This document discusses common defects that can occur during dyeing, printing, and finishing of fabrics, as well as their potential causes. It provides examples of dyeing defects such as bleeding, crocking, shade bars, holes, off shades, and uneven dyeing that may result from issues with the material, water quality, or dye solution. Printing defects like flushing, bleeding, misfits, banding, unwanted pigment marks, and cracks can arise from problems with the print paste or screen. Finishing defects like unwanted marks, decolorized patches, pin holes, pucker, bowing, pilling, water spots, torn selvages, cuts, and soil are also explained. The document emphasizes understanding the

1. ....DYEING ,
PRINTING AND
FINISHING DEFECTS
AND REMEDIES….

2. The reasons like water, fiber sources & processing
conditions is responsible for defects during wet
processing. However, in order to overcome/
minimize the processing related problems it is
essential to first understand the Symptoms
(problems), Diagnose (ascertain the probable
cause) & Cure (adopting remedial measure).
Some defects of various stages are disscussed
below:

3. Causes Of Dyeing Defects
 Due to Material:
– Material having dead fibers or other defective fibers.
– Left over of Chemicals after scouring, bleaching etc.
– Material not properly singed, desized.
– Material not properly mercerized.
– Absorbency of the fabric not proper.
– Sticking of insoluble material on the fibers.
– Impurities are not removed properly.
– Uneven heat treatment.

4. Causes Of Dyeing Defects
 Due to Water Quality:
– More Hardness of water
– Water has metal ions such as iron.
– pH of water not proper
– Water having more chlorine
 Due to Improper Dye Solution:
– Improper weight ratio of colors, material and chemicals.
– Improper material to water ratio
– Improper filtering of concentrated colors.

5. Dyeing Defects

6. Bleeding
• It’s a loss of color when the dyed
fabric is wetted or emerged in
water.
• The water here, becomes colored
and may cause discoloration of
other fabrics.
• This is usually due to either
improper dye selection or poor
dye fastness.

7. Crocking
• It is the rubbing off of
the color.
• It may rub onto
another fabric.
• This may be due to
inadequate scoring
subsequent to dyeing.

8. Shade Bar
• It is a horizontal band of
a different hue running
across the fabric.
• It may be caused by a
change of filling bobbin
in the loom or a loom
stop and start up

9. Hole in sulfur dyed fabric
• Caused due to tendering which
takes place because sulphur is
converted into sulphuric acid
after oxidation which is harmful
for the cellulosic fibers.
• This is a major defect. The defect
occurred after washing the
garment.

10. Off Shade
• It refers to color that doesn't exactly match
the standard or the prepared sample.
• This may be due to faulty dye foundation or
application or may be due to variation in dye
lot.

11. Uneven Dyeing

12. Batch to batch Shade Variation

13. Patchy Dyeing Effect

14. Roll to Roll Variation

15. Crease Mark

16. Printing Defects

17. Flushing/Wicking
• Caused due to Low viscosity of
print paste.
• It occurs when the printed area
bleeds out into the unprinted
area. The result is a ‘haloing’ or
shadowing effect around the
outline of the pattern design.

18. Bleeding
• Caused due to Low viscosity of
print paste
• It is major defect as it happens
throughout the fabric unless
the viscosity is corrected.

19. Misfits
• A misfit is a print defect caused by improper alignment of the
screens. Also known as “out of registration, misfits leave
unprinted areas in the design.
• For example, a green leaf may overlap its black outline or
print over another color.

20. Banding
• Defect created by the print head’s movement over the
substrate.
• Use of scanning print head, or a print head that moves back and
forth across the substrate in straight line placing drops of ink at
precise locations along the line.
• If the head is not properly aligned, or if the substrate advances
unevenly, the result is a slight horizontal “band” or line of
unprinted area.

21. Unwanted pigment
marking on fabric
• Caused due to screen has holes
in it that should have been
covered. This could be because
of ageing of the screen and
eventual damage or just
improper exposure to light.

22. Crack or miss alignment in
transfer printed fabric.
• Incomplete transfer of design
from paper to fabric on transfer
printing due to removal of
transfer of paper while the
fabric was still hot.

23. Finishing Defects

24. FABRIC FINISHING
• A series of processing operations applied to
gray fabrics to enhance their appearance and
hand, properties and possible applications.
• Play a fundamental role for the commercial
excellence of the results of textiles

25. FABRIC FINISHING
• The most simple form of finishing is the
ironing or pressing on the fabric.
• In finishing , the fabric is subjected to
mechanical and chemical treatment in which
its quality and appearance are improved and
its commercial value enhanced.
• Physical finishing techniques(dry finishing
processes) or chemical finishing methods(wet
finishing) are used.

26. FABRIC FINISHING
• Functional finish:
– Wearability, Hand, Mechanical resistance,
Easy care, Wettability, Washability,
Deformability, Anti bacterial, Anti fungal,
Soil-proof and Fire-proof ability
• Aesthetic finishes:
– Aesthetic looks

27. Unwanted marks on fabric.
• Oily stains with dust adhered to
surface which makes the stains
more prominent and difficult to
remove, due to contact with oil
or grease covered exposed
machine parts, careless handling
could be another cause.

28. Decolorized patch on fabric
• Caused due to
– chemical spillage on fabric.
– Localized excess bleaching.
– Localized excess enzyme wash.
• Can be result into weakening of
the fabric.

29. Pin Holes
• Holes along selvage caused by pins holding fabric while it
processes through tenter frame.
• Major defect if pin holes extend into body of fabric far
enough to be visible in the finished product.

30. Sanforize Pucker
• Results from uneven wetting out on sanforize.
• usually caused by defective spray heads.
• Fabric will appear wavy or puckering when spread on cutting
table.
• Difficult to detect during inspection on inspection machine
with fabric under roller tension.

31. Bowing
• Usually caused by finishing.
• Woven filling yarns lie in an arc across fabric width; in knits
the course lines lie an arc across width of goods.
• Establish standards of acceptance. Critical on stripes or
patterns; not as critical on solid color fabrics.

32. Pilling
• Pilling is a common fabric defect occurring on knitted and
woven fabrics.
• In producing a yarn, long fibers tightly-twisted produce a
serviceable yarn. When short stable fibers are mixed into the
yarn the result is a yarn that will not hold together. The short
staple fibers will separate from the yarn and curl up in a ball,
forming what is referred to as a pill.
• Pilling is accentuated by the friction of normal wear, washing
and routine dry cleaning.

33. Water Spots
• Usually caused by wet fabric being allowed to remain too long
before drying; color migrates leaving blotchy spots.
Selvage Torn
• Usually caused by excessive tension while processing through
tenter frames.

34. Cuts or Nicks
• Caused by indifferent handling of scissors. snips or
mechanical trimmers.
Soil
Caused by oil, grease or dirt. Often times originating from
a dirty work area or machinery not properly cleaned