015 wet cropping season. Results revealed that traits such as grain moisture content, anthesis-silking interval, plant and ear heights, number of ears harvested, field weight and grain yield showed moderate to high values of the components of genetic variation while days to 50% anthesis and silking revealed low values of the components of genetic variation. The first two PCA axes explained 54% of the total variation, of which the first principal component (PC1) accounted for 35% and PC2 contributed 19% of the total variation. The cluster diagram grouped the genotypes into seven main clusters and results suggest that crosses involving clusters I and V with any other clusters would produce segregants with low grain yields while the crosses between clusters IV, VI and VII would be expected to manifest higher heterosis and could result in segregants with higher grain yields. There was significant genetic variability observed among the genotypes evaluated thereby suggest the scope to bring about traits improvement of genotypes through direct selection and hybridization.
Stem Height and Yield Response of Four Potato Varieties to Planting Density a...Premier Publishers
Field trials were conducted at Tambul in the High Altitude Research Centre in Papua New Guinea Highlands. The trials evaluated four varieties of potato, two of which are resistant to Potato Late Blight disease and bred by the International Potato Centre (E2, E24), Kumdi and PNG industry variety, Sequoia against three planting densities (PD) and three fertilizer rates (FR) in a 4x3x3 factorial design. Trials were replicated three times and repeated in three seasons at three different sites. Stem height of E24 was significantly (P<0.05) higher followed by E2, Kumdi then Sequoia respectively. Marketable and total tuber number plant-1 was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by varieties and treatments especially PD. All varieties performed high marketable and total tuber number plant-1 at moderate to low PD. Optimum marketable and total tuber yield (t ha-1) of E2, Kumdi, Sequoia and E24 were observed at high PD and moderate to high FR. High seed tubers were observed at high density and low to moderate FR. E2 and Kumdi had appropriate genetic traits resistant to PLB disease and natural aptitude to influence tall stem height cultivated using high PD and moderated to high FR resulted in healthy crop development and high yield performance.
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Assessment and selection of superior genotypes among elite
1. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.17, 2014
Assessment and Selection of Superior Genotypes among Elite
Cassava Genotypes by Farmers and Scientists in Southern
Tanzania.
A.C. Kundy1*, G.S. Mkamilo1 and R.N.Misangu2
1. Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute, P.O. Box 509, Mtwara, Tanzania.
2. Department of Crop Science and Production, Sokoine University of Agriculture, P.O.Box 3005,
Morogoro, Tanzania.
*E-mail of the corresponding author: ackundya@hotmail.com
Abstract
A participatory genotype/variety selection involving farmers in three agro ecological zones in Southern Tanzania
and scientists from Naliendele Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) and Sokoine University of Agriculture
(SUA) to select superior cassava genotypes is described. Initial situation analyses of the communities indicated
that cassava is increasing in importance both as a food and a cash crop. Most farmers utilized landraces of
cassava; improved varieties were scarcely mentioned. Nine newly improved cassava genotypes obtained from
advanced yield trial at NARI were planted in each agro ecological in a randomized complete block design.
During cropping season (2011/2012) the genotypes selected by farmers were almost the same as those selected
by scientists after analysis. This selection process has identified four superior genotypes from amongst nine elite
genotypes; namely Kiroba, NDL 2006/487, NDL 2006/438 and Naliendele. Farmers were relatively consistent
in their selection from different stages of crop growth, and their selections corresponded with their stated
selection criteria. Official variety release requires additional multilocational and inspection trials and postharvest
assays but otherwise seems harmonious with a participatory breeding approach; involvement of farmers in this
stage may facilitate early variety release, an important factor in cost-effectiveness. Adoption of a participatory
approach, with farmers and scientists taking on new roles and decentralization of activities, implies a
concomitant transfer of influence and resources.
Keywords: Participatory Variety Selection, Farmer selection criteria, Variety release.
1.0 Introduction
Participatory Crop Improvement (PCI) is a new approach in genetic improvement. The approach aims at fully
integrating farmers and their stakeholders of the production chain into the process of variety development. It
aims at ensuring the needs of small farmers living in poor and marginal areas for which conventional breeding
cannot offer suitable varieties (Trouche, 2004).
