Famous Leaders in the 20th Century

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Famous Leaders in The 20th Century

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Famous Leaders in The 20th Century (Burmese version)
DrumPublicationGroup
P.O Box 66
Kanchanaburi 71000
Thailand
drum@drumpublications.org
www.drumpublications.org
September, 2008
ISBN 978-974-362-328-8

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rmwifvlomuif;a*stm(&f) (Martin Luther King Jr.) 1
e,fvqifrif'Jvm; (Nelson Mandela) 10
tJvDEdk¶kpbJh (Eleanor Roosevelt) 15
a';Apfbiful&D,ef (David Ben-Gurion) 19
rm*&ufpif*g (Margaret Higgin Sanger) 23
vuf(cf)0,f(vf)pm (Lech Walesa) 28
z&efŒuvif;'DvmEdk¶kpbJh(Franklin Delano Roosevelt) 32
bv,fwDrmvDeif(Vladimir Lenin) 38
oDtdk'dk¶kpbJh (Theodore Roosevelt) 46
rg*&ufoufcsm (Margaret Thatcher) 51
r[wWr*END (Mahatama Gandhi) 58
ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;*|efaygvf (II) (Pope John Paul II) 65
qm(&f)0ifpwefcsyfacs;(vf)(Winston Churchill) 71
rDac;vfa*:bmacsmh(Af) (Mikhail Gorbachev) 75
t,mwdkvmukdrDeD (Ayatollah Khomeini) 80
[dkcsDrif; (Ho Chi Minh) 84
armfpDwHk; (Mao Zedong) 94
t'dk;zf[pfwvm (Adolf Hitler) 102
a&mfe,f(vf)&D*if (Ronald Wilson Reagan 112
wifhum;vlom; odkŒr[kwf trnfrodawmfvSefa&;orm;
(The Tank Man or Unknown Rebel) 119

IV
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"We will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence
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King Jr.) onfvlxktcGifhta&;v_yf±Sm;r_
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a[muf(pf)aumvdyf (Morehouse college) wGifwufa&mufcJh+yD; 1948
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ajrmufydkif;±SdzJeDpvm;AeD;,g(Pennsylvania)odk@oGm;+yD;(Crozer Theological
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ausmif;wGif tom;ta&mifuGJjym;aomvlrsdK;pkrsm;yg0if+yD; vljzLtrsm;pkyg
0ifaomrmwif.tcef;wGif ,if;tm; ausmif;om;acgif;aqmiftjzpfa±G;
cs,fwifajr‡muf=uonf? 1951 ckESpfwGif bmoma&;qdkif&m'D*&Dudk&±SdcJh+yD;
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Scott) ESifhawG@qHkcJhonf?olronfpdwf"gwf=uH@cdkifumpGrf;tm;ESifhjynfhpHk+yD;vl
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aygif;om;orD;av;a,mufxGef;um;cJhygonf?

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uif;utmz&duef-tar&duefrsm;ESifhqif;&Jom;vljzLrsm;rS&Jabmf&Jzufrsm;
jzpf+yD; ,if;wdk@twlwuGvufwGJvkyfaqmifygu vlr_tzGJ@tpnf;udkajymif;
vJEdkifa=umif;tm;ay;wdkufwGef;cJhygonf? uif;utmvfbm;rm;±SdpJvfrm
wGifTodk@rdef@cGef;ajym=um;cJhygonf? “vGefcJhwJh 12 ESpfwkef;uwdk@awG[mjyef
vnfjyKjyifa&;v_yf±Sm;r_awGrSmyg0ifcJh+yD; ('gayrJhtck) wdk@awG[macwf
topfwpfcka&mufvm+yD;/ 'DacwftopfudkawmfvSefa&;acwfvdk@ac:&r,f”
rdrd.}uD;xGm;vmaom tajccHususwpfzufpGef;pdwfudk vSpf[jyocJhyg
onf?

-8-
1967 ckESpf{+yDv 3 &ufae@wGif rmwifvlomuif;a*stm(&f)rS tb,f
a=umifhAD,uferfppfyGJudkqef@usif&onfhta=umif;rsm;udkaz: jyxm;ygonf?
Trdef@cGef;udkajym+yD;onfhaemuf =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_±Sdaomyk*d~KvfwpfcsdK@u uif;
udk 1968 ckESpforRwa±G;aumufyGJwGif wwd,ygwDtjzpf0ifa&mufyg0if&ef
wdkufwGef;E_d;aqmf=uonf? uif;uTt}uHay;csufudky,fcscJhaomfvnf;AD
,uferfppfyGJtay: qef@usifv_yf±Sm;r_udk qufvufaqmif±GufcJhonf? uif;
uAD,uferfppfyGJtay: qef@usifaoma=umifhrdef@cGef;rsm;pwifajymcJhojzifh
tpdk;&u,if;tay:rESpfoufvdkr_rsm;±SdcJhonfudkawG@&rnf?
rwfv 28 &ufae@ 1968 ckESpfwGif uif;utvkyform;tcGifhta&;twGuf
ulnD&efrif;zd(pf) (Memphis) ±SdqENjyyGJudk udk,fwdkifOD;aqmifcsDwufcJhonf?
csDwufyGJOD;aqmifolrsm;ucsDwufolrsm;udk t=urf;zufr_vkyfief;rsm;a±Smif
usOf&eftrdef@ay;aomfvnf; vli,fwpfpkrsm;rSm vrf;!$efcsufrsm;udkem;r
axmifyJ +rdK@awmfcef;rodk@csDwuf&mvrf;wpfav#muf±Sdqdkifrsm;udk zsufqD;ypf
cJhonf? touf 16 ESpft±G,fom±Sdao;aomvm&Dzif; (Larry Payne)[l
aomaumifuav;wpfa,mufudkykvdyfuvk,ufoltjzpfpGyfpGJ+yD; ypfowf
cJhonf? odk@aomfrsufjrifoufaorsm;u vm&Dudkykvdyf rsm;ypfowfcsdefwGif
ol.vufudkajr‡mufxm;onf[kajym=uonf?
uif;ucsDwufyGJwGifxdkodk@t=urf;zufr_vkyf&yfrsm;jzpf&jcif;rSmtpdk;&.&efp
v_H@aqmfolrsm;jzpfonf[k tcdkiftrm,Hk=unfcJhonf? xdknuuif;uol.
emrnfausmf=um;qHk;rdef@cGef;jzpfaom “u|efawmfwdk@awmifxdyfay:a&mufcJh
w,f” [laomrdef@cGef;udk rdef@=um;cJhonf? ol@rdef@cGef;udk Todk@tqHk;owfcJh
onf?“'Dae@up+yD;bmawGjzpfvmrvJqdkwmrodygbl;?'gayrJhta±S›rSmcuf
cJwJhae@&ufawG±Sdaevdrfhr,f?'gayrJh'Dt&mawG[mu|efawmfhtwGufbmrSr
jzpfavmufawmhygbl;? bmjzpfvdk@vJqdkawmh u|efawmfawmifxdyfudka&muf
cJh+yD;? awmifay:uvSrf;=unfhvdkufwJhtcg uwday;xm;wJhe,fajrudk awG@&

-9-
w,f? 'De,fajrrSm cifAsm;wdk@eJ@twlra&mufaumif;ra&mufEdkifbl;? 'gayrJh
cifAsm;wdk@tm;vHk;udkodapcsifwmu wdk@awGvlrsdK;pkwpfckvHk;taeeJ@'Duwd
ay;xm;wJhajrudk a&mufrSmrkcsjzpfw,fqdkwmudk odapcsifygw,f? 'gha=umifh
vJu|efawmfwu,faysmfygw,f?”
aemufwpfae@rSmyJuif;u ol&Jh[dkw,favomaqmifrSm &yfaewkef;typf
owfcHcJh&w,f? olaoqHk;oGm;onfhaemufqufwGJtjzpf+rdK@ 125 +rdK@wGifql
ylaomif;usef;r_rsm;jzpfay:vm+yD; vlav;q,fajcmufa,muftowfcHcJh&
onf? ESpfvt=umwGif*sdrf;t,f(vf)a&;(James Earl Ray) qdkonfh oludk
vef'ef+rdK@wGifzrf;qD;+yD;tar&duefodk@ydk@vdkufonf?xdkoltm;uif;udkvkyf}uH
r_twGufaxmifxJudk;q,fhudk;ESpfcsvdkufonf?
rmwifvlomuif;towfcH&onfhtay: pHkprf;axmufvSrf;r_rsm;rsm;pGmjyK
vkyfcJh+yD;tar&dueftpdk;&ESifhtufzfbDtdkif(FBI) wdk@rS,if;vkyf}uHr_.aemuf
uG,fwGif±Sdonf[k xifjrifcsuf±Sd=uonf? tjcm;pdwf0ifpm;p&mtcsufwpf
ckrS *sdrf;udkvef'efwGifoJvGefp±SmIzrf;qD;cJholrSm tufzfbDtdkifr[kwfbJ
uae'gykvdyfrsm;jzpfonfukdod±Sd&onf?
1988 ckESpfwGif axmifxJwGiftusOf;cscHae&aom*sdrf;udk ±kyfjrifoH=um;awG@
qHkar;jref;cef;jyKvkyfcJh&mwGifoluFBI at;*sifhrsm;u ol@udkuif;tm;owf
&ef0efcHcdkif;+yD; tu,fI0efrcHygu ol.zcifESifhnDtpfudkwpfa,mufudk
axmifxJcsrnf[k+cdrf;ajcmufcJhonfudkajymcJhonf? *sdrf;uoludkFBI uuif;
tm;owfjzwfr_twGuftuGufqifzrf;cJhonf[kqdkonf?
1983ckESpfwGiftar&duefjynfaxmifpkuGef*&ufutar&duef.jynfol@t
cGifhta&;v_yf±Sm;r_acgif;aqmifrsm;xJrS wpfa,mufjzpfonfhrmwifvlom
uif;udk*k%fjyKaomtm;jzifhZefe0g&Dvwwd,ywfwevFmae@udkrmwifvl
omuif;ae@[kowfrSwfcJhonf?

-10-
±kdvDvmvmrif'Jvm;onf 1918 ckESpfZlvdkifv 18 &ufae@wGif vlrnf;wdk@.
arG;&yfajrjzpfaomx&efpuD(Transkei) wGifarG;zGm;cJhonf?ol.zcif[ife&D
rSmoifbleef;rsdK;eef;EG,f(Thembu Royal Family) .tav;pm;cH&aomt
}uHay;yk*~dKvfwpfa,mufjzpfonf? ol.emrnfjzpfaom±dkvDvmvm.t
"dy`g,frSm “'kuQay;ol” [kt"dy`g,f&onf? xdk@a=umifh ol.rlvwef;ausmif;
q&muol@emrnfudk e,fvqif[kajymif;ac:cJhonf?
rif'Jvm;.i,fpOfb0wGif +idrf;csrf;pGmaexdkifcJh&+yD; rsm;aomtm;jzifhEGm;
ausmif;jcif;ESifhtdrftvkyfrsm;udkvkyf&onf? odk@aomfol.zcifuG,fvGef
]]uRefawmfwdkUwdkif;jynfrSmaxmifuscH&NyD;wJhaemufrSmor®wjzpfvmrSmjzpfw,f/}}
“In my country we go to prison first and then become President.”
]]b0rSm*kPf,lp&mtaumif;qHk;[m wpfcgrSmrvJuswmr[kwfbl;/
'gayrJhudk,fvJuswJhtcgwdkif;jyefxjcif;jzpfw,f/}}
“The Greatest glory in living lies not in never falling,
but in rising every time we fall.”
]]wpdwfwa'ovGwfvyfrIqdkwmr½Sdbl;/}}
“There is no such thing as part freedom.”
e,fvqifrif'Jvm; (1918 - )
vqifrif'Jvm; (Nelson Mandela)
onfvljzLvlrnf;cGJjcm;a&;0g'±Sdaom
awmiftmz&duEdkifiHudk vlrsdK;aygif;pHk±Sdaom 'Drdku
a&pDEdkifiHtjzpfajymif;vJ&eftwGuf OD;aqmifcJholjzpfyg
onf? olonf 27 ESpf=umaxmifoGif;tusOf;cscHcJh&
+yD;aemuf ol.wdkif;jynfY yxrOD;qHk;vlrJorRwjzpfcJh
onf?
e,f

-11-
oGm;+yD;onfhaemuf oifblrsdK;;EG,ftwGuf udk,fpm;tkyfcsKyfa&;wm0ef,l&
aom =oZmv$rf;rdk;r_±SdonfhaqGrsdK;wpfa,mufESifhoGm;ae&onf? odk@aomf
vnf; azgh(wf)[J(&f)(Fort Have) omoemjyKaumvdyfausmif;rSxGufoGm;
+yD;aemuf ausmif;om;rsm;.vljzLudkvdkeDtkyfcsKyfa&;tay: qENjyjcif;rsm;
wGifyg0ifcJhonfrSpIrdrd.udk,fydkifvGwfajrmufa&;ESifhtrsdK;om;v$wfajrmuf
a&;twGuf v_H@aqmfr_c&D;±SnfudkpwifcJhonf?
rif'Jvm;onf 1942 ckESpfwGif 0d0gwm;(pf)&JefwuUodkvf (University of
Witwatersrand) wGifOya'bmomjzifhatmifjrifcJhonf? olonftmz&d
ueftrsdK;om;uGefu&uf–African National Congress (ANC) .vkyfief;
rsm;wGifyg0ifv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;wdk;yGm;vmcJhonf? ANC onfvlrsdK;aygif;pHkrS
awmiftmz&duEdkifiHodk@ EdkifiHa&;t&ajymif;vJr_rsm;±Sdvmatmif v_yf±Sm;
aqmif±GufaomtzGJ@tpnf;jzpfonf?
1948ckESpfwGiftrsdK;om;ygwDutm%m&±Sd+yD; “vljzLvlrnf;cGJjcm;a&;0g'”
ay:vpDudk pwiftaumiftxnfaz: jcif; odk@r[kwf vlrsdK;a&;tay:rlwnf
IoD;oef@cGJjcm;jcif;rsm;udk twif;t=uyfvkyfaqmifcJhonf? ANC url T
vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'tay: qef@usifa&;v_yf±Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifvkyf
aqmifcJhonf? 1952 ckESpfwGif rif'Jvm;u ANC .vufaxmufOuUXwpf
a,mufjzpfcJhonf?1950ckESpfESpfukefydkif;wGiftpdk;&.zdESdyfqufqHr_rsm;jym;
vmaoma=umifh rif'Jvm;ESifhol.oli,fcsif;tdkvDAmxrfbdk (Oliver Tam-
-bo) ESifhtjcm;olwdk@u ANC udkydkItajccHusaom ajymif;vJr_rsm;bufodk@
OD;wnfcJhonf? 1956 ckESpfwGif rif'Jvm;udk wdkif;jynftay:opPmazgufr_jzifh
pGyfpGJcJh+yD; axmifxJwGif ig;ESpfus+yD;aemufw&m;aov$wfay;cJhonf?
1960 ckESpfrwfvwGif vljzLvlrnf;cGJjcm;a&;0g'udk qef@usifaomvlrnf;
69 a,muftm; ykvdyfrsm;u ±SyfzJbD;vf (Sharpeville) wGifowfjzwfvdkuf

-12-
onf?tpdk;&uwdkif;jynfwGif;ta&;ay:tajctaexkwfjyef+yD;ANC udkydwf
qdk@cJhonf? TtcsufudkwHk@jyefonfhtaeESifh ANC u t=urf;rzufa&;ay:
vpDudkpGef@y,fI rif'Jvm;u ANC twGuf “Umkhonto we Zizwe” odk@r
[kwf “The Spear of the Nation–wdkif;jynf.vSw” [kac:onfhvufeuf
udkifwyfzGJ@udkzGJ@pnf;cJhonf? xdk@aemuf ol@udkAdkvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;tjzpfcef@tyfjcif;
cH&+yD;aemuf ppfoifwef;wufcGifh&&efESifh ANC twGuftaxmuftyHhrsm;
±SmazG&eftwGuf EdkifiHjcm;wdkif;jynfrsm;odk@c&D;xGufcJhonf?
ol@EdkifiHodk@jyefvmonfhtcsdefwGiftzrf;cH&+yD;tusOf;axmifxJig;ESpftusOf;
cstrdef@ay;cHcJh&onf? 1963 ckESpfwGif rif'Jvm;ESifhtjcm;aom ANC acgif;
aqmifrsm;tpdk;&udk t=urf;enf;jzifhxkwfy,f&ef v#dK@0Suft}uHtpnfrsm;
a&;qGJcJhonf? aemifwpfESpfrSmyif rif'Jvm;udk wpfoufwpfu|ef;us&eft
rdef@ay;cJhonf? xdk@twGuf oluTtrdef@twGuf rdrdudk,fudkckcHumuG,f
aomed*Hk;csKyfpum;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?
“u|efawmf&Jhb0oufwmwpfckvHk;udk tmz&duefvlrsdK;awG&Jhv_yf±Sm;r_awG
xJrS epfjrKyfxm;ygw,f? u|efawmf[m v$rf;rdk;csKyfudkifwJhvljzLawGudk awmf
vSefwdkufcdkufovdk vlrnf;tkyfpdk;olawGudkvnf; awmfvSefwdkufcdkufrSmjzpf
w,f? u|efawmf[m 'Drdkua&pDeJ@vlawGtm;vHk;o[mZmwjzpfatmif ae
xdkif+yD; tcGifhta&;om wlnDr#&±SdwJh vGwfvyfwJhvlr_tzGJ@tpnf;tawG;t
ac:yHkpHudk vdkcsifwmjzpfw,f? 'DtawG;tac:udk u|efawmfu zGH@+zdK;wdk;wuf
vmatmifvkyfcsifwmjzpfw,f? 'gayrJhvdktyfvm&if 'DtawG;tac:eJ@vJ
udk,fhtoufay;+yD;paw;Edkifygw,f?”
ol@udkcdyfaxmif; (Cape Town) urf;±dk;tjyifbufY±Sdaom a&mhbifu|ef;rSm
axmifoGif;tusOf;cs+yD; aemufqHk;jynfrxJrSm ±SdwJhzdk;vfprdk;tusOf;axmif
xJodk@ajymif;a±$@cJhonf? olaxmifxJusaepOftwGif; olonfEdkifiHwumvl

