MONYWA TWIN TAUNG VOLCANIC CRATOR (MYANMAR) DATA COLLECTIONMYO AUNG Myanmar
Twin Taung Hill
An extinct volcano whose crater now forms a beautiful lake. The surrounding area has lush vegetation, and there are lovely views of the area from the rim of this crater lake. The lakes Algae is used in the production of vitamin E so I've been told hence the work signs at the Burmese production plant.
Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria.
The Lower Chindwin is an area of around seven or eight explosion craters, located some 30 km (20 mi) northwest of the town of Monywa in the Sagaing Region, Burma (Myanmar).
The volcanoes originate from the late Pliocene and Pleistocene times. The craters are dormant (Smithsonian volcano number = 275090). In the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution[1] no information on Holocene eruptions, dating back 10,000 years, is listed.
The major rock types of the group are Basalt, Rhyolite, Dacite and Andesite.
Three to four craters have lakes, one of which is east of the Chindwin river, the others are to the west. The eastern lake is named Twin Taung (or Twindaung), the others Taung Pyauk, Twyn Ma and Yay Khar. In the lakes the cyanobacteria Spirulina (often called blue-green algae) grows. It is harvested, dried and sold as medicine. At the end of 2014 it was reported that the Government of Myanmar planned to nominate Twin Taung Lake for inclusion on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
MONYWA TWIN TAUNG VOLCANIC CRATOR (MYANMAR) DATA COLLECTIONMYO AUNG Myanmar
Twin Taung Hill
An extinct volcano whose crater now forms a beautiful lake. The surrounding area has lush vegetation, and there are lovely views of the area from the rim of this crater lake. The lakes Algae is used in the production of vitamin E so I've been told hence the work signs at the Burmese production plant.
Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria.
The Lower Chindwin is an area of around seven or eight explosion craters, located some 30 km (20 mi) northwest of the town of Monywa in the Sagaing Region, Burma (Myanmar).
The volcanoes originate from the late Pliocene and Pleistocene times. The craters are dormant (Smithsonian volcano number = 275090). In the Global Volcanism Program of the Smithsonian Institution[1] no information on Holocene eruptions, dating back 10,000 years, is listed.
The major rock types of the group are Basalt, Rhyolite, Dacite and Andesite.
Three to four craters have lakes, one of which is east of the Chindwin river, the others are to the west. The eastern lake is named Twin Taung (or Twindaung), the others Taung Pyauk, Twyn Ma and Yay Khar. In the lakes the cyanobacteria Spirulina (often called blue-green algae) grows. It is harvested, dried and sold as medicine. At the end of 2014 it was reported that the Government of Myanmar planned to nominate Twin Taung Lake for inclusion on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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taemufbufavmuf opfyif? opfawm xlxyfpGmr&SdvS/
taemufbufjcrf;udk rrD[kajymMuonf/ rSefygavonf/
yHkawmif yHknmrSm pwifpD;qif;vmaom ausmacsmif;?
urf;rjzLacsmif;wkdYudk trSDjyKíum; vrf;ab;aus;&Gmav;rsm;
udk jrif&awGU&&if;rS awmtxyfxyfawmifpOfwef;wkdYudk jzwf
ausmfum awmiftjrifhqHk;tykdif;udk a&mufvmcJh&onf/
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t&yfodkYqif;cJhawmhrS opfawm0g;awmBuD;rsm;u ydkíxlxyf
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um;pD;&if;avwkdufcwfEIef;tjyif aqmif;tat;
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0wfqifum umuG,fxm;&onf/ acgif;pGyf? vuftdwf?
