The document discusses fabric defects, their causes, and analysis methods. It defines fabric defects as abnormalities that hinder consumer acceptability. Defect-free fabrics exhibit consistent performance and appearance. Fabric defects can be caused by machine-related factors like failures in preparation machines or maintenance issues, and material-related factors like fiber contaminants or mixing inconsistencies. Advanced testing systems at Auburn University can conduct defect analysis and diagnostics to identify the root causes of defects through examination of fabric and yarn samples. Understanding the causes of defects can help prevent reoccurrence and improve quality.
This document provides a guide to improving cotton knit products by making informed decisions at each stage of manufacturing. It discusses fiber selection, yarn spinning systems, fabric construction, preparation, dyeing, and finishing processes. The quality of the final garment is directly affected by these decisions. Understanding how each step influences subsequent stages can help reduce costs, deliver higher quality products with fewer returns, and develop value-added products. The guide analyzes options at each stage and their effects on time, cost, and fabric characteristics. Consultation with experts is recommended to tailor the process to specific needs.
This document discusses common defects that can occur during dyeing, printing, and finishing of fabrics, as well as their potential causes. It provides examples of dyeing defects such as bleeding, crocking, shade bars, holes, off shades, and uneven dyeing that may result from issues with the material, water quality, or dye solution. Printing defects like flushing, bleeding, misfits, banding, unwanted pigment marks, and cracks can arise from problems with the print paste or screen. Finishing defects like unwanted marks, decolorized patches, pin holes, pucker, bowing, pilling, water spots, torn selvages, cuts, and soil are also explained. The document emphasizes understanding the
1. Common causes of dyeing defects include imperfect material preparation, improper water quality, and shortcomings in making the dyeing solution or operating the dye machinery.
2. Specific issues can arise from the fiber properties, use of carriers, differences in fiber structure and heat/tension during processing, residual chemicals, and inadequate dyeing conditions.
3. Dyeing problems like unlevelness, cloudiness, pale areas, and lack of reproducibility can result from many factors including unstable dyes, unsuitable dye combinations, imperfect pretreatment, fiber variations, and inconsistent dyeing programs or conditions. Attention to fiber properties and dyeing procedures is important to address common defects.
SAATI S.p.A is an international group that manufactures advanced woven fabrics and chemical products for filtration, screen printing, composites, and ballistics protection. It offers customized filtration solutions including woven fabrics, fabricated parts, surface treatments, and R&D support for various industries. SAATI produces monofilament fabrics with precise and consistent pore sizes from 7 to 2000 μm that provide accurate filtration with minimal pressure loss. It has capabilities to engineer fabrics into cut, pleated, tubular, and other shapes using various fabrication technologies. SAATI works with industries such as automotive, healthcare, appliances, water, and acoustics.
Everything you need for your as textiles technologyAlice Spencer
This document provides an overview of the content needed for an AS Textiles Technology exam covering several key areas:
1. Fibre types including natural, manufactured, and synthetic fibres as well as their properties and how they affect end use.
2. Materials and components such as yarns, fabric construction methods, finishes, trims, and how properties influence design solutions.
3. Design and market influence including history of design, product evolution, design methodology, the designer's role, design sources, and market research.
The document outlines the various fibres, materials, manufacturing processes, and design considerations that students should understand for the exam.
FAST is a fabric testing system developed by CSIRO in Australia. It consists of four instruments (FAST 1-3) and one test (FAST 4) to predict how fabrics will perform when made into garments. The instruments measure properties like thickness, bending, extension, and stability. Results are plotted to create a "fabric fingerprint" showing suitability for intended use. Unlike other systems, FAST is cheaper, simpler, and better for industrial use.
Name:- SAHEB BHATTACHARYA (PASS OUT-2017).Student of---Govt. college of Engineering and Textile Technology, Berhampore.WEST BENGAL. DEPT.-- B.tech in Textile technology
1.What is fibre?
2.Classification of textile fibres
3.Identification of some fibres.
4. Story of silk.
5.life cycle of silkworm.
6.Morphological structure of natural fibre and man made fibre(cotton,,wool,silk,jute and nylon)
6.Description of man made fibres (nylon,poly ethylene ,PET,PVC, Glass fibre)
7.Description of mineral fibre.
8.Property of man made fibres
9.Some defination related with fibre science
10.Moisture regain % and moisture content % of some fibres
11.Application of textile fibres.
12.References
Space dyeing is a technique that dyes yarn in multiple colors along its length to create abstract patterns. It involves dyeing yarn skeins, packages, or hanks with different colors in discrete spaced areas. This produces uniquely patterned yarns that make vividly designed fabrics when knitted, woven, or otherwise constructed. Key methods include knit-de-knit, package dyeing, pot and hank dyeing. Mordants are used to fix dyes. Space dyeing uses less dye and chemicals than solid dyeing while allowing multi-color effects in a single yarn. Applications include knitwear, home textiles, and carpets.
This document provides a guide to improving cotton knit products by making informed decisions at each stage of manufacturing. It discusses fiber selection, yarn spinning systems, fabric construction, preparation, dyeing, and finishing processes. The quality of the final garment is directly affected by these decisions. Understanding how each step influences subsequent stages can help reduce costs, deliver higher quality products with fewer returns, and develop value-added products. The guide analyzes options at each stage and their effects on time, cost, and fabric characteristics. Consultation with experts is recommended to tailor the process to specific needs.
This document discusses common defects that can occur during dyeing, printing, and finishing of fabrics, as well as their potential causes. It provides examples of dyeing defects such as bleeding, crocking, shade bars, holes, off shades, and uneven dyeing that may result from issues with the material, water quality, or dye solution. Printing defects like flushing, bleeding, misfits, banding, unwanted pigment marks, and cracks can arise from problems with the print paste or screen. Finishing defects like unwanted marks, decolorized patches, pin holes, pucker, bowing, pilling, water spots, torn selvages, cuts, and soil are also explained. The document emphasizes understanding the
1. Common causes of dyeing defects include imperfect material preparation, improper water quality, and shortcomings in making the dyeing solution or operating the dye machinery.
2. Specific issues can arise from the fiber properties, use of carriers, differences in fiber structure and heat/tension during processing, residual chemicals, and inadequate dyeing conditions.
3. Dyeing problems like unlevelness, cloudiness, pale areas, and lack of reproducibility can result from many factors including unstable dyes, unsuitable dye combinations, imperfect pretreatment, fiber variations, and inconsistent dyeing programs or conditions. Attention to fiber properties and dyeing procedures is important to address common defects.
