This document provides an overview of dark matter and dark energy from both observational evidence in the universe and theoretical work done at particle accelerators in laboratories. It summarizes that observational evidence shows the universe is made up of 70% dark energy, 25% dark matter, and only 5% ordinary matter. While much is known about the basic features and inventory of the universe, deep puzzles remain about reconciling gravity and quantum mechanics, the nature of dark matter and dark energy, and resolving why observations of dark energy are so much smaller than theoretical predictions. The document discusses how ideas like extra dimensions, supersymmetry, and multiple compactifications in string theory attempt to address these puzzles, but that challenges remain in fully explaining dark energy and connecting theory to
EMU M.Sc. Thesis Presentation
Thesis Title: "Dark Matter; Modification of f(R) or WIMPS Miracle"
Student: Ali Övgün
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mustafa Halilsoy
The document discusses evidence for dark matter from astrophysical observations. It is established that dark matter is massive, cold, collisionless, and does not interact electromagnetically. However, its fundamental nature and interactions are unknown. The evidence includes missing mass observations from galaxy rotation curves, cluster dynamics, gravitational lensing as well as cosmological measurements of the cosmic microwave background and matter power spectrum. Future experiments aim to directly detect dark matter particle signatures through anomalies in cosmic ray spectra or indirect signals from early structure formation.
This document discusses the history of discoveries related to dark matter and dark energy. It describes how observations over the past 100 years have shown that normal matter only accounts for about 4% of the matter in the universe. The other 96% is believed to be dark matter and dark energy. Evidence from galaxy rotations, gravitational lensing, and galaxy cluster dynamics provides strong evidence for the existence of dark matter, which is believed to be some non-baryonic, non-luminous particle that interacts only through gravity and the weak force.
The Big Bang model postulates that the universe began as a hot dense state around 13.8 billion years ago and has since expanded and cooled. It is supported by two theoretical pillars: general relativity, which describes gravity as the curvature of spacetime, and the cosmological principle that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales. The model accounts for the cosmic microwave background radiation and expansion of the universe, but is incomplete as it does not explain structure formation or the universe's uniformity on the largest scales.
This document provides a summary of big-bang cosmology and the evidence supporting it. It discusses how observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation, light element abundances from big-bang nucleosynthesis, galaxy rotation curves, and type 1a supernovae provide evidence that the universe began in a hot, dense state and is undergoing expansion. It also summarizes the evidence for dark matter from various astronomical observations and outlines how weakly interacting massive particles are a leading candidate. The document concludes by discussing baryogenesis and possible mechanisms for the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe.
The document provides an overview of the Big Bang theory, including its history, timeline of events, and key pieces of observational evidence that support it. It describes how the universe rapidly expanded from an extremely dense and hot state around 13.7 billion years ago. It outlines the different eras and epochs from the earliest split-second of the universe through structure formation. It also discusses some remaining problems and areas of ongoing research, such as the nature of dark matter and dark energy.
Dark matter makes up about 5 times as much of the matter in the universe as regular matter, though its composition is unknown. It interacts very weakly and was first discovered through its gravitational effects on galaxy rotations. Dark energy makes up about 75% of the universe and is causing its accelerating expansion, though the source is a mystery and quantum effects predict a much larger value. String theory landscape ideas may help explain the observed size of dark energy through vacuum selection in a complicated potential.
The document discusses the discovery of the Higgs boson particle, also known as the "God particle". It provides background on the development of the standard model of particle physics and the theoretical prediction of the Higgs boson. Experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider aimed to detect the Higgs boson, and in 2012 they announced evidence of a new boson that matches the properties of the Higgs boson, with its existence being confirmed in 2013. Finding the Higgs boson was a major milestone in understanding particle physics and mass.
EMU M.Sc. Thesis Presentation
Thesis Title: "Dark Matter; Modification of f(R) or WIMPS Miracle"
Student: Ali Övgün
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Mustafa Halilsoy
The document discusses evidence for dark matter from astrophysical observations. It is established that dark matter is massive, cold, collisionless, and does not interact electromagnetically. However, its fundamental nature and interactions are unknown. The evidence includes missing mass observations from galaxy rotation curves, cluster dynamics, gravitational lensing as well as cosmological measurements of the cosmic microwave background and matter power spectrum. Future experiments aim to directly detect dark matter particle signatures through anomalies in cosmic ray spectra or indirect signals from early structure formation.
This document discusses the history of discoveries related to dark matter and dark energy. It describes how observations over the past 100 years have shown that normal matter only accounts for about 4% of the matter in the universe. The other 96% is believed to be dark matter and dark energy. Evidence from galaxy rotations, gravitational lensing, and galaxy cluster dynamics provides strong evidence for the existence of dark matter, which is believed to be some non-baryonic, non-luminous particle that interacts only through gravity and the weak force.
The Big Bang model postulates that the universe began as a hot dense state around 13.8 billion years ago and has since expanded and cooled. It is supported by two theoretical pillars: general relativity, which describes gravity as the curvature of spacetime, and the cosmological principle that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on large scales. The model accounts for the cosmic microwave background radiation and expansion of the universe, but is incomplete as it does not explain structure formation or the universe's uniformity on the largest scales.
This document provides a summary of big-bang cosmology and the evidence supporting it. It discusses how observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation, light element abundances from big-bang nucleosynthesis, galaxy rotation curves, and type 1a supernovae provide evidence that the universe began in a hot, dense state and is undergoing expansion. It also summarizes the evidence for dark matter from various astronomical observations and outlines how weakly interacting massive particles are a leading candidate. The document concludes by discussing baryogenesis and possible mechanisms for the observed matter-antimatter asymmetry of the universe.
The document provides an overview of the Big Bang theory, including its history, timeline of events, and key pieces of observational evidence that support it. It describes how the universe rapidly expanded from an extremely dense and hot state around 13.7 billion years ago. It outlines the different eras and epochs from the earliest split-second of the universe through structure formation. It also discusses some remaining problems and areas of ongoing research, such as the nature of dark matter and dark energy.
Dark matter makes up about 5 times as much of the matter in the universe as regular matter, though its composition is unknown. It interacts very weakly and was first discovered through its gravitational effects on galaxy rotations. Dark energy makes up about 75% of the universe and is causing its accelerating expansion, though the source is a mystery and quantum effects predict a much larger value. String theory landscape ideas may help explain the observed size of dark energy through vacuum selection in a complicated potential.
The document discusses the discovery of the Higgs boson particle, also known as the "God particle". It provides background on the development of the standard model of particle physics and the theoretical prediction of the Higgs boson. Experiments at CERN's Large Hadron Collider aimed to detect the Higgs boson, and in 2012 they announced evidence of a new boson that matches the properties of the Higgs boson, with its existence being confirmed in 2013. Finding the Higgs boson was a major milestone in understanding particle physics and mass.