Participatory crop improvement and or genotype/variety selection is based on the principal of
sufficient knowledge of farmers’ specific production needs and of the advantages and disadvantages of the local
varieties they use (Trouche, 2004). The approach involves farmers in different stages of selection and evaluation
of future varieties. This can be done either through “Mother” trial where researchers test advanced lines on-farm
and on-station, in which groups of farmers rank cassava lines or through “Baby trial” where farmers test lines on
their fields using their level of management and rate the performance (Singh et al., 2002).
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is from the family Euphobeaceae. It is among the most important
root crops worldwide and provides food for one billion people (Bokanga, 2001; Nuwamanya et al., 2009). It is
an important food crop in developing countries, and it is the fourth source of calories, after rice, sugar cane and
maize worldwide (Akinwale et al., 2010). The edible roots supply energy for more than 500 million people
worldwide (Ceballos et al., 2006). It is a perennial crop, native to America and grown in agro ecologies which
differ in rainfall, temperature regimes and soil types (Olsen and Schaal, 2001). Cassava constitutes an essential
part of the diet of most tropical countries of the world (Calle et al., 2005). In Africa the crop is the most
important staple food grown and plays a major role in the effort to alleviate food crisis (Hahn and Keyer, 1985).
Tanzania is the fifth producer of cassava in Africa and eighth cassava producer in the world, with about 670
000 hectares of land under cassava cultivation with estimated annual production of 7 000 000 tons of fresh root
(FAOSTAT, 2008). Cassava is among the most important food security crops in the country and is the most important
in the Lake zone(mid altitude warm sub-humid, highland cool humid and mid altitude warm sub-humid) and in the
coastal lowlands (Lowland warm sub-humid) (Kapinga et al., 1997). In Tanzania it is the second most important food
crop after maize in terms of volume and capita consumption (Kavishe, 1993).
Cassava varieties have been released in Tanzania since 1990s; varieties developed by Tanzania Roots and
Tuber Crops National Program. These varieties had been selected largely on the basis of their root yield and their
resistance to pests and diseases, particularly cassava mosaic disease and cassava brown streak disease (Kundy et al.,
2014). Despite this, cassava landraces remain predominant in Tanzania. Participatory Plant Breeding has focused
24
2. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.17, 2014
mainly on crops which farmers usually propagate by seed such as rice, maize and beans. Tropical root crops such as
cassava and sweet potato are, by contrast, usually propagated vegetatively and African farmers use their seedlings (de
Waal et al., 1997) only rarely (Gibson et al., 2000; Manu-Aduening et al., 2005) prefer.ring the more certain option of
vegetative propagation from known cultivars. In root crops breeding programmersmes farmers are usually involved in
the final sift and verification of clones and, even in programmes in which farmer involvement has been promoted,
they have been involved only at harvesting stage. Here we report a cassava breeding activity in which farmers and
scientists worked together from planting, data collection and harvesting.
2.0 Materials and Methods
2.1 Description of Study Area
The study was conducted in three locations of Southern Tanzania at Naliendele (Coastal low land plains),
Mtopwa(Makonde plateau) and Nachingwea(Masasi-Nachinwea plains), during the 2011 – 2012 cropping
season under rain fed conditions.Naliendele is located at 10o 22'S and 40o 10'E, 120m above sea level and
receives mean annual rainfall of 950mm with monthly mean temperature of 27oC and average relative humidity
of 86%. Nachingwea is located at 10o 20 ׳S and 38o46’E, 465 m above sea level has a mean annual rainfall of
850mm, mean monthly temperature of 25oC and annual mean relative humidity of 78%. Mtopwa is located at
10o 41'S and 39o 23'E, 760m above sea level receives a mean annual rainfall of 1133mm with monthly mean
temperature of 23oC and mean relative humidity of 75%. All the three sites experience a mono-modal type of
rainfall. These data are according to the report by the Planning Commission Dar es Salaam and Regional
Commissioner’s Office Mtwara, Tanzania (2008).
2.2 Situational Analysis
The study involved surveys of cassava farmers belonging to three agro ecological zones in Southern Tanzania.