SAATI S.p.A is an international group that manufactures advanced woven fabrics and chemical products for filtration, screen printing, composites, and ballistics protection. It offers customized filtration solutions including woven fabrics, fabricated parts, surface treatments, and R&D support for various industries. SAATI produces monofilament fabrics with precise and consistent pore sizes from 7 to 2000 μm that provide accurate filtration with minimal pressure loss. It has capabilities to engineer fabrics into cut, pleated, tubular, and other shapes using various fabrication technologies. SAATI works with industries such as automotive, healthcare, appliances, water, and acoustics.
Everything you need for your as textiles technologyAlice Spencer
This document provides an overview of the content needed for an AS Textiles Technology exam covering several key areas:
1. Fibre types including natural, manufactured, and synthetic fibres as well as their properties and how they affect end use.
2. Materials and components such as yarns, fabric construction methods, finishes, trims, and how properties influence design solutions.
3. Design and market influence including history of design, product evolution, design methodology, the designer's role, design sources, and market research.
The document outlines the various fibres, materials, manufacturing processes, and design considerations that students should understand for the exam.
FAST is a fabric testing system developed by CSIRO in Australia. It consists of four instruments (FAST 1-3) and one test (FAST 4) to predict how fabrics will perform when made into garments. The instruments measure properties like thickness, bending, extension, and stability. Results are plotted to create a "fabric fingerprint" showing suitability for intended use. Unlike other systems, FAST is cheaper, simpler, and better for industrial use.
Name:- SAHEB BHATTACHARYA (PASS OUT-2017).Student of---Govt. college of Engineering and Textile Technology, Berhampore.WEST BENGAL. DEPT.-- B.tech in Textile technology
1.What is fibre?
2.Classification of textile fibres
3.Identification of some fibres.
4. Story of silk.
5.life cycle of silkworm.
6.Morphological structure of natural fibre and man made fibre(cotton,,wool,silk,jute and nylon)
6.Description of man made fibres (nylon,poly ethylene ,PET,PVC, Glass fibre)
7.Description of mineral fibre.
8.Property of man made fibres
9.Some defination related with fibre science
10.Moisture regain % and moisture content % of some fibres
11.Application of textile fibres.
12.References
Space dyeing is a technique that dyes yarn in multiple colors along its length to create abstract patterns. It involves dyeing yarn skeins, packages, or hanks with different colors in discrete spaced areas. This produces uniquely patterned yarns that make vividly designed fabrics when knitted, woven, or otherwise constructed. Key methods include knit-de-knit, package dyeing, pot and hank dyeing. Mordants are used to fix dyes. Space dyeing uses less dye and chemicals than solid dyeing while allowing multi-color effects in a single yarn. Applications include knitwear, home textiles, and carpets.
The slides will help someone to know basic things on textile technology. Introductory knowledge on textile technology that will help to get introduction. The slides are prepared for some other engineering working in textile sector, specially for energy and water efficiency.
1) Shrinkage is a dimensional change in fabrics where they become smaller than their original size, usually due to laundry. It is one of the main disadvantages of fabrics.
2) There are several types of shrinkage testing procedures, including relaxation shrinkage, felting shrinkage, compressive shrinkage, and residual shrinkage.
3) Factors that influence shrinkage include yarn swelling, twist factor, stitch length, GSM, elasticity of yarn, stability of fibers and yarns, construction, type of weave or knit, and tension during sewing of garments. Proper control methods like correct construction, eliminating excess tensions, and spreading with softener can help reduce shrink
Study on qualitative analysis of textile fibres by microscopic viewingMd Rakibul Hassan
1. The document describes an experiment to qualitatively analyze textile fibers using microscopic viewing. It discusses various fiber identification methods like microscopic analysis, solubility tests, burning characteristics, and staining reactions.
2. Details are provided on the microscopic appearance of different natural (cotton, linen, hemp, jute, ramie, wool, silk) and man-made (viscose rayon, cellulose acetate, acrylic, polyester, nylon) fibers under both longitudinal and cross-sectional views.
3. The student concludes that the experiment helped them learn about qualitatively analyzing textile fibers microscopically, which will be useful in their future.
This project report summarizes work done on analyzing and minimizing spirality and shrinkage problems in knitted fabrics. It discusses raw materials used, yarn types and counts, subcontractors, and costs. It also provides an overview of the evolution of Bangladesh's knitting industry and its social and economic impacts. Key points are that spirality is caused by yarn twist and machine settings, while shrinkage is due to yarn swelling; both can be reduced through washing, drying, and fabric construction methods. The knitting industry is a major employer and exporter for Bangladesh.
This document discusses different types of shrinkage that can occur in fabrics, including relaxation shrinkage, felting shrinkage, compressive shrinkage, residual shrinkage, processing shrinkage, drying shrinkage, and elastic shrinkage. It explains the causes of each type of shrinkage and factors that influence the amount of shrinkage, such as fiber type, yarn construction, fabric weight, stitch length, and finishing processes. Methods for controlling and reducing shrinkage are also outlined.
The document provides information on the process of transforming fibers into yarn and fabric. It discusses the different types of natural and man-made fibers and how they are classified. The key steps of transforming fibers into yarn are described, including blending, carding, drafting, and spinning. Common spinning techniques like ring spinning and melt extrusion for polyester are explained. The document also covers processes after yarn formation like warping, sizing, and weaving. Different types of looms and weaving patterns are defined. Fabric properties are calculated using example specifications.
This presentation discusses the properties of fibers used in textiles. It begins with an introduction of the presenters and defines a textile fiber as having strength, flexibility, and sufficient length to be spun. The document then categorizes fiber properties into mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties. Under mechanical properties, it focuses on tensile properties like stress-strain curves, and frictional properties. For chemical properties, it discusses water absorbency, interaction with acids and alkalis. Thermal properties depend on the amorphous and crystalline regions of fibers which influence properties like absorbency when heated.
Woollen Spinning, Weaving, Knitting, Dyeing, Bleaching and Printing Technology (Mule Spinning, Woollen Yarns, Woollen and Worsted Weaves, Steep and Reclining Twills, Wool Dyes, Ring Dyeing, Ring Dyeing, Fluorochemicals, Mothproofing, Soluble Vat Dyes, Bisulfite Bleach, Bleaching Wool, Hank Dryers, Dyeing Wool Mixtures, Chlorinated Wool, Ring Dyeing)
Spinning is a major industry; it is part of the textile manufacturing process where three types of fibre are converted into yarn, then fabric, then textiles. The textiles are then fabricated into clothes or other artifacts. The fundamental operations for the stocks of fibers from which a woollen yarn is made are opening, cleaning, mixing, forming a slubbing or roving and finally thinning the roving to the required yarn number and twisting it to produce a yarn possessing the requirements for subsequent processing such as warping, winding, weaving, finishing and dyeing.