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ay:rS ESif;cufESif;aygufwkdYaMumifh um;vrf;onf a&zsef;xm;
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6
7
Handbook-7
)a
9. udka,m (abm*aA')
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awmifpOfa&r&? awmtxyfxyfwkdYudk jrifae&&if;
a&opf? ajropf? ywf0ef;usiftopfudk uRefawmfonf w0
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rd&onf/ wpfzufu awmifeH&?H tjcm;wpfzufrmu acsmuf
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udk a&mufvmcJh&onf/
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xrif;qkdifwGifjzpfonf/ yckuúLrS oli,fcsif;aus;Zl;aMumifh
um;'½dibm? py,f,mESitwl uReawmfonf wpf0i;f wnf;
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auR;vkduf? tarupm;vkdufESifhudk uRefawmfawGU&onf/
uav;rSm MunfMunfvifvifESifh &Sdaeonf/
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u um;q&mu&Sif;ay;NyD;oGm;NyD[k ajymvmcJhonf/ ]]wkd;u
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8
9
Handbook-8
10. udka,m (abm*aA')
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uRefawmfoabmaygufvmcJhrd&ygavonf/
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aygufudkjrifawGU&jyefonf/
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10
11
Handbook-9
11. udka,m (abm*aA')
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yHkawmifyHknm&yf0ef;a'o&Sd jrefrmhorkdif;wGif tvGefpdwf0if
pm;bG,f&m aumif;vSonfh ]]xD;vif;}} qkdaom NrdKUav;qD
a&mufvkdYvmcJh&ygNyD/
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tcef;u@wpfcktaejzifh xm0pOf&Sifoefatmif BudK;yrf;Mu
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jznf;ESifh wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,froGm;Ekdif&avatmifa&m vlod
enf;vSao;aomfvnf; *E¦0ifNrdKUav;wpfjrdKU jzpf&aMumif;udk
azmfxkwfay;vdkvSaom orkdif;cspfol? EkdifiHcspfol uRefawmf
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12
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aqmifonfh csufyvufum;BuD;u NrdKUtv,f xrif;qkdif
wef;wGif *dwfqHk;onf/ c&D;onfrsm;ESifh um;py,f,mwkdY
um;pD;eif;vkdufygvmMuonfh c&D;twGufum;cusoifhaiGrsm;
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13
Handbook-10
12. udka,m (abm*aA')
*E¬0ifcspfMunfpwrf;eJh vGrf;&wJUNrdKYol
c&D;quf&ef&Sdao;aMumif;? aemufrS uRefawmfhxHvma&muf
awGUqHkOD;rnfjzpfaMumif;ajymvmonf/ uRefawmfhteD;&Sd
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Muao;onf/ olwawGu todtuRr;f awGjzpfaeMuwmud;k [k
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14
15
Handbook-11
13. 16
udka,m (abm*aA')
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ukef;ajrwpfae&mu apwDawmfwpfqludkvnf; vSrf;jrif&
onf/ ESpfrkdifcefYawmh&Sdvdrfhrnf[k tuGmta0;udkrSef;qrd&
onf/ emrnfausmf a&S;a[mif;orkdif;0if a&TuGeftkyfapwD
awmf[k trnfwGifaMumif; rdvdIifajymjyí odcGifh&cJhonf/
csif;awmifwef;BuD;rS acsmif;zsm;cHpD;qif;vmcJhaom
armacsmif;a&u pdrfhpdrfhat;vSonf/ trSefwu,fwrf; 0efcH
yg&vQif &uf&ufpufpufudk at;aeonf[kuRefawmfajymudk
ajymcsifonf/ armacsmif;a&MunfMunf0,f ausmufwHk;
ausmufcJ? ausmufp&pf? oJ? a,mufoGm;? c½kESifh ig;i,fav;
rsm;wk d Y u d k twk d i f ; om;jrif a e&onf / vl B uD ; cg;vnf c ef Y
a&teufwGif uRefawmfonf cPwjzKwfom acgif;ikyfa&csKd;
Ekdifonf/ acs;tjrefwGef; acgif;jrefjrefavQmf qyfjymtjref
vl;umudpöudk NyD;pD;ap&onf/ csKd;ae&if;rSmyif ckdufcdkufwkefa
atmifcsrf;aeonf/ rsufESmokwfwbufapmifBuD;udk cE¨m
udk,ftm;ywfNcHKum tdrfodkYjyefcJh&avonf/
npmpm;NyD;csdef vomrSeftdrfrD;tvif;a&mifatmuf
0,f OD;av;ode;f rdom;pkEihf uReawmftv’myov’mypum;wkYd
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Handbook-12
14. udka,m (abm*aA')
*E¬0ifcspfMunfpwrf;eJh vGrf;&wJUNrdKYol
onfvrf;c&D;ESifh onftoJ (onf;) pGJcsufyvuf
um;av;pD;cefYu xD;vif;NrdKUav; vufoHk;awmfBuD;rsm;jzpf
aMumif;? wcsKUd aomvly*Kd¾ vawGtaMumif;? aomif;ajymif;axG
k f
vm w0g;0g;ESifhyGJusum Al;oD;aygif;aMumf? vufzufokyfpm;
Mu? a&aEG;Murf;aomufMu&if; a&mufwwf&m&mawG ajymae
cJhMuonf/ olwkdYwpfawGajymaeMuavaom taMumif;t&m
rsm;? a,moH0J0JESifh a,mpum;wkdYudk em;qif&if; vSrf;cJhjref;cJh
&onhf ,aeYc&D;Murf;udk arhaysmufum tyef;rsm;ajy&ay
awmhonf/
]][kd..wkef;u a&S;bk&ifrsm; apmfbGm;rsm;vufxufu
opfawmBuD;av;&yf&SdcJhw,fqkd&mrSm ck..q&ma&muf&SdvdkY
vmcJh&wmuawmh ]]a,mrJZmNrdKif}} yJq&ma&U? jynfrajrjyefY
a'ou nDaemifwdkif;&if;om;wkdY ta&muftayguftxd
tawGUenf;aeao;wJh a,me,fajr&yf0ef; a,mwkdYXmeDu
rJZmNrdKif NrdKUav;wpfNrdKUygyJcifAsm? &efukefNrdKUBuD;rSmfaexkdifNyD;
wrifwumonfNrdKUav;udkrS a&G;cs,fumajymif;a&TUa&muf&Sd
vmcJhwJhq&mudkawmh tHhMorqHk;aygifq&m&,f...