A group of farmers at Naliendele was selected to represent the coastal low land, while groups of farmers from
Mtopwa and Nachingwea were selected to represent Makonde Plateau and Masasi-Nachingwea agro ecological
zones respectively. Information on the communities was obtained using participatory rural appraisal (PRA) as a
needs assessment exercise and to engage with each community. Groups of women and men farmers and village
elders provided information on the historical and current production and uses of cassava in each study area.
2.2 Identification of farmers’ criteria for cassava acceptability
The scientists described to farmers in each location what was involved in this study and the potential benefits
new genotypes could bring to the communities. An invitation was given to all cassava farmers in the three
communities to collaborate as a group with us. A group of farmers between 10 – 20 in each location were
involved in this study. Before harvesting, farmers were urged to mention/describe the cassava criteria they use in
selecting cassava varieties/genotypes. These criteria were then ranked according to the farmers’ prioritization.
By using “seed ranking method”, criteria-wise, farmers made selection among the harvested cassava genotypes.
Then genotypes were compared using ‘pair-wise ranking” method.
2.3 Statistical Analysis
Genstat version 14 statistical software were used for analysis. Means of treatments were compared using
Duncan’s Multiple Range Test at 0.001 and 0.05 levels of significance.
3.0 Results
3.1 Farmers Participation
3.1.1 Farmers’ criteria for selecting cassava genotypes/varieties
During harvesting, farmers were given a chance of selecting cassava genotypes/varieties according to their fore
discussed criteria. Twelve farmers were involved at Naliendele site whereas fifteen farmers were involved at
both Mtopwa and Nachingwea sites. The criteria used by farmers in selecting cassava genotypes/varieties were
almost the same at all the trial sites. Table 1 shows the criteria used by farmers and their respective ranking in
order of importance. At Naliendele site, yield ranked the first while root hardness ranked fourth in order of
importance. At Mtopwa yield ranked the third whereas diseases ranked first and root hardness was fourth. On
the other hand, at Nachingwea yield ranked first while root taste rank was fourth in order of importance.
25
3. Journal of Natural Sciences Research www.iiste.org
ISSN 2224-3186 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0921 (Online)
Vol.4, No.17, 2014
Table 1: Farmers criteria for selecting cassava varieties/genotypes at the trial sites
26
Rank
Criteria Naliendele Mtopwa Nachingwea
Yield 1 3 1
Disease 2 1 2
Taste 3 2 4
Hardness 4 4 3
Cookability 5 7 7
Planting material 6 8 6
Storability 7 9 10
Architecture 8 10 9
Fibreousness 9 - -
Flesh colour 10 11 10
Maturity - 6 -
Vegetables - 5 8
Drought - - 5
- = Not ranked in top ten
From table 1, at Naliendele flesh colour as a criterion of selecting genotypes was of the least
importance. Root fibrousness ranked second from the last followed by plant architecture. However, at Mtopwa
the least criterion (storability) in order of importance differed from the least one at Naliendele site. Storability
ranked the last, followed by cookability, whereas planting material was the third from the bottom. At
Nachingwea, storability ranked the last in order of importance, followed by plant architecture and vegetables
production (cassava plant leaves).
The above mentioned criteria are used by farmers depending on the prevailing need(s) at a given
period of time. However, according to them, they mostly use the top four ranked criteria. In this study only two
major and important criteria were used for selection of genotypes. The criteria used are root yield and cassava
diseases. -
3.1.2 Farmers’ genotypes selection based on root yield and diseases – “Seed ranking method”
3.1.2.1Root Yield
Results for farmers’ genotypes selection based on yield and diseases are shown in Table 2. The highest yielder
selected by farmers at Naliendele site was NDL 438 (32 points), followed by NDL 2006/487(31 points) and
NDL 2006/283 (29 points), while Albert, NDL 200/741 and variety Naliendele were found to be inferior with
score points of 14, 18 and 19 respectively. At Mtopwa the highest yielders were NDL 2006/487 (27 points)
followed by NDL 2006/438 (25 points) and variety Naliendele (24 points). The least yielders were found to be
NDL 2006/840, NDL 2006/741 and NDL 2006/283 with score points of 15, 16 and 17 respectively. At
Nachingwea site, Kiroba, Naliendele variety and NDL 2006/487 were observed to have higher score points of
33, 31 and 30 respectively. The lower score points were found on NDL 2006/741(17 points), NDL 2006/840 (19
points) and Albert (20 points).