See more
https://goo.gl/4snEbD
https://goo.gl/u8LnGH
https://goo.gl/aKjYS5
https://goo.gl/L3pVX1
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Mule Spinning, Spinning Woollen, Woollen Spinning Plants, How to Weave Woollen, Beginner's Guide to Woollen Weaving, How to Start Woollen Weaving Business, Weaving for Beginners, Woollen Dyeing for Beginners, Beginner's Guide to Woollen Dyeing, Wool Dyeing Process, Methods of Dyeing Woollen, Process of Dyeing Woollen, Wool Dyeing Techniques, Wool Bleaching, Bleaching Process of Wool, Bleaching Method for Woollen, Wool Dyeing and Bleaching, Woollen Yarns, Bleaching Wool, Bleaching of Wool, Process of Bleaching Woollen, Wool Bleaching Machine, Printing of Wool, Woollen Printing, Dyeing and Printing Woollen, Woollen Spinning, Weaving, Knitting, Dyeing, Bleaching, Bleaching and Printing of Wool, Methods of Describing Weaves, Stitch Formation, Mule Production, Production of Mule, Manufacturing Mule, Woollen Spinning Process, Woollen Dyeing, Woollen Spinning, Wool Spinning Process, Wool Spinning Machine, Woollen Spinning & Weaving, Worsted Topmaking Industry, Worsted Topmaking, Production of Noble Comb, Woollen and Worsted Weaves, Construction in Commercial Fabrics, Dyeing, Bleaching and Printing, Low Temperature Dyeing, Irga Solvent Process, Collins Process, C.S.T.R.O. Process, Ultrasonic Dyeing, Pad Dyeing Methods, Cibaphasol Technique, Irga Pad Process, C.S.I.R.O. Methods, Construction of Dyeing Machines, Loose-Stock Dyeing Machinery, Top or Slubbing Dyeing Machinery, Pot or Can Dyeing Machinery, Special Wool Finishes, Lustering of Wool Fabrics, Luster on Pile Fabrics, Inducing Yarn Crimp During Weaving, Chromium Compounds, Fluorochemicals, Mothproofing, Acid Dyes, Basic Dyes, Direct Dyes
This document discusses different types of natural fibers that can be used to make composites, including plant fibers like jute, banana, and stem fibers; animal fibers like wool and silk; and mineral fibers like asbestos. It provides details on the properties and processing of select natural fibers like jute, banana, and wool fibers. The applications and advantages of natural fiber composites are also mentioned.
Sizing is the process of applying an adhesive coating to yarn to prepare it for weaving. It increases the yarn's strength, smoothness, and ability to withstand abrasion. The key objectives of sizing are to improve weavability and maintain fabric quality. The sizing process involves applying a size recipe of materials like starch, binders, and lubricants to the yarn using a sizing machine. Factors like yarn count and size concentration affect the percentage of size taken up by the yarn. Common faults include uneven sizing or spots on the yarn. Proper sizing is important to increase efficiency and produce high quality fabrics.
This document lists and describes various woven fabric faults, including their causes and remedies. It discusses faults such as starting marks, loose warp, double ends, broken warp, tight ends, float of warp, wrong end colour, broken pick, miss pick, double pick, snarl or loose weft, weft bar, ball, holes, oil spot, tails out, temple mark, temple pierced hole, cut/torn selvedge, reed mark, slub, foreign material, hairy fabric, thick and thin places, high twisted yarn, and oil stained yarn. For each fault, it provides the reason for why the fault occurs and recommendations for how to remedy the problem. The document was prepared by Maz
Textile dyeing mc final report University of south asiaTonmoyMollick
Topics about textile dyeing and used machinery. Data arranged by BSC in textile 36 batch from USA evening students. If any issue to change the data please replay and advice we will do accordingly.
This document discusses the formation and types of fabrics. There are three main stages in fabric formation: fibers are turned into yarn, then yarn is used to make fabric through processes like weaving, knitting, or non-woven bonding. The three primary types of fabrics are knitted, woven, and non-woven. Knitted fabrics are stretchy and comfortable, woven fabrics are tough and durable, and non-woven fabrics are made by interlocking fibers without spinning into yarns. Fabrics have a variety of uses in apparel, furnishings, and industrial products depending on their appearance, texture, performance, and cost.
Dyneema Purity® fiber is a medical grade fiber made from ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. It is the strongest fiber available for medical use. The document discusses the properties of Dyneema Purity® fiber that make it suitable for applications such as sutures and ligament repair, including its high strength, flexibility, durability, and biocompatibility. Over 10 million patients have had medical devices implanted using Dyneema Purity® fiber due to its unique combination of properties.
The document summarizes the process of denim manufacturing. It involves several steps: ball warping, rope dyeing, slasher dyeing, re-beaming, sizing, weaving, and finishing. Rope dyeing involves continuously feeding ball warps into a dye range for application of indigo dye. Slasher dyeing is an alternative to rope dyeing. Re-beaming separates ropes of yarn and keeps them parallel. Sizing increases strength and abrasion resistance. Weaving interlaces warp and weft yarns. Finishing includes singeing, skewing, pre-drying, and shrinking. The document also discusses the use of spandex in denim for stretch and
Jacquard fabric is also called flower fabric. Warp or weft yarn is lift to exhibit a three-dimensional shape while weaving. Each floating-point connection forms a variety of design patterns. Jacquard fabric applications are very wide, such as for bedding, curtains, blankets, artwork and other textiles.
Sizing is done to protect yarn from abrasion and improve its breaking strength, smoothness, and elasticity. It also decreases static electricity and hairiness. The optimal add-on percentage protects the yarn adequately without compromising flexibility. Size paste contains essential ingredients like starch, binders, wetting agents, and secondary additives. The uptake percentage and sizing type (pure, light, medium, heavy) depend on fiber type and yarn properties. Sizing benefits include reduced abrasion and static, but disadvantages include added cost, processing time, and stiffness.
Denim fabric is constructed from indigo and white yarns in a twill weave. The process of making jeans begins with growing cotton, which is then cleaned, blended, carded, spun into yarn, dyed, woven into fabric, cut and assembled into jeans. The finished jeans then undergo washing and finishing steps like laser treatment and abrasion washes to soften the fabric before being packaged and shipped to consumers.