-13-
jzLvlrnf;cGJjcm;r_udk qef@usifonf[ktrSwftom;wckjzpfvmonf?
axmifxJwGif ESpfaygif;ESpfq,fausmfuscH+yD;aemuf rif'Jvm;u wpfcsdK@aom
ta&;}uD;onfhta&;udpPrsm;wGif acgif;aqmifuqHkk;jzwfcsufrsm;udk udk,f
wdkifcs&rnf[ktcdkiftrm,Hk=unfonfhtwGuf enf;vrf;topfwpfckudkoHk;
&efqHk;jzwfcJhonf? Todk@jzifh 'kuQcH}udK;pm;r_rsm;a=umifh urBmay:wGifemrnf
t}uD;qHk;t usOf;om;udkOD;aqmifI orRw±Hk;wGifawG@qHkaqG;aEG;yGJudk v#dK@
0SufpGmusif;ycJhonf? xdktajctwifaqG;aEG;yGJwGif ol@udkv$wfay;&efomr
u EdkifiHxJ±SdvljzLvlrnf;cGJjcm;a&;pepfudk 'Drdkua&pDpepfodk@ajymif;vJ&ef}udK;
pm;cJhonf? 1990 ckESpfazaz:0g&Dv 2 &ufae@wGifawmiftmz&dutpdk;&rS
jynfwGif;jynfyzdtm;ay;r_rsm;udk wHk@jyefjcif;tm;jzifh rif'Jvm;udk v$wfay;
vdkuf+yD;onfhwpf+ydKifeuf ANC tay: ydwfqdk@r_udkvJ &yfpJvdkufonf? 1991
ckESpfwGifrif'Jvm;u ANC .acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfvmonf?
1993 ckESpfwGif rif'Jvm;udk xdktcsdefuawmiftmz&du.orRwjzpfaom
FW De Klerk ESifhwGJzufI Edkb,fvf+idrf;csrf;a&;qludkcsD;jr‡ifhcJhonf? aemuf
qufwGJESpfrSmyif awmiftmz&duonf ,if;.yxrOD;qHk;vlrsdK;aygif;pHka±G;
aumufyGJusif;y+yD; rif'Jvm;udkawmiftmz&du.yxrOD;qHk;vlrnf;orRw
tjzpfa±G;cs,fvdkufonf?1998ckESpf*a&;pmrufcsJ(vf)(Graca Machel)ESifh
wwd,t}udrfvufxyfvdkufonf? olronfuG,fvGefoGm;+yD;jzpfonfhrdk
ZrfbpforRw.ZeD;onfjzpfonf?rif'Jvm;ESifh1958ckESpfwGifvufxyf+yD;
1996 ckESpfwGifuGm±Sif;cJhonffh'kwd,ZeD;onfjzpfaom 0ifeDonf vljzLvl
rnf;cGJjcm;r_ qef@usifa&;v_yf±Sm;olwpfOD;tjzpf qufvufaqmif±GufcJh
onf? 1997 ckESpfwGif ol.orRwoufwrf;rSmvnf;ukefqHk;oGm;cJhonf?
rif'Jvm;onf txl;ojzifhtdyfcsftdkifAGD–attdkif'Dtufpfqef@usifa&;v_yf
±Sm;r_ESifh tjcm;v_yf±Sm;r_ rsm;wGifvnf; wpfwyfwpftm;qufvufI ulnD

-14-
yHhydk;cJhonf? 2004 ckESpfwGif rif'Jvm;rSjynfolvlxkta±S›wGif v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;rS
&yfem;awmhrnfjzpfa=umif;a=ujim+yD;wjznf;jznf;vlpka±S›wGifol@udkawG@&r_
enf;vmavonf?
Zlvdkifv 18 &uf 2007 ckESpfwGife,fvqifrif'Jvm;/ *a&;pmrufcsJ(vf)ESifh
'ufprGefwl;wl;wdk@onf urBmay:±Sd ouf}uD;±G,ftdkrsm;tzGJ@tpnf;ta0;udk
*sdK[ef;bwf (Johannesburg) wGifac:,lI rdrdwdk@.twwfynmESifhvGwf
vyfaom acgif;aqmifEdkifr_wdk@udktoHk;csI urBm}uD;.tcufcJqHk;jyem
rsm;udk ulnDajz±Sif;&ef&nf±G,fcJhonf? e,fvqif.touf 89 ESpfajrmuf
arG;ae@wGif e,fvqifu ol. “The Elders”–ouf}uD;±G,ftdkrsm;-[l
aomtzGJ@opfukd wnfaxmifvkdufa=umif;a=ujimcJhonf?
“'DtzGJ@[m olwdk@&Jhtjrifudk vGwfvyfpGmeJ@&J&ifhpGmxkwfaz:ajymrSmjzpf+yD;
vlpkta±S›rSmyJjzpfap/aemufuG,frSmyJjzpfapvdktyfwJhta&;,laqmif±Gufr_
awGudk jyKvkyfrSmjzpfw,f? u|efwdk@wawGvufwGJ+yD; a=umuf±GH@r_awGeJ@jynfhpHk
wJhae&mawGrSm &J&ifhwJhpdwfawG±Sdvmatmif/ yËdyuQ±SdwJhae&mrSmoabmwl
nDr_awG±SdvmatmifeJ@ pdwf"gwfuswJhae&mrSar#mfvifhcsufawG±Sdvmatmif
tm;ay;wdkufwGef;ay;rSmjzpfygw,f?” [lIajym=um;cJhonf?
=o*kwfv29&uf2007ckESpfwGife,fvqifrif'Jvm;±kyfwkudkvef'ef+rdK@±Sdyg
vDrefpuGJwGifpdkufxlcJhygonf?

-15-
tJvDEdk±kpbJhonf1884ckESpfatmufwdkbmv11&ufae@wGife,l;a,mufpD
wD;+rdK@Y zGm;jrifcJhonf? olr.zcif {vd,uf±kpbJh(Elliott Roosevelt) onf
,cif (1901–1909) wGif orRwjzpfcJhzl;aom oDtdk'dk±kpbJh (Theodore
Roosevelt) .nDtpfudkjzpfonf?
tJvDEdktouf±SpfESpft±G,fwGif olr.rdcifrSm qHkqdk@emESifhaoqHk;oGm;cJh+yD;
olrESifhtjcm;tpfudkESifharmifrsm;udk rdcifbufrStzGm;jzpfaom rm&Dvwfvdk
a[m(vf) (Mary Ludlow Hall) ESifhoGm;aeapcJhonf? tJvDEdktoufq,f
ESpfjynfhonfhtcsdefwGif olr.zcifrSm t&uftvGeftu|Haomufonfha&m
*ga=umifh aoqHk;oGm;cJhonf? TtcsdefrSpI olronfvnf; rdbrJhuav;
]][kwfw,f? wwfEdkifw,f vdkUajymEdkifzdkUtmPmr½SdwJhvlawGudk
]r[kwfbl;? rwwfEdkifbl;} vdkUajymcGifhray;ygeJU/}}
“Never allow a person to tell you ‘no’ who doesn’t have
the power to say yes.”
]]oifoabmrwlyJeJU oifhudkb,folrSudk,fhudkudk,ftxifao;atmifrvkygEdkifblll;/}}
“No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.”
]]urÇmay:rSm rkef;wD;jcif;eJUtwif;tBuyfcdkif;apjcif;wdkU[m oD;oefU½SdaeNyD;
tjcm;t&mawGay:rSm oufa&mufrIr½Sdbl;qdkwmrjzpfEdkifygbl;/}}
“Hate and force cannot be in just a part of the world without
having an effect on the rest of it.”
tJvDEdk±kpbJh (1884–1962)
ar&dueforRwz&ef@uvif;±kpbJh.ZeD;ESifh EdkifiH
a&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifcJhaom tJvDEdk±kpbJh
(Eleanor Roosevelt) onf jynfol@tcGifhta&;ESifh trsdK;
orD;v_yf±Sm;r_vkyfief;rsm;wGif a±S›qHk;rSOD; aqmifyg0ifcJhol
wpfOD;jzpfonf?
t

-16-
jzpfvmcJh&onf?
1899 ckESpfaqmif;OD;&moDwGif olr.ta':wpfa,muf.tm;ay;r_jzifh
tJvDEdkudk ''Allenwood Academy'' [kac:aom rdef;uav;ausmif;odk@ ydk@
aqmifcJhonf? xdkausmif;±Sdausmif;tkyfq&mr}uD;rSm trsdK;orD;i,fav;
rsm;tm; vGwfvyfpGmawG;ac:wwf&ef jyKpkysdK;axmifay;cJhonf? tJvDEdku
xdkausmif;wGif jyifopfbmomudkxl;c|efpGmavhvmoif,lcJh+yD; rdrdudk,fudk,Hk
=unfjcif;rsm;vnf; wdk;yGg;vmcJhonf?
ausmif;+yD;onfhtcg tJvDEdkuvlr_a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif yg0ifv_yf±Sm;cJhonf?
1905ckESpfwGifolr.0rf;uGJjzpfonfhz&ef@uvif;'D±kpbJh (Franklin D. Roo-
-sevelt) ESifhvufxyfcJhonf? olr.cifyGef;onfuJhodk@yif 'Drdkua&pD0g'udk
,Hk=unfoljzpf+yD; EdkifiHa&;zufwGif pdwfyg0ifpm;cJhonf? 1906 ESifh 1916 ck
ESpftwGif; ±kpbJhrdom;pkrSuav;ajcmufa,mufxGef;um;cJh+yD; wpfa,muf
rSm rlarG;cgpwGifaoqHk;oGm;cJhonf?
1913ckESpfwGiforRw0k'±dk0Dvfqif(Woodrow Wilson) uz&ef@uvif;'D±kp
bJhudk a&wyf.vufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf cef@tyfcJhonf? ±kpbJhonf
yxrurBmppftwGif; xdkwm0efudkaqmif±GufcJhonf? tJvDEdkuppfyGJtwGif;
=uufajceDtzGJ@Y wm0efxrf;aqmifcJh+yD; yxrurBmppft+yD;wGif "Western
Front" a'orsm;Y vSnfhvnfcJhonf?
1921ckESpfaEG&moDwGifz&ef@uvif;'D±kpbJhrSt}uD;tus,faeraumif;jzpfcJh
onf? aemifwGif olcHpm;&aoma&m*grSm ydkvD,dka&m*gjzpfa=umif; prf;oyf
awG@±SdcJhonf? o‹lcE<mudk,fwpfudk,fvHk;eD;yg; ta=umaooGm;+yD; ol.ajc
axmufrsm;udk toHk;jyKIr&awmhacs? olemrusef; jzpfonfhwpfav#muf
vHk;wGif tJvDEdkuol@udk jyKpkapmifha±SmufcJh+yD; tm;tiftopfrsm;jyefvnf&±Sd
vm+yD; EdkifiHa&;avmuxJjyef0ifEdkif&ef ulnDay;cJhonf?

-17-
tJvDEdkuEdkifiHa&;wGif wufºuGpGmv_yf±Sm;yg0if+yD; trsdK;orD;rJxnfholrsm;.
toif; (League of Women’s Voters), trsdK;om;0,f,lpm;oHk;olrsm;t
oif;ESifhtrsdK;orD;tvkyform;or*~tzGJ@0iftjzpftvkyfvkyfcJhonf?xdk@t
wl tmz&dueftar&duefvlrnf;ynmwwfrsm;ESifh ta&miftaoG;±Sdolrsm;
wdk;wufa&;twGuf trsdK;om;tpnf;t±Hk; (NAACP) taxGaxGtwGif;
a&;rSL;wdk@ESifh&if;ESD;u|rf;0ifcJhonf? TuJhodk@&if;ESD;u|rf;0ifr_a=umifh tJvDEdk
onf tmz&dueftar&duefwdk@. jynfol@tcGifhta&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;Y pdwfyg
0ifpm;vmcJhonf?
olr.cifyGef;onf.EdkifiHa&;rJqG,fyGJrsm;wGif wpfwyfwpftm;yg0ifaqmif
±GufcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh olr.cifyGef;onfz&ef‹uvif;'D±kpbJhrSm e,l;
a,muf+rdK@awmf0ef(1929)tjzpfjzpfapESifhtar&dueforRwtjzpf(1932
ckESpf) wGif ta±G;cs,fcHcJh&onf? tar&duefordkif;a=umif;wpfav#mufwGif
tJvDEdkonfEdkifiHa&;wGif yg0ifv_yf±Sm;aom yxrqHk;orRwuawmftjzpf
wifpm;cH&onf? olr.cifyGef;onftwGuf jzpf&yfrSefrsm;pkaqmif;±SmazGay;
&eftwGuf c&D;rsm;pGmxGufcJh&onf? tJvDEdku vdifbufqdkif&mESifhvlrsdK;a&;
&m wdk@Ywef;wlnDr#r_±Sdap&ef aqG;aEG;a[majymcJhonf?
1935 ckESpfwGiftJvDEdku orRwz&ef@uvif;'D±kpbJhtm; Oya'ESifhtnDw
&m;pD&ifjcif;rjyKbJao'g%fay;jcif;udkqef@usifonfhOya'=urf;udkuGef*&uf
wGif;odk@wifoGif;&ef awmif;qdkcJhonf? (Oya'ESifhtnD w&m;pD&ifjcif;rjyKbJ
ao'g%fay;jcif;rSm vlwpfOD;wpfa,mufudk w&m;r0ifpGmpGwfpGJI tqHk;pD
&ifjcif;jzpf+yD;,cifwGifvljzLrsm;uvlrnf;rsm;udkTenf;jzifhowfjzwfavh±Sd
onf?) rnfodk@qdkapumrl±kpbJhu TOya'=urf;udk axmufcHa=umif;t
rsm;a±S›wGif xkwfaz:ajym=um;jcif;r±SdcJhay? tb,fha=umifhqdkaomf TOya'
=urf;onf rdrdwdk@.tusOf;om;rsm;udk Oya'ESifhtnD w&m;pD&ifjcif;rjyKbJ
owfjzwfcGifhay;onfhaxmifrSL;rsm;udk ta&;,lEkdifonf? xdk@a=umifholu

-18-
TuJhodk@vkyfv#if awmifydkif;±Sdol@udkrJay;aomvljzLrsm;u ol@udkcGifhrv$wf
EdkifyJ aemufrJa±G;yGJrsm;wGifol@udkrJay;awmhrSmr[kwfbJ a±G;aumufyGJwGif±_H;
edrfhvdrfhrnf[k qifajcay;cJhonf?
1945 ckESpf{+yDvwGif z&ef@uvif;'D±kpbJhuG,fvGef+yD;onfhaemuf tJvDEdku
EdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_wGifqufIyg0ifv_yf±Sm;cJhonf?1946ckESpfwGiftar&duef
orRw[if&Dtuf(pf)=xL;rif; (Harry S.Truman) utJvDEdk±kpbJhtm;
ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcH.udk,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJh
onf? ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;xkwfjyefa=ujimcsufpmwrf;wGif olrut
a&;ygpGm0ifa&mufyg0ifcJhonf? ±kpbJhu ukvor*~vl@tcGifhta&;aumfr±Sif
. yxrOD;qHk;OuUXtjzpf yg0ifcJhonf? 1948 ckESpfpufwifbmv 28 &uf
ae@naeydkif;wGif±kpbJhua=ujimpmwrf;udkudk,fpm;jyK+yD;xdka=ujimpmwrf;
udk“The international Magna Carta of all mankind”-vltm;vHk;twGuf
tajccH'Drdkua&pDjzpf+yD;xdkpmwrf;wGifyg0ifaomt&mrsm;udkvdkufemaqmif
±Guf&rnf-[kwifpm;cJhonf? ukvor*~taxGaxGnDvmcHuxkwfjyefa=u
jimcsufudk 1948 ckESpf'DZifbmv 10 &ufae@wGif vufcHusifhoHk;cJhonf?
1953ckESpf Dwight D. Eisenhower orRwjzpfvmonfhtcg±kpbJhuolr.
ukvor*~&mxl;rSE_wfxGufcJhonf?tJvDEdktouf±SifpOfwGifrdrd.udk,fa&;
&mZ0ifrsm;udka&;om;cJh+yD; “My Story (1937),” “This I Remember
(1949)” ESifh “On My Own (1958)” wdk@tygt0if jzpfonf? tJvDEdk±kpbJh
onf 1962 ckESpfEdk0ifbmv 6 &ufae@wGifuG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?
i,fpOfutJvDEdk±kpbJhonf rdrdudk,fudk±dk;±dk;om;om;ESifh vdkvm;awmifhwr_±Sd
aomolwpfOD;omjzpfaomfvnf; }uD;vmonfhtcg tjrifus,fvm+yD; rdrd
awG@onfhc|wf,Gif;csufrsm;udk wm0ef,lum trsm;twGufoufawmifh
oufom±Sdr_ESifhar#mfvifhcsufrsm;ay;cJhaom olwpfOD;tjzpf &mpkESpf 20 wGif
todtrSwfjyKcH&ol jzpfvmonf?

-19-
a';
a';Apfbiful&D,efonfydkvefEdkifiH(±k±Stifyg,mwGiftygt0if)zvHk (Plon-
-sk) +rdKŒY 1886 ckESpfwGif zGg;jrifonf? olonfom;pOfrsdK;quf 6 quf
ajrmufjzpfonf? olwdk@.rdom;pkrSm Zdkif,medpef (Zionism) udkeufeJpGm,Hk
=unfaomrdom;pkjzpfonf? ol.zcifrSm a±S›aewpfOD;jzpfonfomru [D
b±l; bmomoif=um;ay;aom q&mwpfa,mufvJjzpf+yD; acwfrSDZdkif,med
pef-''Hibbat Zion''(Zdkif,mudkcspfaomolrsm;)tzGJ@udkwnfaxmifcJholvnf;
jzpfonf? biful&D,ef odk@r[kwf [Db±l;bmomr0ifcifu a';Apf*&if;
(David Green) [kac:qdkcJhaomolrSmacwfrSDaom*sL;bmom0ifwdk@.ynm
]]uRrf;usifolwpfa,mufurNyD;Edkif? rvkyfEdkifbl;[kajymvQif
tjcm;uRrf;usifoludkcdkif;yg/}}
“If an expert says it can’t be done, get another expert.”
]]&J&ifhjcif;qdkonfrSm aMumuf½GHUoifhonfht&mudk rnfodkUaMumuf½GHU&rnfESifh
raMumuf½GHUoifhonfht&m udkrnfodkUraMumuf½GHU&rnfudk
oifjyaomtodynmjzpfonf/}}
“Courage is the knowledge of how to fear what ought to be feared
and how not to fear what ought not to be feared.”
]]tDpa&;vfEdkifiHrSwu,fhvufawGUususjzpfEdkifzdkUtwGuftHhMo
zG,f&mwdkUudk,HkMunf&rSmjzpfw,f/}}
“In Israel, in order to be a realist you must believe in miracles.”
a';Apfbiful&D,ef (1886-1974)
Apfbiful&D,ef (David Ben–Gurion)
onf*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;.uH=urRmudk wnf
aqmufay;aom EdkifiHopfwpfEdkifiHESifh ta±S›tv,f
ydkif;EdkifiHrsm;udk wnfaxmifay;cJholwpfOD;jzpfonf?