3.1.2.2 Diseases
At Naliendele no or minor signs of diseases were observed on genotypes NDL 2006/487 (27 points), NDL
2006/738 (26 points) and NDL 2006/840 (24 points), while most disease symptoms were observed on Albert
(12 points), variety Naliendele (13 points) and NDL 2006/283 (14 points) (Table 2). Genotypes NDL 200/438,
NDL 2006/850 and NDL 2006/030 were assigned the highest score points of 34, 33 and 31 respectively at
Mtopwa, while genotypes NDL 2006/741(15 points), Albert (15 points) and variety Naliendele (17) were found
to have clear disease symptoms. At Nachingwea, NDL 2006/487(38 points), NDL 2006/738 (35 points) and
Kiroba (34 points) were observed as most tolerant genotypes, while the most susceptible ones were NDL
2006/741 (16 points), Albert (17 points) and Naliendele (17 points).
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Table 2: Farmers’ genotypes selection based on yield and diseases
Naliendele Mtopwa Nachingwea
Geno Y Rank D Rank Y Rank D Rank Y Rank D Rank
1 14 12 12 12 18 9 15 11.5 20 10 17 11.5
2 21 9 22 4 19 7.5 30 4.5 33 1 34 3
3 19 10 13 11 24 3 17 10 31 2 17 11.5
4 24 8 21 5 20 6 31 3 23 7 20 9
5 28 5 18 7 21 5 30 4.5 21 9 25 7
6 29 3.5 14 10 17 10 19 9 22 8 23 8
7 32 1 20 6 25 2 34 1 25 6 33 4
8 31 2 27 1 27 1 29 6 30 3 38 1
9 25 6.5 26 2 19 7.5 28 7 27 4 35 2
10 18 11 16 8 16 11 15 11.5 17 12 19 10
11 25 6.5 24 3 15 12 25 8 19 11 31 5
12 29 3.5 15 9 22 4 33 2 26 5 29 6
N.B: 1. The higher the number of the variables, the better the genotype
2. Yield and disease assessed by visual observation
KEY:
Y = Yield, D = Disease
1 = Albert, 2 = Kiroba, 3 = Naliendele, 4 = NDL 2006/030, 5 = NDL 2006/104, 6 =NDL 2006/283,
7 = NDL 2006/438, 8 = NDL 2006/487, 9 = NDL 2006/738, 10 = NDL 2006/741, 11 = NDL 2006/840,
12 = NDL 2006/850.
3.1.3 Farmers pair wise matrix selection of the studied genotypes based on yield
3.1.3.1 Naliendele site
At Naliendele site, twelve farmers participated in the assessment of genotypes based on yield; the results are
presented in (Table 28). Genotype NDL 2006/438 was the highest yielder (11 score) followed by NDL 2006/850
and NDL 2006/283, whereas Albert was the least yielder (0 score) among the varieties and genotypes assessed.
Table 3: Pair wise ranking based on yield for Naliendele site
Genotype 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Score Rank
ALBERT 0 12
KIROBA 2 4 8
NALIENDELE 3 2 3 9
NDL 2006/030 4 4 4 5 7
NDL 2006/104 5 5 5 5 7 5.5
NDL 2006/283 6 6 6 6 6 9 2.5
NDL 2006/438 7 7 7 7 7 7 11 1
NDL 2006/487 8 8 8 8 8 6 7 8 4
NDL 2006/738 9 9 9 9 5 6 7 8 7 5.5
NDL 2006/741 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 10
NDL 2006/840 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 11
NDL 2006/850 12 12 12 12 12 12 7 12 9 12 12 9 2.5
KEY:
1 = Albert, 2 = Kiroba, 3 = Naliendele, 4 = NDL 2006/030, 5 = NDL 2006/104, 6 =NDL 2006/283, 7 = NDL 2006/438,
8 = NDL 2006/487, 9 = NDL 2006/738, 10 = NDL 2006/741, 11 = NDL 2006/840, 12 = NDL 2006/850.