The document discusses various types of faults that can occur in textile manufacturing and woven fabrics. It describes 18 common faults including starting mark, loose warp, double end, broken warp, tight end, float of warp, wrong end color, broken pick, miss pick, double pick, snarl or loose weft, weft bar, ball, holes, oil spot, temple mark, temple pierced hole, and cut/torn selvedge. For each fault, it provides the reasons they may occur and recommendations for remedies. It also discusses faults related to yarn production and garment defects.
This document summarizes research on pretreating natural fibers, specifically banana fiber, for use as reinforcement in composite materials. It discusses the properties of various natural fibers and focuses on banana fiber properties and applications. The methodology section outlines the objectives to study banana fiber pretreatment processes and evaluate mechanical properties of composites made with pretreated banana fiber. Experimental work details include preparing banana fiber through various pretreatment methods and fabricating composite boards with pretreated banana fiber and polyethylene matrix for mechanical testing and SEM analysis to determine the optimal pretreatment method.
This document discusses how the text "Sociolinguistic Patterns" is relevant to understanding language change. It explains that sociolinguistics examines how social factors like class, gender, and age influence language use. The text contributes to an analysis course by demonstrating how language varies based on these sociolinguistic patterns. It also aids future teachers by providing guidance on English variations related to context. In conclusion, the text helps students, especially future teachers, comprehend how and why a language changes depending on its social uses.
The slides will help someone to know basic things on textile technology. Introductory knowledge on textile technology that will help to get introduction. The slides are prepared for some other engineering working in textile sector, specially for energy and water efficiency.
1) Shrinkage is a dimensional change in fabrics where they become smaller than their original size, usually due to laundry. It is one of the main disadvantages of fabrics.
2) There are several types of shrinkage testing procedures, including relaxation shrinkage, felting shrinkage, compressive shrinkage, and residual shrinkage.
3) Factors that influence shrinkage include yarn swelling, twist factor, stitch length, GSM, elasticity of yarn, stability of fibers and yarns, construction, type of weave or knit, and tension during sewing of garments. Proper control methods like correct construction, eliminating excess tensions, and spreading with softener can help reduce shrink
Study on qualitative analysis of textile fibres by microscopic viewingMd Rakibul Hassan
1. The document describes an experiment to qualitatively analyze textile fibers using microscopic viewing. It discusses various fiber identification methods like microscopic analysis, solubility tests, burning characteristics, and staining reactions.
2. Details are provided on the microscopic appearance of different natural (cotton, linen, hemp, jute, ramie, wool, silk) and man-made (viscose rayon, cellulose acetate, acrylic, polyester, nylon) fibers under both longitudinal and cross-sectional views.
3. The student concludes that the experiment helped them learn about qualitatively analyzing textile fibers microscopically, which will be useful in their future.
This project report summarizes work done on analyzing and minimizing spirality and shrinkage problems in knitted fabrics. It discusses raw materials used, yarn types and counts, subcontractors, and costs. It also provides an overview of the evolution of Bangladesh's knitting industry and its social and economic impacts. Key points are that spirality is caused by yarn twist and machine settings, while shrinkage is due to yarn swelling; both can be reduced through washing, drying, and fabric construction methods. The knitting industry is a major employer and exporter for Bangladesh.
This document discusses different types of shrinkage that can occur in fabrics, including relaxation shrinkage, felting shrinkage, compressive shrinkage, residual shrinkage, processing shrinkage, drying shrinkage, and elastic shrinkage. It explains the causes of each type of shrinkage and factors that influence the amount of shrinkage, such as fiber type, yarn construction, fabric weight, stitch length, and finishing processes. Methods for controlling and reducing shrinkage are also outlined.
The document provides information on the process of transforming fibers into yarn and fabric. It discusses the different types of natural and man-made fibers and how they are classified. The key steps of transforming fibers into yarn are described, including blending, carding, drafting, and spinning. Common spinning techniques like ring spinning and melt extrusion for polyester are explained. The document also covers processes after yarn formation like warping, sizing, and weaving. Different types of looms and weaving patterns are defined. Fabric properties are calculated using example specifications.
This presentation discusses the properties of fibers used in textiles. It begins with an introduction of the presenters and defines a textile fiber as having strength, flexibility, and sufficient length to be spun. The document then categorizes fiber properties into mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties. Under mechanical properties, it focuses on tensile properties like stress-strain curves, and frictional properties. For chemical properties, it discusses water absorbency, interaction with acids and alkalis. Thermal properties depend on the amorphous and crystalline regions of fibers which influence properties like absorbency when heated.
Woollen Spinning, Weaving, Knitting, Dyeing, Bleaching and Printing Technology (Mule Spinning, Woollen Yarns, Woollen and Worsted Weaves, Steep and Reclining Twills, Wool Dyes, Ring Dyeing, Ring Dyeing, Fluorochemicals, Mothproofing, Soluble Vat Dyes, Bisulfite Bleach, Bleaching Wool, Hank Dryers, Dyeing Wool Mixtures, Chlorinated Wool, Ring Dyeing)
Spinning is a major industry; it is part of the textile manufacturing process where three types of fibre are converted into yarn, then fabric, then textiles. The textiles are then fabricated into clothes or other artifacts. The fundamental operations for the stocks of fibers from which a woollen yarn is made are opening, cleaning, mixing, forming a slubbing or roving and finally thinning the roving to the required yarn number and twisting it to produce a yarn possessing the requirements for subsequent processing such as warping, winding, weaving, finishing and dyeing.
