The document discusses the political crises in Burma following independence, as different ethnic groups sought greater autonomy and the central government resisted decentralizing power, leading to ongoing conflicts between the Burmese military and various ethnic armed organizations. It analyzes the role of the Panglong Agreement of 1947 and the subsequent breakdown in relations between ethnic minorities and the Burmese state. The author argues that long term stability in Burma will require a federal system that adequately addresses the political demands of ethnic groups for self-determination within a unified nation.
The United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) coordinates the work of UN human rights mechanisms. The OHCHR was established in 1946 to promote and protect human rights. This document provides an overview of various UN thematic human rights mechanisms and their mandates in 2002, such as special rapporteurs, working groups, and treaty bodies. It discusses their work investigating human rights situations in countries and making recommendations to improve human rights.
This document provides a summary of the book "Zalwai Vamai" in 3 paragraphs. It discusses how the book covers different aspects of the author's life such as childhood, education, family etc. through stories set in Afghanistan. The summary highlights some of the key chapters in the book including "Zalwai Bai", "Zalwai 2am", "Zalwai Mai" that describe the author's life in different time periods. It concludes by praising the book for its ability to transport readers to Afghanistan and give insights into the author's experiences.
Aksharica (अक्षरिका) is a Nepali Language Newsletter. Aksharica is made with a combination of two words “Akshar” and “America”. Akshar means “letter” in Nepali, thus goal of the Aksharica is to educate, inform, inspire, and empower the Nepali speaking community (Bhutanese and Nepalese) residing in America. Rajesh Koirala is working as an editor since it started on August 2010. This is 88th issue, published on October, 2016.
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Unit 14 invertebrate class 10 (Nepali Language)Manoj Ghimire
1. The document discusses silkworms and honey bees, their life cycles and uses. It provides details on the four life stages of silkworms - egg, larva, pupa, and adult - and explains how silkworms produce silk.
2. The life cycle of honey bees is also described, including the three types of bees - queen bee, drone bee, and worker bee. Honey bees produce honey and wax which have various uses.
3. Both silkworms and honey bees are useful insects. Silkworms produce high quality silk for clothing while honey bees produce honey, wax, and help with pollination of crops. Studying their life cycles is important
This document contains 54 footnotes citing various sources used in a research paper. The footnotes reference books and papers on topics like human values, social learning theory, cognition, behaviorism, and primitive culture. Each footnote provides the author's name, title of work, publisher, and page number to uniquely identify the source cited.
The document discusses violence against women in Nepal. It defines violence against women as any act that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm to women in public or private life. Such acts include threats, coercion or deprivation of a woman's liberty. It notes that forms of violence against women include physical, psychological, sexual, economic, traditional and political violence. It provides statistics on reported cases of domestic violence, rape, trafficking, abortion and child and forced marriage in Nepal over several years. It also outlines some of Nepal's laws related to violence against women and legal provisions to file complaints.
allindiasolution.com has made available BIHAR BOARD SYLLABUS OF SCIENCE FOR CLASS 11 & 12 IN HINDI & ENGLISH. If any other help required vist out site:- http://www.allindiasolution.com/2015/02/syllabus.html
The United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) coordinates the work of UN human rights mechanisms. The OHCHR was established in 1946 to promote and protect human rights. This document provides an overview of various UN thematic human rights mechanisms and their mandates in 2002, such as special rapporteurs, working groups, and treaty bodies. It discusses their work investigating human rights situations in countries and making recommendations to improve human rights.
This document provides a summary of the book "Zalwai Vamai" in 3 paragraphs. It discusses how the book covers different aspects of the author's life such as childhood, education, family etc. through stories set in Afghanistan. The summary highlights some of the key chapters in the book including "Zalwai Bai", "Zalwai 2am", "Zalwai Mai" that describe the author's life in different time periods. It concludes by praising the book for its ability to transport readers to Afghanistan and give insights into the author's experiences.
Aksharica (अक्षरिका) is a Nepali Language Newsletter. Aksharica is made with a combination of two words “Akshar” and “America”. Akshar means “letter” in Nepali, thus goal of the Aksharica is to educate, inform, inspire, and empower the Nepali speaking community (Bhutanese and Nepalese) residing in America. Rajesh Koirala is working as an editor since it started on August 2010. This is 88th issue, published on October, 2016.
We Are Safalta.com And We Are Providing The Bihar TET Solved Model Question Papers In Hindi.The Solved Model Is Prepared Under The Guidance Of The Experts.
Click Here To Buy Now - http://safalta.com/product/bihar-tet-1st-paper/
Unit 14 invertebrate class 10 (Nepali Language)Manoj Ghimire
1. The document discusses silkworms and honey bees, their life cycles and uses. It provides details on the four life stages of silkworms - egg, larva, pupa, and adult - and explains how silkworms produce silk.
2. The life cycle of honey bees is also described, including the three types of bees - queen bee, drone bee, and worker bee. Honey bees produce honey and wax which have various uses.
3. Both silkworms and honey bees are useful insects. Silkworms produce high quality silk for clothing while honey bees produce honey, wax, and help with pollination of crops. Studying their life cycles is important
This document contains 54 footnotes citing various sources used in a research paper. The footnotes reference books and papers on topics like human values, social learning theory, cognition, behaviorism, and primitive culture. Each footnote provides the author's name, title of work, publisher, and page number to uniquely identify the source cited.
The document discusses violence against women in Nepal. It defines violence against women as any act that causes physical, sexual or psychological harm to women in public or private life. Such acts include threats, coercion or deprivation of a woman's liberty. It notes that forms of violence against women include physical, psychological, sexual, economic, traditional and political violence. It provides statistics on reported cases of domestic violence, rape, trafficking, abortion and child and forced marriage in Nepal over several years. It also outlines some of Nepal's laws related to violence against women and legal provisions to file complaints.
allindiasolution.com has made available BIHAR BOARD SYLLABUS OF SCIENCE FOR CLASS 11 & 12 IN HINDI & ENGLISH. If any other help required vist out site:- http://www.allindiasolution.com/2015/02/syllabus.html
1. The document discusses heat and temperature, their units of measurement, and different types of thermometers.
2. It explains the differences between heat and temperature, and defines specific heat capacity.
3. Various examples are given to illustrate concepts like how water has a higher specific heat capacity than other substances, causing it to heat and cool more slowly.
- After studying pressure, you will be able to: define pressure and discuss related problems, understand the relationship between density of a substance and pressure, explain Pascal's law, explain atmospheric pressure and its applications, describe the gas laws and use them, and define atmospheric pressure and explain its applications.
- Blood circulation is carried out continuously throughout the body to supply necessary nutrients and remove waste.
- Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
- Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help clotting.
- The heart pumps blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries to oxygenate tissues and transport nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide and other materials.
1. The document discusses concepts related to gravity including gravitational force, gravitational constant, weight, and theories like heliocentric theory.
2. It provides formulas for gravitational force and defines the gravitational constant as the force between two 1 kg masses separated by 1 meter.
3. Examples and problems are given to demonstrate calculations of gravitational force and weight on various objects based on their masses and distances from gravitational bodies.
This document discusses child labor in Nepal, specifically domestic child labor. It notes that over 55,000 children in Nepal are engaged in domestic child labor. The document was published by CWISH (Center for Women and Human Rights) to develop the capacities of local governments and other organizations to end domestic child abuse and child labor. It provides guidance on establishing child-friendly spaces, management of such spaces, institutional development, activities for children, and the role of facilitators.
