The document discusses a study that investigated using quarry dust as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete. Concrete cubes were made with 0-25% replacement of gravel with quarry dust. Testing found that replacing 10% of gravel with quarry dust and using Ibeto cement yielded the highest compressive strength of 32.3N/mm2. Strengths were satisfactory up to 15% replacement when using Dangote cement. This suggests quarry dust can partially replace coarse aggregates at certain replacement levels while still achieving adequate strength. However, properties of different cement brands can impact concrete strengths made with quarry dust.
This study investigated using periwinkle shells as a partial replacement for granitic chippings in concrete. Tests were conducted on concrete mixes with 0-75% replacement at water-cement ratios of 0.65 and cement-sand-aggregate ratios of 1:1.5:3, 1:2:3, and 1:2.5:3. The results showed that as replacement increased, density decreased from 2466.67 kg/m3 at 25% replacement to 2103.33 kg/m3 at 75% replacement. Compressive strengths ranged from 24.15 to 33.63 N/mm2, meeting the minimum requirement of 25 N/mm2 according to BS 8110. This
Toward green concrete for better sustainable environmenthsaam hsaam
This document discusses efforts to develop green concrete as a more sustainable building material. It begins by noting that cement production currently accounts for 8-10% of global CO2 emissions. The document then discusses various approaches researchers have taken to reduce the environmental impacts of concrete, including substituting fly ash for cement, using recycled materials, and nanoengineering cement mixtures to improve performance. It emphasizes that green concrete must use waste materials, have a sustainable production process, and perform well over its lifetime. The document surveys cleaner cement production technologies and argues green concrete can help all three pillars of sustainability.
Studies on Mortars and Concretes with Pozzolonic Admixtureinventionjournals
Due to the steep increase in the cost of cement which is the main building material commonly used, the constructional costs are going up. In the present contest of housing the millions, various programmes are getting upset because of the increased cost of constructions. In these contexts, various alternatives are being tried to be used as full or partial replacement of cement to reduce its cost. Pozzolime is one such material manufactured locally using lime and clay. Its cost nearby 1/3rd of that of cement. Though pozzolime has been put use by builders to certain extent, its strength properties are not well understood to relies its full potential and use, it is necessary to carryout detailed experimental studies on the strength properties of pozzolime in combination with cement. In the present experimental investigation, pozzolime is used as been partial replacement to cement in various proportions; specimens of mortars and concretes are cost and tested for compressive strength at different ages. The results are compared with those of the fly ash. The results indicate that desirable strength properties can be achieved in mortars and concretes by using pozzolime as partial replacement to cement. It may be concluded that cost affective mortars and concretes can be prepared using pozzolime admixture. This would help substantially in reducing the cost of construction.
An Experimental Study on uses of Quarry Dust to Replace Sand in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This study experimentally tested the compressive strength of concrete with varying replacements of sand by quarry dust from 0% to 100%. M20 and M25 concrete grades were tested at 7 and 28 days with 50% replacement showing maximum strength. At this replacement level, the compressive strength was above the recommended value even after strength loss from high temperatures. Therefore, the study concludes that quarry dust can be utilized as a partial replacement for river sand in concrete, providing higher strength when used at 50% replacement.
IRJET- Effect of Manufacturing Sand on Durability of ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the effect of manufacturing sand on the durability of concrete. Concrete mixtures of M20 and M40 grade were produced by replacing natural sand with 0%, 50%, 70%, and 100% manufacturing sand. Various tests were performed to determine the hardened properties and durability of the concrete mixtures. The compressive strength of the concrete mixtures was tested at curing ages of 3, 7, and 28 days. The results showed that 100% replacement of natural sand with manufacturing sand increased the 28-day compressive strength of M20 grade concrete by over 30%. For M40 grade concrete, 50% replacement of natural sand with manufacturing sand increased the compressive strength at all ages compared to the control mixture. In
The document presents a comparative study on the strength properties of concrete made with river sand and dune sand as fine aggregate. Concrete cubes were produced using a mix ratio of 1:2:4 with a water-cement ratio of 0.62, replacing the fine aggregate of river sand with dune sand. The compressive strength of the cubes was tested at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results showed that at 28 days, the compressive strength of cubes made with dune sand was 22.68N/mm2, which is within the typical range stipulated by design codes, indicating that dune sand can be utilized in concrete production as a replacement for river sand.
Analysis on concrete made from over burned bricksIJARIIT
Concrete is a composite material used for the ground that all considerate designing structure is developed with concrete
in an efforts to find an alternative material in concrete much work has been focused to use brick aggregates in producing normal
strength or even higher strength by far the most common course aggregates used in concrete is obtained from natural rock, but
type of rock suitable for concrete making is not available locally and everywhere. However, there is hardly any literature
producing previous concrete using bricks chips as course aggregates. The research was conducted to study the suitability crushed
over burnt bricks as alternative course aggregates for concrete production. The concrete cube beams and cylinders of M-25, M-
30, and M-35 grade were thrown in this trail explore work and try to analyze different properties of concrete with crushed over
burnt bricks as an alternative material. The physical properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and
workability with alternative material was used with a dosage of 10%, 20% and 30% in concrete with the age of 7, 14, 28 and 50
days of curing. The general properties of fresh and hardened concrete were tried and the outcomes were dissected. Over Burnt
bricks were casted and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and workability. The result shows that
the aggregate that concrete derived from Over Burnt bricks aggregate attained lower strength than the regular concrete. More
detailed and elaborated work is recommended with different mix ratio and a different proportion of Over Burnt aggregates for
a better conclusion.