Gifford Lecture One: Cosmos, Time, MemorySean Carroll
Based on my book The Big Picture, this is the first of five lectures exploring how different ways of talking about the world fit together. The other four lectures are on YouTube.
The document discusses the Higgs boson particle and its significance in fundamental physics. It explores how the concept of the "god particle" emerged and led to the development of the Standard Model. The Higgs boson is the only particle in the Standard Model that has not been observed. Finding evidence of the Higgs boson would complete the Standard Model and help explain the origin of mass. Large experiments like the LHC were built to detect the rare Higgs boson and gain insights into fundamental forces and particles.
- In 1976, Stephen Hawking argued that black holes destroy information, requiring a modification of quantum mechanics principles. In 2004, he changed his mind.
- Maldacena's 1997 discovery of AdS/CFT duality suggested that a black hole is dual to an ordinary thermal system described by quantum mechanics, where information is preserved. However, questions remain about how spacetime emerges in AdS/CFT and how holography works in other spacetimes.
- A 2013 paper proposed that the postulates of black hole complementarity - purity, no drama at the horizon, effective field theory validity outside the horizon - cannot all be true, suggesting a "firewall" of high-energy particles may form at the black
The Hubble Space Telescope is a large space-based observatory named after astronomer Edwin Hubble that has provided unprecedented views of the universe. Hubble orbits Earth every 96 minutes and has taken many famous images including pillars of creation in the Eagle Nebula and the Crab Nebula. Some of Hubble's images show planetary nebulae, star clusters, galaxies and more distant objects in the universe.
The document provides an overview of quantum mechanics, beginning with classical mechanics and the idea of a deterministic "clockwork universe." It then discusses early hints of quantum theory and how the field developed in the 1920s. Key aspects of quantum mechanics are introduced, such as the wave function, superposition, interference, entanglement, and decoherence. Measurement in quantum mechanics is discussed, as are different interpretations like Copenhagen and Many Worlds. The document uses examples like the behavior of a cat to help illustrate various quantum concepts.
The document discusses the search for the Higgs boson particle at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It provides background on Peter Higgs and the Higgs mechanism that predicts the existence of the Higgs boson. It describes how the LHC collides protons to produce particles, focusing on strategies to discover the Higgs boson by analyzing decay products and looking for a peak in the invariant mass distribution. It outlines some of the main decay channels researchers will examine in the search.
Dark matter is an invisible form of matter that accounts for about 85% of the matter in the universe. It was first proposed in 1933 to explain unexpected motions of galaxies, and its existence and properties have since been further confirmed by various observations, though its exact nature remains unknown. Dark matter is distinct from dark energy, which is driving the accelerating expansion of the universe. Leading candidates for dark matter include WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) such as neutralinos and axions.
Astronomy - Stat eof the Art - CosmologyChris Impey
Astronomy - State of the Art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the properties of the whole universe are covered, including Hubble expansion, the age and size, the big bang, and dark energy.
The Origin of the Universe and the Arrow of TimeSean Carroll
The arrow of time emerges from the low entropy conditions of the early universe. Entropy was lowest near the Big Bang, and has increased over time as the universe evolved into a more disordered state. This increasing entropy is responsible for why we can reconstruct the past but not the future from present conditions. While the fundamental laws of physics are time symmetric, the arrow of time arises from the specific initial state of the universe. Explaining why the early universe had such an ordered, low entropy initial state remains an open question in cosmology.
The Big Bang model describes the origin and evolution of our universe. It postulates that approximately 13.8 billion years ago, the entire observable universe was only a few millimeters in size and extremely hot and dense. Since then, the universe has been expanding and cooling. Evidence for the Big Bang includes the expansion of the universe, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the relative abundance of light elements like hydrogen and helium. The Doppler effect and redshift help astronomers measure the speeds at which distant galaxies are receding from Earth, leading to the discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Dark matter and dark energy are hypothesized to explain discrepancies in measurements of the density and expansion rate of the universe.
(1) The document discusses the origins and evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to the potential future scenarios of the Big Freeze or Big Crunch, depending on whether dark energy or dark matter wins out.
(2) It also covers the life cycles of stars from birth to death, whether they are small or massive stars, and the formation of objects like neutron stars and black holes.
(3) Einstein's theories of relativity and the implications for time travel are mentioned, along with the impossibility of travelling faster than the speed of light according to known laws of physics.
This document provides an overview of chromodynamics and the quark model. It discusses the following key points:
- Quantum chromodynamics describes the strong force and interaction between quarks via the exchange of gluons. Quarks have a property called "color" and gluons mediate the color force.
- The quark model proposes that hadrons like baryons and mesons are composed of more fundamental particles called quarks. Early models included up, down and strange quarks.
- Additional quarks were later discovered and the color quantum number was introduced to satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle and allow different quark combinations. Color neutrality is achieved through combinations of three quarks or a quark-antiquark pair
Heisenberg uncertainity principle & wave particle duality roll (422) d1Omkar Rane
1) Davisson and Germer observed that electrons exhibited wave-like interference patterns when reflected off a crystal, providing evidence that particles can behave as waves.
2) De Broglie derived mathematical relationships between the particle properties of a wave-particle and its wave properties, relating momentum to wavelength and kinetic energy to frequency.
3) Wave-particle duality describes how light and other quantum objects behave as either particles or waves depending on the observation, as evidenced in experiments showing light's dual nature.
The document discusses various perspectives on purpose and teleology from science, philosophy, and religion. It summarizes that modern physics has found no evidence of intrinsic purpose or design in nature, though higher-level phenomena can exhibit emergent teleology. While science only describes reality, humans are free to find purpose and meaning through creative and ethical frameworks, as long as they are compatible with scientific understanding. Purpose is not predetermined but comes from our own choices and stories.
This document discusses the multiverse theory in physics. It begins by defining the observable universe and the idea of a multiverse as multiple observable universes. It then covers evidence that led physicists to consider the multiverse, including the accelerating expansion of the universe and problems with the cosmological constant. It describes two versions of the multiverse theory - the inflationary multiverse from eternal inflation and the string theory landscape. It concludes by questioning whether the multiverse is a scientific theory and if it is testable or predictive.
In this section, we look at how New Energy science is causing us to re-examine fundamental forces in Nature such as gravity and inertia. We can now understand how a certain type of "perpetual motion machine" is practical and how we can manipulate electron orbitals to extract free, clean energy from the quantum vacuum.