-20-
a&;udkoif=um;&+yD;bmoma&;ESifhtwl tjcm;aombmom&yfrsm;udk wGJI
oif=um;cJh&onf?
biful&D,ef.acgif;aqmift&nftcsif;/ EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:ESifhtjrifwdk@
rSm i,fi,fuav;uwnf;uyif xifay:ausmf=um;vmcJhonf? ol.t
ouf 14 ESpft±G,fwGif vli,fuav;rsm;udkpkpnf;I tDZm (Ezra) [kac:
aom [Db±l;bmompum;udkomajymqdkrnfh olrsm;tzGJ@udk wnfaxmifcJh
onf? touf 17 ESpft±G,fwGif Poaleizion (Zdkif,mtvkyform;rsm;)
tzGJ@xJwGifyg0ifcJhonf? TygwDonf yxrqHk;aomqdk±S,fvpfZdkif,mepfEdkif
iHa&;tzGJ@ tajccHtzGJ@tpnf;wpfckjzpfonf? TygwDonf Zdkif,medpef*.
vlr_a&;ESifhEdkifiHa&;wnfaqmufyHkrsm;udk q,fpkESpfaygif;rsm;pGm tkyfpdk;v$rf;rdk;
cJh+yD; rsm;aomtm;jzifh biful±D,ef.tkyfcsKyfr_atmufwGifjzpfonf?
1906 ckESpfwGif ygvufpwdkif;odk@ajymif;a±$›cJh+yD; *sL;pdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;.
vdarRmf+cHYtvkyform;tjzifhjzpfap/ 0dkifodkavSmifonfhae&mrsm;wGifjzpfap
tvkyfvkyfcJhonf? TpdkufysdK;a&;+cHudk Zdkif,mepfwdk@u t&ifvkyfaqmifcJh
jcif;jzpfonf?aemufydkif;YumvDv(Galilee) wGiftapmifhtjzpftvkyfvkyf
cJhonf?
bifonfav;ESpfvHk;vHk; ol.v,f,majrrsm;Y tvkyfvkyfaeaomfvnf;
tvkyform;tcGifhta&;a&;&mrsm;Ypdwf0ifpm;r_±Sd+yD;Poaleizion ygwDA[kdt
zGJ@0ifjzpfvmonf? 1910 ckESpfwGif ol@udkygwD.owif;pmxkwfvkyfaom*s±k
pvifY t,f'Dwmtjzpf a±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&+yD; ola&;om;aompm
* Zdkif,mepf0g'Donf *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;. ,cifygvufpwdkif;wGif *sL;EdkifiHjyefvnfxlaxmif
a&;ESifhacwfrSDaomtDpPa&;vfEdkifiHaxmufyHha&;wGif qufvufyg0if&ef vkyfaqmif
onfh*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;.EdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_jzpfonf?

-21-
rsm;wGif“a';Apfbiful&D,ef”qdkonfhuavmifemrnfwyfcJhonf? ([Db±l;
bmomjzifh“jcaoFhaygufp”[k t"dy`g,f&onf?)
1912 ckESpfwGif wl&uDEdkifiHodk@oGm;I tDpwefbl;(vf)wuUodkvfY Oya'
ynmudkoif,l+yD; owif; axmuftjzpf tvkyfvkyfcJhonf? 1915 ckESpfwGif
a';Apfbiful&D,efudk atmfwdkref.vufatmufwGif EdkifiHa&;v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;
jyKvkyfjcif;a=umifh ygvufpwdkif;rSjynfESif'g%fay;jcif; cHcJh&onf?
jynfESif'g%fay;jcif;cH&+yD;aemuf e,l;a,muf+rdK@wGif tajccsaexdkifcJh+yD; azg
vmref0d(pf)(Paula Munweis) ESifhawG@qHkcJh+yD;1917ckESpfwGifr*FvmaqmifcJh
onf? olwdk@wGifom;orD;oHk;a,muf xGef;um;cJhonf? olonf 1918
ckESpfwGif+Adwdo#wyfrawmf. wyf&if; 38 ±Sd*sL;vlrsdK;tzGJ@0ifrsm;.wyf&if;
wGif wm0efxrf;aqmif&onf? yxrurBmppf+yD;onfhaemuf ygvufpwdkif;
EdkifiHudk atmfwdkreftifyg,m±Sd +Adwdo#tifyg,mu odrf;ydkufEdkif+yD;aemufol
ESifhol@rdom;pkrsm;u ygvufpwdkif;EdkifiHodk@jyefvmcJhonf?
1921 ckESpfwGif a';Apfbiful&D,efonf (Jewish Labour Party) *sL;vlrsdK;
rsm;.avbmygwDwGif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;ESifh 1930 ckESpfwGif qdk±S,f
vpfrufydkifygwD (Socialist Mapai Party) .acgif;aqmifjzpfcJhonf? ig;ESpf
aemufydkif;wGif *sL;vlrsdK;rsm;at*sifpD (JewishAgency) wGif obmywdjzpf
vmcJhonf?
+Adwdo#wdk@rSygvufpwkdif;EdkifiHodrf;ydkufjcif;udk±kyfodrf;+yD;aemuf1948ckESpfar
v 14 &ufae@wGif*sL;vlrsdK;wdk@. wdkif;jynfjzpfaomtDpa&;(vf)EdkifiHay:xGef;
cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif a';Apfbiful&D,efutDpa&;(vf)EdkifiH. yxrOD;qHk;
aom0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfvmcJhonf? ol.0ef}uD;csKyfoufwrf;ESpfckpvHk; (1948
–1953 ckESpfESifh 1955–1963 ckESpf) wdk@wGif pufr_qdkif&mESifhpdkufysdK;a&;jyef

-22-
vnfjyKjyifa&;v_H@aqmfr_rsm;a=umifh pD;yGg;a&;zGH@+zdK;wdk;wufr_rsm;±SdvmcJhonf?
xdk@twl Oa&myrS'kuQonftrsm;tjym; tDpa&;(vf)EdkifiHodk@ tajccs&ef
tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufcJhaomay:vpDtwGuf =um;0ifaphpyfajymqdkr_rsm; jyK
vkyfcJhonf?
a';Apfbiful&D,efonf 1963 ckESpfwGif t+idrf;pm;,lcJhonf? odk@aomf
aemufESpfESpft=umwGif EdkifiHa&;avmuxJodk@Mapai Party acgif;aqmif.
twdkuftcHtjzpf jyefvnf0ifa&mufcJhonf? bifonf 1974 ckESpfwGifuG,f
vGefcJhonf?

-23-
rm*&ufpif*gonf1884ckESpf/pufwifbmv14&ufae@Yacgeif;(Corning)/
e,l;a,mufòrd‹wGif zGm;jrifcJhonf? olr.zcifrSmaysmfaysmfaewwf+yD; bm
oma&;wGift,Hkt=unfr±Sdaom (Free Thinker) wpfa,mufjzpfonf?
odkŒaomfolr.rdcifutvGefbmomw&m;udkif;±d_if;+yD; uav; 11 a,muf
±SdcJhonf? olrruG,fvGefrSD umvwpfav#mufrSm wDbDa&m*gudkcHpm;&+yD;wD
bDydk;awG[m olr&JhtqkyfeJ@t±dk;awGudk jyif;xefpGmwdkufcdkuf&if; aemufqHk;
wGif olruTa&m*gjzifhyif uG,fvGefcJh&onf? rm*&uf. zcifEkdifiHa&;±_
axmifhrsm;jzpfaom trsdK;orD;rsm;rJay;ydkifcGifh/ tcGeftaumufrsm;udkjyef
]]trsdK;orD;awGrSm olrdcifwpfa,mufjzpfcsifovm;? 'grSr[kwfoluav;b,fESpf
a,mufvdkcsifovJqdkwmudka½G;cs,fEdkifzdkU tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhawG½Sd&r,f/}}
“Woman must have her freedom, the fundamental freedom of
choosing whether or not she will be a mother and how
many children she will have.”
rm*&ufpif*g (1884-1966)
*&ufpif*g (Margaret Higgin Sanger)
onfoaE<wm;qD;a&;twGuf v_yf±Sm;
aqmif±Gufr_rsm;rSmtrsdK;orD;vGwfajrmufa&;v_yf±Sm;r_
rsm;udk tpysdK;v_H@aqmfaponf? tar&duefEdkifiHolrm*
&ufpif*g. ody`Hqdkif&moaE<wm;qD;jcif;/ rdom;pkpDrH
udef;a±;qGJjcif;ESifhvlOD;a&wdk;wufr_tay: xdef;csKyfjcif;
wdk@wGif a±S›aqmifvrf;jyv_yf±Sm;r_vkyfcJhojzifh urBmwpf
v$m; xif±Sm;ausmf=um;cJhonf?
rm

-24-
vnfaumif;rGefvmatmifjyKvkyfjcif;wdk@u olrtay:v$rf;rdk;r_rsm;±SdcJhonf?
TuJhodk@tjrif±_axmifhrsm;a=umifh olr.rdom;pktay:tdrfeD;csif;rsm;u
acgif;rmolrsm;[kxifjrif=uonf?
rm*&ufonf a'otxufwef;ausmif;wGifatmifjrifcJh+yD;aemuf e,l;
a,muf+rdK@[wfqif (Hudson) ±SdcvmA&uf (Claverack) aumvdyfwGif
atmifjrifcJhonf? xdk@aemufrm*&ufu e,l;*smpDwGif q&mrtjzpfw0ef
xrf;aqmif+yD;aemufwGif olr.aovkarsmyg;rdcifudkjyefI=unfh±_apmifh
a±SmufcJhonf? 1896 ckESpfwGif olr.rdcifaoqHk;oGm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif
rm*&ufrSm ol@rdciftwGufpdwfraumif;jzpf&+yD; rdrdudk,fwdkifrdciftay:
aumif;rGefpGmrjyKpkcJh&jcif;ESifhvlr_todkif;t0ef;rsm;.aq;ynmt&vspfvsL
±SLr_rsm;tay: pdwfrauseyfjzpf+yD; tvGefyifylaqG;0rf;enf;cJhygonf? rsm;r
=umrSDrm*&ufonf 0d_ufzvdrf; (White Plains) e,l;a,muf+rdK@odk@oGm;+yD;
olemjyKoifwef;wufcJhonf? xdk@aemufolru e,l;a,muf+rdK@odk@oGm;I
e,l;a,muf+rdK@.atmufydkif;ta±S@zufa'o±Sd qif;&Jom;rsm;&yfuGufwGif
oGm;I wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1902 ckESpfwGif 0DvsHpif*gESifhvufxyfcJh
onf? aemufwpfESpf rm*&ufudk,fwdkiftqkyfa&m*g±Sdaomfvnf; olwdk@.y
xrOD;qHk;om;OD;uav;udk arG;zGg;cJhonf? aemufwGif om;wpfa,mufESifho
rD;av;wpfa,mufarG;zGg;cJh+yD; orD;av;rSmuav;b0Yyif uG,fvGefoGm;±Sm
onf?
qif;&Jom;&yfuGufYrdcifrsm;onf rm*&ufpif*gxHodk@vmI udk,f0efr±Sd&ef
rnfodk@a±Smif±Sm;&rnfhowif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk toem;cHar;jref;jcif;
rsm; }uHKawG@&cJhygonf? TtawG@t}uHKrsm; jzwfoef;vmcJh&aoma=umifh
rm*&ufrSwjznf;jznf;vlr_a&;jyKjyifajymif;vJr_vdkvm;ol jzpfvmcJhonf?
xdk@aemufrm*&ufu qdk±S,fvpfygwDxJodk@0ifcJhonf? qdk±S,fvpfygwDonf
tpdk;&rStm;vHk;udktkyfcsKyfEdkifcGifh±Sd+yD;,if;wdk@rSypPnf;rsm;udkjyefvnfa0iSay;

-25-
rnfponfhEdkifiHa&;t,ltq±SdonfhygwDjzpfonf? rm*&ufonfjyKjyif
ajymif;vJa&;twGuf csDwufyGJrsm;pwifwufa&muf+yD; oaE<wm;qD;a&;
enf;vrf;tm;vHk;udk pwifzwf±_awmhonf? olru rdom;pkta&twGuf
rsm;vGef;jcif;onfqif;&JEGrf;yg;r_ESifh}uHKawG@&onfhtajccHtcsufjzpfonf[k
,Hk=unfonf? 1913 ckESpfwGif ‘Woman Rebel’ “awmfvSefoltrsdK;orD;”
[laomowif;pmudk wpfvv#ifwpf}udrfxkwfa0cJhonf? xdkowif;pmwGif
trsdK;orD;rsm;udk rdrdwdk@.rdom;pkOD;a&udk uef@owfwwfvm&efESifh “oaE<
wm;qD;a&;(Birth Control)”qdkonfhpum;vHk;udkyxrqHk;oHk;cJholjzpfonf?
xdkpmtkyfajcmuftkyfajrmufudk yHkESdyfxkwfa0+yD;onfhtcsdefwGif rm*&ufudk
zrf;qD;um npfnrf;onfhpmayrsm;udk xkwf,ljzef@csDonf[kw&m;pGJqdkcJh
onf? olruvnf; Oa&mybufodk@xGufajy;v$wfajrmuf+yD; oaE<wm;qD;
a&;ta=umif;qufvufavhvmcJhonf? xdk‹twlaq;cef;rsm;udk vSnfh
vnf=unfh±_I aq;bufqdkif&mokawoejyKolrsm;ESifhvnf;aqG;aEG;cJh
onf?
pif*gu 1916 ckESpfwGif tar&duefEdkifiHodk@jyefvmcJhonf? TwGifolrtay:
w&m;pGJqdkcsufrsm;oufwrf;ukefqHk;oGm;cJh+yD;jzpfonf?xdktcsdefrSpIEdkifiHw
0Srf;vHk;a[majyma&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pwifvkyfaqmifcJhonf? e,l;a,muf
+rdK@wGif olrESifhtaygif;tygwpfcsdK@u tar&duefEdkifiH.yxrOD;qHk;oaE<wm;
qD;a&;aq;cef;udkqif;&Jom;rsm;±Sd&mae&mwGifzGifhvSpfcJh+yD;oaE<wm;qD;a&;
ESifhywfoufonfhypPnf;rsm;ESifh owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udka0iSay;onf?
xdk‹a=umifhEdkifiHawmfOya'csdK;azmufr_jzifhtzrf;cH&+yD;olr.nDtpfrESifhtwl
axmifwpfvtcscH&onf? 1917 ckESpfwGif t±Sdefjrifhrm;vmap+yD;/ a[m
ajymyGJrsm;ESifh e,l;a,muf+rdK@±Sdrdrdtm;axmufcHolrsm;xHrS tultnD&efyHk
aiGawmif;cHjcif;rsm;udk vkyfaqmifcJhonf? xdk@twlBirth Control Review
udkpwifxkwfa0jzef@csDcJh+yD; ,if;rSmolr. 23 ESpftwGif; v_yf±Sm;r_twGuf
aºuG;a=umfoHjzpfcJhonf? e,l;a,mufw&m;±Hk;. oaE<wm;qD;a&;vkyfief;

-26-
rsm;tay: av#mhcsr_rsm;ðyvkyfr_a=umifh olr.wdkuf±dkufv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;udk&yf
qdkif;+yD; oifhawmfaomjynfe,fESifhz,f'&,fOya'rsm;xJwGif xnfhoGif;Edkif
&efóud;pm;cJhonf? rm*&ufpif*gu t+rJwrf;e,l;a,muftm%mydkifrsm;ESifh
jyemjzpfaomfjim;vnf;olruqufvuf+yD;vlxkrsm;a±S›wGifa[majymyGJ
rsm;jyKvkyf+yD; Oa&myoaE<wm;qD;jcif;qdkif&mokawoetzGJ@ESifhvnf; t
quftoG,ft+rJwrf;±SdcJhonf? 1922 ckESpfwGif*syefokd@ c&D;xGufcJhonf?
,if;c&D;pOfrSm tm±Sc&D;pOfxGufjcif;rsm;xJrS yxrqHk;t}udrfjzpfonf?
aemufwpfESpft=umwGif rm*&ufESifholr.oli,fcsif;rsm;rS aq;bufqdkif
&mokawoevkyfief;tzGJ@udk aq;bufqdkif&mordkif;a=umif;rsm;ESifh oaE<
wm;qD;a&;qdkif&mowif;tcsuftvufrsm;ta=umif; pkpnf;&eftwGuf
e,l;a,muf+rdK@awmf/ csDum*dkESifhatvDEGdKif;wdk@Y zGifhvSpfcJhonf? 1930 ckESpf
wGif tar&duefEdkifiHw0Srf;vHk;Yaq;cef;aygif; 55 ckudkzGifhvSpfEdkifcJhonf? xdk
tcsdefwGifpif*gu ol.vuf±Sda,mufsm;ESifhuGm±Sif;+yD; a*sEdktmtdyf(csf)pvD;
(J. Noah H. Slee) ESifhvufxyfcJhonf?
1927ckESpfwGifrm*&ufpif*guqGpfZDvefEdkifiH/*seDAm+rdK@wGifusif;yrnfhyxr
OD;qHk;urBmhvlOD;a&tpnf;ta0; (World Population Conference) jzpf
ajrmufa&;twGuf ulnDjyifqifay;+yD; xdktpnf;ta0;Ypum;ajymcJhojzifh
olr.trnfrSm urBmw0Srf;vHk;wGifausmf=um;vmcJhonf? rm*&ufESifht
aygif;tygrsm;uqufvufIjynfe,fESifhz,f'&,fOya'rsm;xJ±SdoaE<wm;
qD;a&;qdkif&mudpPESifhjynfoloufomacsmifcsda&;qdkif&m tpDtpOfrsm;Y
oaE<wm;qD;a&;qdkif&m owif;tcsuftvufrsm;jzef@a0&eftwGuf }udK;
pm;+yD;ajymqdkaqG;aEG;cJhonf? 1940 ckESpfwGif tar&duefoaE<wm;qD;a&;
v_yf±Sm;r_tzGJ@rS aq;cef;rsm;zGifhvSpf+yD; aq;bufqdkif&mu|rf;usifolrsm;.
vufcHr_udk &,lI aemufqHk;wjznf;jznf;vlxk.vufcHr_udk&±Sdvmonf?
tar&dueftrsm;pktwGuf rm*&ufpif*grSm oaE<wm;qD;a&;v_yf±Sm;r_[k

-27-
odrSwfxm;=uonf?1939–45ckESpf'kwd,urBmppftwGif;Oa&mywyfrsm;
ESifhtar&duefrS*smreD/ tDwvD/ *syefwdk@ESifhyËdyuQjzpfaeonfhtcsdefwGif olr
.emrnfausmf=um;r_rSm wjznf;jznf;}uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? pif*grStar&d
uefu ppfyGJrsm;wGifyg0ifjcif;tay: twdkuftcHjzpfcJhonf? (pif*guppfyGJrsm;
onf EdkifiHvlOD;a&rsm;tqrwefwdk;yGm;vma&;&v'fjzpfonf[k cdkifrmpGm
,Hk=unfonf?)1946ckESpfwGifEdkifiHwumrdbpDrHudef;z,f'a&;±Sif; (Intern-
-ational Planned Parenthood Federation) udkulnDxlaxmifcJhonf? T
v_yf±Sm;r_onf olrtwGuft}uD;qHk;ESifhaemufqHk;v_yf±Sm;r_jzpfcJhonf? olr
.aemufqHk;toufwmtESpfESpfq,ftwGif; olr.ESvHk;tm;enf;yifyef;
armyef;aomfvnf; qufvuf+yD;c&D;xGufw&m;a[majymyGJrsm;ESifhwkHŒjyef
a=ujimcsufrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf? olronf 1966 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 6
&ufae@wGif wwfqef (Tucson) t&DZdk;em; (Arizona) wGifuG,fvGefoGm;cJh
onf?

