This document summarizes an article about adaptive weight computation processors for medical ultrasound beamformers. It discusses how ultrasound has become important in medicine for diagnosing diseases. It describes beamforming technology which aligns ultrasound echo signals to produce high quality images. Adaptive beamforming can further improve image resolution by eliminating side lobes. The document then discusses VLSI architecture and FPGA implementation of adaptive weight computation, which is important for signals processing. It reviews how FPGA implementation using the DCD algorithm provides a compact solution without multiplications. In conclusion, it envisions portable, high definition 3D/4D ultrasound imaging becoming more widely available in the future to better diagnose health conditions.
A Presentation on Charged Coupled Device (CCD).
Presented By:
Adwitiya Biswas
Ankit Prasad
Priyanka Kumari
Students of Asansol Engineering College.
3rd Year Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering.
author: Dr.Hasan A.Ali
content:
introduction
terminology
- advantages and disadvantages
- types of digital radiography
- types of sensors
- uses of computer in digital imaging
- other features of digital imaging
A Presentation on Charged Coupled Device (CCD).
Presented By:
Adwitiya Biswas
Ankit Prasad
Priyanka Kumari
Students of Asansol Engineering College.
3rd Year Applied Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering.
author: Dr.Hasan A.Ali
content:
introduction
terminology
- advantages and disadvantages
- types of digital radiography
- types of sensors
- uses of computer in digital imaging
- other features of digital imaging
AHRA 2014 Annual Meeting l MD Buyline's Breakout Session: Transitioning to Di...MD Buyline
MD Buyline, the leader of healthcare supply chain management solutions, presented Transitioning to Digital Radiography at the AHRA 2014 Annual Meeting in Washington, DC.
http://www.mdbuyline.com/research-library/articles/transitioning-to-digital-radiography-2/
Case for chronobiological experiments for rodents and
non-human primates.
Practical guide for selecting components for your lighting system design to be used with other behavioral measures.
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/34j71dchhstvy0d/animal_lighting.pdf?dl=0
In response to an increasing threat of terrorism, personal surveillance at security checkpoints, such as airports, railways stations, metro stations etc, is becoming increasingly important. Conventional systems in place at high-security checkpoints include metal detectors for personnel and X-ray systems for hand-carried items. These systems have been very effective, but have a number of shortcomings that will need to be addressed in future systems. Metal detectors can only detect metal targets, such as ordinary handguns and knives. The effectiveness of these detectors can vary depending on the quantity, orientation, and type of metal. Furthermore, no discrimination is possible between simple innocuous items, such as glasses, belt buckles, keys, etc., and actual threats. This leads to a rather high number of nuisance alarms. Modern threats include plastic or ceramic handguns and knives, as well as extremely dangerous items such as “plastic” and liquid explosives. These items cannot be detected with metal detectors.
A fundamentally different security measure is required to handle these threats. One type of system that addresses these concerns “concealed weapon detection using image processing”, which can penetrate clothing barriers to image items concealed by common clothing. This can be accomplished using X-ray imaging systems, and by recently developed millimetre-wave imaging systems, X-ray systems are potentially effective for this purpose.
However, the perceived adverse health effects of X-ray exposure may hamper the public acceptance of these systems. Millimetre waves are high-frequency electromagnetic waves usually defined to be within the 30–300-GHz frequency band. The techniques and systems discussed here could operate at lower microwave frequency bands as well.
Millimetre-wave systems are nonionizing and, therefore, pose no known health hazard at moderate power levels. Millimeter-wave imaging systems are capable of penetrating common clothing barriers to form an image of a person as well as any concealed items. Millimetre-wave systems can be very high resolution due to the relatively short wavelength (1–10 mm).
An image sensor or imaging sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal. It is used mostly in digital cameras and other imaging devices. This paper presents a high speed simulation methodology to reduce the long simulation time problem of traditional CMOS image sensor. A method based on spice model in cadence design platform is proposed to reduce the simulation time. This results simulation time reduced from 16ms to 0.225microsecond.
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In this work we demonstrate a highly flexible laser imaging system for 3D sensing applications such as in tracking of VR/AR headsets, hands and gestures. The system uses a MEMS mirror scan module to transmit low power laser pulses over programmable areas within a field of view and uses a single photodiode to measure the reflected light...
Developing an inexpensive optical measurement device to estimate ocular media density.