The document presents a proposal for a bioresorbable stent called REabSORb. It discusses the current issues with permanent metal stents, including risks of blood clots. REabSORb would dissolve completely in 2-3 years using polymers and drug coatings. It outlines the product development process including design, components, testing assumptions and budget. The proposal suggests it would provide benefits like reduced risk of clots or re-intervention compared to permanent stents.
This document describes different types of calcification that can occur in soft tissues and arteries. It discusses metastatic calcification caused by abnormal calcium metabolism, dystrophic calcification related to tissue damage, and calcinosis which occurs with normal calcium metabolism. Specific types of soft tissue calcification are described associated with parasites, hematomas, necrosis, metabolic disorders, and various conditions like dermatomyositis. Calcification patterns in arteries, veins, tendons and various structures are also outlined. Different types of ossification including myositis ossificans, post-traumatic myositis ossificans, and paraplegic myositis ossificans are summarized.
Gifford Lecture One: Cosmos, Time, MemorySean Carroll
Based on my book The Big Picture, this is the first of five lectures exploring how different ways of talking about the world fit together. The other four lectures are on YouTube.
The document discusses the Higgs boson particle and its significance in fundamental physics. It explores how the concept of the "god particle" emerged and led to the development of the Standard Model. The Higgs boson is the only particle in the Standard Model that has not been observed. Finding evidence of the Higgs boson would complete the Standard Model and help explain the origin of mass. Large experiments like the LHC were built to detect the rare Higgs boson and gain insights into fundamental forces and particles.
- In 1976, Stephen Hawking argued that black holes destroy information, requiring a modification of quantum mechanics principles. In 2004, he changed his mind.
- Maldacena's 1997 discovery of AdS/CFT duality suggested that a black hole is dual to an ordinary thermal system described by quantum mechanics, where information is preserved. However, questions remain about how spacetime emerges in AdS/CFT and how holography works in other spacetimes.
- A 2013 paper proposed that the postulates of black hole complementarity - purity, no drama at the horizon, effective field theory validity outside the horizon - cannot all be true, suggesting a "firewall" of high-energy particles may form at the black
The Hubble Space Telescope is a large space-based observatory named after astronomer Edwin Hubble that has provided unprecedented views of the universe. Hubble orbits Earth every 96 minutes and has taken many famous images including pillars of creation in the Eagle Nebula and the Crab Nebula. Some of Hubble's images show planetary nebulae, star clusters, galaxies and more distant objects in the universe.
The document provides an overview of quantum mechanics, beginning with classical mechanics and the idea of a deterministic "clockwork universe." It then discusses early hints of quantum theory and how the field developed in the 1920s. Key aspects of quantum mechanics are introduced, such as the wave function, superposition, interference, entanglement, and decoherence. Measurement in quantum mechanics is discussed, as are different interpretations like Copenhagen and Many Worlds. The document uses examples like the behavior of a cat to help illustrate various quantum concepts.
The document discusses the search for the Higgs boson particle at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). It provides background on Peter Higgs and the Higgs mechanism that predicts the existence of the Higgs boson. It describes how the LHC collides protons to produce particles, focusing on strategies to discover the Higgs boson by analyzing decay products and looking for a peak in the invariant mass distribution. It outlines some of the main decay channels researchers will examine in the search.
Dark matter is an invisible form of matter that accounts for about 85% of the matter in the universe. It was first proposed in 1933 to explain unexpected motions of galaxies, and its existence and properties have since been further confirmed by various observations, though its exact nature remains unknown. Dark matter is distinct from dark energy, which is driving the accelerating expansion of the universe. Leading candidates for dark matter include WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) such as neutralinos and axions.
Astronomy - Stat eof the Art - CosmologyChris Impey
Astronomy - State of the Art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the properties of the whole universe are covered, including Hubble expansion, the age and size, the big bang, and dark energy.
The Origin of the Universe and the Arrow of TimeSean Carroll
The arrow of time emerges from the low entropy conditions of the early universe. Entropy was lowest near the Big Bang, and has increased over time as the universe evolved into a more disordered state. This increasing entropy is responsible for why we can reconstruct the past but not the future from present conditions. While the fundamental laws of physics are time symmetric, the arrow of time arises from the specific initial state of the universe. Explaining why the early universe had such an ordered, low entropy initial state remains an open question in cosmology.
The Big Bang model describes the origin and evolution of our universe. It postulates that approximately 13.8 billion years ago, the entire observable universe was only a few millimeters in size and extremely hot and dense. Since then, the universe has been expanding and cooling. Evidence for the Big Bang includes the expansion of the universe, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the relative abundance of light elements like hydrogen and helium. The Doppler effect and redshift help astronomers measure the speeds at which distant galaxies are receding from Earth, leading to the discovery that the expansion of the universe is accelerating. Dark matter and dark energy are hypothesized to explain discrepancies in measurements of the density and expansion rate of the universe.
(1) The document discusses the origins and evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to the potential future scenarios of the Big Freeze or Big Crunch, depending on whether dark energy or dark matter wins out.
(2) It also covers the life cycles of stars from birth to death, whether they are small or massive stars, and the formation of objects like neutron stars and black holes.
(3) Einstein's theories of relativity and the implications for time travel are mentioned, along with the impossibility of travelling faster than the speed of light according to known laws of physics.
This document provides an overview of chromodynamics and the quark model. It discusses the following key points:
- Quantum chromodynamics describes the strong force and interaction between quarks via the exchange of gluons. Quarks have a property called "color" and gluons mediate the color force.
- The quark model proposes that hadrons like baryons and mesons are composed of more fundamental particles called quarks. Early models included up, down and strange quarks.
- Additional quarks were later discovered and the color quantum number was introduced to satisfy the Pauli exclusion principle and allow different quark combinations. Color neutrality is achieved through combinations of three quarks or a quark-antiquark pair
Heisenberg uncertainity principle & wave particle duality roll (422) d1Omkar Rane
1) Davisson and Germer observed that electrons exhibited wave-like interference patterns when reflected off a crystal, providing evidence that particles can behave as waves.
2) De Broglie derived mathematical relationships between the particle properties of a wave-particle and its wave properties, relating momentum to wavelength and kinetic energy to frequency.
3) Wave-particle duality describes how light and other quantum objects behave as either particles or waves depending on the observation, as evidenced in experiments showing light's dual nature.
The document discusses various perspectives on purpose and teleology from science, philosophy, and religion. It summarizes that modern physics has found no evidence of intrinsic purpose or design in nature, though higher-level phenomena can exhibit emergent teleology. While science only describes reality, humans are free to find purpose and meaning through creative and ethical frameworks, as long as they are compatible with scientific understanding. Purpose is not predetermined but comes from our own choices and stories.