rJZma&TvDqDtjypf&SdvdkY e,fESif'ufcHcJh&wJh trwfBuD;
vuf0JokE´&om&SdaecJhao;&ifjzifh trwfBuD;upum;qkdvdrfh
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&nf&G,fcsufvJ&Sd tcspfvJNidNyD; avQmufvSrf;cJhavonfvm;
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a,mrJZmNrdKifc&D;onf uRefawmf bmudkrSjyefrajymjy
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uRefawmfonfawmBuD;jrufrnf; rJZmqkdonhft&yfa'orsm;
qD a&mufvmMu&yHkjcif;vnf;rwl/
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18
19
Handbook-13
15. udka,m (abm*aA')
*E¬0ifcspfMunfpwrf;eJh vGrf;&wJUNrdKYol
um jynfaxmifpkwkdif;&if;om; jynfoljynfom;taygif;wkdY
ta&;r&SdrjzpfvkdtyfvSaom ]]wkdif;&if;om;tm;vHk; aoG;pnf;
nDnGwfa&;}} twGuf emrnfausmfMum;xif&Sm;oifhygvsuf
rxif r &S m ;jzpf u mvl o d v nf ; tvG e f e nf ; aeao;onh f
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azmfxkwfay;&efudkom t"duxm;onfudkawmh avmavm
q,fü olwawGoEiMf uvdrO;D rnf rxifay/ orki;f a&;tjrif
Ydk
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[kqkdygonf/
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onf/ vuf0JbufaxmifhwGifjzpfonf/ acgif;&if;bufESifh
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buf jyLwif;wHcg;udkzGifhvkdufawmh jymodkvjynhfcgeD; v
tvif;a&mifu &Tef;vufom,maeonf/ tdrfNcH0dkif;odkYt0if
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rsm;udk va&mifjzifh xifxif&Sm;&Sm;jrifae&onf/ ESif;&nfwkdY
zsef;xm;aom tkef;vuf? tkef;&GufwkdYrsm; a&Tpufa&Tajymuf
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tcg [dk;...taemufbuf&Sd jym&nfrdIif;rdIif; taemuf½dk;r
20
twdwfu t&dyfvkdygvmcJh
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0wfjyKjzpfcJhonf/ aMu;pnf½dkuf trQawGa0NyD;csdef uRefawmf
tdyf,m0ifawmh n (10) em&Dxkd;NyD;cJhNyD/
ESpfxyfwkdufcHtdrfBuD;ay:0,f uRefawmfwpfa,muf
wnf;tdyf&onf/ OD;av;odef;wkdYrdom;pk um;atmufxyfwGif
21
Handbook-14
16. udka,m (abm*aA')
*E¬0ifcspfMunfpwrf;eJh vGrf;&wJUNrdKYol
wHwkdif; csif;awmifwef;jrifhBuD;udk va&mifjzifhjrifawGU&onf/
teD;&Sd o&ufyifrS opf&GufwkdYuvnf; wvufvufESifh
ta&mifawGu a&Ta&mifjzpfvkduf aiGa&mifjzpfvkdufESifh jzpf&
onf/ ESif;&nfwkdY usqif;cJhíjzpfonf/
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a&&Gwrvm&onftxd jzpf&onfEihf onfv½cif;rsK;d udk ,ck
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udk ESajrmovdkjzpfaerdonf/ ae0ifrsKd;csKyfonfESifh tdrfwdkif;
vkdvkdwHcg;awGydwfxm;Muonf/ at;vGef;í[k qkdonf/ ,ck
vnf; 0ef;usifudkMunhfae&if;rSmyif tat;"mwfu ½dkufcwf
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awmfawmfESifh tdyfraysmfcJh? vmcJhNyD;aom &efukefrS xD;vif;NrdKU
odkY c&D;tm;pOf;pm;rd&wmaMumifhvnf;ygonf/ jzwfausmfcJh&
onfh tEÅ&m,fBuD;rm;aom yHkawmifyHknmawmifwef;jrifhBuD;
wkdYudk jrifa,mifaerdonf/ uRefawmf½Hk;tzGJU0efxrf;wkdYu
ajymcJhMuaom pum;wkdYudkvnf; jyefvnfMum;a,mifvmrd&
jyefonf/
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atmif odxm;onf[kajymí&onhf tBuD;tuJwpfOD;ygay/
q&mOD ; oef ; azonf apwema&m oabmxm;yg
aumif;onhftjyif ½dk;om;wnfMunfvSonf/ vkdtyfonfrsm;
vkdtyfrnfrsm;udk ulnDay;wwfavhvnf;&Sdonf/ tpkd;&Xme
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onf/ q&mOD;oef;azonf 0efxrf;rsm;udk omreftcsdefrsm;
wGif OD;? a':wyfí ac:avhr&SdbJ cifrif&if;ESD;aomoabm?