3.1.3.2 Mtopwa site
At Mtopwa site, fifteen farmers participated for the comparison of genotypes based on yield. Based on yield at
Mtopwa, genotype NDL 2006/438 (11 scores) was superior followed by NDL 2006/487 (10 score) and Kiroba (9
scores), while genotype NDL 2006/741 was the least (0 score) (Table 4).
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Table 4: Pair wise ranking based on yield for Mtopwa site
Genotype 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Score Rank
ALBERT 2 10
KIROBA 2 9 3
NALIENDELE 3 2 8 4
NDL 2006/030 4 2 3 3 9
NDL 2006/104 5 2 3 4 4 8
NDL 2006/283 6 2 3 6 6 7 5
NDL 2006/438 7 7 7 7 7 7 11 1
NDL 2006/487 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 5 2
NDL 2006/738 9 2 3 9 9 6 7 8 10 7
NDL 2006/741 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 12
NDL 2006/840 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 1 11
NDL 2006/850 12 2 3 12 12 6 7 8 12 12 12 6 6
KEY:
1 = Albert, 2 = Kiroba, 3 = Naliendele, 4 = NDL 2006/030, 5 = NDL 2006/104, 6 =NDL 2006/283, 7 = NDL 2006/438,
8 = NDL 2006/487, 9 = NDL 2006/738, 10 = NDL 2006/741, 11 = NDL 2006/840, 12 = NDL 2006/850.
3.1.3.3 Nachingwea site
At Nachingwea site, fifteen farmers participated for the comparison of genotypes based on yield. Based on yield
at Nachingwea, Kiroba with 11 score, outperformed other genotypes followed by NDL 2006/487 (10 score) and
Naliendele (9 score). Genotype NDL 2006/741 was the least genotype in terms of yield, it scored (0) (Table 5).
Table 5: Pair wise ranking for Nachingwea site.
Genotype 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Score Rank
ALBERT 0 12
KIROBA 2 11 1
NALIENDELE 3 2 9 3
NDL 2006/030 4 2 3 5 7
NDL 2006/104 5 2 3 4 3 9
NDL 2006/283 6 2 3 6 6 7 5
NDL 2006/438 7 2 3 7 7 7 8 4
NDL 2006/487 8 2 8 8 8 8 8 10 2
NDL 2006/738 9 2 3 4 9 6 7 8 4 8
NDL 2006/741 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 11
NDL 2006/840 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 2 10
NDL 2006/850 12 2 3 12 12 6 7 8 12 12 12 6 6
KEY:
1 = Albert, 2 = Kiroba, 3 = Naliendele, 4 = NDL 2006/030, 5 = NDL 2006/104, 6 =NDL 2006/283, 7 = NDL 2006/438,
8 = NDL 2006/487, 9 = NDL 2006/738, 10 = NDL 2006/741, 11 = NDL 2006/840, 12 = NDL 2006/850.
3.2 Scientists’ Evaluation
The evaluations were done at 3, 6 and 9 months after planting. The most important data was those of 9 months
after planting (harvesting data) as are the ones used for selection. Those data of 3 and 6 months after planting
were used just to have a trend of growing characteristics of the studied genotypes.
3.2.1 Root yield
Table 6 presents the means for cassava root yield at Naliendele, Mtopwa and Nachingwea. Significant variations
(P ≤ 0.05) were observed among genotypes. Genotype NDL 2006/487 had the highest mean root yield of 19.02 t
ha-1 at Naliendele, while the lowest mean root yield (4.71 t ha-1) was recorded on NDL 2006/840 which was not
significantly different from Albert (5.00 t ha-1). At Mtopwa, the genotype NDL 2006/487 also recorded the
highest mean root yield (14.02 t ha-1), while landrace Albert had the lowest root yield of 4.71 t ha-1 which did not
significantly differ from genotype NDL 2006/030 (5.17 t ha-1), variety Naliendele (5.33 t ha-1) and genotype
NDL 2006/850 (5.55 t ha-1). On the other hand, the adapted variety, Kiroba, showed superiority over the
rest of the genotypes by producing the highest root yield of 40.48 t ha-1 at Nachingwea, while at that site
genotype NDL 2006/030 gave the lowest root yield of 8.97 t ha-1. However this genotype (NDL 2006/030) did
not differ significantly from genotype NDL 2006/104 (9.06 t ha-1). The highest overall mean root yield
(18.18 t ha-1) was obtained at Nachingwea, while Mtopwa site gave the lowest overall mean root yield (8.1t ha-1).