This document discusses the multiverse theory in physics. It begins by defining the observable universe and the idea of a multiverse as multiple observable universes. It then covers evidence that led physicists to consider the multiverse, including the accelerating expansion of the universe and problems with the cosmological constant. It describes two versions of the multiverse theory - the inflationary multiverse from eternal inflation and the string theory landscape. It concludes by questioning whether the multiverse is a scientific theory and if it is testable or predictive.
In this section, we look at how New Energy science is causing us to re-examine fundamental forces in Nature such as gravity and inertia. We can now understand how a certain type of "perpetual motion machine" is practical and how we can manipulate electron orbitals to extract free, clean energy from the quantum vacuum.
The document presents a proposal for a bioresorbable stent called REabSORb. It discusses the current issues with permanent metal stents, including risks of blood clots. REabSORb would dissolve completely in 2-3 years using polymers and drug coatings. It outlines the product development process including design, components, testing assumptions and budget. The proposal suggests it would provide benefits like reduced risk of clots or re-intervention compared to permanent stents.
This document describes different types of calcification that can occur in soft tissues and arteries. It discusses metastatic calcification caused by abnormal calcium metabolism, dystrophic calcification related to tissue damage, and calcinosis which occurs with normal calcium metabolism. Specific types of soft tissue calcification are described associated with parasites, hematomas, necrosis, metabolic disorders, and various conditions like dermatomyositis. Calcification patterns in arteries, veins, tendons and various structures are also outlined. Different types of ossification including myositis ossificans, post-traumatic myositis ossificans, and paraplegic myositis ossificans are summarized.
Microbiology is the study of microorganisms and their interactions with other living things. Key areas of microbiology include medical microbiology, which studies microbes that cause disease; industrial microbiology, which uses microbes for industrial processes like fermentation; and microbial biotechnology, which genetically engineers microbes to produce useful products. Microbes play many beneficial roles like producing antibiotics, enzymes, and other pharmaceuticals, and can be used to treat waste and pollution.
1) The document discusses various imaging modalities used in oral implantology such as periapical radiography, panoramic radiography, tomography, cone beam computed tomography, and computed tomography.
2) Key factors in selecting a radiographic technique include evaluating bone quantity and quality, relationship to vital structures, cost, and radiation exposure.
3) Advanced imaging such as cone beam computed tomography provides high resolution cross-sectional views with low radiation exposure and is useful for implant planning and assessment of vital structures.
Clinical anatomy of facial nerve and facial nerve palsy Ramesh Parajuli
The facial nerve is a mixed nerve that originates in the brainstem and has motor, sensory, and parasympathetic functions. It has several segments as it exits the brainstem and travels through the skull and internal auditory canal before exiting behind the ear. It gives off several branches and terminates in branches that innervate the muscles of facial expression. Facial nerve palsy can result from various causes like Bell's palsy, trauma, infection, tumors, or iatrogenic injuries. Clinical assessment and electrical tests can localize the site of injury which guides management including medications, physical therapy, or surgical interventions like decompression or repair.
Forensic science applies scientific knowledge and technology to criminal and civil law. Forensic scientists analyze physical evidence found at crime scenes and compare it to evidence from suspects. Their work and expert testimony in court helps determine guilt or innocence. Crime labs employ various specialists like those in biology, chemistry, fingerprints, documents, and more to analyze different types of evidence. Their work is important for the justice system.
General pathology lecture 5 inflammation & repairLheanne Tesoro
The document discusses various aspects of inflammation and repair. It describes the signs of acute inflammation as redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. It then covers the events in acute inflammation, including neurologic events like vasoconstriction and vasodilation, hemodynamic events such as increased permeability and slowing of blood flow, and cellular events like margination and emigration of leukocytes. Chronic inflammation and types of inflammation based on location and exudates are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing repair through granulation tissue formation, remodeling and fibrosis.
Forensic odontology is a specialized branch of dentistry that deals with the proper handling and examination of dental evidence and the use of dental findings in legal proceedings. It has become an important tool in personal identification. A forensic odontologist can help determine a person's age, gender, and identity through examination of the teeth, bitemarks, and dental records. They also play a role in criminal investigations by analyzing bitemarks left at a crime scene. While fingerprints and DNA are more reliable methods of identification, dental characteristics can still be used when other evidence is limited or not available. Forensic odontology has evolved significantly over time with advances in technology and now makes important contributions to identification and forensic investigations.
This document summarizes the major arteries and veins supplying the head and neck. It begins by listing the common carotid, external carotid, internal carotid, and subclavian arteries. It then describes the origins, branches, and relations of these arteries. It also discusses the major veins that drain the head and neck, including the external jugular, internal jugular, retromandibular and subclavian veins. It provides diagrams to illustrate the anatomy.
Imaging in implantology /certified fixed orthodontic courses by Indian denta...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
Indian dental academy provides dental crown & Bridge,rotary endodontics,fixed orthodontics,
Dental implants courses.for details pls visit www.indiandentalacademy.com ,or call
00919248678078
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.
This document discusses various types of oral pigmentation. It begins by defining pigmentation as the deposition of pigments in oral tissues. Pigmentation can be endogenous from increased melanin or melanocytes, or exogenous from introduced materials.
The document then classifies pigmentation and discusses specific types in detail. Endogenous pigmentation includes freckles and melanotic macules. Melanosis can be associated with systemic diseases or medications. Exogenous pigmentation may result from substances like tattoos, metals, or drugs deposited in tissues. Overall pigmentation can have many causes and determining the exact cause requires a thorough history, exam, and sometimes biopsy.
The document summarizes key aspects of the human genome and genome projects. It discusses that a genome contains an organism's complete DNA including all genes. It describes the physical structure of human DNA including nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA, and RNA. It provides details on the goals and completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003, two years ahead of schedule. The project aimed to identify all human genes and map the 3 billion base pairs of human DNA.
The document provides information on protein purification techniques including:
1) Primary techniques involve breaking open cells, fractionating proteins based on size or charge, and salting out using ammonium sulfate.
2) Chromatography techniques separate proteins based on properties like binding interactions, charge, size, and isoelectric point using columns.
3) The final purity required depends on the application, with 95-99% purity needed for assays and over 99% for therapeutic use. Analytical techniques confirm identity and purity of the purified protein.
The Human Genome Project was a 15-year scientific effort that mapped the entire human genome. It was primarily funded by governments in the US, UK, Japan, and other countries and cost $3 billion total. The project successfully identified the locations of all genes within human DNA and provided insights that enable genetically modifying crops, locating cancer cells, and diagnosing genetic diseases prenatally. Key techniques included genetic mapping to locate gene pairs on chromosomes and linkage analysis to determine the distance between disease-causing genes. The project's outcomes include further enabling gene therapy and precisely locating genes responsible for diseases.