vlwef;pm;rcGJjcm;wwfaom oabmrsKd;jzifh udk? r b,fol
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xD;vif;NrdKUudk tajymif;ta&TU (Transfer) ,lwJhol? orD;u
22
23
Handbook-15
17. udka,m (abm*aA')
*E¬0ifcspfMunfpwrf;eJh vGrf;&wJUNrdKYol
oluwwfEiorQ ajymjyulnay;apvkygw,f/ ud&u vlawmf
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wpfcsKdU&Sdae&w,f/
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pum;ajymoHav;ESifh udkufnDvSonf/
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oGm;Mu&ygonf/
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24
25
Handbook-16
18. 26
udka,m (abm*aA')
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odkYES,fjzpf&onfomru jzpfcsifawmh olrutay:xyfwGif
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vnf; uRefawmfhabmf'g taygif;toif;wpfcsKdU ajymoHudk
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27
udk uRefawmfhpdwfu wdrf;nTwfcgp&Sdao;onhf &ufydkif;uav;
rSmyifvQif olrESifh uRefawmfcGJcGmcJhMu&ovkd jzpfvmcJh&jyef
avNyD/
onfodkYaom avmavmvwfvwf rMumao;rDu
twdwftaMumif;udk jyefajymif;í owd&vmrd&jcif;uvnf;
apmapmu½Hk;0efxrf;wpfOD;jzpfol udka0vif;ajymvmcJhonhf
&efukefrS aMu;eef;pmtaMumif;cH pum;oHtm; trSwf&um
uReffawmfNyHK;rd&ao;awmhonf/
NyD;awmh---&D&Darh pum;oH--]]bmwJh...q&ma&mufvmvdrfhr,fqkdwmudk &efukef
(½Hk;csKyf)u ararMunfvGifcsKdu ½Hk;udkoHBudK;pmay;ydkYxm;cJhvdkY
tckvkdvmBudKae&ygw,f&Sif...}} wJh/
]]aMomf...yHawmifynm&yf0ef; a,mwkXmae xD;vif;
k
kH
Yd
ajru tvSrzk&m;av; a,mrif;orD; xD;vif;{u&D arMunf
vGifcsKd&,f...}}
[k uRefawmfjrifa,mifwrf;wrd&if;u wpfaeYwmvHk;
armyef;EGrf;e,fvmcJh&orQ ajzodrfh&vsuf tdyfaysmfatmif
BudK;pm;umtdyf&ygOD;r,f/ &efukef (½Hk;csKyf) okdY ½Hk;udpöjzifh
oGm;a&muf&onhtcgrsK;d wGif arMunfvicsKEihf awGU&zkta&;
f
G f d S
Yd
csOf;uyfvrf;aMumif;awGudk &SmazG&ayOD;rnf[k pdwfu&,f
vsuf BudK;pm;umvQif tdyfygawmhrnf/ tem*wfaeY&ufrsm;
twGuf tdyrufvvrufEiygap[k qkawmif;&if;u rMumrD
f
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dk f
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Handbook-17
19. udka,m (abm*aA')
*E¬0ifcspfMunfpwrf;eJh vGrf;&wJUNrdKYol
ol&JNrdKU (ac:) xD;vif;NrdKU
eHeufty&muEd;k awmh (7) em&DyifausmcNhJ y/ cE¨mud,f
d f
f D
k
u EGrf;vSonf/ udk,fvufawGudkufcJí rxcsifcJh/ (96) rkdif
c&D;u (96) yg;aom a&m*gawGudk pkNyHKcHpm;ae&onfodkYom
ajymcsifawmhonf/ rxívnf; rjzpf/ udk,hfrdbudk,hftdrf
udk,fh,mr[kwf[laom todpdwfu Edk;qGojzifh vl;vJumx
jzpfcJh&onfESifh rdbwkdYaus;Zl;udk atmufarhvmrd&ao;onf/
rdbarwåmudkydkí odem;vnfvmrd&onf/
tdrftay:xyfMurf;jyif? atmufxyfodkYtqif;avScg;?