-28-
vuf(cf)onfqif;&Jom;v,form;wpfOD;.om;jzpf+yD;1943ckESpfpufwif
bmv 29 &ufae@wGif ydkvefEdkifiH±Sdydkydk0dkwGifzGm;jrifcJhonf? toufarG;0rf;
a=umif;ausmif;wpfckYatmifjrif+yD;aemuf um;0yfa±SmhwpfckY 1961 rS
]]uRefawmfuysif;w,f/ 'gayrJhysif;wJhvlawGubD;awG? pufbD;awGwDxGifwm
r[kwfvm;/ bmjzpfvdkUvJqdkawmholwdkUuvrf;ravQmufcsifvdkU 'grSr[kwf
ypönf;awGro,fcsifvdkUaygh/}}
“I’m lazy. But it’s the lazy people who invented the wheel and the
bicycle because they didn’t like walking or carrying things”
]]pdwfysufrI? cg;oD;rIawGeJUtultnDrJhrIawGeJUvTrf;rdk;rIawGeJUêuHawGU&aer,f
qdk&ifbmudkrQwnfaxmifEdkifrSmr[kwfbl;/}}
“It is hardly possible to build anything if frustration, bitterness and a
mood of helplessness prevail”
]]uRefawmfhtjrifeJUajym&&iftaumif;bufuajymif;vJrIawG½SdvmatmiftwGuftajc
cHuswJhtcsufuawmhvlom;awGtay:0efaqmifrIay;jcif;jzpfw,fvdkUxifygw,f/}}
“The Thing that lies at the foundation of positive change, the way
I see it, is service to a fellow human being”
vuf(cf)0,f(vf)pm (1943- )
(cf)0,f(vf)pm(Lech Walesa) onf
ydkvefEdkifiHom;jzpf+yD; ,if;onfEdkifiH
a&;orm;ESifh ,cifutvkyform;or*~ESifh vl@tcGifht
a&;twGufv_yf±Sm;olwpfOD;jzpfcJhonf? ,if;onfSolid-
-arity (Solidarnosc) [laomqdkAD,ufEdkifiH.yxrOD;qHk;
vGwfvyfaom tvkyform;or*~jzpfcJhonf? vuf(cf)
onf 1983 ckESpfwGif Edkb,f(vf)+idrf;csrf;a&;qk&±Sd+yD;
1990rS 1995 ckESpftxd ydkvefEdkifiH. orRwtjzpf
wm0efxrf; aqmifcJhonf?
vuf

-29-
1965 ckESpftxdtvkyfvkyfcJhonf? oluppfwyfxJwGif 2 ESpf=umtr_xrf;cJh
+yD; wyf=uyf&mxl;txd&±SdcJhonf? 1967 ckESpfwGif(Gdansk) oabFmusif;
wGif v#yfppftvkyform;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf? 1969 ckESpfwGif
'Ekwmudkavmh (Danuta Golos) ESifhvufxyf+yD; uav;±Spfa,mufxGef;
um;cJhonf?
vuf(cf)onf tvkyform;or*~wGif wufºuGpGmv_yf±Sm;yg0if+yD; 1970 ckESpf
pufr_ta&;tcif;wGif oabFmusif;vkyfom;rsm; qENjyyGJaumfrwD.obm
ywdtjzpfyg0ifaqmif±GufcJhonf? tpdk;&utpm; taomufaps;E_ef;rsm;jr‡ifh
wif+yD;onfhaemuf abmvfwpfurf;±dk;wef;a'owpfav#mufwGif qlyl
aomif;usef;r_rsm;jzpfay:vmonf? xdktcsdefwGifGdansk ±Sdtvkyform;t
=um;wGifxif±Sm;aomacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfcJhonf?Gdansk ESifh}uD;rm;aom
vDeifoabFmusif;rsm;onf tpdk;&udkqef@usifqENjy&mwGif OD;wnfcsuft
jzpftoHk;csjcif;cH&onf? vuf(cf)0,f(vf)pmu jyefvnfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;
udkaxmufcHaomfvnf; xdkjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyf&eftwGuf toHk;jyKaom
enf;pepfrsm;tay: xdef;csKyfjcif;rsm;jyKvkyf&rnf[k wdkufwGef;ajymqdkonf?
rSwfom;p&maumif;aom tjzpftysufwpfckY qENjyaeaomvltkyf
20˜000 ausmfudkteD;±Sd tusOf;axmifudkrwdkufcdkuf&ef vltkyf}uD;udkqGJ
aqmifajymqdkEdkifcJhonf?
1976 ckESpfwGif 0,f(vf)pm.tvkyform;or*~v_yf±Sm;r_a=umifh tvkyf
xkwfy,fjcif;udk cH&onf? xdk@a=umifhESpftenf;i,ftwGif; ,m,Dtvkyf
rsm;udkvkyfudkifcJh&onf? oluqufvufI uGefjrLepfr[kwfaomtvkyfo
rm;or*~udk wnfaxmif&mwGifyg0ifcJhonf? 1980 ckESpfwGif ol.oli,fcsif;
rsm;ESifhtwl Solidarnosc (Solidarity) udkxlaxmifcJhonf? tzGJ@tpnf;xl
axmif+yD;r=umrSDwGif tzGJ@0if 10 oef;ausmf±SdvmcJh+yD;0,fvfpmrSm ,if;.
+ydKifbufuif;aomacgif;aqmifjzpfcJhonf?

-30-
1980 ckESpf=o*kwfvwGifoluGdansk oabFmusif;qENjyyGJudkOD;aqmifcJh+yD;
xdkqENyGJ}uD;u EdkifiHw0Srf;±SdqENjyyGJrsm;udkjzpfay:vmap+yD; ol@udkacgif;aqmif
tjzpftrsm;urSwf,l=uonf? t"duawmif;qdkcsufrsm;rSm tvkyform;
rsm;. tcGifhta&;jzpfonf? tpdk;&tm%mydkifrsm;u 0,fvfpmtm;tnHhcH
t±_H;ay;&efESifhaphpyfoabmwlnDr_&±Sd&ef wdkufwGef;Ed_;aqmfcJhonf? 1980
ckESpf=o*kwfv 31 &ufae@wGifGdansk pmcsKyfY vufrSwfa&;xdk;&efESifhxdkpm
csKyfwGif tvkyform;rsm;twGuf qENjycGifhtcGifhta&;ESifhrdrdwdk@.vGwfvyf
aomtzGJ@rsm;zGJ@pnf;cGifhay;cJhonf?
ol.v_yf±Sm;r_udk uufovpfbk&m;ausmif;rsm;u axmufcHtm;ay;cJh+yD;
1981 ckESpfZefe0g&DvwGif 0,f(vf)pmudk ykyf&[ef;rif;}uD;*|efayg(vf)uAuf
wDuefwGif ol@udkv_dufvJSpGm}udKqdkcJhonf? 0,f(vf)pmonfvnf;uufo
vpfbmomonf ol@twGuftiftm;rsm;ESifh pdwf"gwfwufºuGr_rsm;jzpfvm
aponf[k qdkcJhonf? 1980–1981 ckESpftwGif;0,f(vf)pmonf tDwvD/
*syef/ qGD'if/ jyifopfESifhqGpfZvefEdkifiHrsm;odk@ EdkifiHwumtvkyform;tzGJ@t
pnf;.{nfhonftjzpf a&muf±SdcJhonf? 1981 ckESpfpufwifbmvwGif
Gdansk Yusif;yaomyxrOD;qHk;trsdK;om;Solidarity uGef*&ufwGifobm
ywdtjzpf a±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf?
wdkif;jynfwGif&±Sdaom wc%wmvGwfvyfr_rsm;rSm 1981 ckESpf'DZifbmv
wGif ukefqHk;oGm;cJhonf? xdktcsdefwGifAdkvfcsKyf}uD;*s±kpDvuD; (General
Jaruzelski) rSqdkAD,ufwyfrsm; 0ifa&mufwdkufcdkufr_a=umuf±GH@aoma=umifh
ppfOya'udkcsrSwfcJh+yD; Solidarity udkvnf; &yfqdkif;cJhonf? xdk@twl acgif;
aqmifrsm;udkvnf;zrf;qD;+yD; 0,f(vf)pmudkvnf;aus;vufawm±Gm±Sd tdrf
wpftdrfwGif tus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif;udkcH&avonf?
1982 ckESpfEdk0ifbmvwGif 0,f(vf)pmudkv$wfay;+yD;Gdansk oabFmusif;

-31-
wGiftvkyfvkyfcGifhay;onf? 1983 ckESpfwGif ppfOya'udk±kyfodrf;cJhaomfvnf;
vlwpfOD;pD.vGwfvyfr_tay: wif;=uyfr_rsm;±Sdaeao;onf? xdkESpfukefydkif;
wGif0,f(vf)pmuydkvefEdkifiH.t=urf;rzufawmfvSefa&;twGufEdkb,f(vf)
+idrf;csrf;a&;qkcsD;jr‡ifhjcif;cH&onf?
ydkvefwGif±Sd jyefvnfjyKjyifajymif;vJa&;vkyfolrsm; tultnD&±Sdjcif;rSm udk
bmacsmh(yf)uqdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkwGif tm%m&±SdcJhaoma=umifhjzpf
onf? 1986 ckESpfwGif udkbmacsmh(yf)u ta±S›Oa&my±SdEdkifiHrsm;. tdrfwGif;
a&;EdkifiHa&;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufr_vkyfawmhrnfr[kwfa=umif; twdt
vif;a=ujimcJhonf?TwGifWojciech Jaruzelski u0,f(vf)pmESifhtwlt
vkyform;or*~v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;ESifh awG@qHkaqG;aEG;&ef zdtm;ay;jcif;cH&onf?
&v'ftjzifhygvDrefa±G;aumufyGJ&±SdcJh+yD;/ uGefjrLepfr[kwfaomtpdk;&u tm
%m&±SdcJhonf? xdk@aemuf 1989 ckESpfwGifSolidarnosc uw&m;0iftzGJ@t
pnf;jzpfvmonf?
1990 ckESpf'DZifbmvwGif0,f(vf)pmu ydkveforRwEdkifiHwGif orRwtjzpf
a±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf? orRwtaejzifhatmifjrifr_r&±SdyJ ol@udka0
zefolrsm;u wdkif;jynfudktm%m±SifpHepftkyfcsKyfa&;yHkpHjzpfvmatmif tkyf
csKyfonf [ka0zef=uonf? ol.tjyKtrlrSm yHkrSefr[kwfyJ ppfwyfESifhvHk+cHK
a&;rsm;ESifh&if;ESD;pGmtquftoG,f±Sdonfhtay: a0zefjcif;cH&onf? 1995
ckESpfEdk0ifbmvrJa±G;yGJwGif 0,f(vf)pmudk ,cifuGefjrLepfjzpfaom tvuf
ZENm;uGmeD,lpuD; (Aleksander Kwasniewski) rStEdkif&±SdcJhonf?

-32-
z&ef@uvif;'DvmEdk±kpbJhonf oDtdk'dk±kpbJhESifhaqGrsdK;om;csif;awmfpyf+yD;
1882 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 30 &ufae@wGif [dkuf('f)ywf/ e,l;a,mufwGifzGm;jrif
cJhonf? ±kpbJhrdom;pkrSm csrf;omaomrdom;pkjzpfonfhtwGuf tdrfwGifq
&mac:+yD;pmoifcJhonf? touf 14 ESpfa&mufonfhtcgrSom a*:wef
ausmif; (Gorton School) wGifausmif;qufwufcJhonf?z&ef@uvif;onf
pmawmfaomausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpf+yD; [m;AwfwuUodkvfESifhudkvJbD
,gOya'ausmif;wGifwufa&mufatmifjrifcJh+yD;1970ckESpfwGife,l;a,muf
+rdK@w&m;±Hk;Ytvkyf0ifcJhonf?
1905 wGifz&ef@uvif;u ol.0rf;uGJESrtJvDEdk±kpbJhESifhvufxyfcJhonf?
]]aMumufjcif;xufaMumufp&maumif;wmbmrSr½Sdbl;/}}
"There is nothing to fear but fear itself."
]]ighrSm½SdwJh&efolawGudkMunfhNyD;ighudkqHk;jzwfyg/}}
"I ask you to judge me by the enemies I have made."
]]a½S›qufoGm;zdkUvrf;trsm;BuD;½Sdw,f/
'gayrJhudk,fhae&mrSm&yfwnfzdkUenf;vrf;wpfckxJyJ½Sdw,f/}}
"There are many ways of going forward, but only one way of
standing still."
z&ef@uvif;'DvmEdk±kpbJh (1882–1945)
&efŒuvif;'DvmEdk¶kpbJh (Franklin Delano Roos-
-evelt) onftar&duef. 32 a,mufajrmuf
orwWjzpf+yD; 1933 uae 1945 txdtkyfcsKyfcJhonf?
olonfoufwrf; 4 ESpfwdkifta¶G;cHcJhaom yxrOD;qHk;
orRwjzpf+yD;wdkif;jynfudk'kwd,urBmppfESifhpD;yGg;a&;uyf
qdkufonfh=um;rSmyif a¶S›aqmiftkyfcsKyfcJhonf?
z

-33-
olr.zcif{vd,uf±kpbJh(Elliott Roosevelt) rSm1901–1909ckESpfYtar
&dueforRwjzpfcJhaom oDtdk'dk±kpbJhESifhnDtpfudkawmfonf? olr.cifyGef;uJh
odk@yiftJvDEdkonf 'Drdku&ufwpfa,mufjzpf+yD; EdkifiHa&;wGifwu,fhpdwf0if
pm;cJholjzpfonf?
1910 ckESpfwGif±kpbJhonf e,l;a,mufqD;edwftrwftjzpf a±G;cs,fcH&+yD;
aemuf e,l;a,mufEdkifiHa&;avmuwGifxif±Sm;ausmf=um;vmcJhonf? ±kp
bJh.t&nftcsif;rsm;udk tar&dueforRw0l;'±dk0Dvfqif (Woodrow Wil-
-son) uawG@±Sd+yD; 1913 ckESpfwGif,if;udka&wyf.vufaxmuftwGif;a&;
rSL;tjzpfcef@xm;cJhonf?±kpbJhuxdk&mxl;udkajcmufESpfwm=umatmifxrf;
aqmifcJhonf?
0l;'±dk0DvfqifESifhtjcm;'Drdku&ufwpfacgif;aqmifrsm;u cufcJaomtcsdef
umvtwGif;Y ±kpbJh.tm;oGefcGefpdkufaqmif±Gufr_wdk@udk=unfhI oabm
wusjzpfcJhonf? 1917 ckESpfYtar&duefjynfaxmifpkrS yxrurBmppft
wGif;odk@0ifa&mufonfhtcsdefY ±kpbJhrSwdkif;jynftwGif; a&wyfqdkif&m
ypPnf;rsm;xkwfvkyfaompuf±Hkrsm;ESifhoabFmusif;rsm;udk aqmufvkyfEdkifcJh
onf? ppftwGif;olu ajrmufyifv,fwGif±SdaomppfyGJtwGuf enf;AsL[m
rsm;a&;qGJ&mwGifulnDcJh+yD; xdkpDrHudef;uyif*smrefwdk@.U-boat enf;AsL[m
udktiftm;avsmhenf;apcJhonf?
1921 ckESpfaEG&moDwGif ±kpbJhtvGefyifemrusef;jzpfcJhonf? aemufqHk;w
jznf;jznf;wGifyif ydkvD,dka&m*gcHpm;&onf[k prf;oyfawG@±Sdonf? xdktcsdef
wGifolonfwpfudk,fvHk;avjzwfcH&eD;yg;jzpf+yD; aemifwGifol‹ajcaxmufudk
rnfonfhtcgr# aumif;aumif;rGefrGeftoHk;jyKEdkifjcif;r±Sdawmhacs? ol@udk
aumif;aumif;rGefrGefod±Sdaom qD;edwftrwfz&ef@ppfz,fuif; (Frances
Perkins) u±kpbJh.a&m*grsm;u ol.trltusifhudkajymif;vJap+yD; ydkI
aumif;vmaomvlwpfa,mufjzpfapcJhonf[kqdkonf? z&ef@ppfz,fuif;

-34-
u“±kpbJh[maeraumif;wJhtcsdefwGif;rS0dOmOfa&;&mydkif;qdkif&majymif;vJr_
wdk@udk±±SdcJhw,f?u|efawmfowdxm;rdwmuolESpfaygif;rsm;pGmemrusef;jzpf
wJhtcsdefup+yD;aemufydkif;rSm[dkwkef;uol@rSmwpfcgwav±SdwwfwJhtenf;
i,ftay: pD;qufqHwJhtusifhu aysmufoGm;w,f? ol@rSmaEG;axG;wJhpdwfES
vHk;eJ@ ESdrfhcswwfwJhpdwfxm;±Sdvm+yD; eufeJaomtawG;tac:awG±Sdvm
w,f? oludk,fwdkif'kuQqif;&Jr_awGudk em;vnfvmw,f” [krSwfcsufcscJh
onf? ±kpbJhu vufwGef;vSnf;xJwGif xdkifae&aomfvnf; 1928 ckESpfwGif
EdkifiHa&;avmuodk@ wpfzefjyefvnf0ifa&mufcJhonf? aemufwpfESpfwGifyif
±kpbJhudke,l;a,muf+rdK@0eftjzpf a±G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cHcJh&onf? olu
+rdK@0eftjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGif;tar&du.pD;yGg;a&;jyemudk
rnfodk@ajz±Sif;&eftajccHusustjrif±Sdaomolrsm;ESifhawG@±SdcJhonf?xdkolwdk@
.v$rf;rdk;r_a=umifh ±kpbJhonf tar&du.wdk;wufr_t±SdqHk; EdkifiHa&;orm;
rsm;xJwGifwpfa,muftygt0ifjzpfonf?
1929 ckESpfatmufwdkbmvjzpfyGm;cJhaom “Wall Street Crash” onftar
&du.ordkif;a=umif;wpfav#mufwGif tqdk;±Gm;qHk;pdwfcHpm;p&mjzpfvmcJh
onf? tar&dueforRw[m;bwf[l;A,f (Herbert Hoover) u awmifol
v,form;rsm;twGuf EdkifiHu,fq,fa&;taxmuftyHhay;&mwGif aES;
auG;jcif;ESifh+rdK@ay:±SdtvkyfvufrJhrsm;udk tultnDay;&efjiif;qdkjcif;rsm;jyK
vkyfcJhonf? [l;A,fu z,f'&,ftvkyfvufrJhtvkyform;rsm;udk jzpfay:
vmaprnfhtqdkwifoGif;xm;onfhOya'udk ADwdktm%mjzifhy,f csvdkuf+yD;
jynfol@tvkyform;pDrHudef;wnfaxmifa&;udkqef@usifcJhonf?
e,l;a,muf+rdK@awmf0efwpfa,muftaeESifh ±kpbJhonf tvkyfvufrJhrsm;
tm; ulnDEdkif&eftm;oGefcGefpdkuf}udK;pm;cJhonf? xdk@twl e,l;a,mufjynf
e,fta&;ay:u,fq,fa&;aumfrwDudkwnfaxmif+yD; tvkyfvufrJhrsm;
ESifhtouft±G,f}uD;olrsm;udk pwifulnDEdkifcJhonf?

