A Presentation By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Visiting Professor the University of Agriculture Peshawar allahdad52@gmail.com

2. Biodiversity and Non Timber
Forest
By
Mr. Allah Dad Khan

4. DEFINITION
• NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFPs) CONSISTS
OF GOODS OF BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN OTHER THAN
TIMBER, AS WELL AS SERVICES DERIVED FROM
FORESTS AND ALLIED LAND USES.
(FAO 1995)
• NON WOOD FOREST PRODUCTS CONSISTS OF GOODS
OF BIOLOGICAL ORIGIN OTHER THAN TIMBER, AS
WELL AS SERVICES DERIVED FROM FORESTS AND
OTHER WOODED LAND AND TREES OUTSIDE FOREST
(FAO,1999)

5. MAJOR NTFP IN PAKISTAN
1. FOOD PRODUCTS
 MORELS/MUSHROOMS
 HONEY
 WILD NUTS AND FRUITS (PINE NUTS & WILD
PERSIMMON)
 WILD VEGETABLES (KACHNAR, SUHANJNA, KUNJAI &
KAVEER ),
 CONDIMENTS (ANAR DANA, BLACK ZEERA,KALWONJI)
2. MEDICINAL & AROMATIC PLANTS (MAPS)
3. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS
I. RESIN II. BABUL BARK. III. BABAR GRASS. IV. KANA.
V. BAMBOOS.

6. 4) FIBERS
• MAZRI LEAVES
5. ANIMAL PRODUCTS
• SILK COCOONS
• LAC
• IVORY, SKIN, EGGS ETC
• DIFFERENT ANIMALS AND BIRDS
6) MISCELLANEOUS PRODUCTS
• OILS AND SOAP-NUT
• WALNUT BARK
• GUMS • BASKETRY • CHEWING STICKS
• ORNAMENTAL PLANTS.
FLOWERS , THEIR EXTRACT AND PERFUMES.
• SEA BUCKTHORN ETC

7. IMPORTANCE OF NTFP
• NTFP CAN HELP COMMUNITIES TO MEET THEIR
NEEDS WITHOUT DESTROYING FOREST RESOURCE.
• MOST OF THE PRODUCTS ARE USED MAINLY FOR
RURAL SUBSISTENCE OR LOCAL MARKET.
• MOST OF THE DRUGS DERIVED FROM FORESTS AND
ARE USED FOR HUMAN AND ANIMALS TREATMENT
• PROVIDE GRASSES AND FODDER FOR LIVESTOCK.
• SOURCE OF FOOD (FRUITS, NUTS, VEGETABLES, ETC.)
• POLLINATION
• WATERSHED PROTECTION AND SOIL EROSION
CONTROL

8. MOST RECENTLY NTFP IS RECOGNIZED AS :
- AN IMPORTANT TOOL FOR FOREST
CONSERVATION
- SOURCE OF LIVELIHOOD
- IMPROVEMENT OF POOR FOREST DWELLERS.
- HAS PROVEN MORE VALUABLE THAN TIMBER IN
TERM OF CONTINUOUS FLOW BENEFITS AND
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN FRAGILE
MOUNTAINOUS ECOSYSTEM

10. BEEKEEPING
 Honey bees - Golden Insects
 Allah’s Blessing
 Products
 Pollination
 Enhance Biodiversity/genetic
diversity
 Hobby
 Improve Livelihoods
 Employment
 Health and Nutrition benefits

11. ECOSERVICES OFHONEY BEES
 POLLINATION
• Still the most efficient way to
pollinate crops that need pollination:
• Almonds, plums, cherries, alfalfa,
vegetable seed, melons, sunflowers, apples etc.
• 1/3 of our diet comes from bee-pollinated crops
 Increased production of fruits,
& vegetables
 Improve Quality of the produce
 Enhance Genetic Diversity
 Biodiversity