tdrfrBuD;ESifh wGJpyfvsuf rD;zkdaqmif? xrif;pm;cef;? oHk;a&tkd;
wkdYxm;&Sd&m vufoef;vHk;cefY cyfpdyfpdyfysOfcif;vomMurf;jyif
wkdYudk eif;rd&wkdif; reif;&J&avmufatmif at;pufaeonf[k
ajymcsifonf/
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D
I
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opfap&eftvkdYiSm a&aEG;ESifh a&at;wkdY a&mpyfxm;onfh
aiGzvm;Bu;D uday;vmonf/ rsuEmopf oGm;wkuf oefpifae
k
f S
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Y
qJ0,f ywf0ef;usifudkMunhfrdawmh 0ef;usifwpfckvHk;onf
ESi;f jrLawGEihf arSmifaeonf/ aqmif;ESi;f rIewu cE¨mud,ukd
S
f
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k f
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tdrftay:xyfodkY jyefwufcJh? acgif;NzD;cJh? ajctdwf
vuftw0wfxm;vsuEihf atmufxyfoYkd jyefqif;uma&tdrf
d f
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0ifconf/ aemuf {nhcef;r&S&modtvm OD;av;ode;f ESitwl
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uRefawmfawGU&onf/
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vmMuolawG}}
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f
f hJ
f
acgif;ndwfrdonf/
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a':arvGifjrifhwJh? tv,fwef;jyq&meJY q&mrwkdYaygh/ olwkdY
rSm orD;av;wpfa,muf xGef;um;w,f/ tJ'Dh orD;av;u
&efukefrSmt&m&Sdrav;qkdygawmh? nwkef;u udk&JwynfhawG
ajymMuwJhpum;xJrSmvJygNyD;om;? udk&J 'DNrdKUudkajymif;a&TU
a&muf&Sdvmr,fhtaMumif; oHBudK;pmudk BudKwifay;ydkYcJhol[m
'Du q&m? q&mrwkdY&JU orD;yJaygh...}}
]]aMomf...aMomf...}} [kom todtrSwfjyKrd&if;
av;pm;orIjyK&moabmESihfvnf; uRefawmfacgif;ndwfum
&SdaerdcJhonf/
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n§i;f qeftjzLa&maESmí aygif;xm;)? b,maMumf? Al;oD;aygif;
aMumfwkdYu q&mq&mrwdkYu udk&Jpm;zkdY,lvmay;MuwmuGJU/
'Du xrif;aMumffylylav;eJY ,kefom;aMumfu OD;av;odef;wkdY
tdrfu pDpOfxm;wm at;at;aq;aq;pm; jznf;jznf;pm;?
rdwfqufpum;awGajymqkdMu&if;ayghuG,f...}} [laom
OD;av;odef; pum;oH/
28
29
Handbook-18
20. 30
udka,m (abm*aA')
]]aus;Zl;wif&ygw,fAsm...azmfa&GwJhtodpdwfeJY ckvkd
wul;wu,laqmifum a&mufvmMuwmudkyJ uRefawmfu
xyfrHaus;Zl;wifaMumif; pum;qkdyg&ap...}} [k qdkrdonf/
rwfwyf&yfaeMu&if;rS tm;vHk;xkdifjzpfMuonf/
]]cPaemf...OD;eJY a':a':wkdY}} [kajymum tdrftay:
xyf&Sd&mwufcJh txkyfwpfxkyfudkqGJum jyefqif;cJhonf/
]]'gu &efuevufaqmifyg...ykpeajcmufygcifAsm..