This document is an introductory chapter to a guidebook on child participation in child protection. It discusses that child protection issues in Nepal arise from various social, cultural, economic and political factors. Involving children themselves in addressing protection issues is important to make processes more effective and respect children's rights. The guidebook aims to increase effectiveness of child participation practices in protection by providing information to practitioners. It emphasizes viewing issues from the child's perspective and involving them in decisions that affect their lives.
Aksharica (अक्षरिका) is a Nepali Language Newsletter. Aksharica is made with a combination of two words “Akshar” and “America”. Akshar means “letter” in Nepali, thus goal of the Aksharica is to educate, inform, inspire, and empower the Nepali speaking community (Bhutanese and Nepalese) residing in America. Rajesh Koirala is working as an editor since it started on August 2010. This is 23rd issue, published on August 1, 2011.
The document provides examples of short answer questions from a mathematics exam on geometry. It includes questions on finding lengths, areas, volumes of various shapes like triangles, rectangles, circles, cylinders and cones. It also provides examples of solving such problems by applying relevant geometry formulas. The end includes additional problems to test if the concepts are understood by solving for lengths, areas or volumes based on information provided about the shapes.
हाम्रो शरीर हाम्रै हो भाग २ | Our bodies ourselves Part TwoWOREC Nepal
महिलामाथि हुने हिंसा मानवअधिकारको हनन् हो; सामाजिक अपराध हो; महिलाको मानवअधिकारको हनन् हो; जनस्वास्थ्यको समस्या हो; आदि इत्यादि भनाइहरू धेरै लामो समयदेखि हाम्रो घर, परिवार, समाज, धर्म, संचार र राज्यदेखि अन्तररराष्ट्रिय तहसम्म दोहो¥याइने गरेको धेरै भइसक्यो । तर पनि हामीमाथि हिंसा भइरहेको छ । हामीलाई बलात्कार गरिन्छ, जिउँदै जलाइन्छ, आत्महत्या गर्न बाध्य पारिन्छ, मानसिक सन्तुलन गुमाउन बाध्य बनाइन्छ, हत्या गरिन्छ । यो पनि त्यत्तिकै सत्य हो । यस्तो किन हुन्छ त ? यसको मूल कारण कहाँ छ त ? यो स्थितिको समाधान कसरी गर्न सकिन्छ ? यी प्रश्नहरूको जवाफको खोजी पनि नभएका होइनन्, तर पनि किन यस्तो हुन्छ ? यसको गहिराईमा पुग्नु र त्यसको अन्त्य गर्नका लागि हामी संगठित हुनुपर्दछ भन्ने निक्र्योल हामीले निकालेका छौँ । यसका साथै हामीमाथि हुने हिंसाले हामी मात्रै नभई हामीलाई हिंसा गर्ने घर, परिवार, समाज र राष्ट्रलाई असर पारेको छ भन्ने पनि हामीले बुझेका छौँ । यसले हाम्रो सन्तानलाई असर पारेको छ । देशको भविष्यलाई असर पारेको छ भन्ने पनि हामीले बुझेका छौँ ।
हाम्रा यही अनुभवहरूलाई समेटी हामीमाथि हुने हिंसालाई हामीले नै कसरी नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्दछौँ ? यसको हाम्रो स्वास्थ्यलाई पारेको प्रभावलाई विश्लेषण गरी कसरी स्वास्थ्य राम्रो बनाउन सक्दछौँ भन्ने हाम्रा आफ्ना अनुभवहरूलाई हामीले यस भागमा राखेका छौँ । बुझ्न र बुझाउन सजिलो होस् भन्नका खातिर हाम्रा धेरै भोगाई, अनुभव, पीडा र संघर्षलाई घटना अध्ययनका रूपमा राखिएका छन् । नाम, ठेगाना परिवर्तित गरिएको भए तापनि यी हाम्रा यथार्थ हुन् भन्ने सबैमा स्पष्ट हुन जरुरी छ ।
हाम्रा धेरै साथीहरूका जिवनकथाहरू हाम्रो यो पुस्तकको आधार हो । तिनीहरूलाई संकलन, विश्लेषण र लेखन गर्ने बेला धेरै पटक हाम्रा आँखाहरू भरिए, मन रोयो । कतिले त खप्नै नसकि बाहिर पोख्यौँ । तर यसकासाथै त्यसरी मन भरिएर पोखिएको बेला पाएको अर्को साथीको साथ, हात र विश्वासले हामीलाई अझ अगाडि बढायो । यो पुस्तक तिनै विश्वासलाई अmभ कसरी दह्रो बनाउने, ती हातमा अरू हातहरू धेरै साथीहरूको साथ लिँदै थप्दै जाने र हाम्रा जिवन कथाहरूमा परिवर्तन गर्ने भन्ने प्रयास हो ।
यसप्रकार गरिएको प्रयासकै कारण यो पुस्तक यो रूपमा आउन सकेको हो । यसमा धेरै प्रकारका समाधानका उपायहरू पनि दिइएका छन् । तर पनि हामीले के बुझेका छौँ भने हामी महिलाहरूबीच विविधता छ । त्यसैले एउटै प्रयास सबैका लागि उपयुक्त हुन्छ भन्ने छैन । त्यसैगरी हामीले के पनि बुझेका छौँ भने हामीमाथि हुने हिंसा र त्यसबाट हाम्रो स्वास्थ्यमा पर्ने असर दुवै राज्यको हामी प्रति रहेको त्रुटीपूर्ण नीतिहरूले गर्दा भएका हुन् । त्यसैले यसको समाधानका लागि राज्यलेनै महत्वपूर्ण जिम्मेवारी निर्वाह गर्नुपर्दछ । यो राज्यको नै दायित्व हो ।
हाम्रा यही बुझाइलाई मूर्तरूप दिन हामी राज्यलाई कसरी जिम्मेवार बनाई आफ्नो भूमिका निर्वाह गर्न सघाउन सक्दछौँ भन्नेबारे चिन्तित भई गर्न सकिने कामहरू पनि प्रस्तुत गरेका छौँ । हालसम्म गरिरहेका हाम्रा प्रयासहरू पनि अगाडि ल्याउने कोशीस गरेका छोँ । तर यस्तो भन्दैमा हामीले राज्यलाई विस्थाचपित गर्न खोजेको भने पक्कै होइन । यो कुरा बुझ्दै राज्यका संरचनाहरूलाई अझबढी चलायमान गराउन सकिन्छ, त्यसप्रति पनि हामी संवेदनशील हुनु जरुरी छ ।
बालश्रम आधुनिक समाजको लागि लज्जाको विषय हो । आज पनि नेपालमा लाखौं बालबालिकाहरू श्रमरुपी नरकमा बाँच्न बाध्य छन । एक्काइसौं शताब्दीको वैज्ञानिक युग र नयाँ नेपालको परिकल्पनाका साथ समाज अगाडि बढिरहेको अवस्थामा बालबालिका श्रमिकको रुपमा प्रयोग भइरहनु आधारभूत मानवअधिकारको हनन हो । बालश्रमको प्रयोग गर्नु र हुन दिनु राष्ट्रिय र अन्तर्राष्ट्रियस्तरमा हामीले प्रतिबद्धता गरेका मानवअधिकार सम्बन्धी सन्धि र सम्झौताविरुद्धको कार्य हो ।
कतिपय अभिभावकले आफना बालबालिकाले मिठो खान पाउँछन, राम्रो लाउँन पाउँछन भन्ने आशामा शहरमा काम गर्न पठाएको पाइन्छ । शहरमा कतिपय अभिभावकहरूले बालबालिकाहरूको कल्याण गरेको नाममा घरेलु श्रम, होटल तथा साना चिया पसलमा बालबालिकाको प्रयोग गरिरहेको पाइएको छ । यसरी बालबालिकाहरूलाई श्रममा संलग्न गराउनेमा उद्यमी, व्यवसायी, सरकारी तथा निजी र गैससमा काम गर्ने व्यक्तिहरू समेत छन । घरेलु बाल श्रमलाई नेपाल सरकारले पनि निकृष्ट प्रकारको श्रमको रुपमा वर्गीकृत गरेको छ । तसर्थ बालबालिकाहरूलाई श्रममा संलग्न नगराऔं । बालबालिकालाई यसरी श्रममा संलग्न गराउनु कानुनी रुपमा अपराध हो ।
This Book is written by Ameer e Ahle Sunnat Hazrat Allama Maulana Ilyas Attar Qadri Razavi Ziaee.