See more
https://goo.gl/4snEbD
https://goo.gl/u8LnGH
https://goo.gl/aKjYS5
https://goo.gl/L3pVX1
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Mule Spinning, Spinning Woollen, Woollen Spinning Plants, How to Weave Woollen, Beginner's Guide to Woollen Weaving, How to Start Woollen Weaving Business, Weaving for Beginners, Woollen Dyeing for Beginners, Beginner's Guide to Woollen Dyeing, Wool Dyeing Process, Methods of Dyeing Woollen, Process of Dyeing Woollen, Wool Dyeing Techniques, Wool Bleaching, Bleaching Process of Wool, Bleaching Method for Woollen, Wool Dyeing and Bleaching, Woollen Yarns, Bleaching Wool, Bleaching of Wool, Process of Bleaching Woollen, Wool Bleaching Machine, Printing of Wool, Woollen Printing, Dyeing and Printing Woollen, Woollen Spinning, Weaving, Knitting, Dyeing, Bleaching, Bleaching and Printing of Wool, Methods of Describing Weaves, Stitch Formation, Mule Production, Production of Mule, Manufacturing Mule, Woollen Spinning Process, Woollen Dyeing, Woollen Spinning, Wool Spinning Process, Wool Spinning Machine, Woollen Spinning & Weaving, Worsted Topmaking Industry, Worsted Topmaking, Production of Noble Comb, Woollen and Worsted Weaves, Construction in Commercial Fabrics, Dyeing, Bleaching and Printing, Low Temperature Dyeing, Irga Solvent Process, Collins Process, C.S.T.R.O. Process, Ultrasonic Dyeing, Pad Dyeing Methods, Cibaphasol Technique, Irga Pad Process, C.S.I.R.O. Methods, Construction of Dyeing Machines, Loose-Stock Dyeing Machinery, Top or Slubbing Dyeing Machinery, Pot or Can Dyeing Machinery, Special Wool Finishes, Lustering of Wool Fabrics, Luster on Pile Fabrics, Inducing Yarn Crimp During Weaving, Chromium Compounds, Fluorochemicals, Mothproofing, Acid Dyes, Basic Dyes, Direct Dyes
This document discusses different types of natural fibers that can be used to make composites, including plant fibers like jute, banana, and stem fibers; animal fibers like wool and silk; and mineral fibers like asbestos. It provides details on the properties and processing of select natural fibers like jute, banana, and wool fibers. The applications and advantages of natural fiber composites are also mentioned.
Sizing is the process of applying an adhesive coating to yarn to prepare it for weaving. It increases the yarn's strength, smoothness, and ability to withstand abrasion. The key objectives of sizing are to improve weavability and maintain fabric quality. The sizing process involves applying a size recipe of materials like starch, binders, and lubricants to the yarn using a sizing machine. Factors like yarn count and size concentration affect the percentage of size taken up by the yarn. Common faults include uneven sizing or spots on the yarn. Proper sizing is important to increase efficiency and produce high quality fabrics.
This document lists and describes various woven fabric faults, including their causes and remedies. It discusses faults such as starting marks, loose warp, double ends, broken warp, tight ends, float of warp, wrong end colour, broken pick, miss pick, double pick, snarl or loose weft, weft bar, ball, holes, oil spot, tails out, temple mark, temple pierced hole, cut/torn selvedge, reed mark, slub, foreign material, hairy fabric, thick and thin places, high twisted yarn, and oil stained yarn. For each fault, it provides the reason for why the fault occurs and recommendations for how to remedy the problem. The document was prepared by Maz
Textile dyeing mc final report University of south asiaTonmoyMollick
Topics about textile dyeing and used machinery. Data arranged by BSC in textile 36 batch from USA evening students. If any issue to change the data please replay and advice we will do accordingly.
This document discusses the formation and types of fabrics. There are three main stages in fabric formation: fibers are turned into yarn, then yarn is used to make fabric through processes like weaving, knitting, or non-woven bonding. The three primary types of fabrics are knitted, woven, and non-woven. Knitted fabrics are stretchy and comfortable, woven fabrics are tough and durable, and non-woven fabrics are made by interlocking fibers without spinning into yarns. Fabrics have a variety of uses in apparel, furnishings, and industrial products depending on their appearance, texture, performance, and cost.
Dyneema Purity® fiber is a medical grade fiber made from ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. It is the strongest fiber available for medical use. The document discusses the properties of Dyneema Purity® fiber that make it suitable for applications such as sutures and ligament repair, including its high strength, flexibility, durability, and biocompatibility. Over 10 million patients have had medical devices implanted using Dyneema Purity® fiber due to its unique combination of properties.
The document summarizes the process of denim manufacturing. It involves several steps: ball warping, rope dyeing, slasher dyeing, re-beaming, sizing, weaving, and finishing. Rope dyeing involves continuously feeding ball warps into a dye range for application of indigo dye. Slasher dyeing is an alternative to rope dyeing. Re-beaming separates ropes of yarn and keeps them parallel. Sizing increases strength and abrasion resistance. Weaving interlaces warp and weft yarns. Finishing includes singeing, skewing, pre-drying, and shrinking. The document also discusses the use of spandex in denim for stretch and
Jacquard fabric is also called flower fabric. Warp or weft yarn is lift to exhibit a three-dimensional shape while weaving. Each floating-point connection forms a variety of design patterns. Jacquard fabric applications are very wide, such as for bedding, curtains, blankets, artwork and other textiles.
Sizing is done to protect yarn from abrasion and improve its breaking strength, smoothness, and elasticity. It also decreases static electricity and hairiness. The optimal add-on percentage protects the yarn adequately without compromising flexibility. Size paste contains essential ingredients like starch, binders, wetting agents, and secondary additives. The uptake percentage and sizing type (pure, light, medium, heavy) depend on fiber type and yarn properties. Sizing benefits include reduced abrasion and static, but disadvantages include added cost, processing time, and stiffness.
Denim fabric is constructed from indigo and white yarns in a twill weave. The process of making jeans begins with growing cotton, which is then cleaned, blended, carded, spun into yarn, dyed, woven into fabric, cut and assembled into jeans. The finished jeans then undergo washing and finishing steps like laser treatment and abrasion washes to soften the fabric before being packaged and shipped to consumers.
The document discusses various types of faults that can occur in textile manufacturing and woven fabrics. It describes 18 common faults including starting mark, loose warp, double end, broken warp, tight end, float of warp, wrong end color, broken pick, miss pick, double pick, snarl or loose weft, weft bar, ball, holes, oil spot, temple mark, temple pierced hole, and cut/torn selvedge. For each fault, it provides the reasons they may occur and recommendations for remedies. It also discusses faults related to yarn production and garment defects.
This document summarizes research on pretreating natural fibers, specifically banana fiber, for use as reinforcement in composite materials. It discusses the properties of various natural fibers and focuses on banana fiber properties and applications. The methodology section outlines the objectives to study banana fiber pretreatment processes and evaluate mechanical properties of composites made with pretreated banana fiber. Experimental work details include preparing banana fiber through various pretreatment methods and fabricating composite boards with pretreated banana fiber and polyethylene matrix for mechanical testing and SEM analysis to determine the optimal pretreatment method.
This document discusses how the text "Sociolinguistic Patterns" is relevant to understanding language change. It explains that sociolinguistics examines how social factors like class, gender, and age influence language use. The text contributes to an analysis course by demonstrating how language varies based on these sociolinguistic patterns. It also aids future teachers by providing guidance on English variations related to context. In conclusion, the text helps students, especially future teachers, comprehend how and why a language changes depending on its social uses.