-35-
±kpbJhue,l;a,muf+rdK@0eftjzpf atmifjrifpGmwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhojzifh
1932ckESpf'Drdku&ufwpforRwa±G;yGJYa±G;cs,fp&macgif;aqmiftjzpfodom
xif±Sm;pGmay:vGifvmonf? ±kpbJhrSpD;yGg;a&;jyemtay: rnfodk@ajz±Sif;&
rnfhtay: odomxif±Sm;pGmraz: jyEdkifaomfvnf; ol.&Dywfbvpfuef&ef
oludktvG,fwulatmifEdkifcJhonf?
±kpbJhorRwjzpfjzpfcsif;rSmyifwdkif;jynfwGifjzpfyGg;aeaomb%fvkyfief;t±_yf
taxG;jyemESifh}uHKawG@&avonf? pD;yGg;a&;jyemrsm; pwifvmonfh
tcsdefrSpIwdkif;jynf±Sdb%fig;yHkwpfyHkudkydwfcsypfvdkufonf?aemufqufwGJ
taejzifh vlrsm;.b0toufwmtwGuf pkxm;aomaiG 15μ aysmufqHk;
cJh&avonf? 1933 ckESpfESpfOD;ydkif;wGif tar&duefwdk@u,if;wdk@.b%fvkyf
ief;tay:,Hk=unfr_enf;vm+yD; rdrdwdk@.aiGrsm;udkxkwf,l+yD;onfhaemuftdrf
wGifjyefxm;=uavonf? ±kpbJhorRwjzpf+yD;aemufwpf&ufwGifyif b%f
tm;vHk;udk ydwfcdkif;avonf? xdk@aemufuGef*&uftpnf;ta0;ac:I aemif
aiGa=u;jyemay:vmv#if aiGpkolrsm;rdrdwdk@.aiGa=u;rsm;udk rqHk;±H_;ap&ef
tmrcHay;onfh w&m;Oya'udkwifoGif;&efawmif;qdkavonf?
1933 ckESpfrwfv 9 &ufae@wGif ±kpbJhutxl;uGef*&ufwpfckudk ac:,lcJh
onf?olutzGJ@0ifrsm;udktvkyfvufrJhjyemudkajz±Sif;&efenf;vrf;wpf
ckrSm “tpdk;&udk,fwdkiftvkyfac:,lcef@xm;&ef” jzpfonf[kajymonf?
aemufoHk;vtwGif; ±kpbJhutvkyfvufrJhjyemajz±Sif;&ef ta&;}uD;
onfh Oya'rl=urf;rsm;wifoGif;+yD; uGefu&ufrStwnfjyKay;cJhonf?
txl;uGefu&uftpnf;ta0;udk&ufw&m[kac:qdk+yD; ±kpbJh.vdktyfcsuf
rsm;udkxkwfaz:cJhonf?
tpdk;&u tvkyform;rsm;pGmudk tvkyfcef@ac:,lcJhonf? ±kpbJhutvkyf
vufrJhjyemudkenf;yg;vmatmif }udK;pm;Iajz±Sif;aepOf wcsdefwnf;rSm
yiftvkyfrvkyfEdkifaomolrsm;twGuf tcuftcJudkavsmh enf;vmatmif

-36-
}udK;pm;onf? ±kpbJhutultnDwu,fvdktyfolrsm;udk tpdk;& axmufyHh
a=u;aiGay;&eftwGuf z,f'&,fta&;ay:u,fq,fa&;tkyfcsKyfr_tzGJ@
(Federal Emergency ReliefAdministration) udkwnfaxmifcJhonf?1935
ckESpf=o*kwfvwGif vlr_vHk+cHKr_tufOya'udk twnfjyKcJhonf? TtufOy
a'onf touft±G,f}uD;yifpifESifhz,f'&,fESifhjynfe,fwdk@.tvkyfvuf
rJhtay: u,fq,fa&;taxmuftyHhay;jcif;wdk@jzpfonf?
NAACP uz&ef@uvif;±kpbJhudk 1932 ckESpfwGif a±G;cs,fvdkufjcif;tm;jzifh
Oya'ESifhw&m;pD&ifjcif;r±SdbJao'g%fay;jcif;udk+yD;qHk;Edkifvdrfhrnf[kar#mfvifh
xm;ygonf? tmz&dueftar&duefom;rsm;udk Oya'ESifhtnDw&m;pD&if
jcif;r±SdbJ &yfpJa&;v_yf±Sm;oltmz&dueftar&duefom;ESpfa,mufu ±kpbJh
tEdkif&±SdatmifulnDay;cJhonf? ol.ZeD;tJvDEdk±kpbJhonf w&m;Oya'ESifh
tnDpD&ifjcif;r±SdyJao'g%fay;jcif;qef@usifa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk tcsdef=umjrifh
pGmvkyfudkifcJhonf? rsm;r=umrDwGif w&m;Oya'ESifhtnD pD&ifjcif;r±SdyJao
'g%fay;jcif;udk qef@usifonfhOya'rl=urf;udka&;qGJcJhonf? TOya'xJwGif
w&m;Oya'abmifay:wGiftvkyfvkyfaomwm0ef±Sdyk*~dKvfrsm;uw&m;r0if
ao'g%fay;jcif;udkjzpfay:aomtcsdefwGif rdrdwm0ef0wW&m;twdkif;rvkyf
aomolrsm;udkw&m;Oya't&pD&ifjcif;jyKvkyf&efyg0ifonf?1935ckESpfwGif±k
pbJhtm;TOya'=urf;udkaxmufcH&efpnf;±Hk;jcif;cH&onf?rnfodk@qdkapum
rl±kpbJhu xdkOya'rl=urf;twGufoluulnDv#if awmifydkif;±SdvljzLvlrJqEN
ay;olrsm;u ol@udkcGihfrv$wf rJay;awmhrnfr[kwfa=umifhjzpfonf?
vGefcJhaom 1936 ckESpforRwa±G;aumufyGJwGif ±kpbJhuEdkifiHawmf.aiGa=u;
pm&if;udk uwday;xm;onfhtwdkif;rxm;EdkifI taESmifht,Sufay;jcif;cH&
onf? wcsdK@uvnf; ±kpbJhudkuGefjrLepftjzifh pGyfpGJajymqdkcJhonf? odk@aomf
vnf;pDrHudef;topf (New Deal) uwu,fvl}udKufrsm;I &Dywfbvpf
ueftrwfudk vG,fulpGmtEdkif&±SdcJhonf?

-37-
±kpbJhu wwd,t}udrfta±G;cHrnf[ka=ujimcJh+yD;aemuf trsm;u ol‹udk
tm%mrsm;vGef;onf[kpGwfpGJr_rsm; rsm;oxufrsm;vmonf? xdk@a=umifh
±kpbJhu tar&dueforRwoufwrf;ESpfckudkom,l&rnf[k a&;om;cJhaom
Oya'udkyxrOD;qHk;csdK;azmufI wwd,t}udrfta±G;cs,fcHcJh+yD; 1940 ckESpf
wGiftEdkif&±SdcJhonf?
'kwd,urBmppftwGif; tar&duef. =um;ae0g'rSwqifhr[mrdwfrsm;udk
rsufESmomay;cJh+yD; aemufqHk; *syefwdk@u ykvJqdyfurf;udk0ifwdkufcJh+yD;onfh
aemuf tar&duwdk@uppfyGJxJudk0ifcJhonf? 1944 ckESpfwGif pwkwÎt}udrf
orRwtjzpfa±G;cs,fjcif;cHcJh&onf? z&ef@uvif;'DvmEdk±kpbJhonf 1945
ckESpfarv & &ufae@Y *smreDwdk@vufeufcsjcif;rwdkifrDoHk;ywfwGif uG,fvGef
oGm;cJhonf?
oluG,fvGefoGm;+yD;aemuf ±kpbJh.ZeD;onftJvDEdk±kpbJhESifhol.om;ESpf
a,mufjzpfaom *sdrf;(pf)±kpbJhESifh z&ef@uvif;±kpbJha*stm&fwdk@rSm EdkifiHa&;
avmuwGifqufvufv_yf±Sm;cJhonf?

-38-
vDeifonf1870ckESpf{+yDv10&ufae@wGifppf=bpf(Simbrisk) +rdK@±k±Sm;EdkifiH
YzGm;jrifcJhonf?ol.zcifrSmausmif;ppfaq;a&;jzpf+yD;uGefqmaA;wpftjrif
±SdolwpfOD;jzpfonf? xdk@twlolonf ±k±Sm;atmoa'ghbk&m;ausmif; (Orth-
-odox Church) .bmoma&;udkif;±d_if;aom toif;om;wpfOD;jzpfonf?
ol.rdcifrSmajrydkif±Sifq&m0ef}uD;wpfOD;.orD;jzpfonf?vDeif.rdom;pkrSm
]]vGwfvyfjcif;qdkwmwu,fhudktzdk;wefw,f/ tzdk;wefvGef;
vdkUcGJwrf;eJUay;&rSmjzpfw,f/}}
“It is true that liberty is precious – so precious that
it must be rationed”
]]aoewfwpfvuf½SdwJhol[m aoewfwpfvufrSr½SdwJh
vlta,muf 100 udkxdef;csKyfEdkifw,f/}}
“One man with a gun can control 100 without one.”
]]vdrfnmrIawGudkcPcPoHk;r,fqdk&ifaemufrSmtrSefw&m;jzpfvmEdkifw,f/}}
“A lie told often enough becomes the truth.”
bv,fwDrmvDeif (1870–1924)
v,fwDrmvDeif(Vladimir Lenin) onfEdkif
iHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;ESifh 20 &mpk.awmf
vSefa&;tawG;tac:±Sdaomoljzpf+yD; ±k±Sm;EdkifiHESifhom
ru wurBmvHk;tay: eufeJaomxda&mufr_rsm;±SdcJh
onf? vDeifonf 1917 ckESpfwGifabmf±SDApf (Bolshe-
-vik) u±k±SEdkifiH.tm%modrf;cJhpOfu pDpOf!$ef=um;cJh
olwpfOD;jzpfonf? xdk@twl vDeifonf qdkAD,ufEdkifiH
udk wnfaxmifolESifhyxrOD;qHk;aom acgif;aqmif
vnf;jzpfonf? ol.rm;ppf (Marxist) oDtdk&Dtay:
udk;um;csufrsm;udk(vDeif0g'(Leninism)[ktrsm;u
od±Sdygonf?
b

-39-
ujym;trdsK;jzpf+yD; ol.rsdK;qufrsm;rSm ±k±Sum;vfrpf (Kalmyk)/ *sL;/ *smref
ESifhpGD'ifvlrsdK;ESifhtjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;vnf; yg0ifaumif;yg0ifEdkifonf? tpfudkt
vufZENm; (Alexander) .awmfvSefr_EdkifiHa&;tjrifu vDeiftay: euf±d_if;
pGmoufa&mufr_±Sd+yD; tvufZENm;uyif vDeiftm;cg;vfrwf(pf) (Karl
Marx) tawG;tac:ESifhrdwfqufay;cJhonf?
vDeifonf ausmif;wGiftvGefxufjrufaom ausmif;om;jzpfonf? Tt
csufa=umifhvnf; oli,fcsif;rsm;ESifh uif;uGm&onf? vDeifonf ol@q&m/
q&mrrsm;. uGefqmaA;wpftjriftay: txifao;pufqkyfaomfvnf;
ausmif;pmwGifrlawmfygonf?olonfpmzwf0goemyg+yD;*dk;tJh(of)(Goethe)
ESifh Turgenev wdk@.ta&;tom;u ol@b0wpfoufvHk;tay: xda&mufr_
rsm;±SdcJhonf?
vDeifi,fpOfu 'kuQqif;&Jr_}uD;}uD; 2 ckudkausmfjzwfcJh&+yD; ,if;wdk@a=umifhol
awmfawmfpdwfxdcdkufcJh&onf? 1886 ckESpfwGifvDeif.zcifrSm (Cerebral
Hemorrhage) a&m*gESifhaoqHk;oGm;+yD; ol@touf 17 ESpfjynfhaom 1887
ckESpfarvwGif ol.tpfudk}uD;tvufZENm;rSm Zmbk&iftvufZENm;oHk;
a,mufwpfa,muf. touftE W&m,fudktE W&m,fjyKaprnfh t=urf;
zuform;AHk;cGJr_wGifyg0ifojzifhtzrf;cH&+yD;}udK;qGJcscHcJh&onf?tvufZENm;
udk zrf;rdonfhtcsdefwGif ol.tpfr}uD;tefemu yg±Sdaeojzifhtefemudk um
Zef (Kazan) rSuDvdkrDwm 40 ausmf±Sdonfhaus;±GmqDodk@ e,fESif'g%fay;cH&
onf? Todk@jzifhvDeifonf aoqHk;oGm;aomawmfvSefa&;orm;wpf
a,muf. nDwpfa,mufjzpfonfhtwGuf ol@twGufwHcg;rsm;pGmydwfqdk@cJh
onf? xdktcsdefrSpI vDeifu bmoma&;,Hk=unfr_ESifh EdkifiHa&;pepfwdk@udkpGef@
cGmvkdufonf?
aemufqHk;wGif umZefwuUodkvfrS vDeifudkvufcH+yD; Oya'ynmoif=um;

-40-
cGifhay;cJhonf? wuUodkvfwGif ynmoif=um;aepOfyif vDeifu EdkifiHa&;v_yf
±Sm;r_wGifyg0ifcJhonf? ausmif;wuf+yD; oHk;vtwGif;rSmyif ol@udkqENjyyGJrsm;
wGifyg0ifr_jzifha'o&Jpcef;odk@tzrf;cHjcif;cHcJh&onf?&Jtm%m±Sdwpfa,muf
uol@udk “vli,f&,f–awmfvSefa&;vkyf+yD; 'DeH&HawGumxm;wJhae&mrSm
vmae&wmbmvdk@ awmfvSefa&;vkyfcsif&wmvJ?” vDeifu udk,fhudk,fudk
,Hk=unfr_tjynfhjzifh “'DeH&Hu',drf;',dkifeJ@/ eJeJav;wGef;vdkuf,if+ydKoGm;
rSm” [lIajymcJhonf? &v'ftaejzifh ol@udk wuUodkvfrSarmif;xkwfvdkuf+yD;
ynma&;avmuwGif 0kdif;y,fjcif;cH&avonf? ausmif;Yxkwfy,fvdkufjcif;
cH&+yD;aemuf pdef@yDwmbwfodk@oGm;+yD;tjyifausmif;wufcJhonf? 1891 ckESpf
wGif Oya'pmar;yGJatmifjrif+yD; ausmif;om;OD;a& 124 a,muf±Sdonfht
eufoluyxrqk&±SdcJhonf? vDeifu prfr&mwGifOya'jzifh toufarG;0rf;
a=umif;ðycJhonf?
1893 ckESpfwGif pdef@yDwmbwfodk@ajymif;a±$@+yD; Oya'tvkyfxrf;aqmifcJh
onf?xdktcsdefrSmyifrm;ppf (Marxist) ajratmufawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;
tpysdK;ay;cJhonf? ol.tzGJ@udk tzGJ@i,fajcmufzGJ@tjzpf cGJxkwfvdkufonf?
qdkvdkonfrSm puf±Hktvkyfrsm;.tajctaersm;udk ±SmazGpHkprf;jcif;/ pm&if;
Z,m;rsm;aumuf,ljcif;ESifhvufurf;pmwrf;rsm;a&;xm;jcif;ponfwdk@udk
vkyf=uonf? TtzGJ@uav;rsm;cGJI tvkyfvkyfonfhtcsdefrSmwGifyif ol.
ZeD;onfem'uf'gc&yfpum,m (Nadezhda Krupskaya) ESifhawG@±Sd+yD;
1898 ckESpfwGifolwdk@ESpfa,mufvufxyfcJh=uonf?
1895 ckESpfwGif qGpfZmvefEdkifiHodk@xGufoGm;+yD; olESifhtawG;tac:wlnD
onfqdk±S,f'Drdku&ufwdk@ESifhawG@&efoGm;cJh+yD; a*smf*sDzvufcaemh (Georgi Pl-
-ekhanov) ESifhawG@qHkpum;ajymcJh=uonf? olwdk@onf ±k±Sm;jynftwGif;
ajymif;vJa&;vkyf&mwGif rnfodk@rnfyHkvkyfrnfjzifh jiif;cHkaqG;aEG;=uonf?
zvufcaemhu tv,ftvwfwef;tqifh vpfb&,fvlwef;pm;rsm;udk

-41-
xnfhoGif;vdk+yD; vDeifurl qif;&Jom;tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;udkom
xnfhoGif;vdkonf? Todk@tjiif;tcHkjzpfr_wdk@a=umifh aemufqHk;wjznf;jznf;
qdk±S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDonfrif±SDApf (Mensheviks) ESifhabmf±SDApf (Bolsh-
-eviks) [lItzGJ@ESpfzGJ@uGJoGm;onf?
vDeif±k±Sm;odk@jyefvmonfhtcg olESifhtwl w&m;r0ifvufurf;pm±Gufrsm;
,lvm+yD; awmfvSefa&;owif;pmwpfapmifpwifxkwfa0&ef aqmif±GufcJh
onf? xdkowif;pmxkwfa0aomnrSmyif olESifhtjcm;acgif;aqmifrsm;t
zrf;qD;cH&onf? axmifxJwGifpkpkaygif; 15 vtcscH&onf? xdk@aemufol@udk
qkdufab;&D;,m;odk@ jynfESif'g%fay;vdkuf+yD; xdkae&mYyif olESifhc&yfpum
,mwdk@vufxyfcJhonf?jynfESif'g%fay;cHcJh&aomtcsdef+yD;qHk;oGm;+yD;aemuf
olwdk@onf qGpfZmvefEdkifiHodk@ xGufoGm;+yD; aemufqHk;wGiftpPcg&m (Iskra)
qdkonfhowif;pmudkxkwfa0EdkifcJhonf? tpPcg&m.t"dy`g,frSm t*Fvdyfvdk
(Spark–rD;yGg;jzpfonf? Ttrnfudk uAsmwpfyk'fxJ±Sdpmydk'frS &±SdcJhonf?
xdkuAsmpmydk'frSm“The spark will kindle a flame–rD;yGg;awG[mrD;awmuf
awGjzpfvmatmifEd_;qGay;wJht&mjzpfw,f” [lIyif? qGpfZmvefwGifae
pOftwGif;qdk±S,f'Drdku&ufwpfygwDudktm%m±SdvmatmifvkyfaqmifEdkifcJh
onf? oltaejzifh acgif;rm+yD; aphpyfa=uat;wwfwJh tjrifr±Sdjcif;a=umifhyg
wDudkuGJoGm;aponfht"dutcsufwpfckjzpfonf?
1905 ckESpfwGif jzpfyGg;cJhaom pdef@yDwmbwftpkvdkuft+yHKvdkufowfjzwfr_
a=umifh vDeifudk t=urf; zufvkyfief;rsm;pwifvkyfaqmif&ef wdkufwGef;ay;
ouJhodk@jzpfonf? tpkvdkuft+yHKvdkufowfjzwfr_rSm Father Georgi Gapon
OD;aqmifaom +idrf;csrf;pGmqENjyaeaomtzGJ@udk Cossacks wdk@rSypfcwfjcif;rS
pwifcJhygonf? Tjzpf&yfa=umifh ±k±Sm;wGifqENjyyGJrsm;pGmjzpfay:vmcJhonf?
vDeifonf ±k±Sodk@ESpfESpf=umjyefvmaecJhaomfvnf; oluwdjyKxm;cJhaom
qENjyyGJ/ odk@r[kwf vlxkawmfvSefa&;yGJ}uD;jzpfrvmcJhacs? tb,fha=umifhqdk