On the other hand, Naliendele site gave an overall mean root yield of 11.62 t ha-1 (Table 6).
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Table 1: Means for root yield in cassava genotypes at Naliendele, Mtopwa and Nachingwea locations
Genotype Naliendele Mtopwa Nachingwea
ALBERT 5.00h 4.71f 12.23efg
KIROBA 14.11dc 10.56c 40.48a
NALIENDELE 16.00b 5.33f 12.87ef
NDL 2006/030 12.72ed 5.17f 8.97g
NDL 2006/104 11.22fe 5.83ef 9.06g
NDL 2006/283 11.42e 8.02d 13.20e
NDL 2006/438 14.40c 12.83b 14.61e
NDL 2006/487 19.02a 14.02a 19.45d
NDL 2006/738 9.77gf 10.15c 20.50d
NDL 2006/741 8.92g 8.22d 9.63fg
NDL 2006/840 4.71h 6.78e 12.33efg
NDL 2006/850 12.17e 5.55f 24.80c
Overall mean 11.62 8.10 18.18
s.e 1.32 0.98 0.91
c.v. (%) 11.40 12.10 5.00
Means with the same superscript letter(s) in the same column are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) following
separation by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
3.2.2 Diseases
The results for CBSD, CMD and root necrosis across the locations are presented in (Table 7). Significant
variabilities (P ≤ 0.05) were observed on the means for cassava brown streak disease incidence among
genotypes. Across the locations variety Albert recorded the highest mean cassava brown streak disease incidence
(96.67%) followed by Naliendele (11.68%). The overall mean disease incidence was 11.55%. Genotype NDL
2006/487 showed least disease symptoms across the locations, whereas the lowest CBSD incidence (0.06%) was
recorded on NDL 2006/840. With exception of treatments Albert, Kiroba and Naliendele the rest of the
treatments had no significant differences among them.
Significant variations (P ≤ 0.05) were observed on the mean cassava brown streak disease severity of
the studied genotypes. Variety Albert recorded the highest mean cassava brown streak disease severity (2.99)
followed by Naliendele (1.28), while NDL 2006/487 did not show any disease symptoms. The overall mean
disease severity was 1.26 (Table 6). There were no significant differences observed among treatments Kiroba,
NDL 2006/030, NDL 2006/104, NDL 2006/438, NDL 2006/487, NDL 2006/741, NDL 2006/840 and NDL
2006/850.
The results on CMD incidences revealed presence of significant variations (P ≤ 0.05) among the
genotypes. The highest mean values for CMD incidence (92.11%) was observed on the genotype NDL 2006/741
followed by Naliendele (38.62%), which was significantly different from the rest of the treatments. Kiroba
showed no any CMD incidence. However the treatment (Kiroba) was not significantly different from treatments
Albert, NDL 2006/104, NDL 2006/283, NDL 2006/438, NDL 2006/487 and NDL 2006/ 850. The overall mean
disease incidence was 13.82.
There were significant variations (P ≤ 0.05) on mean cassava mosaic disease severity among genotypes
across the locations. The highest mean value for CMD severity (2.97) was observed on the genotype NDL
2006/741 followed by variety Naliendele which had CMD severity of 1.82. The overall mean disease severity
was 1.3. Kiroba was not affected by CMD but revealed no significant differences with treatments Albert, NDL
2006/030, NDL, 2006/840 and NDL 2006/850.
The means for cassava root necrosis varied significantly (P ≤ 0.05) across the locations (Table 19).
Albert showed the highest root necrosis score of 3.17 and had significant differences with the rest of the
treatments. Naliendele recorded 2.33 root necrosis. On the other hand, genotypes NDL 2006/840 and NDL
2006/850 had no any symptoms of root necrosis i.e. had a root necrosis score of 1.00. Although the two
genotypes had no root necrosis symptoms, they were not significantly different from the treatments Kiroba, NDL
2006/487, NDL 2006/438, NDL 2006/741 and NDL 2006/738. The overall mean root necrosis in all sites was
1.47.