Selection of HDR camera, deep learning software stack for Purkinje image detection and segmentation, NVIDIA Jetson as the embedded computer triggering either LED or LASER lights to be projected on the cornea
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/fh7r8szuc2pctfr/purkinje_imaging_inPractice.pdf?dl=0
AHRA 2014 Annual Meeting l MD Buyline's Breakout Session: Transitioning to Di...MD Buyline
MD Buyline, the leader of healthcare supply chain management solutions, presented Transitioning to Digital Radiography at the AHRA 2014 Annual Meeting in Washington, DC.
http://www.mdbuyline.com/research-library/articles/transitioning-to-digital-radiography-2/
Case for chronobiological experiments for rodents and
non-human primates.
Practical guide for selecting components for your lighting system design to be used with other behavioral measures.
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/34j71dchhstvy0d/animal_lighting.pdf?dl=0
In response to an increasing threat of terrorism, personal surveillance at security checkpoints, such as airports, railways stations, metro stations etc, is becoming increasingly important. Conventional systems in place at high-security checkpoints include metal detectors for personnel and X-ray systems for hand-carried items. These systems have been very effective, but have a number of shortcomings that will need to be addressed in future systems. Metal detectors can only detect metal targets, such as ordinary handguns and knives. The effectiveness of these detectors can vary depending on the quantity, orientation, and type of metal. Furthermore, no discrimination is possible between simple innocuous items, such as glasses, belt buckles, keys, etc., and actual threats. This leads to a rather high number of nuisance alarms. Modern threats include plastic or ceramic handguns and knives, as well as extremely dangerous items such as “plastic” and liquid explosives. These items cannot be detected with metal detectors.
A fundamentally different security measure is required to handle these threats. One type of system that addresses these concerns “concealed weapon detection using image processing”, which can penetrate clothing barriers to image items concealed by common clothing. This can be accomplished using X-ray imaging systems, and by recently developed millimetre-wave imaging systems, X-ray systems are potentially effective for this purpose.
However, the perceived adverse health effects of X-ray exposure may hamper the public acceptance of these systems. Millimetre waves are high-frequency electromagnetic waves usually defined to be within the 30–300-GHz frequency band. The techniques and systems discussed here could operate at lower microwave frequency bands as well.
Millimetre-wave systems are nonionizing and, therefore, pose no known health hazard at moderate power levels. Millimeter-wave imaging systems are capable of penetrating common clothing barriers to form an image of a person as well as any concealed items. Millimetre-wave systems can be very high resolution due to the relatively short wavelength (1–10 mm).
An image sensor or imaging sensor is a device that converts an optical image to an electric signal. It is used mostly in digital cameras and other imaging devices. This paper presents a high speed simulation methodology to reduce the long simulation time problem of traditional CMOS image sensor. A method based on spice model in cadence design platform is proposed to reduce the simulation time. This results simulation time reduced from 16ms to 0.225microsecond.
A Fast Single-Pixel Laser Imager for VR/AR Headset TrackingPing Hsu
In this work we demonstrate a highly flexible laser imaging system for 3D sensing applications such as in tracking of VR/AR headsets, hands and gestures. The system uses a MEMS mirror scan module to transmit low power laser pulses over programmable areas within a field of view and uses a single photodiode to measure the reflected light...
Developing an inexpensive optical measurement device to estimate ocular media density.
Selection of HDR camera, deep learning software stack for Purkinje image detection and segmentation, NVIDIA Jetson as the embedded computer triggering either LED or LASER lights to be projected on the cornea
Alternative download link:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/fh7r8szuc2pctfr/purkinje_imaging_inPractice.pdf?dl=0
Performance Evaluation for Production of 5000kgHydraulic JackIOSR Journals
The report submitted presents detailed performance evaluation analysis for production of 5tonne
hydraulic jack. The main task is to produce it using two approaches namely conversional and reverse
engineering. Conversional design team were able to design the jack with all the necessary tolerance and limits,
those involve design calculations, producing standard drawing and cost analysis on each part involve. While
reverse engineering team were able to produce the jack through reverse engineering procedures and approach,
this involve selection of materials needed to produce the parts with our machines in the workshop, test analysis
for each component, assembling and testing to ensure effective performance
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of business and managemant and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications inbusiness and management. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Implementation of Efficiency CORDIC Algorithmfor Sine & Cosine GenerationIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents an area-time efficient coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) algorithm that completely eliminates the scale-factor. A generalized micro-rotation selection technique based on high speed most-significant-1-detection obviates the complex search algorithms for identifying the micro-rotations. This algorithm is redefined as the elementary angles for reducing the number of CORDIC iterations. Compared to the existing re-cursive architectures the proposed one has 17% lower slice-delay product on Xilinx Spartan XC2S200E device. The CORDIC processor pro-vides the flexibility to manipulate the number of iterations depending on the accuracy, area and latency requirements. Index Terms—coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC), cosine/sine, field-programmable gate array(FPGA),most-significant-1, recursive architecture.