This book include the following topics:
*What is Karamat-Marvel ?
*Epilepsy is a form of jinn
*The well of Ghaus-ul-Azam
* And many more..
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This document discusses the importance of national reconciliation in Myanmar. It notes that all ethnic groups should be able to peacefully coexist and participate in the political process. There needs to be trust-building between the various groups so they see themselves as equal stakeholders in the country's future. Open dialogue is emphasized as a way to understand different perspectives and address grievances, with the goal of achieving long-lasting reconciliation.
This document provides an overview of the Constitution Affairs Committee (CAC) under the Ethnic National Council (ENC). It discusses the formation of the CAC in 2007 with financial support from the National Reconciliation Program to review the draft constitution of the Union of Burma prepared by the State Peace and Development Council. The document outlines the objectives and activities of the CAC, including convening workshops on constitutional issues. It also introduces some of the committee members and partners involved in its work to promote an inclusive constitution for Burma.
The document describes a conversation between two individuals, discussing a variety of topics ranging from daily life to philosophical ideas. References are made to past experiences and people's behaviors or actions. Overall, the dialogue touches on observations about human nature in a lighthearted yet thoughtful manner.
The document appears to be a summary of chapters from a Burmese language book. It discusses several topics including traditional Burmese culture, literature, and history. Some key points mentioned include a discussion of traditional Burmese customs, literature like poetry and stories, and the history of Burma and its people. The summary touches on cultural, social and historical aspects but does not provide much detail on any single topic.
The document discusses the history and teachings of Ekikara, an influential Buddhist monk. It describes how Ekikara spread Buddhist philosophy through his writings and speeches, emphasizing compassion and wisdom. The summary focuses on Ekikara's impact and legacy in disseminating Buddhist ideas.
This document discusses organic fertilizers and their benefits for soil and plant health. It provides details on:
1) Types of organic fertilizers including compost, manure, and plant residues.
2) How to make your own organic fertilizer by combining food scraps, plant materials, and manure.
3) The advantages of organic fertilizers for the soil and plants compared to chemical fertilizers.
1. A young man named U Htay and a young woman named Daw Khin Kyi fell in love and wanted to get married, but their families did not approve of the relationship.
2. U Htay and Daw Khin Kyi eloped together and went into hiding. They struggled to find food and shelter.
3. After some time, U Htay's family accepted the relationship and helped the couple, allowing them to live together openly.
The document discusses an armifarmif (person) and their interactions with rD;rD; (friends). It describes the armifarmif socializing with their friends, engaging in conversations and activities together. Over time, the relationships between the armifarmif and their friends deepen as they continue to spend time with each other and support one another.
The document discusses the role of Myanmar's military (Tatmadaw) in the country's transition to democracy following elections in 2010. It notes that while the military drafted a new constitution in 2008 that reserves significant political power for the military, it has taken some steps to transfer power to the civilian government.
The document summarizes comments made by Tatmadaw spokesperson Brigadier General Zaw Min Tun at a press conference on August 29, 1998 regarding the military's role in the transition. The spokesperson stated that the military will provide security and protect the country's sovereignty during the transition. The military also aims to transfer all state duties to the civilian government in the future while maintaining stability during the process. The spokesperson stressed that the
The document discusses a conversation between two people, Atmif'if and an unnamed person, about OlaX;uawmf}uD;. Some key points:
1. Atmif'if explains that OlaX;uawmf}uD; has been renovated, with buildings over 50 years old being replaced.
2. They discuss how the renovations have improved the area.
3. Atmif'if notes that around 8 buildings per day are being replaced as part of the project, with about 50 apartments constructed each day.
4. The conversation touches on how the renovations have benefited residents by providing new housing options and improving living standards.
This document provides a summary of health-related topics in 23 paragraphs. It discusses various types of heart conditions (paragraph 1), diabetes and related conditions (paragraph 2), respiratory illnesses (paragraph 3), and other diseases and their symptoms. It also provides health tips on reducing risks and maintaining wellness. The summary is concise yet covers the breadth of issues addressed in the original document.
1. The document discusses heat and temperature, their units of measurement, and different types of thermometers.
2. It explains the differences between heat and temperature, and defines specific heat capacity.
3. Various examples are given to illustrate concepts like how water has a higher specific heat capacity than other substances, causing it to heat and cool more slowly.
- After studying pressure, you will be able to: define pressure and discuss related problems, understand the relationship between density of a substance and pressure, explain Pascal's law, explain atmospheric pressure and its applications, describe the gas laws and use them, and define atmospheric pressure and explain its applications.
- Blood circulation is carried out continuously throughout the body to supply necessary nutrients and remove waste.
- Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
- Red blood cells carry oxygen, white blood cells fight infection, and platelets help clotting.
- The heart pumps blood through arteries, veins, and capillaries to oxygenate tissues and transport nutrients, hormones, carbon dioxide and other materials.
1. The document discusses concepts related to gravity including gravitational force, gravitational constant, weight, and theories like heliocentric theory.
2. It provides formulas for gravitational force and defines the gravitational constant as the force between two 1 kg masses separated by 1 meter.
3. Examples and problems are given to demonstrate calculations of gravitational force and weight on various objects based on their masses and distances from gravitational bodies.
This document discusses child labor in Nepal, specifically domestic child labor. It notes that over 55,000 children in Nepal are engaged in domestic child labor. The document was published by CWISH (Center for Women and Human Rights) to develop the capacities of local governments and other organizations to end domestic child abuse and child labor. It provides guidance on establishing child-friendly spaces, management of such spaces, institutional development, activities for children, and the role of facilitators.
This document is an introductory chapter to a guidebook on child participation in child protection. It discusses that child protection issues in Nepal arise from various social, cultural, economic and political factors. Involving children themselves in addressing protection issues is important to make processes more effective and respect children's rights. The guidebook aims to increase effectiveness of child participation practices in protection by providing information to practitioners. It emphasizes viewing issues from the child's perspective and involving them in decisions that affect their lives.
Aksharica (अक्षरिका) is a Nepali Language Newsletter. Aksharica is made with a combination of two words “Akshar” and “America”. Akshar means “letter” in Nepali, thus goal of the Aksharica is to educate, inform, inspire, and empower the Nepali speaking community (Bhutanese and Nepalese) residing in America. Rajesh Koirala is working as an editor since it started on August 2010. This is 23rd issue, published on August 1, 2011.
The document provides examples of short answer questions from a mathematics exam on geometry. It includes questions on finding lengths, areas, volumes of various shapes like triangles, rectangles, circles, cylinders and cones. It also provides examples of solving such problems by applying relevant geometry formulas. The end includes additional problems to test if the concepts are understood by solving for lengths, areas or volumes based on information provided about the shapes.