k f
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OD;eJY a':a':wkrom;pktwGuf rdwqufvufaqmifqygawmh
Yd d
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ykpGefajcmufxkyfudk vufaqmiftjzpfay;tyfcJhonf/
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...}} [k a,musfm;jzpfoluajymqJrSmyif ZeD;jzpfoluvnf;
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yJ? aps;vJjrifhw,f/ q&may;wJh ykpGefajcmufudk Amvacsmif
aMumfvkyfNyD; OD;OD;zsm;zsm; q&mawmfBuD;ausmif;udk qGrf;[if;
ydkY&r,f...}} [k ajymcJhao;onf/
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q&mvkdYrac:bJ udk&JvdkYbJac:Ekdifygw,f/ emrnftjynhftpHk
uawmh ]]&JjrifhvdIif}} yg/ azaz OD;&JacgifjrifheJY arara':nGefY
nGeviw&UJ om;wpfO;D yg/ azaz ararwdu i,fi,fuwnf;
Yf Id f Ykd
Yk
u 'DaeYwkdifatmif uRefawmfhudk ]]udk&J}} vkdYyJac:Muwm/
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31
ausmif;aepausmif;tyfawmhrS &JJjrifhvdIifvkdYrSnfhac:cJhMuwm
yg/ uReawmfeYJ odMucifrifMuolawGuvJ ]]ud&}J } vkyac:a0:
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xGufyg? vmvnfyg? vkdtyfwm&Sd&ifvJajymjyyg...wwfpGrf;
orQ ulnDay;yghr,f...}} [k tjyeftvSefajymqkdMu&if;u
eHeuftdyf,mx tapmpmudk uRefawmfpm;onf/ olwkdYZeD;
armifESHonfvnf; OD;av;odef;wkdYESifh pum;pjrnfajym a&aEG;
Murf;aomuf&if; pum;vufqHkawG uscJhMuao;onf/
olwkdYZeD;armifESHonf olwkdYtdrfodkY jyefcgeD;wGif pmtkyf
wpftkyfvufaqmifay;onf/ EIwfqufpum;qkd&if;...
]]udk&J...ckvdk a&mufvmwJhwpfckduf xD;vif;qkdwJh
a&S;a[mif;NrdKUav;? &mZ0ifxJu NrdKUav;taMumif;udk odap
csifvdkY OD;u,lvmcJhwm...at;at;aq;aq; zwfMunhfyg
OD;...}}
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f hJ
uRefawmfuvJ odcsifaewm MumygNyD wu,fhudk aus;Zl;wif
&ygw,fcifAsm..}}
olwkdYZeD;armifESH jyefoGm;cJhMuawmh tdrfrD;zdkaqmif
&Sd&mrS nDtpfroHk;azmfwkdY uRefawmfhxHa&mufvmcJhMuonf/
]]q&m OD;&J &Sifh...olwkdYorD; rrarMunfvGifcsKdu
tawmfacsmwm vSwmaemf...OD;OD;q&meJY aumif;aumif;
odvm;...cifvm;? rrarcsKd&JU rdbESpfyg;qdkwmu orD;wdkY&JU
Handbook-19
21. udka,m (abm*aA')
*E¬0ifcspfMunfpwrf;eJh vGrf;&wJUNrdKYol
q&m? q&mrawGav pmtoiftjyvJawmfMuw,f/ oabm
apwemvJaumif;Muw,f&Sifh}}
tBuD;r eef;jrifhvdIifu þodkYES,fpum;qkdvmcJhonf
ESifh...
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OD;&JvdkYac:csifac: tudkav;vkdY ac:csifac: [kwfzl;vm;..}}
]][kwfuJhyg tudkav; &Sifh}} wJh
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tudkav;jzpf&wm 0rf;omw,f/ eef;yxr? eef;'kwd,? eef;
wwd, wkdYa&...}}
olwkdYvnf;NyHK; uRefawmfvnf;NyHK;&TifpGm &SdaecJhMu&av
onf/ NyD;awmh arMunfvGifcsKdESifhuvnf; onfudkvmcgeD;rS
awGUcJ& cifrifc&onftaMumif;udk ajymjyay;vdu&ayonf/
h
hJ
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aom EGrf;e,frI'PfaMumifhwpfaMumif;aMumifh uRefawmfonf
aetdrrwjcm;odYk roGm;jzpfc?hJ reufzefa&mufawmhrS nDtpfr
f S
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rnf[k olwkdYawGudkajymxm;onf/ a&aEG;Murf;aomuf&if;u
apmapmuay;xm;cJhaom pmtkyfudkpwifum zwfjzpfonf/
]xD;vif;NrdKU a&TuGeftkyfbk&m;orkdif;}} [k trnfwyf
um bk&m;BuD;a*gyutzGJU tusKd;awmfaqmifcsKyf OD;xGef;BuD;
u jyKpka&;om;xm;/ ed'gef;rSmyif ]]xD;vif;NrdKUorkdif;
a&;jyefvQifvnf; a&TuGeftkyfbk&m;orkdif;rygvQifrNyD; tNrJ
'GefwGJvsuf&Sdjyef&um;}} [k azmfjyxm;av/ jrefrmwkdYrSm
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awmf}} onf cGJjcm;írjzpf[k qkdxm;ay/
xD;vif;NrdKUav; &mZ0ift& rlvtac:rSm (ol&JNrdKU)
[kqkd/ NrdKUwnfonhfckESpfrSm aumZmouú&mZf (110) ck?