-42-
aomf Zmwdk@uvlxk}uD;udk tcGifhta&;wpfcsdK@ay;+yD; auseyfESpfodrfhapcJh
onf? 1906 ckESpfwGifvDeifudk ±k±Sm;qdk±S,f'Drdku&ufwpftvkyform;ygwD
(Russian Social Democratic Labor Party [RSDLP]) .tr_aqmifaumfr
wDtzGJ@0iftjzpfa±G;cs,fcH&aomfvnf;ta±G;cH&onfrSpI1917ckESpftxd
rsm;aomtm;jzifh Oa&mywpfcGifY jynfESif'g%fay;jcif;cH&onf? olonf
cufcJcg;oD;aomb0udk jzwfoef;&aomfvnf; EdkifiHa&;pmaywdk@udk quf
vufa&;om;EdkifcJhonf?
yxrurBmppfpwifjzpfay:onfhtcsdefwGif vDeifu =op}wD;,mrSmyif±Sdae
ao;onf? 1914 ckESpf=o*kwfvwGif ±k±SaxmufvSrf;a&;tjzpf tzrf;cH&+yD;
axmifxJwGiftusOf;cscH&onf? odk@aomf axmifxJwGifc%=umomtzrf;
cH&+yD; qGpfZmvefodk@ajymif;oGm;&ef tcGifhay;vdkufonf? bmeD(Berne) Y
usif;yaom tpnf;ta0;wpfckxJY rdrd.ppfyGJESifhywfoufaomtjrifrsm;
udkaz: jycGifh&cJhonf? oluyËdyuQudk e,fcsJ@ 0g'[kac:qdk+yD; ppfudkaxmufcH
aomqdk±S,fvpfrsm;tm; qif;&Jom;tvkyform;vlwef;pm;rsm;udk azguf
jyefaomolrsm;[kpGyfpGJcJhonf?
Oa&my±Sdqdk±S,fvpfrsm;ppfyGJudkaxmufcH=uonfudkvDeiftaeESifhxdwfvef@
tHh=ocJhonf?xdktcsdefrSpIvDeifutm;oGefcGefpdkuf“e,fcsJ@ppfyGJrsm;udkjynf
ol@ppfyGJ” rsm;tjzpfodk@ajymif;vJ&ef vH_@aqmf0g'jzef@r_rsm;jyKvkyfcJhonf? vD
eifu r[mrdwfwyfom;rsm;u ,if;wdk@.±dkifz,frsm;udk ppfAdkvf}uD;rsm;qD
jyefvSnfh+yD; qdk±S,fvpfawmfvSefa&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmif&eftwGuf 0g'
jzef@csDa&;vkyfief;rsm;vkyfaqmifcJhonf?
1915 ckESpfpufwifbmvwGif eDudkvyf(pf) II u a±S@wef;wGifwdkufcdkufae
aom±k±SwyfrawmfwGif=oZmv$rf;rdk;r_±Sdonf[k,lqxm;onf?xdk@a=umifh
ppfbufqdkif&mqHk;±_H;r_rsm;jzpfay:vm+yD;1917ckESpfwGifol@tpdk;&udkaxmuf

-43-
cHr_rsm; usqif;oGm;cJhonf? wdkif;jynf.ppfa&;ppf&mtay:wGif y&d,m,fr
ºuG,f0jcif;ESifhjzwfpm;v'fpm;vkyfr_wdk@a=umifh±k±Sm;wyfrawmftwGufacwf
rSDaomppfyGJudkwdkuf&ef vdktyfaomvufeufypPnf;rsm; axmufyHhIr&awmh
acs? 1917 ckESpfwGif ppfom;aygif; 1˜300˜000 ausmfwdkufyGJwGifusqHk;oGm;
+yD; 4˜200˜000 xdcdkuf'g%f&m&um 2˜417˜000 a,muftzrf;cHcJh&onf?
TppfyGJ}uD;onfvnf;±k±Sm;pD;yGg;a&;twGufqdk;usdK;oufa&mufr_jzpfay:ap
cJhonf? tpm;tpmavsmhenf;vm+yD; aps;E_ef;vnf; tqrwef}uD;rm;vm
onf? 1917 ckESpfZefe0g&DvwGif zufwdku&ufY ukefaps;E_ef;rSm ajcmufq
wdk;vmcJhonf?
1917 ckESpfwGif ±k±Sm;EdkifiHYawmfvSefa&;ESpfckpwifcJhonf? rwfvwGif pdef@yD
wmbwfwGif±Sdaom pwD;vkyfom;rsm;u oydwfarSmuf=uonf? wjznf;
jznf;TqENjyyGJrSm }uD;rm;vm+yD; vlaxmifaygif;rsm;pGmwdk@onf vrf;rrsm;
ay:wGifwef;pDqENjyae=uonf? TwGif Zmbk&if. tm%mqHk;±_H;cJh+yD; t
vufZENm;uD&ifpuD;OD;aqmifaom 'lrmtzGJ@u tm%modrf;,lcJhonf?
vDeifu *smrefwdk@ESifh oabmwlnDr_wpfckjyKvkyfcJhonf? tu,fI*smrefwdk@
u ol@tm; ±k±Sm;odk@tEW&m,fuif;ab;±Sif;pGmydk@aqmifay;Edkifv#if olutm
%modrf;,l+yD; ±k±Sm;wyfudk ppfyGJtwGif;rS±kyfodrf;ay;rnf[lIyif? uD&ifpuD;
uwdkif;jynfwGif tcuftcJrsm;}uHKawG@&+yD; ±k±Sm;wyfrawmfrS t±H_;ESifh&if
qdkif&aomfvnf;±k±Sm;wyfudkjyefI±kyfodrf;&efpdwfrul;ay?atmufwdkbmv
wGif vDeifu wdkif;jynftm%mudk aoG;pufrusavmufatmifyif odrf;,l
EdkifcJhonf?
bv,fwDrmvDeiftouf 47 ckESpft±G,fwGifuGefjrLepfygwD (Society of
People’s Commissars)wdk@.acgif;aqmifjzpfvm+yD;wpfcsdefwnf;rSmyifwdkif;
jynf.orRwjzpfvmonf?

-44-
tpdk;&topfjzpfaom uGefjrLepfygwD.tcuftcJrSm enf;yg;vSonfr[kwf
acs? *smreDESifhjzpfyGg;aeaomppfyGJrsm;vnf; ±kwfw&uf+yD;qHk;oGm;onf? (ol
.aºuG;a=umfoHrSm ‘aygifrkef@ay;ygppfyGJr[kwfyg’ [lIjzpfcJhonf)? ±k±Sm;wdk@rS
olwdk@.aygifrkef@jcif;jzpfaom ,lu&def;udk *smreDrsm;vufodk@qHk;±H_;oGm;vdkuf
&aomfvnf;rsm;r=umrD*smreDu ppfyGJwGifqHk;±H_;oGm;aomtcg olwdk@rS,l
u&def;udk jyefvnf&±SdcJhonf? v,f,majr rsm;udkcGJ,lr#a0+yD; wcsdK@udktrsm;
ydkifajrtjzpfxm;cJhonf? tpdk;&u puf±Hkrdkif;vkyfief;rsm;ESifhb%frsm;udk EdkifiH
awmfydkifodrf;ydkufvdkufonf? xdk±k±Sm;atghoa'hgbk&m;ausmif;udk zsufodrf;cJh
onf?
vDeiftwGuftwdkuftcHygwD±SdcJh+yD;1918ckESpfwGifrif±SDAdwf(tjzL)abmfv
±SDApf (teD) wdk@t=um; jynfwGif;ppfrsm;jzpfcJhonf? tjzLrsm;udk +AdwdefESifht
ar&duefwdk@u ulnDcJhaomfvnf; aemufwGiftjzLrsm; ppfyGJwGifta&;edrfhcJh
&onf?
1919 ESifh 1921 ckESpfrsm;wGif iwfrGwfacgif;yg;r_ESifhwdkufzGdKwfa&m*grsm; ±k±Sm;
jynfwpfjynfvHk;Yjzpfay:cJh+yD; vl 27 oef;ausmfr#udk toufqHk;±_H;apcJhonf?
Tjyemrsm;udkajz±Sif;&eftwGufvDeifupD;yGg;a&;vkyfief;pOftopfwck
csay;cJhonf?Tvkyfief;pOfudkysufpD;±_yfaxG;ae+yD;±k±Sm;jynf}uD;.aoqHk;ae
+yD;jzpfaompD;yGg;a&;pepfudk jyefItouf±Sifvmap&ef t&if;±SifpepftawG;
tac:rsm;jzpfay:vmawmhonf? v,form;rsm; v[mjyifaps;wGif aps;
a&mif;cGifh&±Sdjcif;ESifhtvkyform;iSm;&rf;EdkifcGifhrsm;&±Sdvmonf? v,f,majr
wdk;csJ@vkyfudkifaom v,form;rsm;udk ukvwf (a±S;±k±Sjynf±Sdv,form;
}uD;rsm;) [kod±Sd=uonf? tvkyform;ta,muf 20 xufenf;aompuf±Hk
rsm;udk jynfolydkiftjzpfrSE_wfy,f+yD; ,ciftvkyf±Sifrsm;vufxJodk@ jyefay;cJh
onf? odk@aomfvnf; ol.vkyf&yf&v'frsm;udk olaumif;aumif;rawG@±SdcH
pm;&awmhay? 1918 ckESpf=o*kwfv 30 &ufae@wGif qdk±S,fvpfawmfvSefol

-45-
rsm;.tzGJ@0ifjzpfaom 'dk&mupfvefu ol@udkaoewfESifhypf+yD;aemuf ol@
usef;rma&;vnf; qkwf,kwfvmavonf? ol.cE<mudk,fxJodk@ usnfqHESpf
awmifh0ifcJh+yD; cGJpdwfxkwf&eftwGuf tE W&m,f±SdvGef;ojzifhrxkwfcJh&acs?
1922 ckeSpfarvwGif vDeifavjzwfcH&+yD; aemufwpfESpfrjynfhrSD xyfIav
jzwfcH&onf? oltoufraoqHk;rD aemufqHk;ESpfESpftwGif; wdkif;jynf.vGef
u|HpGmjzpfay:aeaom jzpf&yfwpfcsdK@udk }udK;pm;jyKjyifcJhonf? ol.tjrifrSm
t&if;±SifEdkifiHrsm;ESifhtwl ,SOfwGJaexdkif&ef avhvmjcif;wdk@vdktyf+yD; xd
a&mufr_r±SdaomAsLwdkua&pDpepfudkvnf;&yfpJ&eftwGufjzpfonf? xdk@twl
ol.ae&mudk pwmvifur[kwfyJ xa&mfpuD;udktm%m&±Sdapvdkonf?
odk@aomf olratmifjrifcJhay? pwmvifonftvGefyifjzwfxdk;Om%faumif;
+yD; vDeifuJhodk@vltwGufyifwu,fyiftuif;yg;vnf0JoljzpfcJhonf? 1923
ckESpfwGif vDeifudk avaemufwpfcgxyfjzwfI oludk,fwpfjcrf;aooGm;+yD;
pum;rajymEdkifawmhay? xdk@aemuf olrnfonfhtcgr# jyefaeraumif;awmh
yJ 1924 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 21 &ufae@wGif OD;aESmufaoG;a=umjywfa&m*gjzifh
uG,fvGefoGm;cJhonf?

-46-
oDtdk'dk±kpbJhonf1858ckESpfatmufwdkbmv27&ufae@Ye,l;a,muf+rdK@
wGifzGm;jrifonf? olonfcsrf;omºuG,f0aompD;yGg;a&;orm;wpfOD;.
pwkwˆom;jzpf+yD;ol.i,femrnfrSm “xuf'D” jzpfonf? oluxdkemrnfudk
vHk;0r}udKufay? ol@wGifyef;em&if=uyfa&m*g ESifhtvGefyifrsufpdr_efaoma&m
*g±Sdonf? xdk@a=umifhol.zcifonfol@tm; tEdkifrcHt±_H;ray;yJ rdrd.a&m*g
rsm;udkwGef;vSefEdkif&efTodk@tm;ay;cJhygonf? “om;rSmOm%fAv±SdayrJh um
,Avr±Sdbl;? 'ga=umifhum,Av±Sdatmif vkyf,l&r,f?” ol.zcifrSol@
om;udkulnD&eftwGuf tm;upm;±Hkudk olwdk@.tdrfwGifyifwnfaxmifay;
cJhonf? Todk@ESifhxuf'DrS wjznf;jznf;rdrd.cE<mudk,fusef;rmoefpGrf;vm
atmif tm;upm;vdkufpm;vmcJh&maemifwGif “u|J±dkif;wpfaumifvdkusef;
rmoefpGrf;vmonf” [kEd_if;,SOf&vmatmif usef;rmoefpGrf;vmygonf?
toufi,f±G,fpOfu oDtdk'dkonfol.rdom;pkESifhtwlOa&mywpfcGifvHk;c
]]pum;udkcsdKompGmajymNyD;wkwfBuD;BuD;wpfacsmif;udkifxm;yg/}}
"Speak softly and carry a big stick."
]]r½dkufyJeJUa½SmifEdkif&ifvHk;0r½dkufygESifh? 'gayrJh½dkuf&ifb,fawmhrS
jznf;nif;pGmr½dkufygESifh/}}
"Don’t hit at all if it is honorably possible to avoid hitting,
but never hit soft."
oDtdk'dk±kpbJh (1858–1919)
tdk'dk±kpbJh (Theodore Roosevelt) onft
ar&duefjynfaxmifpk. 26 a,mufajrmuf
orRwjzpf+yD; olonf}uH@cdkif+yD; vkyfief;wGiftm;oGefcGef
pdkuftvkyfvkyfaqmifaomacgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpf+yD;t
ar&duefEdkifiHudkEdkifiHjcm;a&;&mudpPrsm;Yyg0ifaqmif±Guf
r_rsm;rsm;jym;vmapcJhygonf?
oD

-47-
&D;vSnfhvnfcJh+yD; xdkae&mwpfYyif ol.jyifopfpum;ESifh*smrefbmomp
um;udku|rf;usifpGmwwfajrmufcJhonf?
1876 ckESpftouf 18 ESpft±G,fwGif oDtdk'dkonf[m;AwfwuUodkvf0ifcGifh
&cJhonf? olupm;aomtm;upm;rsm;rSmavSavSmfjcif;/ vufa0S›upm;jcif;/
jrif;pD;upm;jcif;ESifhpcef;csupm;jcif;rsm;udkESpfoufonf? oDtdk'dkonfynm
avhvmoif,l&mwGifpdwf0ifpm;r_±Sd+yD;trSefwu,fajym&v#ifv_yf±Sm;wuf
ºuGaomausmif;om;wpfa,mufjzpf+yD; pmoif=um;ydk@cs&mwGif tm;wuf
oa&mavhvmoif,lonf? wpfcgwkef;uqdkv#if ol@udkpmoif=um;ydk@cs
aomya&mzufqmuoDtdk'dkudk “'DrSm=unfhoDtdk'dk/ igu'Dtwef;xJrSmq
&mjzpfaewmvJowd&tHk;aemf” [l.?
1878 ckESpfwGifoDtdk'dku emrnfausmf=um;aomabmhpwefrdom;pk.orD;
jzpfol tJvpf[moma0;vDESifhawG@qHkcJhonf? ,if;wdk@ESpfOD;cspfol&nf;pm;t
jzpftcdsef=umjrifhpGmaexdkifcJh+yD;1880ckESpf/atmufwdkbmv27&ufae@wGif
tJvpfESifhoDtdk'dkwkd@vufxyfxdrf;jrm;cJhonf? TtcsdefwGifrSmyif ol.zcif
rSm tpmtdrfuifqmjzifh 1878 ckESpfazazz:0g&Dv 9 &ufae@wGifuG,fvGefcJh
onf? ol.zcifaoqHk;oGm;+yD;aemuf toufESpfq,fhwpfESpft±G,f±SdoDtdk
'dkonf ,if;.rdom;pktwGuf tdrfaxmifOD;pD;jzpfvmcJh&onf?
xdk@aemufoDtdk'dku udkvHbD,m±SdOya'ausmif;udkqufwuf+yD; 1881 ckESpf
wGifausmif;rSxGuf+yD;e,l;a,mufc±dkifjynfol@v$wfawmfwGif ae&m&atmif
}udK;pm;cJhonf? ol@udk&Dywfbvpfuef (Republican) wGifta±G;cs,fcH&+yD;&D
ywfbvpfuefudkOD;pD;OD;aqmif&eftwGuf ESpf}udrfwdkifwdkif ta±G;cHcJh&onf?
oDtdk'dk.uHaumif;oxufaumif;vm+yD; ol@b0wGif vsifjrefpGmwdk;wufr_
rsm;±SdvmonfudkawG@&rnf? odk@aomfvnf; 1884 ckESpfwGifol.b0rSmwpf