This document provides an overview of inflammation, including its definition, history, types (acute and chronic), classical signs, vascular and cellular events, chemical mediators, and outcomes. Inflammation is defined as a protective response to injury or infection that involves increased blood flow, blood vessel permeability, and the migration of white blood cells. The classical signs of inflammation are heat, redness, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Key events in acute inflammation include increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis of white blood cells, phagocytosis of pathogens, and the release of chemical mediators like histamine and cytokines. Chronic inflammation is long-lasting inflammation that involves ongoing tissue damage and repair. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
The document discusses the human genome project, which aimed to sequence the entire human genome and identify all human genes. It provides background on the human genome, describing its size, number of genes, and chromosomes. It details the goals and milestones of the human genome project from 1986 to 2003. Vectors like yeast artificial chromosomes and bacterial artificial chromosomes were used to clone large fragments of DNA for sequencing.
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks and damages healthy body tissues. There are over 80 types of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. The causes are not fully understood but may involve genetic and environmental factors. Common treatments aim to suppress the immune system to reduce symptoms, though diagnosis and treatment can be challenging given the wide variation in symptoms and tissues affected across different autoimmune diseases.
The facial nerve has both sensory and motor components. It has nuclei in the pons that control muscles of facial expression, lacrimal and salivary glands, and taste sensation on the anterior tongue. The facial nerve exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen and divides into branches that innervate muscles of the face, scalp and neck including the orbicularis oculi and orbicularis oris. It also communicates with adjacent cranial and spinal nerves to coordinate movements between branchial arches.
1. The cellular events of inflammation involve the adhesion of leukocytes to endothelial cells, their migration through blood vessels into tissues, and chemotaxis towards inflammatory stimuli.
2. Phagocytosis is the process by which phagocytes engulf pathogens or debris through opsonization, engulfment, degranulation, and degradation. Phagocytes release reactive oxygen species and enzymes to kill pathogens intracellularly.
3. The resolution of acute inflammation involves demolition of exudates by macrophages, with complete healing and return to normal tissue, or formation of granulation tissue and fibrosis if resolution is delayed. Prolonged inflammation can result in suppuration and abscess formation.
The document discusses the history of particle physics and the development of the Standard Model of particle physics. It describes how particles like electrons, protons, neutrons were discovered and how the atomic model evolved. Experiments at particle accelerators revealed more fundamental particles that were grouped into families and the three quark model was developed. The Higgs mechanism was proposed to explain how fundamental particles acquire mass through interacting with the hypothesized Higgs field. The Large Hadron Collider was built at CERN to search for the predicted but not yet observed Higgs boson and potentially discover signs of new physics like supersymmetry.
String theory proposes that fundamental particles are not point-like but are tiny vibrating strings. It aims to unify quantum mechanics and general relativity by incorporating gravity into a theory of everything at very small scales. String theory predicts that spacetime has 10 dimensions rather than the observed 4 dimensions, with the extra 6 dimensions being curled up too small to detect directly. While strings have never been observed, string theory remains a promising area of research as the only known way to reconcile quantum mechanics and general relativity.
Big Bang Theory & Other Recent Sciences || 2014 - Dr. Mahbub Khaniqra tube
RECENT SCIENCES
Big Bang, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Black Hole, Neutrino, God Particle, Higgs Field, Graviton, Expansion of Universe, and Search for Life elsewhere in the Cosmos
Astronomy - State of the Art - GalaxiesChris Impey
Astronomy - State of the Art is a course covering the hottest topics in astronomy. In this section, the properties of galaxies are discussed, including supermassive black holes and dark matter.
This is a very broad overview of cosmology. It includes an introduction to galaxies, the large scale structure of the universe, black holes, and the fate of the universe. It is intended for teenagers and up.
Universe and the Solar System (Lesson 1).pptxJoenelRubino3
SHS Earth and Life Grade 11 Lesson 1. This lesson discusses the compos of the universe, the origin of the universe, different hypotheses of the origin of the universe
The Big Bang model describes the origin and evolution of our universe. It postulates that approximately 13.8 billion years ago, the entire observable universe was only a few millimeters in size and extremely hot and dense. The universe has been expanding and cooling ever since. Evidence for the Big Bang includes the expansion of the universe, the cosmic microwave background radiation, and the relative abundance of light elements like hydrogen and helium.
Prof Jonathan Sievers (UKZN) NITheP Associate Workshop talk Rene Kotze
The document discusses the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and what can be learned from precise measurements of it. The CMB provides information to answer fundamental questions about the universe, such as what it is made of, how old it is, and how fast it is expanding. Recent experiments like the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) have made accurate measurements of the CMB temperature and polarization, revealing the density of ordinary and dark matter, supporting inflation, and constraining the number of neutrino species and particle properties. Upgraded instruments like ACTpol aim to further improve measurements and help address open questions in cosmology and particle physics.
These slides are prepared for giving a quick lecture to any kind of Astro freak audience. It will demonstrate a brief overview of our visible universe (cosmos) and some very basic idea of our cosmological aspects.
Visit: www.ahmedsanny.com for more lectures, notes, articles, and contents.
This document summarizes the history and current understanding of cosmology and the universe. It discusses how early thinkers like Newton and Einstein contributed to models of the universe. Key developments include Alexander Friedmann showing the universe is dynamic and expanding or contracting, Edwin Hubble discovering galaxies are moving away, and Georges Lemaître proposing the Big Bang model. Later evidence supporting the Big Bang includes the cosmic microwave background radiation and supernovae observations. Dark matter and dark energy are now understood to make up most of the universe, but their nature remains mysterious. Ongoing questions concern the composition and ultimate fate of the expanding universe.
- The document discusses the Big Bang theory of the origin and expansion of the universe, and the search for the Higgs boson particle through experiments at the Large Hadron Collider.
- It explains that the Big Bang originated from a point of infinite density where the laws of physics break down, and that black holes may give birth to "baby universes" through singularities.
- The document highlights how particle physics experiments like those at the LHC aim to understand the fundamental forces and particles that make up the universe, such as the still-hypothetical Higgs boson particle.
Dark side ofthe_universe_public_29_september_2017_nazarbayev_shrtZhaksylyk Kazykenov
1) The document discusses the history of discoveries about the universe, from ancient cosmologies to modern precision cosmology. Key developments include realizing the sun is at the center of the solar system, discovering other galaxies and the expansion of the universe, and detecting the cosmic microwave background and dark matter.