12. KINDS OF HONEY BEES
Giant Honey bee (Apis dorsata)
Small Honey bee (Apis florea)
Rock Honey bee (Apis cerana)
European Honey bee (Apis mellifera)
Nepali Honey bee (Apis laboriosa)
Stingless Honey bee (Melipona species)
Stingless Honey bee (Trigona species)

13. Giant Honey bee (Apis dorsata)
GIANT HONEYBEES

14. Small Honey bee (Apis Florea)

15. Rock Honey bee (Apis cerana)
APIS CERANA

16. European Honey bee (Apis mellifera)

17. PRODUCTS
 Honey
 Pollen
 Royal jelly
 Propolis
 Bee Wax
 Bee venom
 Bees

18. BEES PRODUCTS

19. Varieties of Honey in Pakistan
 Pulai Honey
 Bekarh Honey
 Citrus Honey
 Brassica Honey
 Ber Honey
 Berseem (shaftal) Honey
 Sanjoor Honey (Russian olive)
 Sunflower Honey
 Apple Honey
 Apricot Honey
 Spring blend Honey
 Date Honey
 Shin Honey
 Sheesham Honey

20. Economics of Beekeeping
 100 colonies
 Cost of be colonies 400,000
 Labour (one year) 060,000
 Feeding 050,000
 Transport 010,000
 Other costs 050,000
 Total cost Rs.570,000
 Yield 1500 KGS @600/KG Rs.900,000/=
Net income: 900,000 – 570,000 = Rs.330,000/year from sale
of Honey.
 Multiplication of 100 colonies into 200 colonies in a year.

21. Current status and Problems
 300, 000 colonies
 3000 beekeepers
 95% in KPK
 Less than 20% flora is used
 Export to UAE and Saudia (41,000 kg exported in
2016 from tarnab only)

22. RISKS
 Diseases and pests
 Extremely hot weather
 Hailstorm
 Floods
 Robbing (Honey bees)
 Good and bad years
 Pesticides spray

23. 2. MUSHROOM
 Mushroom is a type of fungi (Papundhi)./Basidiomycota.
 Mushroom are called harirhi in Pashtu, kambi in urdu.
Mushroom in english.
 The Mushroom is from latin which means to flourish. In Greek,
mushroom was derived from word “sponggos” meaning
sponge like structure.
 Mushrooms or fungi do not contain chlorophyll; they must
feed on plants or animal matter. Some mushrooms feed only
on dead matter while others feed on living plants or animals,
which they sometimes harm or benefit.
 Mushrooms need a controlled environment with appropriate
humidity, light, temperature, ventilation, air pressure, pH and
nutrients. They also need a disease free environment.

24. Morchella spp.
Oyster Mushroom

25. Beneficial use of Mushroom:
 A chemical ingredient present in Mushroom namely
Secaro- peptide is a remedy to cure Prostate cancer.
 Remedy in influenza,Rectee disease(The weak bones
of baby) .
 Due to low sugar and fat, it is best suitable for the
patients of Diabetics and blood pressure.
 Work as an antihistamine by inhibiting agents that
cause cold symptoms, hay fever, asthma, and allergies
and promotes respiratory health.
 Help to lower cholesterol level.
 Oyster mushrooms contain fiber, vitamins B1, B2, and
iron. This mushroom has antitumor, immune
boosting, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antibiotic
properties.

26. Types of Mushroom:
 2500 types of mushroom species are found in nature. Some of these
are edible whereas others are poisonous and non-edible.
 In Pakistan, both edible and non-edible mushrooms are found. Some
grow during summer and others during winter. In hilly areas, due to
conducive environments, some mushrooms can successfully be
cultivated. There cultivation will help in providing high quality protein
to the rapidly growing Pakistani population of about 200 millions.
 56 types of mushroom are found in Pakistan, 4 types in Baluchistan, 3
types in sindh, five types in Punjab and 44 types in KP an AJK.
 In this respective amount only 20 types of mushroom can be used for
edible purpose, while in Pakistan only 4 types of mushroom can be
cultivated for the purpose of economy and trade:
 White Button Mushroom
 Oyster Mushroom (Dingree or Sadaf Noma Mushroom)
 Chinese Mushroom
 Shitake Mushroom (Shah baloot )