हाम्रो शरीर हाम्रै हो भाग २ | Our bodies ourselves Part TwoWOREC Nepal
महिलामाथि हुने हिंसा मानवअधिकारको हनन् हो; सामाजिक अपराध हो; महिलाको मानवअधिकारको हनन् हो; जनस्वास्थ्यको समस्या हो; आदि इत्यादि भनाइहरू धेरै लामो समयदेखि हाम्रो घर, परिवार, समाज, धर्म, संचार र राज्यदेखि अन्तररराष्ट्रिय तहसम्म दोहो¥याइने गरेको धेरै भइसक्यो । तर पनि हामीमाथि हिंसा भइरहेको छ । हामीलाई बलात्कार गरिन्छ, जिउँदै जलाइन्छ, आत्महत्या गर्न बाध्य पारिन्छ, मानसिक सन्तुलन गुमाउन बाध्य बनाइन्छ, हत्या गरिन्छ । यो पनि त्यत्तिकै सत्य हो । यस्तो किन हुन्छ त ? यसको मूल कारण कहाँ छ त ? यो स्थितिको समाधान कसरी गर्न सकिन्छ ? यी प्रश्नहरूको जवाफको खोजी पनि नभएका होइनन्, तर पनि किन यस्तो हुन्छ ? यसको गहिराईमा पुग्नु र त्यसको अन्त्य गर्नका लागि हामी संगठित हुनुपर्दछ भन्ने निक्र्योल हामीले निकालेका छौँ । यसका साथै हामीमाथि हुने हिंसाले हामी मात्रै नभई हामीलाई हिंसा गर्ने घर, परिवार, समाज र राष्ट्रलाई असर पारेको छ भन्ने पनि हामीले बुझेका छौँ । यसले हाम्रो सन्तानलाई असर पारेको छ । देशको भविष्यलाई असर पारेको छ भन्ने पनि हामीले बुझेका छौँ ।
हाम्रा यही अनुभवहरूलाई समेटी हामीमाथि हुने हिंसालाई हामीले नै कसरी नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्दछौँ ? यसको हाम्रो स्वास्थ्यलाई पारेको प्रभावलाई विश्लेषण गरी कसरी स्वास्थ्य राम्रो बनाउन सक्दछौँ भन्ने हाम्रा आफ्ना अनुभवहरूलाई हामीले यस भागमा राखेका छौँ । बुझ्न र बुझाउन सजिलो होस् भन्नका खातिर हाम्रा धेरै भोगाई, अनुभव, पीडा र संघर्षलाई घटना अध्ययनका रूपमा राखिएका छन् । नाम, ठेगाना परिवर्तित गरिएको भए तापनि यी हाम्रा यथार्थ हुन् भन्ने सबैमा स्पष्ट हुन जरुरी छ ।
हाम्रा धेरै साथीहरूका जिवनकथाहरू हाम्रो यो पुस्तकको आधार हो । तिनीहरूलाई संकलन, विश्लेषण र लेखन गर्ने बेला धेरै पटक हाम्रा आँखाहरू भरिए, मन रोयो । कतिले त खप्नै नसकि बाहिर पोख्यौँ । तर यसकासाथै त्यसरी मन भरिएर पोखिएको बेला पाएको अर्को साथीको साथ, हात र विश्वासले हामीलाई अझ अगाडि बढायो । यो पुस्तक तिनै विश्वासलाई अmभ कसरी दह्रो बनाउने, ती हातमा अरू हातहरू धेरै साथीहरूको साथ लिँदै थप्दै जाने र हाम्रा जिवन कथाहरूमा परिवर्तन गर्ने भन्ने प्रयास हो ।
यसप्रकार गरिएको प्रयासकै कारण यो पुस्तक यो रूपमा आउन सकेको हो । यसमा धेरै प्रकारका समाधानका उपायहरू पनि दिइएका छन् । तर पनि हामीले के बुझेका छौँ भने हामी महिलाहरूबीच विविधता छ । त्यसैले एउटै प्रयास सबैका लागि उपयुक्त हुन्छ भन्ने छैन । त्यसैगरी हामीले के पनि बुझेका छौँ भने हामीमाथि हुने हिंसा र त्यसबाट हाम्रो स्वास्थ्यमा पर्ने असर दुवै राज्यको हामी प्रति रहेको त्रुटीपूर्ण नीतिहरूले गर्दा भएका हुन् । त्यसैले यसको समाधानका लागि राज्यलेनै महत्वपूर्ण जिम्मेवारी निर्वाह गर्नुपर्दछ । यो राज्यको नै दायित्व हो ।
हाम्रा यही बुझाइलाई मूर्तरूप दिन हामी राज्यलाई कसरी जिम्मेवार बनाई आफ्नो भूमिका निर्वाह गर्न सघाउन सक्दछौँ भन्नेबारे चिन्तित भई गर्न सकिने कामहरू पनि प्रस्तुत गरेका छौँ । हालसम्म गरिरहेका हाम्रा प्रयासहरू पनि अगाडि ल्याउने कोशीस गरेका छोँ । तर यस्तो भन्दैमा हामीले राज्यलाई विस्थाचपित गर्न खोजेको भने पक्कै होइन । यो कुरा बुझ्दै राज्यका संरचनाहरूलाई अझबढी चलायमान गराउन सकिन्छ, त्यसप्रति पनि हामी संवेदनशील हुनु जरुरी छ ।
बालश्रम आधुनिक समाजको लागि लज्जाको विषय हो । आज पनि नेपालमा लाखौं बालबालिकाहरू श्रमरुपी नरकमा बाँच्न बाध्य छन । एक्काइसौं शताब्दीको वैज्ञानिक युग र नयाँ नेपालको परिकल्पनाका साथ समाज अगाडि बढिरहेको अवस्थामा बालबालिका श्रमिकको रुपमा प्रयोग भइरहनु आधारभूत मानवअधिकारको हनन हो । बालश्रमको प्रयोग गर्नु र हुन दिनु राष्ट्रिय र अन्तर्राष्ट्रियस्तरमा हामीले प्रतिबद्धता गरेका मानवअधिकार सम्बन्धी सन्धि र सम्झौताविरुद्धको कार्य हो ।
कतिपय अभिभावकले आफना बालबालिकाले मिठो खान पाउँछन, राम्रो लाउँन पाउँछन भन्ने आशामा शहरमा काम गर्न पठाएको पाइन्छ । शहरमा कतिपय अभिभावकहरूले बालबालिकाहरूको कल्याण गरेको नाममा घरेलु श्रम, होटल तथा साना चिया पसलमा बालबालिकाको प्रयोग गरिरहेको पाइएको छ । यसरी बालबालिकाहरूलाई श्रममा संलग्न गराउनेमा उद्यमी, व्यवसायी, सरकारी तथा निजी र गैससमा काम गर्ने व्यक्तिहरू समेत छन । घरेलु बाल श्रमलाई नेपाल सरकारले पनि निकृष्ट प्रकारको श्रमको रुपमा वर्गीकृत गरेको छ । तसर्थ बालबालिकाहरूलाई श्रममा संलग्न नगराऔं । बालबालिकालाई यसरी श्रममा संलग्न गराउनु कानुनी रुपमा अपराध हो ।
This Book is written by Ameer e Ahle Sunnat Hazrat Allama Maulana Ilyas Attar Qadri Razavi Ziaee.
This book include the following topics:
*What is Karamat-Marvel ?
*Epilepsy is a form of jinn
*The well of Ghaus-ul-Azam
* And many more..
Like & Share Official Page of Maulana Ilyas Qadri
www.facebook.com/IlyasQadriZiaee
This document discusses the importance of national reconciliation in Myanmar. It notes that all ethnic groups should be able to peacefully coexist and participate in the political process. There needs to be trust-building between the various groups so they see themselves as equal stakeholders in the country's future. Open dialogue is emphasized as a way to understand different perspectives and address grievances, with the goal of achieving long-lasting reconciliation.