Este documento presenta los criterios de evaluación y los indicadores para evaluar la capacidad de producción de textos y comprensión de significados en estudiantes. Se evaluará la construcción del léxico, el uso de adjetivos en textos producidos, y la identificación y clasificación de adjetivos. También se evaluará la actitud de los estudiantes mediante su respeto de las normas de convivencia y cumplimiento de estas normas durante actividades orales.
El documento describe el origen, concepto, ventajas, desventajas y partes de una dirección de correo electrónico. Explica que el correo electrónico se originó en la década de 1960 y que Ray Tomlinson incorporó el uso de la arroba en 1971. Define el correo electrónico como un servicio de red que permite a los usuarios enviar y recibir mensajes entre sí. Enumera ventajas como acortar distancias y tiempo, y desventajas como recibir virus y spam. Detalla las partes de una dirección de correo como el nombre
France has several notable landmarks and geographic features, including the Millau bridge, beaches along the Mediterranean coast, and rivers that flow into the English Channel and Mediterranean Sea like the Loire, Seine, and Rhone. France borders countries such as Belgium, Germany, Switzerland, Spain, and Italy. Iconic sites in France include the Eiffel Tower in Paris, known for its height of 324 meters. Popular sports in France include football, rugby, and the annual Tour de France cycling race. Art movements that originated in France include Baroque painting and Impressionism.
As dunas formam-se com areia, vento e pequenos obstáculos, criando elevações arenosas que migram com o vento. Sistemas dunares consistem em várias dunas organizadas e fixadas por vegetação. A preservação das dunas é estratégica para defesa da costa contra erosão e aumento do nível do mar.
El documento presenta el resumen de un código orgánico de producción, comercio e inversiones aprobado por la Asamblea Nacional de Ecuador. Enlista las fechas en que fue discutido y aprobado el proyecto de ley, así como las consideraciones constitucionales que sustentan la necesidad de regular estas áreas. Finalmente, presenta los objetivos y ámbito de aplicación del código recién aprobado.
The document is a summary of activities from a trip to the Isle of Wight in March 2012. It describes leaving Bournemouth and taking a boat to the Isle of Wight. Several pictures show the coast, traveling to the theatre, rehearsing a show, working at a hotel, and getting ready for a performance. It concludes by mentioning a film being made of the show and extracts being performed live at a school.
Yarn unevenness and its empact on qualityArNesto WaHid
This document discusses yarn unevenness, its causes, measurement, and impact on quality. Yarn unevenness refers to variations in yarn thickness along its length. It is influenced by raw material variations and spinning process irregularities. Unevenness is measured using the irregularity percentage and coefficient of variation. Higher unevenness can reduce yarn strength, impact fabric appearance with defects, and lower productivity. Careful control of the spinning process is needed to minimize unevenness and maximize quality.
Raw cotton accounts for 50-75% of manufacturing costs and 80-90% of yarn quality. Important cotton fiber characteristics for spinning include length, strength, fineness, maturity, cleanliness, color, and elongation. Fiber properties influence spinning limit, yarn strength and evenness, fabric drape, luster, and productivity. Proper bale management and homogeneous mixing based on fiber characteristics ensures consistent yarn quality and minimizes variations.
This document discusses the processes and machines used to produce carded and combed yarn from cotton fibers. It provides flow charts showing the steps and machines involved, including opening, carding, drawing, roving and spinning. It also lists and describes 7 key properties that cotton spinners consider: fiber fineness, maturity, length, strength, cleanliness, color and elongation. The properties influence qualities like the yarn count, strength and uniformity. Mixing and blending fibers is also discussed to achieve uniform quality and improve processing and end use characteristics.
Combing is a process that removes short fibers, neps, and other impurities from cotton using a comber machine after carding. Combing influences fabric quality in several ways. It improves yarn evenness and cleanliness by removing imperfections. The yarn becomes smoother and has a better visual appearance. Combing also increases the parallelization of fibers. This results in finer, softer yarn that makes fabrics of higher quality with fewer flaws and a lustrous hand. The degree of parallelization must be optimized to extract short fibers without causing yarn breaks during drafting.
Combing is a process that removes short fibers, neps, and other impurities from cotton using a comber machine after carding. Combing influences fabric quality in several ways. It improves yarn evenness and cleanliness by removing imperfections. The process creates smoother, more parallelized yarns that have better visual appearance and feel when made into fabric. Controlling the degree of parallelization is important to optimize fiber removal while avoiding issues like yarn breakage during spinning. Overall, combing enhances fabric quality by producing finer, softer, cleaner yarns with fewer flaws.
This document provides an overview of yarn manufacturing from cotton fibers. It discusses the key properties of cotton fibers that influence yarn production, including fiber length, fineness, strength, maturity, moisture content, and trash content. It explains how these properties affect spinning performance and yarn quality. The optimal choices and compatibility of cotton fibers for mixing are also addressed. Fiber characteristics like elongation and stickiness that impact processing are described. Finally, differences in processing man-made fibers versus cotton are highlighted.
Hybrid yarn is made from two or more different fiber types united in a single yarn. There are two main types: commingled yarn, which intermixes continuous multifilament yarns without twisting, and friction-spun yarn, used for coarse counts and technical yarns combining materials like rayon and kevlar. Hybrid yarns offer advantages like high strength, heat resistance, and cut protection, making them suitable for applications requiring reinforcement, heat proof fabrics, conveyor belts, and composites.
Hybrid yarn is made from two or more different fiber types united in a single yarn. There are two main types: commingled yarn, which intermixes continuous multifilament yarns without twisting, and friction-spun yarn, used for coarse counts and technical yarns combining materials like rayon and kevlar. Hybrid yarns offer advantages like high strength, heat resistance, and cut protection, making them suitable for applications requiring reinforcement, heat proof fabrics, conveyor belts, and composites. They are a promising technology for solving the high viscosity problem in thermoplastic composites.
This is the presentation contains all types of essentials & verse knowledge about Fibre, Yarn & Fabric.
Textiles Professionals & Students might get knowledge from these slides.
This document discusses various aspects of ring spun yarn measurement and production. It begins by explaining that yarn size is typically measured through linear density or count systems. It then provides details on direct and indirect count calculation methods as well as conversions between different systems. The document also covers topics like folded and plied yarn calculations, the formation of different fabrics like weaving and knitting, and requirements for high quality yarn production. Key steps in the production process like winding, warping, sizing, drawing-in and weaving are outlined. Different weaving machine types based on the weft insertion method are also summarized.