-48-
ppD+ydKuGJoGm;&onf? azaz:0g&Dv 12 &ufae@wGifol.orD;av;tJvpf±kp
bJhvD;udkzGm;jrif+yD;aemuf ol.ZeD;onfwGif ausmufuyfa&m*g±Sda=umif;
awG@±Sd&onf?xdka&m*gjzifhyifazaz:0g&Dv14&ufae@cspfolrsm;ae@wGifuG,f
vGefoGm;cJh±Smonf? ol.rdcifrSmvnf;aeraumif;jzpf+yD; wdkufzGdKuftzsm;
a&m*gudk&um 1884 ckESpf/ azaz:0g&Dv 14 &ufae@naeydkif;wGif uG,fvGef
oGm;cJh&±Smonf?
Tokd@jzifh 1884 ckESpfwGif ±kpbJhutaemufbufqDodk@c&D;ESifI 'gudkwm
(Dakota) Ywd&dp>mefarG;jrLa&;tvkyfvkyf=unfh&ef }udK;pm;onf? ol@taeeJ@
'gudkwm.vloluif;rJhr_u ol.&ifxJrS cHpm;ae&aoma=uuGJ0rf;enf;r_wdk@
ajzodrfhEdkifvdrfhrnf[k,Hk=unfonf? taemufbuf±Sd vlqdk;vlayrsm;uol@
udk “av;vHk;” ESifh “ajcaxmufaysmh” ponfhrav;rpm;rcHcsdrcHomjzpf
atmifajymqdkjcif;rsm;udkjzwfoef;I wjznf;jznf;ol@udkqef@usifvmonfh
olrsm;udk tajctaetvdkufay:rlwnfI jzwfxdk;Om%foHk;aomfwefjyef
rsm;jzifhjzpfapoHr%duJhodk@rmausmaompwD;vufoD;rsm;jzifhjzpfapwjznf;
jznf;tEdkif,lvmcJhonf? odk@aomfol.trsufa'goudkawmhol.ig;r#m;
avSudkcdk;oGm;onfholcdk;rsm;rSty rnfolr#odrnfr[kwfay? olcdk;rsm;uol
.ig;zrf;avSudkcdk;+yD;onfhtcg oDtdk'dkonf =urf;wrf;vSonfh'gudkwmajr
rsufESmjyifudkrr_bJ olcdk;rsm;.aemufudkESpfywf=umvdkuf+yD;wJhaemufydkif;
aemufqHk;olcdk;rsm;udkzrf;rdcJh.? xdk@a=umifh ta±S›t&yfu “ajcaxmufaysmh
wJh+rdK@}uD;om;[molcdk;awGudk zrf;EdkifcJhw,f” vdk@emrnfwGifcJhonf? Tum
vwpfav#mufwGif oDtdk'dkupmrsm;pwifa&;om;+yD; pma&;q&mjzpfvm
onf? ola&;om;aompmtkyfxJwGif 1889–1896 ckESpfwGifxkwfa0aom
“America’s Westward Expansion” av;tkyfwGJudkygxkwfa0cJhonf?
1889 ckESpfwGif &DywfbvpfueforRw[m&Dqifu,if;udk tar&duefjynf
ol@0efaqmifr_aumfr±SiftzGJ@0ifwpfOD;tjzpf cef@xm;vdkufonf? 1895 ckESpf

-49-
wGif±kpbJhue,l;a,muf+rdK@e,fykvdyfbk'ftzGJ@0ifjzpfvmonf? aemufwpf
ESpfwGif&DywfbvpfueforRwruf(cf)uif;av(Mckinley) uol‹udka&wyf
. taxGaxGvufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfcef@tyfcJhonf? ±kpbJhu t
ar&duef.a&wyfpGrf;tm;udkwdk;csJ›jr‡ifhwifcJhojzifh tar&duefonfvnf;
urBmhppfyGJrsm;wGif ydkIyg0ifvmonfudkawG@&rnf? pydefESifhtar&duefppfyGJ
rsm;twGif; ±kpbJhuajcvsifwyf&if;wGif 'kAdkvf}uD;tjzpfwufºuGpGmwm0ef
xrf;aqmifcJhonf?
1898 ckESpfwGif ±kpbJhrSme,l;a,muf+rdK@0eftjzpfta&G;cH&+yD; 1900 ckESpfwGif
orRwrufuif;av;.atmufwGif 'kwd,orRwta±G;cH&avonf? 1901
ckESpfwGif rufuif;av;uvkyf}uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&+yD; ol‹ae&mudk±kpbJhquf
cH&±Sdonf? xdkoufwrf;jynfh+yD;aemufrS ±kpbJhurdrdwGiftcGifha&;±Sdonfht
wdkif;orRwtjzpf 1904 ckESpfwGifta±G;cs,fcHcJh&onf? olorRwoufwrf;
wpfav#mufvHk;wGif }uD;rm;aomaumfydka&;±Sif;rsm;.tm%mrsm;udk uef@
owf&eftwGuf vuf0g;}uD;tkyfcsKyfa&;vkyfief;rsm; usifhoHk;jyefvnfxl
axmifa&;vkyfief;rsm;udk pwiftpysdK;vkyfaqmifcJhonf? xdk@xufru t
ar&duef. yxrOD;qHk;trsdK;om;O,smOfudk zavmf&D'gjynfe,fY 1903 ckESpf
ESifh 1906 ckESpfwGif yxrOD;qHk;trsdK;om;ausmufwdkifudk ,Gef;rif; (Wyom-
-ing) wGifwnfaqmufcJhonf?
EdkifiHjcm;a&;&mwGifvnf; ±kpbJhutar&duefonf “csdKompGmpum;ajym+yD;
wkwf}uD;}uD;wpfacsmif;udkifonf” [ka=ujimcJhonf? ol‹,Hk=unfcsufrSmt
u,fItjcm;aomEdkifiHrsm;u tar&duefonf rdrd.tusdK;rsm;udk ppfa&;
+cdrf;ajcmufr_rsm;jzifhtumtuG,fay;a=umif;odv#if tar&duef.vHk+cHKa&;
rSm ydk+yD;wdk;jr‡ifhvmvdrfhrnf[lIyif? rGef±dk;pmcsKyfa=umifh uma&;bD;,ef;yif
v,fxJY EdkifiHjcm;a&wyfrsm;±Sdvmjcif;rS umuG,f+yD; vufwiftar&duef
udk tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwpfckkuom =um;0ifpGufzufEdkifonf?

-50-
±kpbJhonf yem;rm;wl;ajrmif;wnfaxmifa&;udk tm;ay;wdkufwGef;cJh
onf? 1906 ckESpfwGif Russo–Japanese ppfyGJudk +yD;qHk;atmifjyKvkyfcJhonfh
twGuf Edkb,f(vf)qkudkcsD;jr‡ifhjcif;cHcJh&onf?
±kpbJhuorRw&mxl;rS1908ckESpfwGift+idrf;pm;,lcJhonf?1912orRwa±G;
aumufyGJwGif ol‹.ae&mudkqufcH&±SdcJhaom0DvsHxyf(zf).ay:vpDudkr
óudufojzifh olESifhòydifIrJa±G;cJhonf? xdk‹a=umifh &Dywfbvpfuef.rJudkESpfzGJ‹
cGJovkdjzpf+yD;aemuf 'Drdku&ufwpftrwf 0l;('f)±dk0DvfqifuorRwjzpfvmcJh
onf?
±kpbJhonf 1919 ckESpfZefe0g&Dv 6 &ufae@toufajcmufq,ft±G,fwGif
aoqHk;oGm;cJhaomfvnf; ol.tarGtESpfrsm;usef&pfcJhonf? oDtdk'dkonf
tar&duef. orRwaumif;wpfa,mufjzpfonfomru opPm±Sdaomcif
yGef;onfpHjyzcifESifhEdkifiHawmftwGuftusdK;jyKonfomru urBmwpfckvHk;
tusdK;twGuftusdK;jyKvkyfaqmifcJhaom jynfol@om;aumif;wpfa,muf
jzpfcJhonf? olonfpma&;q&maumif; wpfa,mufjzpf+yD; vl@tcGifhta&;
v_yf±Sm;r_rsm;Y rem;raeyg0ifaqmif±Gufonfomru acgif;aqmifr_t&nf
tcsif;ESifhjynfhpHkonfhEdkifiHa&;orm;wpfa,mufjzpfonf? rdrd.teD;tem;
wpf0dkuf±SdurBm}uD;udk yHkpHoGif;onfomru rnfonfhtvkyfudkrqdkvkyf&m
wGifvGwfvyfr_/ w&m;Oya'atmufwGifw&m;r#wr_ESifhpdwfcsrf;omr_tay:
wGifrlwnfonf?
ol.emrnf “xuf'D” udktpGJjyKI 0uf0H±kyfuav;rsm;udk xuf'D±kyf[kac:
onf?

-51-
rm*&ufa&mbwfonf ukefpHkqdkifa&mif;ol.orD;jzpf+yD; 1925 ckESpfatmuf
wdkbmv 13 &ufwGif =urforf (Granham)/ vifuGef;±_dif;,m; (Lincolns-
-hire) wGifzGm;jrifcJhonf? atmufpzdk@'fwuUodkvfwGifatmifjrifcJh+yD;onfh
aemuf rm*&ufonf okawoejyK"gwkynm±SifwpfOD;jzpfvmonf? xdk@
aemufolru Oya'ynmudkqufvufoif=um;I 0wfvHkawmf&a±S@aewpf
]]trsdK;orD;wpfa,mufu tdrfOD;pD;xdef;csKyf&mrSm jzpfay:vmwJhtcuftcJawG
taMumif;udkem;vnfygu wdkif;jynfudktkyfcsKyf&mrSm ay:aygufvmwJh
jyóemawGtaMumif;udkem;vnfvmzdkUeD;pyfvmNyD;/}}
"Any Woman who understands the problems of running a home will
be nearer to understanding the problems of running a country."
]]tmPm½Sdw,fqdkwm rdef;rwpfa,mufeJUwlw,f/ wu,fvdkUoifbmjzpfw,f
qdkwmudkajymjy&&if oifrdef;rjzpfrSmr[kwfbl;/}}
"Being powerful is like being a lady. If you have to tell people
you are, you aren't."
]]wu,fvdkUuRefrvdkcsifwJht&mudk&rnfqdkvQifuRefrtvGefU
tvGefpdwf½SnfEdkifygonf/}}
"I am extraordinarily patient, provided I get my own
way in the end."
rg*&ufoufcsm (1925- )
*&ufoufcsm (Margaret Thatcher) onf,l
Edkufwufuif;'drf;.yxrOD;qHk;trsdK;orD;
0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf+yD;1979ckESpfrS1990txdtkyfcsKyfcJhonf?
oufcsmu+Adwdef.pD;yGg;a&;zGHŒ+zdL;wdk;wufvmatmif
vkyfaqmifrnf[kuwday;+yD; olru T&nfrSef;csufodkŒ
a&muf&Sdatmif tpdk;&ydkifpuf¶Hkrsm;udk a&mif;csjcif;ESifh
yk*~vduydkiftjzpfodkŒajymif;vJjcif;rsm;vkyfudkifcJhonf?
rm

-52-
OD;jzpfvmonf?
1951 ckESpf'DZifbmv 13 &ufae@wGif'Jepfoufcsm (Denis Thatcher) qdk
aom atmifjrifaompD;yGg;a&;orm;wpfa,mufESifhvufxyfcJhonf? rm*
&ufoufcsmonfuGefqmaA;wpfygwD0ifwpfOD;jzpf+yD;1959ckESpfatmufwdk
bmvwGif (Finchely) udkudk,fpm;jyK&efa±G;cs,fjcif;cH&onf?aemifESpfESpft
=um;wGif[m±dkrufrDvef (Harold Macmillan) tpdk;&.yifpifESifhEdkifiHtmrcH
a=u;XgewGif wGJzufygvDreftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif±GufcJhonf?
1964 ckESpf taxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJwGif uGefqmaA;wpfygwD±_H;ESdrfhcJh+yD; [m±dk
0Dvpif (Harold Wilson) u0ef}uD;csKyftopfjzpfvmcJhonf? uGefqmaA;
wpfygwDacgif;aqmifjzpfvmoltuf'0yf[uf(of) (Edward Health) uol
rudk twdkuftcHtpdk;&.yifpifESifhEdkifiHtmrcHa=u;XgewGif ajyma&;qdkcGifh±Sd
yk*d~Kvftjzpfcef@xm;cJhonf? xdk@aemufolru twdkuftcHygwDbufrStdrf
,mXge (atmufwdkbm 1965)/ b¿ma&; ({+yDv 1966)/ avmifpmESifhpGrf;
tif (atmufwdkbm 1967)/ o,f,lydk@aqmifa&; (Edk0ifbm 1968) ESifhynm
a&; (atmufwdkbm 1969) wdk@YtoD;oD;wm0ef,lcJh&onf?
1970 ckESpftaxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJrsm;Y uGefqmaA;wpfygwDtEdkif&onfh
tcsdefwGif oufcsmuynma&;ESifhody`Ha&;&mwdk@Y twGif;a&;rSL;jzpfvm
onf? 1970 ckESpfatmufwdkbmvwGiftouf 7 ESpfausmfuav;rsm;t
wGuf ausmif;rsm;YEdk@ tvum;wdkufau|;r_udk &yfqdkif;ypfjcif;ESifhausmif;
wGiftpm;tpmzdk;rsm; jr‡ifhwifay;jcif;rsm;vkyfonfhtwGuf tjiif;yGg;r_rsm;
jzpfay:apcJhonf?
xdktcsdefwGif 0ef}uD;csKyftuf'0yf[uf(of)onf ukefaps;E_ef;ay:vpDESifh0if
aiGay:vpDrsm;csrSwf&ef }udK;pm;cJhonfhtwGuf tvkyform;or*~ESifhyËdyuQ

-53-
jzpfay:apcJhonf? oluw&m;r0ifqENjyr_rsm;twGuf Oya'jyXgef;Edkif&ef}udK;
pm;r_rsm;a=umifh tvkyform;tvkyf±SifyËdyuQudkjzpfay:apcJhonf? 1973
ckESpfwGif owˆKwGif;tvkyform;rsm;. “tkyfcsKyfr_twGuftvkyfvkyfjcif;”
(Work-to-rule) qENjyjcif;rsm;a=umifhv#yfppf"gwftm;jzwfawmufjcif;rsm;r
=umc%jzpfay:+yD; wpfygwfoHk;&uftvkyfvkyfjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vmonf?
1974 wGif[uf(of)u “rnfoltkyfcsKyfonf” qdkonfhudpPtay: taxG
axGa±G;aumufyGJudkac:,lusif;ycJhonf? TwGiftuf'0yf[uf(of)u t
Edkifr&awmhbJ [m±dk(vf)0DvfqifESifhavbmygwDrSm tm%mjyefvnf&±Sdvm
onf?
1975 ckESpfZefe0g&DvwGif oufcsmutuf'0yf[uf(of)udk uGefqmaA;
wpfygwD.acgif;aqmiftjzpf ,SOf+ydKifta±G;cH&efpdefac:cJhonf? azaz:0g&Dv
4 &ufoufcsmu[uf(of)udkrJ 130 rJESifh 119 rJjzifhtEdkif&±SdcJhonf? xdk@
aemuf Tta&;}uD;aom trsdK;orD;EdkifiHa&;ygwDacgif;aqmifjzpfvmonf?
[uf(of)u ±_H;ESdrfhjcif;udkvufrcHEdkifyJ oufcsm.uufbdeufwGiftvkyf
qufvkyf&efjiif;qefcJhonf?
1976 ckESpfrwfv 16 &ufae@wGif*sdrf;acgv*ef (James Collaghan) u[m
±dkvf0Dvfqif.0ef}uD;csKyf&mxl;udk qufcH&,lcJhonf? wpfjznf;jznf;ouf
csmuvuf,m0g'D0g'udkydkIvufcHusifhoHk;umaps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepfodk@ydkI
tm±Hkpdkufvmonf?1978ckESpfZefe0g&DvwGifolruvlrsm;uEdkifiHjcm;wdkif;
jynfrSa±$@ajymif;aexdkifvmolrsm;. “v$rf;rdk;r_” cH&rSmudkpdk;&drfonfht
a=umif;rdef@cGef;ajym=um;cJhojzifh jypfwif±H_@csjcif;cHcJh&onf?
1978 ckESpfwGifEdkifiHt}uD;tuJ "Chancellor of the Exchequer" jzpfol'Jepf
[Jav(Denis Healey) uaiGa=u;rsm;tay:wif;=uyfpGmxdef;csKyfjcif;rsm;jyK
vkyfcJhonf? aiGa=u;xdef;csKyf&mwGif jynfolwdk@.ynma&;ESifhusef;rma&;t

-54-
wGuf &efyHkaiGrsm;udkygjzwfawmufcJhonf? a0zefoHk;oyfolrsm;u Todk@jyK
vkyfjcif;rsm;a=umifh aiGa=u;xkwfvkyfr_udktajccHaompepf (Monetarism)
udkjzpfay:vmaponf? 1978 ckESpfwGif jynfolwdk@twGuftoHk;p&dwfrsm;
jzwfawmufvdkufonfhtwGuf rauseyfr_rsm;jzpfay:vm+yD; qENjyyGJrsm;ay:
aygufvmcJhonf? xdk@a=umifh 1979 ckESpftaxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJwGif av
bmygwDta&;edrfhcJhonf?
TwGifrm*&ufoufcsmu +AdwdefEdkifiH. yxrOD;qHk;trsdK;orD;0ef}uD;csKyfjzpf
vmonf? 1979 ckESpfEdk0ifbmvwGif oufcsmu Oa&mypD;yGg;a&;todkif;t
0dkif;(European Economic Community–EEC) .xdyfoD;tpnf;ta0;wuf
a&mufcJh+yD;EEC xJodk@+AdwdefxnfhoGif;&aomaiGyrm%twGufn‡dE_dif;aqG;
aEG;r_rsm;jyKvkyfcJhonf?
oufcsmtpdk;&onf 'Jepf[JavtpysdK;cJhaom aiGa=u;xdef;csKyfr_ (moneta-
-rist) ay:vpDudkqufvufusifhoHk;cJhonf? 1979 ckESpfESifh 1980 ckESpfrsm;wGif
aiGodyfonf;r_E_ef;avsmhenf;oGm;aomfvnf; tvkyfvufrJhE_ef;rSm ESpfqwdk;
yGg;vmonf? 1981 ckESpfwGif Exchequer .t}uD;tuJjzpfolqm*sufz&D[dk
0D (Sir. Geoffrey Howe) ujynfoltwGuf toHk;p&dwfrsm;jzwfawmufcJh
onf? Tumvwpfav#mufwGif jynfol@qENaumuf,lcsufrsm;Y +Adwdef.
ordkif;a=umif;wpfav#mufwGif rm*&ufoufcsmonf jynfolt}udKuft
enf;qHk;0ef}uD;jzpfcJhonf?
oufcsmtpdk;&u yk*~vduydkifodk@ajymif;vJjcif;pDrHudef;jzifh &efyHkaiG±SmazGcJh
onf? TwGif+Adwdo#a=u;eef;qufoG,fa&;vkyfief;/ +Adwdo#av,mOfc&D;
oGm;vma&;vkyfief;/ ±dkvf±dGKuf(pf)ESifh+Adwdo#pwD;vkyfief; ponfhEdkifiHydkifvkyf
ief;rsm;udk yk*~vduvufodk@ jyefay;jcif;tygt0ifjzpfonf?
1982ckESpf{+yDv2&ufae@wGiftm*sifwD;em;uazghuvef (Falkland) u|ef;