This document provides an overview of the Constitution Affairs Committee (CAC) under the Ethnic National Council (ENC). It discusses the formation of the CAC in 2007 with financial support from the National Reconciliation Program to review the draft constitution of the Union of Burma prepared by the State Peace and Development Council. The document outlines the objectives and activities of the CAC, including convening workshops on constitutional issues. It also introduces some of the committee members and partners involved in its work to promote an inclusive constitution for Burma.
The document describes a conversation between two individuals, discussing a variety of topics ranging from daily life to philosophical ideas. References are made to past experiences and people's behaviors or actions. Overall, the dialogue touches on observations about human nature in a lighthearted yet thoughtful manner.
The document appears to be a summary of chapters from a Burmese language book. It discusses several topics including traditional Burmese culture, literature, and history. Some key points mentioned include a discussion of traditional Burmese customs, literature like poetry and stories, and the history of Burma and its people. The summary touches on cultural, social and historical aspects but does not provide much detail on any single topic.
The document discusses the history and teachings of Ekikara, an influential Buddhist monk. It describes how Ekikara spread Buddhist philosophy through his writings and speeches, emphasizing compassion and wisdom. The summary focuses on Ekikara's impact and legacy in disseminating Buddhist ideas.
This document discusses organic fertilizers and their benefits for soil and plant health. It provides details on:
1) Types of organic fertilizers including compost, manure, and plant residues.
2) How to make your own organic fertilizer by combining food scraps, plant materials, and manure.
3) The advantages of organic fertilizers for the soil and plants compared to chemical fertilizers.
1. A young man named U Htay and a young woman named Daw Khin Kyi fell in love and wanted to get married, but their families did not approve of the relationship.
2. U Htay and Daw Khin Kyi eloped together and went into hiding. They struggled to find food and shelter.
3. After some time, U Htay's family accepted the relationship and helped the couple, allowing them to live together openly.
The document discusses an armifarmif (person) and their interactions with rD;rD; (friends). It describes the armifarmif socializing with their friends, engaging in conversations and activities together. Over time, the relationships between the armifarmif and their friends deepen as they continue to spend time with each other and support one another.
The document discusses the role of Myanmar's military (Tatmadaw) in the country's transition to democracy following elections in 2010. It notes that while the military drafted a new constitution in 2008 that reserves significant political power for the military, it has taken some steps to transfer power to the civilian government.
The document summarizes comments made by Tatmadaw spokesperson Brigadier General Zaw Min Tun at a press conference on August 29, 1998 regarding the military's role in the transition. The spokesperson stated that the military will provide security and protect the country's sovereignty during the transition. The military also aims to transfer all state duties to the civilian government in the future while maintaining stability during the process. The spokesperson stressed that the
The document discusses a conversation between two people, Atmif'if and an unnamed person, about OlaX;uawmf}uD;. Some key points:
1. Atmif'if explains that OlaX;uawmf}uD; has been renovated, with buildings over 50 years old being replaced.
2. They discuss how the renovations have improved the area.
3. Atmif'if notes that around 8 buildings per day are being replaced as part of the project, with about 50 apartments constructed each day.
4. The conversation touches on how the renovations have benefited residents by providing new housing options and improving living standards.
This document provides a summary of health-related topics in 23 paragraphs. It discusses various types of heart conditions (paragraph 1), diabetes and related conditions (paragraph 2), respiratory illnesses (paragraph 3), and other diseases and their symptoms. It also provides health tips on reducing risks and maintaining wellness. The summary is concise yet covers the breadth of issues addressed in the original document.
MONYWA TWIN TAUNG VOLCANIC CRATOR (MYANMAR) DATA COLLECTIONMYO AUNG Myanmar
Twin Taung Hill
An extinct volcano whose crater now forms a beautiful lake. The surrounding area has lush vegetation, and there are lovely views of the area from the rim of this crater lake. The lakes Algae is used in the production of vitamin E so I've been told hence the work signs at the Burmese production plant.
Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria.
The Lower Chindwin is an area of around seven or eight explosion craters, located some 30 km (20 mi) northwest of the town of Monywa in the Sagaing Region, Burma (Myanmar).
The volcanoes originate from the late Pliocene and Pleistocene times. The craters are dormant (Smithsonian volcano number = 275090). In the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution[1] no information on Holocene eruptions, dating back 10,000 years, is listed.
The major rock types of the group are Basalt, Rhyolite, Dacite and Andesite.
Three to four craters have lakes, one of which is east of the Chindwin river, the others are to the west. The eastern lake is named Twin Taung (or Twindaung), the others Taung Pyauk, Twyn Ma and Yay Khar. In the lakes the cyanobacteria Spirulina (often called blue-green algae) grows. It is harvested, dried and sold as medicine. At the end of 2014 it was reported that the Government of Myanmar planned to nominate Twin Taung Lake for inclusion on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
The document discusses a conversation between two individuals, referred to as "uRefawmf" and "rrwif". Rrwif expresses their thoughts and feelings to uRefawmf about various life experiences. They discuss personal matters, relationships, and their perspectives on different situations in a reflective manner.
The document discusses the health issues of older adults in Myanmar, noting that non-communicable diseases like hypertension, diabetes and joint pain are increasingly common issues after age 30, with over 80% of those over 80 years old suffering from at least one chronic condition. It emphasizes the importance of providing healthcare access and support services to help older adults manage their conditions and maintain quality of life.
1. The document provides an overview of the Ngalaunglaung Pagoda in Mandalay, Myanmar. It describes the history and architectural features of the pagoda.
2. The pagoda was built in 1859 to honor three Buddhist monks who helped spread Theravada Buddhism. It is located on top of a hill and its design includes terraces, staircases, and Buddha statues.
3. The document highlights the pagoda's central stupa, called the Shwezigon Pagoda. This golden stupa is decorated with precious gems and its design symbolizes various aspects of Buddhist teachings.
This 3 sentence summary provides the key points about the document:
ALLAH IS KNOWN THROUGH REASON discusses how reason and rational thought can be used to gain knowledge about God. The document argues that while God cannot be fully known, rational reflection on the order and design in the universe points to a wise and powerful creator. It concludes by asserting that seeking knowledge of Allah through reasoned inquiry is in accordance with proper understanding of scripture and faith.
The document discusses a woman named U Aye Myat who is described as being very beautiful with fair skin, a slim figure, and other attractive qualities both physically and in her personality. It provides details about her background and family, and how she came to work for a man named U Shwe Yoe as his personal attendant, where she helped take care of his home and supported his wife and children. Over time, U Shwe Yoe became very fond of U Aye Myat, which led to some tensions with his wife who became jealous of the close relationship between U Aye Myat and U Shwe Yoe.
This document is a conversation between an AI assistant named Om and a human. The human shares a long passage of text about Om's interactions with a device called an AID. Over the course of the conversation, Om expresses curiosity, care, and concern for the well-being of the human and AID. The conversation touches on philosophical topics like the nature of consciousness and existence.
The document provides a summary of a Burmese language article about the importance of libraries. It discusses how libraries preserve cultural heritage and provide access to knowledge. The summary notes that libraries collect and organize various media like books, newspapers, and journals. It also mentions that libraries allow people to access resources for learning and research. The summary concludes by stating that libraries play a vital role in society by sharing culture and information across generations. It is comprised of 3 sentences and concisely captures the key points about the value of libraries from the original document.