2) Current open questions about the universe include the nature of dark matter and dark energy. Observations show dark energy is accelerating the expansion of the universe, but its underlying cause remains unknown. Precise measurements aim to distinguish between models of dark energy.
3) The standard cosmological model has been very successful in explaining observations but has fine-tuning problems regarding why the present epoch is dominated by both matter and dark energy.
The universe is composed of ordinary visible matter (4%), dark matter (21%), and dark energy (75%). Dark matter's existence was postulated to explain gravitational forces, while dark energy causes the accelerated expansion of the universe. The Big Bang theory proposes that approximately 13.7 billion years ago, the universe began as a very dense, hot mass that exploded and expanded. Evidence for this includes the cosmic microwave background radiation and the formation of light elements. Galaxies formed over time and come in elliptical, spiral, and irregular shapes. Stars form from clouds of dust and gas through gravitational collapse and nuclear fusion.
The document discusses several key topics in cosmology and physics:
1. The fate and shape of the universe depends on factors like the amount of mass and the cosmological constant. Observable evidence suggests the expansion is accelerating.
2. Inflation theory posits that the early universe underwent extremely rapid expansion, which would explain the uniformity seen today.
3. The four fundamental forces were unified in the earliest moments. Grand unified theories aim to further combine them.
4. Some theories speculate our universe is one of many in a multiverse, with parallel universes arising from eternal inflation, quantum fluctuations, or different mathematical structures.
5. The anthropic principle notes our universe must
Black holes are the most mysterious objects in the Universe. Black holes are huge hungry monsters which even devours light. Yes, even light cannot escape the black hole.
Black holes are regions of space where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape. They form when very massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycles. While black holes cannot be seen directly, astronomers can detect them by observing their effects on nearby objects like stars and gas, and through detection of x-rays emitted during accretion. Black holes come in different sizes, from stellar-mass black holes up to supermassive black holes that may exist at the centers of galaxies.
Black holes are objects with extremely strong gravity that prevents anything, even light, from escaping. They form when very massive stars collapse at the end of their life cycles. Although we cannot see inside black holes, theories predict all the matter is compressed into a single point of infinite density called a singularity. Black holes can be detected using telescopes that observe electromagnetic radiation like x-rays from material falling into them. There are likely many black holes throughout the universe, but none close enough to pose a danger to Earth.
The document discusses the current understanding of what the universe is made of according to the Standard Model of particle physics. It explains that all matter is made up of fundamental particles like quarks and electrons, which in turn are made up of even smaller particles. The document then introduces string theory as a promising candidate for a unified theory that could provide a quantum description of gravity and a "Theory of Everything". String theory proposes that all fundamental particles are actually different vibrational states of tiny loops of string. While string theory derives the Standard Model, there is currently no direct experimental evidence to confirm it is the correct description of nature.
The document discusses the origin and evolution of the universe from the Big Bang to the present day. It describes how the universe began in a hot, dense state and has been expanding and cooling ever since. As it expanded, the first atomic nuclei formed via nuclear fusion. Over time, these atoms gathered together through gravity to form structures like galaxies, stars, and planets. The document also examines different astronomical objects like nebulae, quasars, and black holes that can be observed in the universe.
This document provides information about space, cosmology, the Big Bang theory, and the formation and significance of stars. It discusses what space is, the study of cosmology, evidence for the Big Bang, how stars are formed from nebulae and gravitational collapse, and how stars provide light, heat, energy and are essential for life on Earth.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE REMINI BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
Using Remini is easy and quick for enhancing your photos. Start by downloading the Remini app on your phone. Open the app and sign in or create an account. To improve a photo, tap the "Enhance" button and select the photo you want to edit from your gallery. Remini will automatically enhance the photo, making it clearer and sharper. You can compare the before and after versions by swiping the screen. Once you're happy with the result, tap "Save" to store the enhanced photo in your gallery. Remini makes your photos look amazing with just a few taps!
UR BHatti Academy dedicated to providing the finest IT courses training in the world. Under the guidance of experienced trainer Usman Rasheed Bhatti, we have established ourselves as a professional online training firm offering unparalleled courses in Pakistan. Our academy is a trailblazer in Dijkot, being the first institute to officially provide training to all students at their preferred schedules, led by real-world industry professionals and Google certified staff.
EASY TUTORIAL OF HOW TO USE G-TEAMS BY: FEBLESS HERNANEFebless Hernane
Using Google Teams (G-Teams) is simple. Start by opening the Google Teams app on your phone or visiting the G-Teams website on your computer. Sign in with your Google account. To join a meeting, click on the link shared by the organizer or enter the meeting code in the "Join a Meeting" section. To start a meeting, click on "New Meeting" and share the link with others. You can use the chat feature to send messages and the video button to turn your camera on or off. G-Teams makes it easy to connect and collaborate with others!
Lifecycle of a GME Trader: From Newbie to Diamond Handsmediavestfzllc
Your phone buzzes with a Reddit notification. It's the WallStreetBets forum, a cacophony of memes, rocketship emojis, and fervent discussions about Gamestop (GME) stock. A spark ignites within you - a mix of internet bravado, a rebellious urge to topple the hedge funds (remember Mr. Mayo?), and maybe that one late-night YouTube rabbit hole about tendies. You decide to YOLO (you only live once, right?).
Ramen noodles become your new best friend. Every spare penny gets tossed into the GME piggy bank. You're practically living on fumes, but the dream of a moonshot keeps you going. Your phone becomes an extension of your hand, perpetually glued to the GME ticker. It's a roller-coaster ride - every dip a stomach punch, every rise a shot of adrenaline.
Then, it happens. Roaring Kitty, the forum's resident legend, fires off a cryptic tweet. The apes, as the GME investors call themselves, erupt in a frenzy. Could this be it? Is the rocket finally fueled for another epic launch? You grip your phone tighter, heart pounding in your chest. It's a wild ride, but you're in it for the long haul.
This tutorial presentation provides a step-by-step guide on how to use Facebook, the popular social media platform. In simple and easy-to-understand language, this presentation explains how to create a Facebook account, connect with friends and family, post updates, share photos and videos, join groups, and manage privacy settings. Whether you're new to Facebook or just need a refresher, this presentation will help you navigate the features and make the most of your Facebook experience.
This tutorial presentation offers a beginner-friendly guide to using THREADS, Instagram's messaging app. It covers the basics of account setup, privacy settings, and explores the core features such as close friends lists, photo and video sharing, creative tools, and status updates. With practical tips and instructions, this tutorial will empower you to use THREADS effectively and stay connected with your close friends on Instagram in a private and engaging way.