-55-
pkrsm;udkusK;ausmfodrf;ydkufcJhonf? aemufwpf&ufrSmyif urBmhukvor*~
oEMdXgef 502 udkxkwfjyefcsrSwfcJh+yD; tm*sifwD;em;udk azmhuvefu|ef;pkrsm;rS
xGufcGmoGm;&efawmif;qdkcJhonf? {+yDv 5 &ufae@wGif+Adwdo#wdk@.a&wyf
onf azgh(pf)armihf (Portsmouth) rSxGufcGm&ef azghuvefu|ef;pkbufqDodk@
OD;wnfcJhonf? +Adwdefuazghuvefu|ef;pkywfywfvnfrdkif 200 udkoD;oef@ZHk
tjzpfa=ujimcJh+yD; 1982 ckESpfarv 2 &ufae@wGif tm*sifwD;em;ppfoabFm
*sife&,f(vf)b,fvfu&mEdkudkepfjrKyfypfcJhonf? aemufESpf&uft=umwGif+Ad
wdefoabFm±SzD;vf('f)rSm'Hk;ysHjzifhtypfcH&onf?
arv 21 &ufae@wGif+Adwdo#wyfrsm; azmhuvefu|ef;pkpefumavmhwGif
qkdufa&mufvmonf? wdkufyGJrsm;qufvufjzpfyGg;+yD; aemufqHk;wGifazghp
wefav (Post Stanley) utzrf;qD;cH&+yD; tm*sifwD;em;wyfrsm;u 1982
ckESpf*|efv 14 &ufae@wGif vufeufcst±_H;cHcJhonf? ppfyGJrsm;atmifEdkifaom
a=umifh rm*&ufoufcsm. emrnfausmf=um;vmaoma=umifh 1983 ckESpf
wGifusif;ycJhaomtaxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJY uGefqmaA;wpfygwDu rJtrsm;
qHk; 144 rJjzifhtEkdif&cJhonf?
oufcsmu 0ef}uD;csKyfa&mfe,f&D*ifESifh &if;ESD;pGmaygif;oif;qufqHr_&±SdcJh
onf?xdk@aemufolwdk@ESpfOD;ESpfzufpvHk;uqdkAD,uf,leD,Htay:wif;rmpGm
qufqH&efoabmwlcJhonf? oufcsmudktrsm;u acgif;rmaomtrsdK;orD;
[k0ifpm;ac:a0:=uonf? odk@aomf 1983 ckESpfEdk0ifbmvwGif+Adwdo#wdk@ESifh
}udKIaqG;aEG;r_r±SdyJ+Adwdo#vufatmufcHu&ife'g (Grenada) udktar&du
wdk@u usK;ausmfodrf;ydkufcJhonfhtwGuf oufcsma'goxGufcJh&onf?
oufcsmtpdk;&u rdrdwdk@.ay:vpDjzpfaom tvkyform;or*~.tm%m
av#mhcsjcif;udkqufvufusifhoHk;cJhonf? trsm;tay:pmemaomqENjyyGJ
rsm;ESifhqdkifydwfjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfjcif;udkwm;jrpfonf?or*~acgif;aqmifrsm;u

-56-
oydwfarSmufyGJwGif jyKvkyfrnfhv_yf±Sm;r_rsm;tay: rdrdwdk@.tzGJ@0ifrsm;udkrJ
xnfhcdkif;&rnfjzpf+yD;or*~rSTtzGJ@0ifrsm;tm;vHk;.v_yf±Sm;r_tay: wm0ef
,l&rnfjzpfonf?tpdk;&utvkyf±SifESifhtvkyform;yËdyuQjzpfr_tay:*±kr
pdkufyJwif;rmpGmqufqHcJh+yD;1984ckESpfwGifjzpfyGg;cJhaomrdkif;wl;vkyfom;rsm;
.pwifcJhaomoydwfarSmufr_rSm 12 v=um+yD; rnfonfhatmifjrifr_rSr&cJh
acs?
1985 ckESpfrwfv 13 &ufae@wGif usif;ycJhaom Konstantin Chernenko
.tokbY acgif;aqmifopfrDac;(vf)udkbmacsmh(Af)(Mikhail Gorbachev)
ESifhawG@qHkcJhonf? udkbmacsmh(Af)rSPerestroika ay:vpDjzpfaomjyefvnfxl
axmifa&;ay:vpDopfudk a=ujimvdkufonfhtcg oufcsm.qdkAD,ufjynf
axmifpktay: tjrifajymif;vJoGm;onf? qdkAD,uf.pD;ygG;a&;ydkrdkxda&mufr_
±Sdvmap&ef&nf±G,fcsufjzifh pD;yGGg;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;Yvdkufavsmr#wr_±Sdvmjcif;ESifh
,Ofaus;r_jyKjyifajymif;vJr_rsm;jyKvkyfcJhonf? udkbmacsmh(Af)uqdkAD,uf
jynfaxmifpktwGif; aps;uGufpD;yGg;a&;pepfrsm;pwifusifhoHk;+yD; pufr_vkyf
ief;ESifhpdkufysdK;a&;vkyfief;rsm;Yudk,fydkifvkyfief;rsm;wdk;csJ@vkyfudkif&eftm;ay;cJh
onf?
1986 ckESpfEdk0ifbmvwGif usif;ycJhaomtpnf;ta0;yGJwpfckY oufcsmu
Oa&myaiGvJvS,fE_ef;,E W&m; (European Exchange Rate Mechanism)
xJodk@ 0ifrnfht}uHay;r_udk y,fcscJhonf? rnfodk@qdkapumrl xdkvtwGif;
wGifoufcsmu vlZifbwfOa&myaumifpD(Luxembourg European Coun-
cil) tpnf;ta0;yGJtwGif;YyifSingle EuropeanAct xJYvufrSwfxdk;&efo
abmwlcJhonf?
1986 ckESpf{+yDvwGif oufcsmu tar&duefAHk;}uJav,mOfrsm;udk +AdwdefEdkif
iHwGif&yfem;cGifhay;+yD; vpfAsm;EdkifiHudk AHk;}uJ&eftcGifhay;cJhonfhtwGuf a0zef

-57-
jcif;rsm;pGm&±SdcJhonf? xdktcsdefwGif vpfAsm;EdkifiHudk tajccHaom t}urf;
zuform;wdk@utar&duefudk tcgaygif;rsm;pGmwdkufcdkufcJhonf?
1987 ckESpftaxGaxGa±G;aumufyGJwGif trsm;rJqENESifhtrwfaygif; 102
&±SdcJh+yD; wwd,t}udrftm%mjyefvnf&±Sdvmonf? xdkESpfrSyif oufcsmudk
ESpf 100 twGif;oufwrf;t±SnfqHk;0ef}uD;csKyftjzpf towfrSwfcHcJh&onf?
vlcGefaumufjcif;udk paumhwvefY 1989 ckESpf{+yDvwGif pwifa=ujim+yD;
(aemifwpfESpft=umwGif+AdwdefEdkifiHwpfEdkifvHk;odk@) aumufcHonfhtwGufol
r.emrnfudkqdk;±Gm;ysufpD;apcJhonf?tcGeftopfudkvltrsm;pkur}udKufyJ
aemufqHk;wGif jynfolqENjyyGJrsm;jzpfay:apcJhonf?
1990ckESpfEdk0ifbmvwGifuGefqmaA;wpfygwD.acgif;aqmiftjzpf0ifa&muf
,SOf+ydKifcJh&m yxrt}udrfwGiftEdkif&cJhaomfvnf; 'kwd,t}udrfwGifrl ±_H;edrfh
cJhonf? 1990 ckESpfEdk0ifbmv 28 &ufae@wGif rm*&ufoufcsmu 0ef}uD;
csKyf&mxl;rSEkwfxGufcJh+yD;,if;.ae&mwGif*|efar*smu tpm;xdk;ae&m,lcJh
onf?
1992 ckESpfrwfvwGif oufcsmu atmufv$wfawmfrSEkwfxGufcJhonf?
r=umcifrSmyJtxufv$wfawmfY “Baroness Thatcher of Kesteven”
tjzpf wm0ef,laqmif±GufcJhonf?

-58-
tdENd,vlrsdK;rsm;rS ol‹tm; r[wWr*END[kac:qdk=u+yD; “jrifhjrwfaomol”[k
t"dy`g,f&onf? *ENDonf tajymif;tvJudk rvdkvm;aom/ xHk;wrf;"avh
udk rpGef@y,fvdkaomrdom;pkrS qif;oufvm+yD; touf 13 ESpft&G,fwGif
]]rsufvHk;wpfvHk;twGuf rsufvHk;udkay;qyf&&ifawmh urÇmwpf0Srf;vHk;yg
rsufpduef;ukefawmhrSmaygh/}}
"An eye for eye only ends up making the whole world blind."
]]yxrawmholwdkUuoifhudkOayu©mjyKMuw,f? NyD;awmholwdkUuoifhudkavSmifajymif
&,farmMuvdrfhMur,f? NyD;awmhoifhudkwdkufcdkufMuw,f? aemufawmh
oiftEdkif&oGm;wmbJ/}}
"First they ignore you, then they laugh at you, then they fight you,
then you win."
]]urÇmay:rSm udk,fjrifcsifwJhajymif;vJrItwdkif; udk,fhudk,fudkajymif;vJ&r,f/}}
"We must become the change we want to see in the world."
r[wWr*END (1896-1948)
oma&;/ EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifESifhavm
ukwWESifhvlom;wdk@tusdK;aqmif&Guf
ol 1869-1948 r[wWr*END (Mahatama Gandhi)
onf 1869 ckESpfatmufwdkbmv 2 &ufae@wGif
tdENd,EdkifiHydkbef'gYarG;zGm;cJhygonf?olonf20&mpk
wGiftxif&Sm;qHk;aom avmukwW&mESifhEdkifiHa&;acgif;
aqmifwpfOD;jzpfygonf? *ENDonftdENd,vlrsdK;rsm;
tm; t=urf;rzufjidrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;jzifh +Adwdo#
tkyfcsKyfr_vufatmufrS vGwfvyfEkdif&ef jyKvkyfcJhjyD;
tdENd,wkdif;oljynfom;rsm; rSol@udkav;pm;tyfaom
zcif}uD;wpfOD;tjzpf todtrSwfðycJh=uygonf?
bm

-59-
uwfpwbmqdkaomtouf 12 ESpft&G,frdef;uav;ESifh rdbrsm;.pDpOfr_
jzifhtdrfaxmifjyKcJhonf? *ENDwGif om;&wemav;OD;arG;zGm;cJhygonf? om;
[m&DvmESifhrmeDvmudktENd,wGifarG;zGm;cJh+yD;/om;a';zf'gESifh&rf'gudkawmif
tmz&duwdkufwGif arG;zGm;cJhygonf? *ENDonf vltrsm;tm;vHk;tm; cspfcif
=uifemr_xm;aomfvnf; rdrd.om;r,m;tay:wGif pnf;urf;wus=uyf
=uyfrwfrwf±SdcJhonf?
*ENDonfvef'efwGif Oya'bmom&yftm; oGm;a&mufavhvmoif,lcJh+yD;
1891 ckESpfwGif tENd,odk@vufawG@toHk;cs&ef jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmonf?
oljyefa&muf+yD;vtenf;i,ftwGif; rdcifuG,fvGefoGm;cJhygonf? xdktcsdef
wGif *ENDtouf 21 ESpfyif&Sdao;onf? tENd,wGif rdrd.w&m;Oya'twwf
ynmudk vufawG@toHk;cs&mwGif atmifjrifr_r&SdcJhaoma=umifh 1893 ckESpf
wGif emwmvfawmiftmz&duodk@ a&S›aetoif;wpfckY tvkyfvkyf&ef
ajymif;a&$@oGm;ygonf?
xdktcsdefwGif awmiftmz&duonf +Adwdo#wdk@.tkyfcsKyfr_vufatmufwGif
&Sdaeao;onf? +Adwdo#vlrsdK;rsm;xH rdrd.wef;wltcGifhta&;udk wifjy
awmif;qdkonfhtcg rw&m;zdESdyfr_udkcH&+yD; tjcm;aomtENd,vlrsdK;rsm;
vnf; Todk@yifcHpm;ae&a=umif;olod&SdjrifawG@vmonf? olESifhtjcm;
aomtEdN,vlrsdK;rsm;onf rsufESmjzLrsm;ESifhtxl;wef;&xm;wGJrsm;wGif pD;
cGifhrjyKjcif;/ wnf;cdkcef;awmfawmfrsm;rsm;wGif olwdk@tm; vufrcHjcif;wdk‹t
jyif&dkufESufjcif;/rw&m;ojzifhjyKrlqufqHjcif;rsm;ukdcH&onf?olonfa'o
cHtdENd,vlrsdK;rsm;tay:rw&m;jyKrlqufqHjcif;rsm;udkckcH&efOya'enf;vrf;
udktoHk;jyKcJhonf?[dENLt,l0g'v$rf;rdk;r_/ Jainism ESifhc&pf,mefbmomom
oemwdk@v$rf;rdk;r_/ pma&;q&m}uD;rsm;jzpfaom Tolstoy ESifh Thoreau wdk@.
v$rf;rdk;r_ponfwdk@a=umifh *ENDonf Satyagraha (trSefw&m;udkcspfcifr_)/
trSm;rsm;udk t=urf;rzufaomenf;vrf;rsm;jzifh ajz&Sif;jcif;vrf;pOfudk a&;

-60-
om;cJhonf? EdkifiHa&;qdkif&mrw&m;r_rsm;udk ckcHwdkufcdkufonfh ol.t=urf;
rzufvrf;pOfrsm;wGif oydwfarSmufjcif;/ trsm;ESifhyl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr_r&Sd
jcif;/ vufurf;pmapmif rsm;a&;om;jcif;ESifhrjyif;xefaomckcHr_rsm;yif jzpfyg
onf? awmiftmz&duwGif aexdkifvmonfhtESpf ESpfq,ftwGif;wGif*END
onf t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm axmifcsjcif;cH&onf? 1914 ckESpfwGif awmiftm
z&duwdkuftpdk;&rS *END.awmif;qdkcsufrsm;udk rsm;pGmvufcHvmonf?
awmiftmz&duwdkufwGif atmifjrifr_&&Sd+yD;aemuf 1914 ckESpfY *ENDonf
tdENd,EdkifiHodk@jyefvmcJhonf? ol.,m,Dvkyfief;rSwqifh vl@oduQmtm;t
odjyK&efpnf;&Hk;v_H‹aqmfa&;vkyfief;tm;tESpfESpfq,fausmftxdjyKvkyfvm
cJh&onf? *ENDtouf 45 ESpft&G,fwGif +Adwdo#tkyfcsKyfr_vufatmufrS
tENd,vlrsdK;rsm;vGwfvyfa&;&&Sda&;twGufEdkifiHa&;avmuxJodk@0ifa&muf
vmcJhonf? 1919 ckESpfwGif +Adwdeftpdk;&udk rESpfoufaomqENjyyGJrsm; ydkrdk
}uD;xGm;vmcJhonf? +Adwdefwdk‹rS ykefuef&efv_H‹aqmfaomolrsm;tm; t
us,fcsKyfcs&efjzpfaom ±dkvuftufOya' (RowlattActs) udkxkwfoHk;onfh
tcsdefwGif *ENDrSvnf; oef;aygif;rsm;pGmaomaemufvdkfufom;rsm;tm; qGJ
aqmifaponfh "Satyagraha" vrf;pOfopfudk csufcsif;xkwfjyefa=ujimap
onf?
1919 ckESpf {+yDvwGif "RowlattActs" qENjyyGJjcif;udk +Adwdef "Amritsar"+Ad
wdo#ppfom;rsm;.t=urf;zufESdrfESif;r_jzpfaom "Amritsar" tpkvdkuftðyH
vdkufowfjzwfr_tm; jzpfapcJhygonf? +Adwdeftpdk;&onf tdENd,rSvnf; rdrd
wdk@.a=u;eef;}udK;rsm;udkjzwfawmuf+yD;teD;&Sd&xm;vrf;rsm;udkvnf;jzwf
awmufvdkufa=umif; owif;&&Sdonfhtcg jAdwdv#tpdk;&onf EkdifiHawmft
a&;ay:tajctae (State of Emergency) tm;a=ujimvkdufjyD;rnfonfht
pnf;ta0;rsm;rjyKvkyf&a=umif; a=ujimvdkufygonf? +Adwdo#tpdk;&rS rnf
onfhtpnf;ta0;yGJudkrS rjyKvkyf&ef ydwfyifxm;aomfvnf; a'ocHygwDnD

-61-
vmcHtpnf;ta0;rSmjzpfajrmufcJhonf? xdk‹a=umifhnae 5 em&D 15 rdepft
csdefwGif +Adwdo#-tdENd,ppfwyfrS ppfom;rsm;tpnf;ta0;yGJudk 0ef;&Hvdkufyg
onf?wyf&if;rSL;&,f*sDe,f'dkif,m (Brigadier Reginald Dyer) .trdef@t&
ppfom;rsm;onf vufeufrJhpkpnf;qENjyaeaoma,mufsm;/ rdef;rrsm;ESifhu
av;oli,frsm;tm;ypfcwfcJhonf? Typfcwfr_onf tcsdef 10 rdepfr#=um
jrifhIaoewfusOfqHaygif;1˜650r#ypfcwf+yD;ppfom;wpfOD;v#ify#rf;r#tm;
jzifh usnfqH 33 vHk;r#ypfcwfcJhonf[k wGufq&ygonf? xdktjzpftysuf
wGifvlOD;a&aygif;379OD;aoqHk;a=umif;+Adwdeft&m&Sd Raj rSazmfjyygonf?
odk@aomf tjcm;aomowif;tcsuftvufrsm;wGifrl vlOD;a&aygif; 1˜000
txufaoqHk;+yD;/ 2˜000 OD;a&txd'%f&m&&Sdonf[k azmfjyxm;ygonf?
cGJpdwfukq&m0ef a'gufwmprpfrS vlOD;a& 1800 cef@aoqHk;okd@r[kwf'g%f
&m&&SdcJhonf [kazmfjyxm;ygonf? T Amritsar tpkvdkuftðyHvdkufowf
jzwfr_wGif +Adwdo#tm;axmufcHcJhzl;aom oef;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmaomvl
rsm;u tdENd,udk axmufcHtm;ay;vmonfhtjzpfodk@ ajymif;vJcJhygonf?
1920 ckESpfwGif *ENDonf tdENd,.EdkifiHa&;wGif=uD;pdk;v$rf;rdk;aomyk*~dKvfwpfOD;
jzpfvmonf? olu tdENd,trsdK;om;nDvmcHudk jyKjyifajymif;vJvdkuf+yD;rd
rd.+idrf;csrf;aom vkyfief;pDrHudef;jzpfaom rnfonfh+Adwdo#tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;
ESifhryl;aygif;bJ jAdwdo#tpdk;&.xkwfukefypPnf;rsm;/ vkyfief;rsm;ukdoydwf
arSmufjcif;wdk@jyKvkyfcJhaoma=umifh axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomvlrsm;zrf;qD;
csKyfaESmifjcif;cHcJh&ygonf?
1922 ckESpfwGif *ENDudk,fwdkifaxmif'%f 6 ESpfus&efpD&ifjcif;cHcJh&onf? odk@
aomf 2 ESpfaemufydkif;axmifrS v$wfajrmufvm+yD; EdkifiHa&;avmurSE_wf
xGufoGm;I qdk;&Gm;aeaom[dENL-rlpvif.qufqHa&;wif;rmr_jyefvnf
aumif;rGefvmapa&;wGif tm&Hkpdkufaqmif&GufaecJhonf? 1930 ckESpfwGif
qm;tcGefaumufcHa=u;tay: qENjyonfhtaejzifh pnf;&Hk;a&;w&yfudkjyK
vkyfcJhjyD; axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaomvlrsm;jzifh qm;±Sd&myifv,fodk@csDwufjyD;

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