Similar to ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းစြာအတူယွဥ္တြဲေနထိုင္ေရး၀ါဒမွသည္စစ္မွန္ေသာဖက္ဒရယ္ျပည္ေထာင္စုစနစ္သို႔ (၃) (20)
The document contains a single URL - http://www.dhammadownload.com - repeated over 200 times without any other text. It does not provide enough contextual information to summarize in 3 sentences or less.
This document provides a 3 paragraph summary of the history of Burmese classic literature:
Paragraph 1 discusses how Burmese classic literature developed after 1947 independence from Britain. It flourished with poems, novels, and stories written in classical Burmese.
Paragraph 2 describes how ukdokc (Burmese classic literature) focused on themes of Buddhism, morality, and culture through various genres. It was an important way to preserve Burmese culture and traditions.
Paragraph 3 gives brief biographical details of the death of a famous Burmese author in 1280, and mentions how their work contributed to Burmese classic literature for many years after through their writings.
This document discusses Muslim infiltration into Rakhine State in Myanmar. It begins by noting that the term "Rohingya" was unknown in pre-war Rakhine and that there is no indigenous Rohingya race in Myanmar. The document then examines claims by some Muslim writers about Arab, Moor, and Persian settlements in Rakhine in the 8th century, finding little evidence to support separate Wethali dynasties or Muslim presence that early. It concludes that most evidence points to one Wethali dynasty beginning around the 4th century AD, not the 8th century, and that there is no justification for theories of large-scale early Muslim settlements or the existence of a distinct Rohingya ethnicity
This document provides a draft constitution for the proposed state of Arakan in Myanmar. Some key points:
1) It was drafted by the Arakan State Constitution Drafting Committee and is the first draft for public review and feedback.
2) The constitution is based on democratic principles and establishes an independent Arakan state with executive, legislative and judicial branches of government.
3) It includes a bill of rights protecting civil liberties and rights of citizens, and establishes criteria for citizenship in Arakan state.
4) The legislative branch is a bicameral congress including a senate representing ethnic groups and a house representing geographical constituencies.
5) An elected governor and vice governor will lead the executive
This document summarizes a seminar organized by the National Democratic Front (NDF) and the United Nations Local Development Assistance Programme (UNLD-LA) in collaboration with the National Reconciliation Programme and the Dag Hammarskjold Foundation. The seminar focused on strategies for development in Burma during its transition period and post-transition challenges. It explored priorities and experiences from East Timor that could inform Burma's transition. The document outlines presentations on international institutions, transnational corporations, media's role in democracy and development, and lessons learned from East Timor. It emphasizes participation and inclusion will be important for Burma to achieve "Another Development."
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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jzpfygonf?
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rsm;udk aocsmpGmqef;ppf avhvmygu/ udkvdkeDacwft+yD;wGif +Adwdo#tpdk;&xHrS
wdu&uf vGwvyfa&;&,lI trsKd ;om;Ediiawmfrsm;udk oD;jcm; xlaxmif&ef ordi;f
k f dk
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a&;&_a'gifhrS tqifhoifhjzpfcJh=uaom csif;/ ucsifESifh &Srf; vlrsdK;rsm;tjyif udkvdkeD
acwfrwdicifu Arm (0g) jrefrmrif;rsm;. ydieufajrudk tajcjyKI zJ@G pnf;xm;cJaom
kf
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Burma Proper (0g) Ministerial Burma udk ud,pm;jyKonhf Interim Burmese
k f
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Government . t}uD;tuJ AdvcsKyfatmifqef;wd@k yg0ifvufrwa&;xd; cJa=umif;
udk awG@&rnf jzpfygonf? qdvonfrm - csi;f / ucsiEihf &Sr;f vlrsKd ;rsm;onf +Adwo#
k kd
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tpdk;&u oD;jcm;pDjzifh oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom vlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf oD;jcm;tcsdefumv
rsm;wGif odr;f yduc=hJ uygonf? Oyrm - csi;f vlrsKd ;rsm;udk oDaygrif; ygawmfr+l yD;aemuf
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10 ESp=f umaomtcgrom 1896 ckEpwif +Adwo#w@kd w&m;0ifor;f yduEif cJygonf?
S
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yifvHkpmcsKyfwGif yg0ifvufrSwfa&;xdk;r_ESifh pyfvsOf;I ar;cGef;aygif;rsm;pGm
ar;jref; Edi=f uygonf? ‚if;ar;cGe;f rsm;teuf Arm (0g) jrefrm r[kwaom wdi;f &if;
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om;vlrsKd ;rsm; jzpf=uonfh u&if/ u&ifeD (u,m;)/ rGeEihf &cdivrsKd ;rsm;ESihf ywfouf
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aom ar;cGef;rsm;yif jzpfygonf? ,if;ESifhqufpyfaom ar;cGef;rsm;rSm - rnfonfh
ordkif;a=umif; w&m;a=umifh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u rGefvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;
tjyif u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;udkyg yifvHknDvmcHwGif udk,fpm;jyKI vufrSwfa&;xkd; pmcsKyf
csKyf qdEicoenf; [laom ar;cGe;f yif jzpfygonf? Tar;cGe;f ESihf ywfoufI rGeEihf
k kd f hJ
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&cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh ywfoufonfh ar;cGef;udk tvsifajz=um;&ygrnf?
rGefESifh &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;onf +Adwdo#e,fcsJŒtpdk;&u oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom
vlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf oD;jcm;pD odrf;ydkufjcif;rjyKyJ/ Arm (0g) jrefrmrif;rsm;. ydkifeufxJrS
vlrsKd ;rsm;tjzpf odr;f ydujf cif;cHc&aoma=umifh jzpfygonf? ta=umif;rSm - rGevrsKd ;
k
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rsm;udk tavmif;bk&m;u 1575 wGif‚if;/ &cdkifvlrsdK;rsm;udk b}uD;awmfbk&m;u
1784 wGi‚if; odr;f yducygonf? xd@k a=umifh ‚if;vlrsKd ;rsm;udk udveacwfwav#muf
f
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vH;k oD;jcm;pDjzifh tkycsKyfjcif; rjyKyJ Burma Proper xJwiom xnfoi;f I tkycsKyf
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Gf
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oGm;cJhygonf? udkvdkeDacwft+yD;wGifvnf; ‚if;vlrsdK;rsm;. vGwfvyfa&;udpPonf
5
12. qvdkif; vsefr_ef; qmacgif;
+Adwo#tpd;k &ESihf wdu&uoufqijf cif; r&Sy/J ,cif Arm (0g) jrefrmrif; e,fy,frsm;
d
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udk vGwfvyfa&;ay;aomtcg tvdktav#mufygoGm; oGm;&rnfhudpPr#om jzpfcJh
ygonf? xda=umifh ‚if;vlrsKd ;rsm;udk yifvpmcsKyfwif AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u ud,pm;
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jyK vufrSwfa&;xdk;Edkifjcif; jzpfygonf?
u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;. ta&;onf ordi;f a=umif; t&a&m/ Ediia&; t&yg txl;
l
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yif&yaxG;vSygonf? tusO;f csK;H I wifjy&ygu u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;onf rGeEihf &cdivrsKd ;
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rsm;uJhodk@ Arm (0g) jrefrmrif;rsm;. ydkifeufxJrS vlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf +Adwdo#tpdk;&u
odrf;ydkufjcif; r[kwfay? oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom vlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKI
odrf;ydkufcJhjcif;om jzpfygonf? xdka=umifh u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;. vGwfvyfa&;udpPonf
vnf; Burma Proper ESifh wJGzufrpOf;pm;yJ/ oD;jcm;pOf;pm; azmfaqmif&rnfh udpP
jzpfcJhygonf? odk@&mwGif udkvdkeDacwf tkyfcsKyfa&;umvtwGif; wdk;wufajymif;vJ
oGm;cJaom Ediia&;tajctae trsKd ;rsKd ;a=umifh u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;. vGwvyfa&;t}udK
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umv trsdK;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;rSmvnf; wrsdK;wzHk ajymif;vJoGm;cJhygonf?