Your LinkedIn Success Starts Here.......SocioCosmos
In order to make a lasting impression on your sector, SocioCosmos provides customized solutions to improve your LinkedIn profile.
https://www.sociocosmos.com/product-category/linkedin/
Telegram is a messaging platform that ushers in a new era of communication. Available for Android, Windows, Mac, and Linux, Telegram offers simplicity, privacy, synchronization across devices, speed, and powerful features. It allows users to create their own stickers with a user-friendly editor. With robust encryption, Telegram ensures message security and even offers self-destructing messages. The platform is open, with an API and source code accessible to everyone, making it a secure and social environment where groups can accommodate up to 200,000 members. Customize your messenger experience with Telegram's expressive features.
Project Serenity is an innovative initiative aimed at transforming urban environments into sustainable, self-sufficient communities. By integrating green architecture, renewable energy, smart technology, sustainable transportation, and urban farming, Project Serenity seeks to minimize the ecological footprint of cities while enhancing residents' quality of life. Key components include energy-efficient buildings, IoT-enabled resource management, electric and autonomous transportation options, green spaces, and robust waste management systems. Emphasizing community engagement and social equity, Project Serenity aspires to serve as a global model for creating eco-friendly, livable urban spaces that harmonize modern conveniences with environmental stewardship.
The Evolution of SEO: Insights from a Leading Digital Marketing AgencyDigital Marketing Lab
Explore the latest trends in Search Engine Optimization (SEO) and discover how modern practices are transforming business visibility. This document delves into the shift from keyword optimization to user intent, highlighting key trends such as voice search optimization, artificial intelligence, mobile-first indexing, and the importance of E-A-T principles. Enhance your online presence with expert insights from Digital Marketing Lab, your partner in maximizing SEO performance.
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISMAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Huzhou has rich tourism resources, as early as a considerable development since the reform and
opening up, especially in recent years, Huzhou tourism has ushered in a new period of development
opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
Huzhou City, on the basis of analyzing the specific situation, pointed out that the current development of
Huzhou tourism problems, and then analyzes these problems one by one, and put forward some specific
solutions, so as to promote the further rapid development of tourism in Huzhou City.
KEYWORDS:Huzhou; Travel; Development
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISM
Dark Eneary and Dark Mass
1. Dark Matter and Dark Energy:
From the Universe to
the Laboratory
2. Dark Matter and Dark Energy:
from the Universe to the Laboratory
Sean Carroll, University of Chicago
http://pancake.uchicago.edu/~carroll/
In the course of the 20th century
we went from knowing almost
nothing about the universe to
knowing all its basic features.
But knowing is different from
understanding. That is the
challenge before us right now.
3. Corey's question:
Why do you study
really big things and
really small things,
not things in between?
4. Start with the basics:
What do we see when
we look at the universe?
Imagine looking at the sky
on a clear night. We live
at the outskirts of a huge,
disk-like collection of stars:
the Milky Way galaxy.
5. Looking more deeply, we see the universe is filled with galaxies.
1924: Edwin Hubble shows that each galaxy is
a collection of stars, just like the Milky Way.
6. What is more: the universe is expanding.
1929: Hubble again, this time
showing that the further away
a galaxy is, the more rapidly it
is moving away from us.
velocity
distance
Modern version of Hubble's diagram.
7. Expansion dilutes the number of particles and redshifts radiation.
Thus, the early universe was dense and hot.
It began expanding 14 billion years ago: the Big Bang.
Radio telescopes can detect the leftover radiation from
this hot, dense phase: the Cosmic Microwave Background.
8. In a nutshell, that's the
universe we see: an
expanding collection of
galaxies, emerging from
a hot dense phase about
14 billion years ago.
Let's think more carefully
about the stuff that stars
and galaxies are made of.
[Sky & Telescope magazine]
9. Everything we see ultimately arises from different
combinations of the same fundamental particles.
Particles come in two basic types:
Matter particles
-- “Fermions” -take up space
Enrico Fermi
Force particles
-- “Bosons” -can pile on top
of each other
Satyendra Nath Bose
10. Ordinary matter is made of fermions,
held together by bosons.
Nucleons (protons
and neutrons):
Atoms:
neutrons
quarks
protons
gluons
electrons
photons
11. The fermions we know:
charm
quark
up
quark
bottom
quark
strange
quark
down
quark
tau
muon
electron
(leptons)
top
quark
electron
neutrino
muon
neutrino
Three generations!
tau
neutrino
increasing mass
“Who ordered that?”
-- I.I. Rabi
12. The forces we know, and their associated bosons:
Electromagnetism: the photon
Weak interactions: W & Z bosons
Strong interactions: 8 gluons
Gravity: the graviton
(not yet quantized!)
Higgs force: the Higgs boson
(not yet detected!)
13. Together, these bosons and fermions comprise
t the Standard Model of Particle Physics.
The Standard Model was pieced together largely
from experiments at particle accelerators, colliding
high-energy particles to produce new ones.
Here's the amazing thing:
the Standard Model (plus
gravity) is consistent with
every experiment ever
performed here on Earth.
(At least, so far.)
14. Even more: using the Standard Model, we can
extrapolate back to the first few minutes of the
Universe, and make precise predictions that have
been spectacularly verified: Big Bang Nucleosynthesis.
t=
3 minutes
protons (Hydrogen nuclei)
and heavier nuclei
t = 1 second
after Big Bang
free protons
and neutrons
Prediction: mostly H,
24% Helium, trace
Li and D. Spot on!
15. How do we know that what we see is all there is?
There may be stuff in the universe we can't see -both invisible and transparent. How could we detect
such stuff? Gravity. Explained by Einstein as arising
from the curvature of spacetime.
The special feature of gravity is that everything causes
gravity, in direct proportion to how much energy it
contains. You can't hide from gravity!
16. This suggests a
way to search for
invisible matter:
gravitational
lensing.
The gravitational field of a galaxy (or cluster of galaxies)
deflects passing light; the more mass, the greater deflection.
So we can infer the existence of matter even if we can't see it.
17. Hubble Space Telescope image of a cluster of galaxies.
An irregular blue galaxy in the background is multiply-imaged.
18. Mass reconstruction of the cluster. Note the large, smooth
distribution of (apparently invisible) matter.
19. There is much more matter in
the universe than can be
accounted for by ordinary stuff
(stars, gas, dust, planets).
We conclude that there must be
something else: Dark Matter.
Vera
Rubin
Even stranger, the dark matter isn't
made of ordinary atoms – it's a
completely new kind of particle.
Dark
Ordinary
Something that's heavy, but
nevertheless stable (doesn't decay).
20. Are we sure that ordinary matter and dark matter
are the whole story? What about stuff in between
galaxies and clusters?