A study to Design and comparison of Full Adder using Various TechniquesIOSR Journals
Abstract: Adders is widely used in applications such as digital signal processing (DSP) and microprocessors. In this paper Half adders are simulated and analyzed based on power dissipation, area and speed on 90nm technology using Microwind and Dsch tool. Half Adder is the basic building block in Parallel Feedback Carry Adder (PFCA). Keywords: Full adder, Half adder, PFCA, VLSI
Video Encryption and Decryption with Authentication using Artificial Neural N...IOSR Journals
Abstract :Multimedia data security is becoming important with the continuous increase of digital
communications on internet. With the rapid development of various multimedia technologies, more and more
multimedia data are generated and transmitted in the medical, commercial, and military fields, which may
include some sensitive information which should not be accessed by or can only be partially exposed to the
general users. . The encryption algorithms developed to secure text data are not suitable for multimedia
application because of the large data size and real time constraint. Therefore, there is a great demand for
secured data storage and transmission techniques. Information security has traditionally been ensured with
data encryption and authentication techniques. The secrecy of communication is maintained by secret key
exchange. In effect the strength of the algorithm depends solely on the length of the key. The presented work
aims at secure video transmission using randomness in encryption algorithm, thereby creating more confusion
to obtain the original data. The security of the original cipher has been enhanced by addition of impurities to
misguide the cryptanalyst. Since the encryption process is one way function, the artificial neural networks are
best suited for this purpose as they possess features like high security, no distortion and its ability to perform for
non linear input-output characteristics, In the presented work the need for key exchange is also eliminated,
which is otherwise a perquisite for most of the algorithms used today. The proposed work finds its application in
medical imaging systems, military image database communication and confidential video conferencing, and
similar such application. The results are obtained through the use of MATLAB 7.14.0
Keywords: Artificial Neural networks, Back propagation algorithm, video encryption and decryption, cipher
and decipher
Introduction to the Basic Principles of Positioning Technology lansitec
Nowadays, one parameter is missing from many scenarios, car rental, assets in warehouses, packages and containers in logistics, hospital personnel, and people who are injured but cannot be reached in an accident.
This parameter connects and automates many processes that fell apart before, improves efficiency and safety, and lowers the cost of the total flow, which in turn improves the competitiveness of the organization, customer satisfaction, and the comfort of employees. It can be widely used in industry, agriculture, logistics, consumer electronics, and aerospace.
For More:
https://www.lansitec.com/whitepapers/lansitec-whitepaper-introduction-to-the-basic-principles-of-positioning-technology/
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Implementation of Adaptive Digital Beamforming using CordicEditor IJCATR
Sonar imaging is one of the simplest technique for detection of under water drowned bodies. There is a need for design of
conventional beamforming which are robust and simple. Adaptive beamformer is used to improve the quality of the sonar image. As a
result we get an image containing more useful and correct information. The CORDIC computing technique a highly efficient method
to compute elementary functions like sine, cosine, translate, rotate values using CORDIC algorithm. The system simulation was
carried out using ModelSim and Xilinx ISE Design Suite 9.2i.. Matlab code is used to implement sin and cos using cordic angles and
amplitude response of beamformed data by optimized method in order to enlarge the validity region of beamforming. Synthesis
results of cordic shows the reduced memory requirement and less power consumption.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
A 4 part seminar on 3D cbct technology for seminar presentations. with added technical details and considerations with differences between a CT technology.
Also it features the technical parameters ,uses and how it is considered useful in each departments of medicine and dentistry.
Unit III - Solved Question Bank- Robotics Engineering -Sanjay Singh
This Question Bank for Robotics Engineering is only for academic purpose and not for any commercial use. Students of Anna University and other Universities can use it for reference and knowledge.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Let's dive deeper into the world of ODC! Ricardo Alves (OutSystems) will join us to tell all about the new Data Fabric. After that, Sezen de Bruijn (OutSystems) will get into the details on how to best design a sturdy architecture within ODC.