‚if; ajymif;vJoGm;aom EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;teuf u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;.
tem*wf uH=urRmudk trsm;qHk; &dkufcwfoGm;cJhaom tcsufrSm 1937 ckESpfwGif
1935 Burma Act udk w&m;0ifjyXmef;I Armjynfukd tdE,jynfrS cJxu+f yD;/ oD;jcm;
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bk&ifcH vufatmufwGif pwiftkyfcsKyfonfh tcsdefwGif jzpfygonf? 1935 Burma
Act udk jyXmef;&jcif;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm - ,cif Arm (0g) jrefrmrif;rsm;.
ydieuf twGi;f +Adwo#tpd;k &. tkycsKyfa&;,E &m; vnfywfr_ acsmarG@om;apa&;
kf
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yifjzpf ygonf? xd@k a=umifh 1935 Burma Act ESihf u&ifvrsKd ;rsm; wdu&uf tusK;H 0if
l
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p&m ta=umif; r&Scay? od@k &mwGif xdacwf u&ifynmwwf wcsKd @u 1935 Burma
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Act t& zJ@G pnf;onfh +Adwo#tpd;&. twdiyifcaumifpwif u&ifvrsKd ;rsm; trwf
ae&m &,ljcif;tm;jzifh u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;. ynma&;/ vlra&;ESihf pD;yGm;a&; ponfw@kd
l
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wdk;wufzHG@+zdK;a&;twGufrsm;pGm aqmif&GufEdkifrnfudk wGufcsufcJhaoma=umifh 1935
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Burma Act udk u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;twGuf tusK;0if vmapa&;udk txl;}udK;yrf;aqmif
&GufcJh=uygonf? jrpf0u|ef;ay:ESifh +rdK@awmf &efukefa'ow0dkufwGif u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;
trsm;tjym; aexdkif=uaoma=umifhvnf; xdk}udK;yrf;csufrsm;rSm vG,fvifhwulyif
&&SdoGm;cJhygonf?
odk@&mwGif urBmppft+yD; EdkifiHa&;tajymif;tvJrsm;udk aumif;pGmoHk;oyf
csdefqEdkifcJhaom u&iftrsdK;om;acgif;aqmif apmbOD;}uD;u u&ifvlrsdK;rsm; 1935
6
13. xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;
. Oya'abmifxwif qufvufaeoGm;rnf qdygu u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;.
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trsdK;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;udk taESmuft,Sufay;Edkif&Hkru/ u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;.
uH=urRmwckvHk;udk ArmvlrsdK;rsm;vufxJodk@ ‚if;Oya' t& xdk;tyfoGm;&m usEdkif
a=umif;udk wGucsupOf;pm;cJaoma=umifh 1935 Burma Act t& 1946 ckEpwif
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usi;f yrnfh wdi;f jyKjynfjyK v$wawmfa&G;aumufywif u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;taejzifh yg0if
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onf omrefa&G;aumufywckukd uef@uuqENjyjcif;r#om r[kwy/J 1935 Burma
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Act u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;tay: Oya't& tusKH ;0ifywfoufr_ rSeor# tqH;owfap&ef
}udK;yrf;aom tvGefyg;eyfonfh EdkifiHa&;wdkufuGuf wckyifjzpfygonf? xdktcsdefu
apmbOD;}uD;. Ediia&;vrf;!Gerukd u&ifvx}k uD;w&yfv;kH u vduavsmemcHcygu
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u&iftrsdK;om;rsm;. EdkifiHa&;uH=urRm wrsdK;wrnf ajymif;vJaumif; ajymif;vJEdkif
cJhrnf jzpfygonf? qdkvdkonfrSm u&ifvlrsdK;rsm;om 1935 Burma Act . =oZm
atmufrS vGwfxGuf oGm;EdkifcJhygu/ ‚if;wdk@. trsdK;om;a&; v_yf&Sm;r_ rSefor#udk
+Adwo#tpd;k & ESihf wdu&uaqG;aEG; oGm;=u&rnfjzpf+yD;/ u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;. tem*wf
d
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uH=urRmudk Interim Burmese Government rSwqifh aqG;aEG;&efvdktyfawmhrnf
r[kwfcJhay? odk@&mwGif apmbOD;}uD;. vdrRmyg;eyfvSaom EdkifiHa&;vrf;!Gefr_udk
u&ifvli,f wcsdK@u vdkufemvufcHjcif;rjyKyJ/ 1946 wdkif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmf a&G;
aumufywif yg0if,O+f ydKifjcif; jyK&Homru/ AdvcsKyfatmifqef; OD;aqmifI zJ@G pnf;
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cJaom =um;jzwftpd;k & wGif 0ef}uD;ae&mrsm;udyg 0if,om;cJ=h uygonf? xd@k a=umifh
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u&ifvrsKd ;rsm;udk 1935 Burma Act t& AdvcsKyfatmifqef;u yifvnvmcHwif
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‚if;wd@k . tpd;k &t}uD;tuJ tjzpf ud,pm;jyK vufrwa&;xd;k EdicjhJ cif; jzpfygonf?
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u&ifeD (u,m;) vlrsKd ;rsm;. ta&;udprm Ediia&;t&a&m/ ordi;f a=umif;
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t&yg txl;&Si;f vif;vSygonf? ta=umif;rSm - u&ifevrsKd ;rsm;onf +Adwo#tyg
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t0if rnfonfhe,fcsJ@tpdk;&urS w&m;0if odrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfjcif; rjyKEdkifcJhyJ/ rdrdwdk@
vGwfvyfa&;udk (wcsdK@aom u&ifeDa'orS vJGI) tpOfwav#muf xdef;odrf;xm;
Edkifaoma=umifh jzpfygonf? xdkodk@ xdef;odrf;xm;EdkifcJhjcif;rSmvnf; 1875 ckESpfwGif
+Adwo#tpd;k &ESihf rif;wke;f rif;wd@k . oabmwlpmcsKyft&/ +Adwo#tpd;k &u aomf‚if;/
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vufrwf a&;xd;k cJygonf?) ‚if;pmcsKyf. oabmw&m;rSm - xdpOftcgu +Adwo#
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7
14. qvdkif; vsefr_ef; qmacgif;
tpd;k &ESihf jyifopftpd;k & ESpO;D ESpzuf oabmwlpmcsKyf csKyfq+kd yD;/ xdi;f Ediiukd rnfor#
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e,fcsJ@odrf;ydkuf jcif;rjyKyJ/ ‚if;EdkifiHudk +Adwdo#tifyg,mESifh jyifopf udkvdkeDe,f
t=um; =um;cHEdkifiHtjzpf xm;&rnf[laom pmcsKyfESifh oabmw&m;jcif; twl
wlyif jzpfygonf?
xdk@a=umifh u&ifeDvlrsdK;rsm;onf udkvdkeDacwfwav#mufvHk; vGwfvyfcJh
aom vlrsKd ;rsm;omv#if jzpfcaoma=umifh ‚if;vGwvyfaom vlrsKd ;rsm;. ta&;udpP
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jzpfcJhygonf? xdk@a=umifh u&ifeDvlrsdK;rsm;udk yifvHknDvmcHodk@ w&m;0ifzdwfac: jcif;
rjyKcJacs? yifvpmcsKyfwif u&ifevrsKd ;rsm; vufrwa&;xd;k jcif; rjyKyJ csevyxm;cJh
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(yifvHkpmcsKyf csKyfqdk+yD;aemufydkif; u&ifeDvlrsdK;rsm; jynfaxmifpk. tzJG@0if
trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm; yg0ifvm&jcif;rSmrl - yifvpmcsKyfEihf wdu&uoufqijf cif;
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wGif aqG;aEG;jcif; rjyKyJ csefvSyfoGm;rnf jzpfygonf?)