Treatment Albert had consistently highest CDSDI (96.67%), CDSDS (2.96) and root necrosis (3.17)
across the locations, while it had lowest scores for CMDI (0.56) and CMDS (1.01). On the other hand, treatment
NDL 2006/487 showed consistently lowest mean value sores of the diseases, CDSDI (1.39), CDSDS (1.00) and
root necrosis (1.11), while with regard to CMD, NDL 2006/487 had not showed disease incidence (0.00) and
severity(1.00) (Table 19).
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Table 2: Means for CBSD, CMD and root necrosis in cassava genotypes under combined analysis
Genotype CBSDI CBSDS CMDI CMDS Root necrosis
ALBERT 96.67a 2.96a 0.56d 1.01d 3.17a
KIROBA 1.53b 1.00c 0.00d 1.00d 1.54c
NALIENDELE 11.68b 1.28b 38.62b 1.82b 2.33b
NDL 2006/030 5.56c 1.06c 8.77c 1.17c 1.50cd
NDL 2006/104 4.17c 1.06c 2.52d 1.19cd 1.44cde
NDL 2006/283 2.78c 1.32b 0.79d 1.12cd 1.24def
NDL 2006/438 2.50c 1.11c 1.43d 1.10cd 1.22ef
NDL 2006/487 1.39c 1.00c 0.00d 1.00cd 1.11f
NDL 2006/738 1.39c 1.14c 10.55c 1.05cd 1.06f
NDL 2006/741 1.39c 1.06c 92.11a 2.97a 1.06f
NDL 2006/840 0.06c 1.08c 8.03c 1.00d 1.00f
NDL 2006/850 0.00c 1.08c 2.50d 1.00d 1.00f
Overall mean 11.55 1.26 13.82 1.30 1.47
s.e 8.34 0.26 4.35 0.19 0.38
c.v.(%) 28.80 16.20 31.40 14.80 25.70
Means with the same superscript letter(s) in the same column are not significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) following
separation by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Key: CBSDI% = Percentage cassava brown streak disease incidence, CBSDS = Cassava brown streak
disease severity, CMDI% = Percentage cassava mosaic disease incidence and CMDS = Cassava mosaic
disease severity.
4.0 Discussion
4.1 Farmers’ Criteria for genotype/variety selection
Table 1 outlined the most criteria used by farmers to select cassava genotypes/varieties in the study areas.
4.1.1 Cassava root yield
Root yield ranked first both at Naliendele and Nachingwea , while at Mtopwa yield criterion ranked the third. At
Naliendele and Nachingwea locations farmers gave root yield great importance as cassava crop comparatively
performs better in these areas. Furthermore, in these two sites farmers depend very much on cassava as a source
of food (Naliendele site) and as a source of income (Nachingwea) by selling of “Makopa” (dried peeled cassava
roots). At Mtopwa yield ranked third after taste and diseases. This is because the weather conditions at Mtopwa
are not in favour of cassava crop.
4. 1. 2 Planting material
At Mtopwa cassava planting material is not a big deal since the weather condition at this site provides high
viability of the planting materials without special care. On the other hand at Naliendele and Nachingwea where
the temperatures are high during harvesting of the crop, planting material was given moderate importance.
Planting materials has been valued because there is a time lag (dry spell) between harvesting time and the next
season planting time in these two locations, hence most of the planting materials do lose their viability.
Therefore, genotypes/varieties with large amount of planting materials are preferred as not all can be lost due to
dry weather with good conservation of the planting materials.
4.1.3 Plant architecture
At Naliendele and Nachingwea plant architecture is of less importance criterion as farmers in these sites used to
grow sole crops because of the nature of soils in the area (poor sand soils). At Mtopwa archtexrture was given
moderate importance as farmers do intercrop cassava with other crops.
4.1.4 Root flesh colour
This criterion has neither been mentioned at Mtopwa nor at Nachingwea. This is not by chance but it is because
farmers in this location are used only to one root flesh colour (white) varieties. Contrary to farmers at
Naliendele, as they are nearby to NARI, they had come across with “Yellow Fleshed Varieties” which are tested
at NARI. Farmers do not prefer yellow fleshed varieties, as the ones at Naliendele have bitter taste.