DevOps and Testing slides at DASA ConnectKari Kakkonen
My and Rik Marselis slides at 30.5.2024 DASA Connect conference. We discuss about what is testing, then what is agile testing and finally what is Testing in DevOps. Finally we had lovely workshop with the participants trying to find out different ways to think about quality and testing in different parts of the DevOps infinity loop.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Software Delivery At the Speed of AI: Inflectra Invests In AI-Powered QualityInflectra
In this insightful webinar, Inflectra explores how artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming software development and testing. Discover how AI-powered tools are revolutionizing every stage of the software development lifecycle (SDLC), from design and prototyping to testing, deployment, and monitoring.
Learn about:
• The Future of Testing: How AI is shifting testing towards verification, analysis, and higher-level skills, while reducing repetitive tasks.
• Test Automation: How AI-powered test case generation, optimization, and self-healing tests are making testing more efficient and effective.
• Visual Testing: Explore the emerging capabilities of AI in visual testing and how it's set to revolutionize UI verification.
• Inflectra's AI Solutions: See demonstrations of Inflectra's cutting-edge AI tools like the ChatGPT plugin and Azure Open AI platform, designed to streamline your testing process.
Whether you're a developer, tester, or QA professional, this webinar will give you valuable insights into how AI is shaping the future of software delivery.
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
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👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
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Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
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Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
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Connector Corner: Automate dynamic content and events by pushing a buttonDianaGray10
Here is something new! In our next Connector Corner webinar, we will demonstrate how you can use a single workflow to:
Create a campaign using Mailchimp with merge tags/fields
Send an interactive Slack channel message (using buttons)
Have the message received by managers and peers along with a test email for review
But there’s more:
In a second workflow supporting the same use case, you’ll see:
Your campaign sent to target colleagues for approval
If the “Approve” button is clicked, a Jira/Zendesk ticket is created for the marketing design team
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Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Join us for an insightful dive into the world of FME parameters, a critical element in optimizing workflow efficiency. This webinar marks the beginning of our three-part “Essentials of Automation” series. This first webinar is designed to equip you with the knowledge and skills to utilize parameters effectively: enhancing the flexibility, maintainability, and user control of your FME projects.
Here’s what you’ll gain:
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We’ll wrap up with a glimpse into future webinars, followed by a Q&A session to address your specific questions surrounding this topic.
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Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI support
C010611619
1. IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering (IOSR-JECE)
e-ISSN: 2278-2834,p- ISSN: 2278-8735.Volume 10, Issue 6, Ver. I (Nov - Dec .2015), PP 16-19
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10611619 www.iosrjournals.org 16 | Page
Adaptive Weight Computation Processor for Medical Ultrasound
Beam former: VLSI Architecture and FPGA implementation.
1
Anjali Nambiar, 2
Anusha Chacko, 3
Anoop BK
1
MTech Scholar, 2,3
Assistant Professor
1,2,3
Department Of ECE
1,2,3
Vimal Jyothi Engineering College,Chemperi,Kannur
Abstract:- We find difficult to detect and diagnosis the disease in olden times ,our human body is sensitive and
there are lot of obstacles in which we fail to understand the disease as well as the activities that are going inside
our body, so recently scientists have found out how ultrasound can be useful in medical field .In this paper we
discuss about the beam former technology using VLSI architecture and FPGA implementation.
Index terms:- FPGA(field programmable gate array),ultrasound, disease, obstacles, VLSI(very large scale
integration)
I. Introduction.
As we are living in 21st
century ultrasound plays an important role, it may be considered as a boon to
the human civilization .As years passes human witness new more technologies but invention of
ultrasound remains a benchmark .Medical science have huddled a lot before the invention of ultrasound as
you see now the functioning of many devices are smooth and easily .We may say that medical field have
widened the horizon and we are fishes which dwelling in the sea. In olden times there were no devices to
detect the defect in our body such as tumor, kidney stone, thyroid enlargement ,fetus position etc. The
ultrasound scanner mainly depend on pulse echo principle . So there a question arises what is
the difference between ultrasound, sonar and radar ?.Ultrasound scanner is a medical RADAR/SONAR. The
SONAR/RADAR works based on pulse echo principle , and SONAR operates in khz ultrasound scanner in
Mhz and RADAR in GHZ range . The ultrasound system that is now available in the market is compact and
easy to handle so that we may find in ambulance ,in the corner of doctors office and in future we may find it
in suitcase . The specialty of the ultrasound system is that in some model we may be able to visualize the ECG
with in seconds. The main idea behind the ultrasound system is that it uses medical imaging technology. In
which ultrasound penetrate though the body tissue reaches the target and it bounce back so that an image of
the particular target is produced .The Beauty in the imaging technology is that we will be able to view the
image that is produced former by 2D,3D,4D vision. But we can point out that the first preference /reference
is give to the 2D imaging , 3D and 4D we will be able to view in real time .The interesting fact is that even
animal can produce ultrasound in order to find a sex mate ,food, location which by means of echo location.