Yarn is produced through a process of cleaning, aligning, and twisting fibers into a continuous strand. There are several types of yarns including spun, filament, and combination yarns. The document defines key terms and describes the production process for spun yarns which involves several steps: blow room processing, carding, drawing, combing, roving, and ring spinning. It also outlines characteristics and properties of different yarn types.
Yarn is produced through a process of cleaning, aligning, and twisting fibers into a continuous strand. There are several types of yarns including spun, filament, and combination yarns. The key stages in producing spun yarn are blow room preparation, carding to align fibers, drawing to further align, roving to attenuate fibers, and ring spinning where the yarn is twisted and wound. Properties depend on fiber content and construction methods.
This document discusses yarn properties that affect knitted fabric quality. It explains that yarn count, twist, evenness, imperfections, and strength are important characteristics to consider for knitting. It also compares carded and combed yarns, noting that combed yarns produce fabrics with higher quality attributes like strength, less pilling and shrinkage, and uniformity compared to carded yarns of the same count. The document provides classifications for yarn counts and says other yarn parameters will be discussed in future editions.
This document discusses and compares non-woven and woven fabrics. It describes that non-woven fabrics are produced directly from fibers without spinning into yarns, and are bonded using mechanical, thermal or adhesive methods. Common non-woven applications include diapers, medical products and insulation. Woven fabrics interlace warp and weft yarns at right angles and have greater strength and stability than non-wovens. The document outlines the manufacturing processes for both non-woven and woven fabrics.
The document discusses the combing process, which straightens and parallelizes fibers while removing short fibers and impurities. The objectives of combing are to remove neps, make fibers more parallel and straight, produce a uniform sliver of required length, and remove short fibers and remaining impurities. Factors that influence combing include machine settings, properties of the raw material like fiber length and stiffness, moisture content, and fiber preparation including parallelization.
This document discusses yarn properties that are important for knitting, including count, twist, evenness, and imperfections. It compares combed and carded yarns, noting that combed yarn is of higher quality with fewer imperfections. Combed yarn produces knit fabrics with less pilling, shrinkage, and higher grammage. While more expensive to produce, combed yarn results in fabrics with better properties for knitting. The document also discusses yarn count, count variation, unevenness percentage, and classifications of yarn fineness.
Knowing the basics of raw material, yarn production process and the other factors influencing quality will put the sourcing manager at the same eye level as a spinner /supplier when negotiating quality issues.
As a consequence this puts the sourcing manager in the position to pay the right price for the corresponding quality level.
This kind of know-how supports a retailer enormously in his efforts to establish a reliable supply chain which is based on mutual understanding.
Sizing is the process of applying a protective coating to warp yarns before weaving to minimize breakage. It improves weavability and strength. Desizing removes this coating afterwards to allow for further wet processing like dyeing and finishing. There are different types of sizing depending on the amount of coating applied. Desizing is important to increase absorbency and affinity for chemicals in downstream processes like bleaching, dyeing and printing. Improper desizing can lead to issues like reduced whiteness, paler dyeing and harder fabrics.
How to Download & Install Module From the Odoo App Store in Odoo 17Celine George
Custom modules offer the flexibility to extend Odoo's capabilities, address unique requirements, and optimize workflows to align seamlessly with your organization's processes. By leveraging custom modules, businesses can unlock greater efficiency, productivity, and innovation, empowering them to stay competitive in today's dynamic market landscape. In this tutorial, we'll guide you step by step on how to easily download and install modules from the Odoo App Store.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptxOH TEIK BIN
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
2. What is a Fabric Defect?
A Fabric Defect is any abnormality in the Fabric
that hinders its acceptability by the consumer
What is a Defect-Free Fabric?
• A Fabric that exhibits a consistent
Performance
Within the boundaries of human use & human
32
view
• A Fabric that exhibits a consistent Appearance
Within the human sight boundaries
3. What are the Factors that could lead to
Fabric Defects?
Machine-Related Factors:
• Failure of spinning preparation to eliminate or minimize short
and long-term variation
• Failure of opening and cleaning machines to completely
eliminate contaminants and trash particles
• Failure of the mixing machinery to provide a homogenous blend
33
• Excessive machine stops particularly during spinning
• Excessive ends piecing during spinning preparation
• Poor maintenance and housekeeping
• Weaving-related defects
• Knitting-related defects
• Dyeing and Finishing-related defects
4. What are the Factors that could lead to
Fabric Defects?
Material-Related Factors:
• Fiber contaminants
• Excessive neps and seedcoat fragments
• Excessive short fiber content
• Excessive trash content
• High variability between and within-mix
34
• Clusters of unfavorable fiber characteristics
• Weight variation
• Twist variation
• Excessive Hairiness
5. At Auburn University Testing Laboratory, we have a very sound
sample analysis program in which we perform systematic Fabric
& Yarn defect-diagnostic analysis and provide complete reports.
Our laboratory has state-of-the-art Testing and Diagnostic
systems including optical and scanning Microscopic systems,
and all advanced physical & chemical testing techniques of
fibers, yarns, and fabrics.
Since 1989, we have handled over 3000 disputes for over 28
companies with a feedback rate down to few hours depending
35
on the case in hand.
Now, we have a Diagnostic-Expert Software program which assist
in speeding up diagnostic fabric defects analysis using a large
image-base & an image-recognition & comparison system.
Examples from the image-base bank we have are shown below
6. Fabric Barré
36
• Material or machine related
• Mixing is often a prime suspect
7. Weaving
Raw-Material
Uneven Warp
Tension
Excessive Between-Mix Variation
in Color +b or Rd Excessive Between-Mix Variation
Uneven Filling in Fiber Fineness
Tension Excessive Within-Mix Variation
in Color +b or Rd
Excessive Within-Mix Variation
in Fiber Fineness
Uneven Let-Off or
Take-up Motion
ℑ
Fabric Barrℑ
High Count
37
Improper
Stitch Length Variation
Worn* High Hairiness
Variation
Needles
Improper High Twist
Feed Tension (knitting) Variation
Excessive Lint Mixing Fresh
Build-Up High Yarn with Stored Yarns
Variation in Fabric
Take-up from loose Irregularity
Double-Feed & Imperfection
to tight Yarn
End
Knitting
Different Causes of Fabric Barre
[ * usually produce length direction streaks]
8. Shade Variation
38
• Material or machine related
• Dyeing & Finishing
• Mixing is often a suspect
18. Modeling Fabric Defects: The Problem-Theory
Fabric Defect =
f (macroscopic parameters, microscopic parameters, noise parameters)
Fabric Defect = f (MaP’s, MiP’s, Noise)
MaP =
48
f (visual illusion, physical reflection, gross parameters)
MiP =
f(within-yarn variation, clustering effects, color
breakdown failure)
Noise =
f (Unknown Parameters, information resolution loss)
19. The Textile Process Does not Eliminate Variability….
Indeed, it is quite the opposite. As materials flow from one stage
of processing to another, components of variability are added and
49
the final product involves a cumulative variability that is much
higher than the variability of the input fibers.