4.1.5 Diseases
Criterion disease at Mtopwa, ranked the first as most of farmers in this location do leave cassava crop in the field
for two or more cropping seasons before harvesting in order for the crop to attain optimum growth and/or yield.
For such extended period to maturity, if a variety is diseased, then at the end of growing season farmers will
harvest nothing. For Naliendele and Nachingwea, diseases are of importance but because of short growing period
(6 – 12 months) these sites are advantaged as compared to Mtopwa.
4.2 Farmers/Scientists Genotypes Selection
From the results of both farmers and scientists, selection was done based on root yield and diseases (Table 2) on
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the studied cassava genotypes. This was so because these two criteria were the most important for both farmers
(Table 1) and scientists (aim of scientists in this context is to breed for varieties which are high yielding and
disease resistant/tolerant). Also according to farmers, their major hindrances in cassava industry are varieties
with low yields and susceptible to diseases.
4.2.1 Root Yield
Farmers’ selection based on root yield was done in two ways; one by using seed ranking method and the other
was by pairwise matrix selection. On the other hand, scientists’ selection was done based on scientific data
analysis of the harvested root yield. In the two groups of selection only the top four genotypes were put into
consideration as best genotypes and suitable for farmers. At Naliendele, farmers selected genotypes NDL
2006/438, NDL 2006/487, NDL 2006/283 and NDL 2006/850 (Table 3) while scientists selected genotypes
NDL 2006/487, Naliendele variety, NDL 2006/438 and Kiroba (Table 6). At Mtopwa, among four top genotypes
selected, farmers and scientists selected same two genotypes which are NDL 2006/487 and NDL 438. Selections
made at Nachingwea were very close among the two groups as in the top four genotypes selected, only one
diferred. The common selected genotypes/varieties at Nachingwea were Kiroba, NDL 2006/487 and NDL
2006/738. From this, it is evident that farmers’ selection is also important in plant breeding as they have
‘hidden/natural” knowledge in the same.
4.2.2 Diseases
Selection of genotypes based on diseases focused on the resistance or tolerance of different genotypes/varieties
against major two cassava diseases (Cassava Brown Streak Disease [CBSD]/Root necrosis and Cassava Mosaic
Disease [CMD]). Farmers assessed the genotypes by visual observation before harvesting for severity and
incidence and after harvest for root necrosis. Genotypes selected by farmers which are resistant/tolerant to CBSD
and or CMD across the locations are NDL 2006/487 and Kiroba (Table 2), which are the same as those selected
by scientists via scientific analysis (Table 7) . This implies that, farmers’ knowledge in agriculture is worth in
many areas and it has not to be taken for granted as where scientific evidences cannot apply, farmers knowledge
can take over and succeed.
5.0 Conclusion/Recommendations
Famers, criteria for variety/genotype selection were not so different from those of researchers. This is because
the best four criteria for farmers in all locations included root yield and diseases, which are the characters that
researchers are trying to work on. Furthermore, farmers’ genotype/variety selection is very good and can be
employed in genotypes selection where scientific methods are not available. This is justified by the results
obtained from researchers and farmers during harvesting. Farmers observed that, genotypes NDL 2006/487,
NDL 2006/438, Kiroba, and Naliendele were good root yielders at one or more locations; the same as results
from the researchers. On the other hand, farmers assessed treatments Albert, NDL 2006/741 and NDL 2006/840
as poorer yielders, the same as recorded in researcher’s results. Also farmers found out that, genotypes NDL
2006/487 and variety Kiroba were the resistant/tolerant across the three locations; as it has been shown by
scientists’ findings.
It is important that, in any research or project/experiment planned for improvement of crops, farmers
have to be involved from the start. This is because not only farmers have the “hidden/natural” research
knowledge, but also farmers are the target group of agricultural research as the findings/outcomes of most of
agricultural researches are for farmers.
6.0 Aknowledgements
We acknowledge the Government of Tanzania through Agricultural Sector Development Program (ASDP) for
funding this study. We thank the farmers involved in this study for both their time and information. We also
thank all who reviewed this paper and provided valuable advice. Finally, we thank staff members of Roots and
Tuber Crops Research Sub program at NARI for their assistance in the field work.
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