omoemouú&mZf (1292) ckk[kod&/ a&S;u uav;aus;
awmifndKt&yf t&drn (,ck &mZN*dK[f)rS vma&mufwnfcJh
onf[k qkd/ yk*Hjynf a&Tavmif;rif;vufxuf eef;ouf
av;ES p f a jrmuf a omf ]]apmf b G m ;rif ; eE´ & mZm}} trnf & S d
apmfbGm;BuD;wnfonhfNrdKU[k qkdxm;av/ ,ckrsufarSmuf
xD ; vif ; Nrd K U taemuf a wmif b uf (2 rk d i f c G J ) cef Y t uG m
armacsmif; ta&SUbufwGifjzpf/ Mumaomfarmacsmif;
a&vrf ; aMumif ; ajymif ; cJ h o jzif h ,ck t cg armacsmif ;
taemufbufukef;jrifhrkdYrkdYwGif[kqkd/
ouú&mZf (453) ckEpwif yk*jH ynf&if tavmif;pnfol
S f G
h S
rif;wkdif;cef;vSnfhvnfawmfrlvmpOf a,majrt&yfa'oodkY
a&mufvmcJh/ armacsmif;twkdif; azmifawmfpBuFmjzifh qef
wufcJh/ xkdt&yfa'oodkYa&muf&Sd uGef;axmufem;aecdkuf
azmifpBuFmOD;&Sd urÁKxD;jzLawmf tvkdvkdyGifhvif;vmawmfrl
onfESifh tqkdyga'oudk ]]xD;vif;}} [kac:wGiforkwfapcJh/
armacsmif;a&tvsOf azmifawmfOD;0,f Ak'¨jrwfpGmbk&m;&Sif
"mwfawmfarGawmfrsm;u a&Tig;Muif;a,mifwlpGmaqmifí
uGejYf rL;onfukd ½d;k ½d;k uGejf zifzrf;aomfr&cJ/ ykPm;jzL? ykPm;ndK
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32
33
Handbook-20
22. udka,m (abm*aA')
*E¬0ifcspfMunfpwrf;eJh vGrf;&wJUNrdKYol
[l;&m;ynm&SifwkdYwGufcsufrIt& a&TuGefESifh tkyfzrf;apawmh
rS & cJ h / jrwf p G m bk & m;&S i f "mwf a wmf a rG a wmf w k d Y t m;
Xmyemí od&d"r®maomurif;BuD; wnfxm;cJhaom apwD
a[mif;ae&müyif XmyemoGi;f Ny;D vQif apwDawmfwnfapcJ/
h
a&TuGefESifh tkyfzrf;rS&onhf"mwfawmf arGawmfwkdYukd Xmyem
jcif;aMumifh ]]a&TuGeftkyfapwDawmf}} [k urÁnf;xkd;rSwf
xD;vif;NrdKUt&yf orkwdynwfawmfrlcJhap/
'kwd,xD;vif;NrdKUonf yk*Haejynfawmf odef;cGefrif;
om;awmfa&Tavmif;rif; (yk*Hrif;quf (55) qufwGif (28)
qufajrmuf) eef;wufNyD; av;ESpftMum aumaZmouú&mZf
(110) ESp?f waygif;vjynhausmf (5) &uf Ak'[;l aeYü apmfbm;
f
¨
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qufcHcJh/ om;awmforEÅ&mZm? aemufyknpnfol ponf
jzifhqufcH/ xkdYaemuf apmfbGm;rif;qufrSm ESpfaygif; (300)
ausmfjzwfaecJhonf[kqkd/ yk*Haejynf yk*HEkdifiHawmfBuD;
ysuNf y;D aemuf cef;ywfapmfbm;tkycsKycaom xD;vif;NrKd Uum;
G
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apmfbGm;qufjywfjyefcJh/
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&mZf (933) ckESpfü rkd;aumif;apmfbGm;BuD;om; OD;apmeHudk
xD;vif;apmfbGm;cefYtyfcJhonfrS ouú&mZf (1119) ckESpfwGif
awmifwGif;pm;bGJUcH apmfbGm;OD;usHtxd apmfbGm; (8) quf
tkyfcsKyfcJh/
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ouú&mZf (1120) ckESpfwGif ,ckxD;vif;NrdKUae&modkY ajymif;
a&TUcJh/ OD;usHonf ¤if;nDt&if; oD&dpnfolausmfxifbGJU&
twGi;f 0efO;D NzKd ;? *kP;f tkyq&mawmf toQiaZmw,EÅpaom
d
f
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ynm&Sdyk*¾dKvfwkdYESifh wkdifyifí ykPÖm;ynm&SdwkdY wGufcsufay;
aomtcgt& ouú&mZf (1120) ckESpf? 'DC-122? &ó?