20. The Textile Product is Positively Deceiving.
The main reason, the consumer does not realize the large
magnitude of variability in the final product (fabric or garment)
is that the different components of variability have been
smoothed during processing to produce a product that exhibits
a pattern of “Consistent Variability” at the naked-eye visual
boundaries.
50
21. Poor Cotton Mixing is a Sure Defect-Causing
Factor & Good Mixing alone Does not Always
Guarantee a Defect-Free Fabric
Machine-Related Factors cannot be emphasized enough
51
99% of Fabric-Defects can be diagnosed with
minimum or no testing if every involved personnel
from the fiber to the fabric sector is willing to honestly
tells his/her side of the story.
Fabric-defect diagnostic work has become more of detective
work because of missing facts
22. When business is good, fabric defects are
normally at their lowest rate… Coincident!!
52
In the absence of a well-established problem
theory, in which backward projection of fabric
quality is the foundation, fabric defects of the
same type will always re-occur.
23. Current yarn testing techniques reveal minimum
or no information about potential causes of
Fabric defects.
It is truly disturbing that high cost yarn testing equipments available today
reveal minimum or no prediction of potential fabric defects. Indeed, there
is a significant gap between yarn quality as tested in the yarn raw form
and corresponding yarn quality as it exists in the fabric. For instance, the
53
50 cm yarn length used to test yarn strength often proves no correlation
with fabric strength or weaving performance. The capacitive mass variation
measures often prove meaningless with respect to fabric weight variation.
26. Micronaire
Bale
Population Color +b
µ Short Fibers
Cotton Mixes
Upper Control Limit
Process Average x
56
Ba
le L
Center Line
ayd
ow
n
Lower Control Limit
Out of
control
Time x
27. Micronaire
Color +b
µ Short Fibers
Cotton Mixes
57
Ba
le L
ayd
ow
n
x
28. Run
Trend
Trend
Trend
Run
Between-Mix Runs or Trends
58
Between-Mix Pattern
30. Bale
Population Micronaire
Short Fibers
Rp
Color
R1 Cotton Mixes
Upper Control Limit
Process Range (R)
R2
60
Tim
e
Center Line R3
Lower Control Limit R4
Time R5
R
31. Micro-Sections
Macro-Sections
61
>>>> FL <<< FL
Ideally-Blended Fiber Strand: Definition
“A fiber strand that has approximately zero variability
between consecutive macro-sections and a variability
of micro-sections that perfectly reflects the natural
variability in the constituent fibers of the input fiber
mix”
33. The Dimensional Allocation
of Different Fiber Segments
within the Structural Boundaries
of the Fibrous Assembly
63
34. The Representation Factor
R ij M icro
= P { F Fi / F L j M icro S }
&
64
R ij M acro
= P { F Fi / F L j M a cro S }
where Rij is the representation factor of a certain fineness/length combination in the
micro-section or macro-section of fiber strand.
35. The Clustering Effect
σn = C n q
65
σn = The standard deviation of the No. of fibers/Cs
C = the average number of fiber ends per cluster
P = 1-q = n/nmax
36. 0.014
0.013
0.014
0.012
0.013
0.011
0.012
P(Macro)
0.01
0.011
0.009
P(Macro)
0.01
0.008
0.009
66
0.007
0.008
0.006
0.007
5
0.006
4.5
5 c
1.1 Mi
1.1 4
5
1.0 1 3.5
FL 5
0.9
Relationship Between the Probability of Representation of Fibers of
Mic/FL Combination in the Macro-Section of Yarn [Ne = 20’s]
P(Macro) = 0.016014+ 0.0665027/Mic+ 0.0113814/FL
37. 0.25
P{Ffi/FLjITuft}
0.2
0.15
120%
0.1
0.05
67
0
C11
C12
C13
C21
C22
C23
C31
C32
C33
Cshort
Fineness/Length Category
Comparison Between Probabilities of Representation in Micro-Sections and
Macro-Sections of Fiber Strand [Yarn]
42. • They Undergo Changes During Processing
72
• They embed in the fiber bulk very
cleverly and manage to survive
• They cluster
43. Mic Difference
ce
0.7
SF
en
C
er
D
iff
iff
D
er
0.5
3%
FL
en
1
0.
ce
2%
05
0.2
0.
1%
04
0.1
0.
200 100 50
FS Difference
1.2 2 3
Neps/g
2
73
Difference
5
0
1
1.
6
1
0
2
2.
UV Range
2
3
FE
0
FM
3.
%
3
D
V
iff
er
en
+b Difference
ce
Threshold Values of Between-Mix Variability
44. C.V% Mic
12
M
ax
10
.S
FL
14
FC
%
8
6
w
.V
12
C
5
10
6
8
4
4
6
3
2
4
400 200 100
2
C.V% FS
3 5 7 9 11 13
5
Neps/g
0.
10
74
4
2
15
0
1.
20
5
4
0
3.
6
6
7
0
UV Range
4.
8
8
C
.V
FM
9
0
10
%
6.
V
FE
12
C.V% +b
Threshold Values of Within-Mix Variability
45. Closing Remarks
• Every defect should not be treated only as a passing loss, but more importantly
as an opportunity to learn more about the root causes of the defect.
• As many defects as we see on daily basis we often focus on the effect and
overlook the root causes
• The traditional approach of dealing with quality problems passively unless a
significant cost is encountered should give way to more intelligent approaches
in which problem prevention in the first place is the key factor
• Current yarn testing techniques are based on traditional thinking and they
75
reveal virtually no indication of potential fabric defects. New approaches to
yarn testing based on fresh innovative thinking should be introduced
• When the same type of defects reoccur once, it is perhaps because we failed to
discover the root causes the first time. When the same defect reoccurs
100 times, our intelligence becomes largely in question
• In the era of “SIX SIGMA”, you can either lead, follow closely or get out
out of the track… Defects are not only about cost or loss, they are more
importantly about customer trust and confidence
Yehia El Mogahzy