AdvcsKyfatmifqef;. yifvpmcsKyf t"dyg` ,ziqcsuf
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txufwGif azmfjycJhonfhtwdkif; cdkifvHkaomordkif;a=umif;/ av;eufaom
EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfESifh raoGzDtyfaom Oya'w&m;rsm;tay: tajccHI udkvdkeDacwf
rwdkifcifu oD;jcm;vGwfvyfaom wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm; wef;wl&nfwl yl;aygif;I
jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmfopf wckudk twlwuGxlaxmif&ef oabmwlnDcsufjzifh
yifvHkpmcsKyfudk 1947 ckESpf azazmf0g&DvwGif vufrSwfa&;xdk; cJh=uygonf?
,cktcg yifvHkpmcsKyf. av;eufr_udk ayghysufapaom t"dy`g,fzGifhqdkr_
trsKd ;rsKd ; udk =um;ae&ygonf? wcsKd @u yifvpmcsKyf. “pmom;”rsm;udom A[djk yKI
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rnfo@kd yifqap yifvpmcsKyf. Ediia&; tESpom&udk av;eufpm em;vnfoabm
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aygu&ef vdtyfaom t"duaomhcsurm - ‚if;pmcsKyfukd taumiftxnfaz:onfh
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15. xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;
taejzifh a&;qJGjyXmef;cJhaom 1947 EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya'udk em;vnf
oabmayguf&ef vdktyfonf[laom tcsufyif jzpfygonf?
xdk@a=umifh yifvHkpmcsKyfESifh 1947 EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' ESpfckudk
oD;jcm;pD r=unfhyJ/ aiG'*F g;wck. acgif;ESifh yef;vdk ,SOfwGJ&_jrifEdkifrSom t"dy`g,fay:
vmrnf jzpfygonf? yifvpmcsKyf r&Sygu 1947 Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya'onf
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rnfonfh Ediia&;wefz;kd r# r&Sovd/k 1947 Ediiawmfz@GJ pnf;yHk tajccHOya' r&Sygu
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vnf; yifvpmcsKyf. tESpom& jynf0pHvifEirnf r[kway? xd@k jyif yifvpmcsKyf
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kfH
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teuf ta&;}uD;qHk;aom pmwrf;rSm vGwfvyfa&; zcif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;
udk,fwdkifu wdkif;jyKjynfjyK v$wfawmfwGif &Sif;vif;wifjycJhaom EdkifiHawmfzJG@pnf;yHk
tajccHOya' vrf;!Gefr_ (7) csuf yifjzpfygonf? wenf;tm;jzifh xdkpmwrf;udk
“AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. yifvHkpmcsKyf t"dy`g,f &Sif;vif;zGifhqdkcsufpmwrf;” [lI
ac:qdkorkwf Edkifrnfjzpfygonf?
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“jynfaxmifpkEdkifiHawmf qdkuwnf;u u|efawmfwdk@ tckzJG@pnf; tkyfcsKyfyHk
tajccHOya'[m (Unitary Constitution) vlrsdK;wrsdK;wnf;qdkwJh EdkifiHrsdK;
r[kwfbJESifh vlrsdK;aygif;pHk jynfaxmifpkEdkifiH qdkwJht"dy`g,f a&mufoGm;
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t0 tyfEi;f &rnfta=umif;udvnf; &Si;f vif;cJygonf? qdvonfrm - jynfaxmifpk
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16. qvdkif; vsefr_ef; qmacgif;
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tkyfcsKyfa&; tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifa&; tm%mESifh Oya'jyK tm%mrsm; tjynfht0
&&Sdap&rnfhtjyif/ ‚if;trsdK;om;jynfe,f tpdk;&rsm;taejzifh rdrdwdk@. trsdK;om;
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ay;tyf jyXmef;&rnfjzpfa=umif; udkvnf;wifjycJhygonf?
xdkxufydkI AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;. &Sif;vif;csufudk av;eufapaomtcsuf
rSm - trsKd ;om;jynfe,frsm; yl;aygi;f I “jynfaxmifp” udz@GJ pnf;xlaxmifaomtcg
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11
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azmfjyxm;ygonf? odk@&mwGif jyemjzpfyGm;apaom ta=umif;tcsufwckrSm Ed k i f i H a wmf z J G @ pnf ; yH k . &S r f ; jynf e ,f E S i f h u,m;jynf e ,f r sm;qd k i f & m tcef ; rsm;
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12
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jynfaxmifpvwawmfukd vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;xJ vufxo@kd xd;k tyfouJo@kd jzpfom;cJygonf?
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jynfaxmifptay: jyefvewe@f jyefcsursm;
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rsm;u jynfaxmifpkb,frSm vrf;v$JoGm;cJhoenf; qdkaom ar;cGef;udk av;eufpGm
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14
21. xkwfa0ol. ed'gef;
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tm;vHk;udk ‚if;zJG@pnf;yHk tajccHOya' twnfjyKjyXmef;+yD; 10 ESpf=umaomtcg
jynfaxmifpkxJrS “cJGxGufydkifcGifh” udk twdtvif; jyXmef;cGifhjyKcJh+yD; jzpfygonf?
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27
35. AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.vrf;!¸efcsuf 7 csuf
bmjzpfv@kd vqv#if u|eawmfw@kd tifrwef &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;oabmxm;ae
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t"dyg` ,u e,fuowfrwrxm;bJEihf jynfaxmifpEiiawmfv@kd omrn xnfxm;
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vGwfvyfw,ffqdkwJh t"dy`g,fudk u|efawmfodwf+yD;awmh &Sif;jyaep&m rvdkygbl;
xifayrnfh bmjyKvd@k tcsKyftjcmtm%m Sovereign power tcsKyftjcmtm%m
&S&rnfv@kd xyf+yD;yg&ovJqv#if tcsKyftjcmtm%mqdwm oabmw&m;trsKd ;rsKd ;
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t}uHK;0if+yD;om;bJ? onfoabmw&m;ESifh &SdwJh[mvnf; &Sdygw,f? odk@aomfonf
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'kw,oabmuawmh vufawG@jzpfwhJ oabmw&m;ygb? b,fvkd vufawG@ jzpfwhJ
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tm%mESihf jynfpwhJ Ediiawmf Sovereign State tcsKd @EiiawGuawmh tJonfvkd
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28
36. AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.vrf;!¸efcsuf 7 csuf
avmufjzpfwhJ Buffer State rsKd ;vdk e,fjcm;Ediiuav;rsKd ;vnf; rjzpfcsib;l ? aemuf
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29
37. AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.vrf;!¸efcsuf 7 csuf
tJonfEii[mvnf; orRwEdiiH jzpf&rnf? orRwpHepft& zJ@G pnf;xm;wJh
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38. AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.vrf;!¸efcsuf 7 csuf
&SdwJh tcsKyftjcmtm%m[m b,folawG&J@ vufxJrSm b,folawGuomv#if
ydiqioifw,fqwhJ jyemoabmw&m;udk u|eawmfajz&r,fqv@kd &&if wki;f ol
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tzJG@tpnf; tm;vHk;wdk@. tcGifhtm%m[lor#wdk@onf wdkif;oljynfom;wdk@xHrS
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31
39. AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;.vrf;!¸efcsuf 7 csuf
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