waygif;vjynhfausmf (1) &uf? Ak'¨[l;aeY ae0ifausmftcsdefü
pD&ifzG,ftvHk;pHkESifhwuG wmaygif; 273? awmifaygif; 1953?
rkdufaygif; 5859? vufopfaygif; 46872? tus,ft0ef;&Sd
í we*FaEGaxmifh em&Dwi?f &m[kaxmifh e&Dwirsm;ESihf ta&SU
dk
dk f
rsufESmwGif ¨E´mwHcg;? awmifrsufESmwGif ukef;jrifhwHcg;?
taemufrsufESmwGif aZ,smwHcg;? ajrmufrsufESmwGif 0Hom
wHcg;? ¤if; (8) XmewkdYudk (NrdKU) [kac:qkd/ Xmewpfcktjzpf
owfrwí ausmif;? odr?f ½H;k ? tdr?f ewfue;f ¤if; (5) Xmewkukd
S f
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xD;vif;NrdKUwnf orkdif;wGifazmfjyxm;av/
xkdYaMumifh ,ckrsufarSmufüwnf&Sdaeaom þxD;vif;
NrdKUonf ,cifNrdKUa[mif;ae&mrS ajymif;a&TUí NrdKUa[mif;
trnfjzpfonhf (xD;vif;) NrdKUudkyif xyfqifhcH,lNyD;vQif emr
ynwf o wf r S w f u m wnf a xmif c J h j cif ; jzpf o nf / 'k w d ,
xD;vif;NrdKUyif jzpfayawmh/
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f S f
rif;BuD;uausmufpm a&;xkd;xm;apcJhaom ausmufpmrl&if;
onf ukef;abmifacwf tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;vufxufodkY
34
35
Handbook-21
27. udka,m (abm*aA')
*E¬0ifcspfMunfpwrf;eJh vGrf;&wJUNrdKYol
tvGrf;tuJqHk;ESifh tcsrf;toJqHk; a,m&yfrJZm xD;vif;NrdKU
av; aqmif;&ufrsm;udk BuHKae&ol uRefawmfhrSmawmh udk,fh
qE´ESifh udk,frkdYomjzpfí tjypfajymírjzpfawmh/ &efukefudk
jrefajy;csifpdwfu ay:vmrdcJhonfuawmh trSef? qE´&nf
&G,fcsuftwGufqkdawmhvnf; udk,fhtjypfESifh udk,fom&Sdygap
awmh[k tm;wif;umaevkduf&awmhonf/
onfvEihf xD;vif;wpfNrKd UvH;k udvnf; ESEpyfpyfa&muf
dk S
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YH YHS
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tpnf;ta0;yGJrsm;? XmewdkY vkyfief;qkdif&mudpö&yfESifh
oufqiaom tpnf;ta0;yGrsm;? tm;upm;yGqi&m tpnf;
dk f
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ta0;yGrsm; ponfwukd wufa&muf&jcif;ESitwl Xmeqki&m
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awmhonf/
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txl;cifrifaecJhNyD/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh pm&if;ppfrsm;? pm&if;
ppfrSL;rsm;rSm &efukefpD;yGm;a&;wuúodkvfqif;rsm;jzpfMuonf/
trdwuúovBf u;D taMumif; q&m? q&mrBu;D awGtaMumif;u
kd
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olawGvnf;jzpfMu&um aysmf&TifrIudk&aponf/
wzefNrdKUe,f jynfolYaumifpD½Hk; ½Hk;tzGJU0efxrf;rsm;ESifh
uvnf; cifrifvm&onf/ uRefawmfwdkY½Hk;Xmesvkyfief;u rsm;
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44
45
Handbook-26
28. udka,m (abm*aA')
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46
47
Handbook-27
29. udka,m (abm*aA')
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48
49
Handbook-28
30. udka,m (abm*aA')
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50
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Handbook-29
32. udka,m (abm*aA')
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56
57
Handbook-32
34. udka,m (abm*aA')
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58
59
Handbook-33
35. udka,m (abm*aA')
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60
61
Handbook-34
36. udka,m (abm*aA')
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62
63
Handbook-35
37. udka,m (abm*aA')
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64
65
Handbook-36
38. udka,m (abm*aA')
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66
67
Handbook-37
39. udka,m (abm*aA')
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68
69
Handbook-38
40. 70
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Handbook-39
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72
73
Handbook-40