Reducing the size of the components we may visualize the blood vessel ,heart ,esophagus .This paper
mainly discuss about the scope ,architecture and The implementation .Here the figure shows the ultrasound
machine.
Explanation of the block diagram. Echoes arrive at transducer elements at elements at different times
depending on the location of a target point and the elements position on the transducer. Here the center
elements receives the eco from the target point sooner than off center elements receiver the echo last. By
applying a proper time delay to each channel the received echoes are aligned properly before they are summed
up coherently .As a result higher SNR and better. Spatial resolution are obtained leading to improved image
quality.
2. Adaptive Weight Computation Processor for Medical Ultrasound Beam former: VLSI…
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10611619 www.iosrjournals.org 17 | Page
Figure 1: Ultrasound machine
Figure 2: Schematic diagram with 5 channels illustrating the principle of beamforming
II. Ultrasound Beamformer
Ultrasound Imaging was born ages ago Still It Is taken as a reference for unaware disease that cannot
be visualized by human eyes. We may understand that beam former Is the Important component and its
architecture can be considered as the base of the device. As we all know that in olden times analog where
considered as the mother of all earthly devices Because of drastic development in the industries and the
requirements where more .we shifted our thought to digital because of so many means the main reason that we
can point out is that.
If we consider all the devices in olden times and in present world there is a tremendous change in the
design to model of a beam former .Main consideration for today imaging technique is that we will able to view
the image in 4D.But we have to make sure that 2d and 4d images have to be taken as reference. We may be
thinking why beam former is significant in ultrasound imaging its mainly because it’s a signal processing
technique used for transmission and reception of signal which is very important in the case of antenna
here it is a transducer which act as a former [1] .
III. Adaptive Beamformer
Similar to beam former adaptive beam former is a technique of signal processing with an array of
transmitter and receiver[2].when we consider adaptive beam former and ordinary may get high resolution when ,
side lobe is eliminated and compressing the main lobe. Adaptive Beam former incorporating ultrasound will
result in a ultrasound scanner which is used mainly by doctors to detect malfunctioning of the body.
3. Adaptive Weight Computation Processor for Medical Ultrasound Beam former: VLSI…
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10611619 www.iosrjournals.org 18 | Page
Figure 3: Adaptive weight computation
IV. Adaptive Weight Computation.
Adaptive weight computational (AWD) is mainly used for communication purpose mainly for adaptive
beam former, equalization, predistortion, MIMO. The application deals with solving determined system of
equations .In least squares approach eg least mean squares(LMS),
wormalized LMS and recusive least squares (RLS) is used to find an approximate solution to these kinds of
system of equations. Among them RLS is most commonly used done to its good numerical properties and
first convergence rate. However it requires matrix inversion which is not efficient in terms of precision and
hardware implementation [ 3] .
V. Vlsi Architecture For Adaptive Beamformer.
For decades the technology was facing a lot of problem mainly in the field of computers which was a
pioneer for the human development discovered by Charles Babbage but it was overcome to an extent by the
discovery of VLSI[4].We may say that VLSI chips where used to fill the gap between microprocessor and high
cpu end[4].
Phase array technique have been used extensively now a days main idea behind transducer is that
here we are using phase array transducer ie phase we refer to timing and array we refer to many elements[5].In
non phased array (monolithic probes)we may have to move or turn the probe in order for diagnosis purpose but
in the case of modern transducer ie most advanced transducers with multiple probe we just have to fix the
transducer to the correct position without moving the probe here beam covers a large area[4].