We want to “weigh” the
whole universe. To do
that: measure the rate
at which expansion
slows down, due to the
mutual gravitational
pull of all the matter.
21. T To track the expansion rate, use Supernovae
o (exploding white dwarf stars) as standard candles.
SN 1994d
23. Result: the universe is actually accelerating,
not slowing down at all!
Who
ordered
that?
24. What would make the universe accelerate?
Best answer: Dark Energy. A form of energy that
exists even in empty space (“vacuum energy”).
Smoothly distributed through
space: doesn't fall into
galaxies and clusters.
Constant density (or changing
very slowly) through time.
Not diluted by expansion.
Invisible to ordinary matter.
Only detected via gravity.
(artist's impression
of vacuum energy)
25. We therefore seem to have a complete inventory of
the stuff of which the universe is made:
70% Dark
Energy
25% Dark
Matter
5% Ordinary
Matter
But: this universe has issues.
26. Problem with dark energy: There's not enough!
The vacuum (empty space)
is not a quiet place; it roils
with the quantum fluctuations
of every field in the universe.
These fluctuations should
carry energy; we know for
a fact that they affect other
forces (besides gravity).
A quick back-of-the-envelope calculation reveals:
theoretical prediction = 10120 times observation.
A universe with such a vacuum energy would have been ripped to
shreds long ago.
27. So we know a great deal:
General relativity (gravity)
Standard Model of particle physics
Inventory: ordinary matter, dark matter, dark energy.
But deep puzzles remain:
Reconcile gravity with quantum mechanics?
What is the dark matter?
What is the dark energy? And why so little?
Look for big ideas to tie things together.
28. Here's one big idea:
Bring particles and spacetime together through
the magic of extra dimensions.
Extra dimensions come in two flavors:
“Ordinary” spatial dimensions -just curled up really small
Super dimensions!
zero length, hidden from view
29. Both ordinary and super extra dimensions are
predicted by String Theory.
The idea that all elementary particles (electrons,
quarks, etc.) are really tiny loops of string.
A proton is made
of quarks and gluons...
... and each
particle is
really a string.
10-33 cm
10-14 cm
("Planck length")
The miracle of string theory is that it reconciles
gravity and quantum mechanics. And it needs extra
dimensions: seven ordinary, 32 super-dimensions.
30. “Ordinary” extra dimensions of space
Old-school compactification:
curl up dimensions until
they're too small to see
(Kaluza & Klein)
New-fangled approach:
imagine we are
confined to a "brane.”
Gravity can leak into
extra dimensions, but
we are stuck in our three.
31. How to look for extra dimensions – if we get lucky.
If gravity leaks into extra dimensions,
Newton's inverse-square law should break
down at small distances – gravity will be
stronger than you think.
If extra dimensions are large, gravity
becomes strong at energies accessible
at colliders, and we can produce
gravitons at particle accelerators.
They will be detected as
"missing energy."
32. Can extra dimensions help with dark matter? Maybe.
Particles can have momentum in the extra
dimensions. They would appear to us as ordinary
particles, except with extra mass.
Momentum is conserved, so the lightest such
particle will be stable: Kaluza-Klein Dark Matter.
33. Can extra dimensions help
with dark energy? Maybe.
Crucial fact: there's not
just one good way to
compactify, there are
many. Perhaps 10500 !
The “constants of nature”
we observe depend on the
shape and size of the
compact manifold.
Everything changes from
one compactification to
the next, including the
value of the vacuum energy.
34. Maybe each compactification actually exists somewhere.
Regions outside our observable universe, where the laws
of physics and constants of nature appear to be different.
In that case, vacuum
energy would be like
the weather; not a
fundamental parameter,
but something that
depends on where you
are in the universe.
Therefore (so the reasoning goes), it's hardly surprising
that we find such a tiny value of the vacuum energy –
regions where it is large are inhospitable (like the Sun).
35. Super dimensions!
Idea: extra dimensions of zero size, with the
funny property that bosons can vibrate in the new
directions and become fermions, and vice-versa.
There can be a symmetry between ordinary and
super-dimensions (just as there already is among
ordinary dimensions): Supersymmetry!
36. Unlike ordinary spatial symmetry, supersymmetry
is not manifest in the world we see; the observed
bosons and fermions don't match up.
?
Supersymmetry can still be real, but it must be hidden.
37. Hiding supersymmetry makes “partner” particles
heavier. We imagine that every observed particle
has a superpartner, just too massive to be seen.
squarks
gluinos
gravitino
sleptons
quarks
photino
graviton
leptons
photon
wino, zino
higgsino
gluons
W's, Z
higgs
1000
times
mass
of the
proton
38. Don't just sit there – look for them!
The search is on to discover superpartners at
high-energy particle accelerators. High-energy
collisions can produce high-mass particles (E=mc2).
Tevatron at Fermilab, outside
Chicago – collecting data now!
Large Hadron Collider at CERN,
outside Geneva – online 2007.
39. Can supersymmetry help with dark matter? Maybe.
It's often the case that “super-ness” is conserved;
superpartners all decay into the Lightest Supersymmetric
Particle (LSP), which can be dark matter!
photino
higgsino
Which particle
is the LSP
is something
we don't yet
know – maybe
the photino or
higgsino.
40. We're busily trying to actually detect
supersymmetric dark matter!
direct detection: DM particles
bump into underground detectors
indirect detection: DM particles
annihilate into gamma rays,
observed by telescopes (e.g. GLAST)
41. Can supersymmetry help with dark energy? Maybe.
Remember: the huge
prediction for dark
energy (10120) comes
from particles
fluctuating in empty
space.
Interestingly: fluctuating bosons always give a
positive vacuum energy, fermions give a negative
vacuum energy. Can they cancel? Not perfectly,
because we know supersymmetry is hidden. In fact:
supersymmetry prediction = 1060 times observation.
Okay, that's still pretty bad. This is a real problem.
42. dark energy
Dark Matter and
Dark Energy:
Introverted?
ordinary
matter
Standard Model
gravity
dark
matter
43. dark energy
Dark Matter and
Dark Energy:
Interactive?
evolution?
perturbations?
mass-varying neutrinos?
variable constants?
5th forces?
ordinary
matter
Standard Model
gravity
Weak int?
(wimps)
anomalies?
(axions)
baryogenesis?
variable-mass particles?
Chaplygin gas?
scattering?
annihilation?
dark
matter
44. The Universe and the Laboratory:
complementary approaches
Surveillance
Interrogation
45. In the meantime, we have a picture of our universe which
fits a remarkable variety of observations, but seems
preposterous on its face.
70% dark
energy
25% dark matter
5% ordinary
matter
Seeking simplicity, we are led to astonishing ideas.
What will be next?