27. Morchella spp (Morel) (Guchai)
 The fruit bodies of the Morchella are highly
polymorphic in appearance, exhibiting variations in
shape, colour and size.
 Mushroom hunters refer to them by their color
(e.g., gray, yellow, and black) as the species are
very similar in appearance and vary considerably
within species and age of individual. The best
known morel are the "yellow morel" or "common
morel“ (Morchella esculenta); the "white morel"
(M. deliciosa); and the "black morel" (M. elata).
Other species of true morels include M. conica,
M. semilibera and M. vulgaris.
 Morchella species don't have symbiotic
mycorrhizal relationships but they are commonly
found beneath certain trees.

28. Habitat: singly or in groups on the
ground of mixed open woods,
pastures and hillsides on sandy ground,
sometimes in rows or partial rings.
Frequently found in old burned-over
woods in spring, late April to June.
The morel and its relatives are among
the most highly prized of the edible
fungi. Despite considerable research
effort, commercial cultivation of this
mushroom has not been successful.
In the Himalayas, morels are cooked as food and used in medicine and
health care systems by the traditional societies and also used clinically.
Sometimes, the locals will set the ground on fire assuming that such a
practice will improve its yield, although this practice has a negative impact
on the forest ecosystem.

29. Equipments used in cultivation of
Oyster Mushroom
 Metal Drum (with stand)
 3 Kg transparent glass bags (18”X12” in size).
 Rubber ring.
 Clean wheat straw. ( 1 Maund).
 Dead Lime. (1Kg)
 Plastic sheet. (2 piece, 15X15 ft in size)
 Pad or Garden fork. (1 piece)
 Spray pump.
 Wood or Gas. (for burning purpose)
 Mushroom spawn.(seed)
 Gloves and shoes. (1 piece each, made up of rubber or
plastic)

30. Keep the bags in dark and moisten
room, great care should be taken by
providing suitable environment
needed.
After 15 to 20 days mycelium are
completed and covered the whole
bags with white mycelium.
After 5-8 days cut the glass bags on
different sides with the help of knife
tip in order that pin heads of
Oyster mushroom come out easily.
Sprinkle water on the headings
twice a day.
Finally harvest the mushroom when
they full get mature and well grown.
It can give production up to 2
months.

32. 3.Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
 TOTAL PRODUCTION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS /NTFP IS
8.64 MILLIONS KG IN 2012.
 SOURCE: PAKISTAN BOTANY SOCIETY.
 TOTAL EXPORTS OF N.W.F.P / MEDICINAL PLANTS
FROM PAKISTAN = $14.06 MILLION.
 TOTAL IMPORTS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS BY PAKISTAN =
$11.02 MILLION.
 THE ESTIMATED GLOBAL MARKET FOR PLANT DERIVED
DRUGS IS $26 BILLION @6% INCREASE ANNUALLY.
 SOURCE : INT. TRADE MAP.
 Source:Int.Trade MAP

33. Annual Extraction of NTFPs From Malakand Forest Region
S.No NTFP Extracted Quantity (Tons) Area
1. Morel Mushroom (Morchella Spp) 25-28 Chitral, Swat, Upper Dir,
Lower Dir, Shangla, Buner
Upper.
2. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
(Musk-e-Bala, Anjabar, Suranjan-e-Talkh,
Mattar jarri, Banafsha, Kakora, Mamaikh,
Mentha spp, Nazar Panra, etc.
60-80 Chitral, Swat, Upper Dir,
Lower Dir, Shangla.
3. Walnut (Akhrot) 100-120 Chitral, Swat, Upper Dir,
Shangla.
4. Wild Fruit (Black Persimmon, Mulberry,
Black Berry, Jangli angoor)
50-60 Swat, Upper Dir, Shangla.
5. Local Honey bees (Apis cerana) 10-12 Swat, Shangla, Upper Dir ,

35. 4.Mazri, Kana and Bamboos

37. Chilghoza:
Pinus gerardiana, known as the Chilgoza Pine(Urdu: ‫چلغوزا‬‫پائن‬
is a pine native to the northwestern Himalaya in eastern
Afghanistan, Pakistan, and northwest India, growing at
elevations between 1800–3350 m. It often occurs in
association with Blue Pine (Pinus wallichiana) and Deodar
Cedar (Cedrus deodara). .