VI. Fpga Implementation .
As we know that d sp (digital signal processing) has lot of application in high definition digital
cameras ,tv, cell phones speech recognition most widely used hardware designing technology is FPGA(field
programmable gate array it got flourished circuit design and along with that architecture. In recent years
FPGA cope up with the needs of the users
The main postulates are -:
1. High definition.
2. Clarity.
3. Long life.
4. Precisely speaking of ease to use.
5. Reliability .
6. Less harm.
We may consider that “FPGA” implementation are benchmark for DSP (digital signal processing).
VII. Literature Review
Ultrasound is inevitable in the present era mainly in medical field here in this paper we discuss about
the medical ultrasound scanning which is done in FPGA implementation using DCD algorithm. In this paper
we are mainly depending upon the DCD (dichotomous coordinate descent) algorithm which is free from
multiplication and addition technique so it is well suited for hard ware implementation [6]. FPGA (field
programmable gate array) implementation of two variants of the DCD algorithm .known a cyclic and leading
DCD algorithm for real valued and complex valued system. For which architecture and implementation with
different degree of parallelism. Another approach we can point out is fixed point implementation ,but it is
difficult to implement in real time approach, here fixed point implementation provide an accuracy performance
which is very close to the performance of floating counterparts [6].
4. Adaptive Weight Computation Processor for Medical Ultrasound Beam former: VLSI…
DOI: 10.9790/2834-10611619 www.iosrjournals.org 19 | Page
Application include (DCD).
1.complex division.
2. antenna array beam forming.
3. adaptive filtering.
DCD based complex divider is based on the idea that the complex division can be viewed as a problem
of finding the solution of a 2*2 real valued system of linear equations which is solved using the DCD
algorithm. Therefore the new divider uses no multiplication and division. Comparing with the classical
complex divider ,the DCD based complex divider requires significantly smaller chip area. A DCD based
minimum variance distortionless response(MVDR). Beam former employs the DCD algorithm for
multiplication free finding the antenna array weights. An FPGA implementation of the proposed DCD-MVDR,
beam former requires a chip area ,ie compact beam former.
Architecture & FPGA Implementation of DCD algorithm.
1. Ls approach is widely used in the area of signal processing & communication.
2. Solution is based on solving normal equations.
3. Normal equation is very complicated.
4. It is done using matrix inversion is generally regarded 0(N3).
The main component that we can discuss in this thesis is adaptive filter. Adaptive filter are applied in the field
of
1. System identification.
2. Channel equalization.
3. Channel identification.
4. Interference suppression.
5. Acoustic echo cancellation.
The main speciality of adaptive filter can be either finite duration impulse response (FIR) or infinite
duration impulse response(IIR).when comparing both FIR filter and IIR filter, FIR filter is simple stronger
moreover it does not involve any feed back mechanism .So that lot of practical problems can be
accurately modeled by an FIR filters. Such as cancellation using adaptive transversal filter and antenna beam
forming . On the other hand IIR structure contains feed back mechanism which is sophisticated and
unstable so obviously we go for FIR filter rather choosing IIR filters.
VIII. Conclusion & Future Scope
In this paper we discuss about medical ultrasound beam former using FPGA implementation VLSI
architecture, to an extent we will be able solve the problem regarding the body .But the important aspect of this
technology is limited .To an extent ultrasound is non harmful;ie it is ionizable in nature at the same time we
need more water content in our body so that it travels more distance through our body.
If we discuss about the future scope most of the country fail to adopt a ultrasound scanner with high
gajet equipment but in future we may find it in home that can be used by common people which is more
reliable ,easy to use mainly because of cheap rate . Now a days doctors fail to visualize the target organ
clearly to estimate the disease but in future we may find 3D/4D vision of a body organ especially a fetus with
high definition with the development Of 3D/4D technology. Hopefully we may find the ultrasound scanner
hand held in future. So let ultrasound imaging plays a prominent role in rescuing the life of the human being
References
[1]. Evolution Of Ultrasound Beamformers Kai E. Thomenius .
[2]. Adaptive Beamforming Using Lms Algorithm. - Revati Joshi , Ashwinikumar Dhal .
[3]. FPGA Implementation of Adaptive Weight Calculation Core Using QRD-RLS AlgorithmAdaptive.
[4]. VLSI Architecture: Past, Present, and Future William J. Dally and Steve Lac Computer Systems Laboratory Stanford University
[5]. VLSI Circuits for Adaptive Digital Beamforming in Ultrasound Imaging Mustafa Karaman, Abdullah Atalar, and Hayrettin
Koymen
[6]. DCD Algorithm: Architectures, FPGA Implementation and Applications –Jie Liu.