38. Chilghoza Tree
Chilghoza Tree

39.  The cones are 10–18 cm long,
9–11 cm wide when open.
 A mature tree yields 15 to 30 kg of
nuts.
 An average tree have 1000-1500
cones.
 There are about 50 to 100 seeds in a
cone.
Chilghoza Cones:

40. Chilghoza Business
 3000-5000 men,women and children are earning their
livelihood (Rs 800-1200 per day) in Azad Mandi Bannu.
 Chilghoza brought from Shawal (Rs 45000-
70000/Maund,Chilas (35000-45000/Maund)and
Afghanistan.
 Local traders purchased a bag worth 70kg @ Rs.5500.
 The traders sale it for Rs 7100/ bag
 70kg cones produce 5 kg seed worth Rs 5500.

41. Discussion regarding Chilghoza with Traders in Azad Mandi Bannu

42. MAJOR ISSUES IN SUSTAINABLE NTFP MANAGEMENT
1. DEFORESTATION
2. LACK OF AWARENESS ABOUT IMPORTANCE OF NTFPS
3. LACK OF COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION IN NTFPs MANAGEMENT
4. WEAK CAPACITY AND SCARCITY OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES
5. LACK OF POLITICAL WILL TO PROMOTE NTFPS
6. LACK OF RESEARCH ON DIFFERENT NTFPS
7. LACK OF INCENTIVES TO LOCAL PEOPLE LIVING IN FORESTS
8. NON-AVAILABILITY OF LEGISLATION ABOUT NTFPS
9. LEAST PRIORITY IN FOREST MANAGEMENT
42

43. MARKETING CONSTRAINTS
 LACK OF MARKET INFORMATION
 FARMERS LACK KNOWLEDGE IN BEST
PRACTICES
 FARMERS LACK ACCESS TO PROCESSING
UNITS.
 POOR KNOWLEDGE OF PROPER STORAGE
TECHNIQUES.

44. STEPS TAKEN FOR SUSTAINABLE NTFPs MANAGEMENT
 ESTABLISHMENT OF NTFP DIRECTORATE
 ESTABLISHMENT OF COMMUNITY ORGANIZATIONS
FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF NTFP
 CAPACITY BUILDING OF LOCAL PEOPLE IN NTFPS
 AWARENESS RAISING ON THE IMPORTANCE OF
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF NTFPS
 BENCH MARK SURVEYS OF NTFPS
 ESTABLISHMENT OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
NURSERIES/NTFP MANGEMENT AREAS
 INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF JOINT FOREST
MANAGEMENT

45. PICTORIAL OVERVIEW OF NTFP RESOURCES IN
KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA
 CAPACITY BUILDING WORKSHOP
 HONEY
 MEDICINAL & AROMATIC PLANTS.
 SERICULTURE
 MUSHROOM
 MAZRI

46. Community Training on NTFPs in Serai Naurang,Lakki marwat

47. AUP Students visit to MAPS Nursery Peshawar

49. Training and M&APs Collection Tool Kit Distribution

50. Morel Market
MOREL MARKETING

52. Mazri Product (Ropes)

53. Kana and Mazri products

54. Apis cerana Bee Box-Experiment

55. Apis Cerana Bee Box- Inside view of Box

56. Apis Cerana Conservation and Domestication Room

59. Crocus Sativus Bulb (Saffron)

60. Group Photo with MD Royal Laboratories, Lahore

61. Honey market Tarnab

62. Medicinal Plants Nursery, MIANDAM

64. Sericulture activity by Community IN MARDAN

65. Akbari Mandi Lahore

66. Extension and Learning Material for Community

67. Thanks