Replacement of artificial sand and recycled aggregate by using of crumb and s...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied replacing natural sand and recycled aggregate with artificial sand and recycled aggregate containing crumb and shredded rubber in concrete. It provided background on the large amounts of construction and demolition waste generated annually and the need to reuse this material. The objectives of the study were to reuse waste materials and evaluate the advantages of using crumb rubber in concrete, including possible replacement percentages of rubber to achieve design strength while reducing costs. The methodology involved determining the physical and mechanical properties of the materials, designing mixes to achieve M25 grade concrete, and testing the fresh and hardened concrete properties like slump, compressive strength and flexural strength.
This study investigated using periwinkle shells as a partial replacement for granitic chippings in concrete. Tests were conducted on concrete mixes with 0-75% replacement at water-cement ratios of 0.65 and cement-sand-aggregate ratios of 1:1.5:3, 1:2:3, and 1:2.5:3. The results showed that as replacement increased, density decreased from 2466.67 kg/m3 at 25% replacement to 2103.33 kg/m3 at 75% replacement. Compressive strengths ranged from 24.15 to 33.63 N/mm2, meeting the minimum requirement of 25 N/mm2 according to BS 8110. This
Toward green concrete for better sustainable environmenthsaam hsaam
This document discusses efforts to develop green concrete as a more sustainable building material. It begins by noting that cement production currently accounts for 8-10% of global CO2 emissions. The document then discusses various approaches researchers have taken to reduce the environmental impacts of concrete, including substituting fly ash for cement, using recycled materials, and nanoengineering cement mixtures to improve performance. It emphasizes that green concrete must use waste materials, have a sustainable production process, and perform well over its lifetime. The document surveys cleaner cement production technologies and argues green concrete can help all three pillars of sustainability.
Studies on Mortars and Concretes with Pozzolonic Admixtureinventionjournals
Due to the steep increase in the cost of cement which is the main building material commonly used, the constructional costs are going up. In the present contest of housing the millions, various programmes are getting upset because of the increased cost of constructions. In these contexts, various alternatives are being tried to be used as full or partial replacement of cement to reduce its cost. Pozzolime is one such material manufactured locally using lime and clay. Its cost nearby 1/3rd of that of cement. Though pozzolime has been put use by builders to certain extent, its strength properties are not well understood to relies its full potential and use, it is necessary to carryout detailed experimental studies on the strength properties of pozzolime in combination with cement. In the present experimental investigation, pozzolime is used as been partial replacement to cement in various proportions; specimens of mortars and concretes are cost and tested for compressive strength at different ages. The results are compared with those of the fly ash. The results indicate that desirable strength properties can be achieved in mortars and concretes by using pozzolime as partial replacement to cement. It may be concluded that cost affective mortars and concretes can be prepared using pozzolime admixture. This would help substantially in reducing the cost of construction.
An Experimental Study on uses of Quarry Dust to Replace Sand in ConcreteIRJET Journal
This study experimentally tested the compressive strength of concrete with varying replacements of sand by quarry dust from 0% to 100%. M20 and M25 concrete grades were tested at 7 and 28 days with 50% replacement showing maximum strength. At this replacement level, the compressive strength was above the recommended value even after strength loss from high temperatures. Therefore, the study concludes that quarry dust can be utilized as a partial replacement for river sand in concrete, providing higher strength when used at 50% replacement.
IRJET- Effect of Manufacturing Sand on Durability of ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study on the effect of manufacturing sand on the durability of concrete. Concrete mixtures of M20 and M40 grade were produced by replacing natural sand with 0%, 50%, 70%, and 100% manufacturing sand. Various tests were performed to determine the hardened properties and durability of the concrete mixtures. The compressive strength of the concrete mixtures was tested at curing ages of 3, 7, and 28 days. The results showed that 100% replacement of natural sand with manufacturing sand increased the 28-day compressive strength of M20 grade concrete by over 30%. For M40 grade concrete, 50% replacement of natural sand with manufacturing sand increased the compressive strength at all ages compared to the control mixture. In
The document presents a comparative study on the strength properties of concrete made with river sand and dune sand as fine aggregate. Concrete cubes were produced using a mix ratio of 1:2:4 with a water-cement ratio of 0.62, replacing the fine aggregate of river sand with dune sand. The compressive strength of the cubes was tested at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results showed that at 28 days, the compressive strength of cubes made with dune sand was 22.68N/mm2, which is within the typical range stipulated by design codes, indicating that dune sand can be utilized in concrete production as a replacement for river sand.
Analysis on concrete made from over burned bricksIJARIIT
Concrete is a composite material used for the ground that all considerate designing structure is developed with concrete
in an efforts to find an alternative material in concrete much work has been focused to use brick aggregates in producing normal
strength or even higher strength by far the most common course aggregates used in concrete is obtained from natural rock, but
type of rock suitable for concrete making is not available locally and everywhere. However, there is hardly any literature
producing previous concrete using bricks chips as course aggregates. The research was conducted to study the suitability crushed
over burnt bricks as alternative course aggregates for concrete production. The concrete cube beams and cylinders of M-25, M-
30, and M-35 grade were thrown in this trail explore work and try to analyze different properties of concrete with crushed over
burnt bricks as an alternative material. The physical properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and
workability with alternative material was used with a dosage of 10%, 20% and 30% in concrete with the age of 7, 14, 28 and 50
days of curing. The general properties of fresh and hardened concrete were tried and the outcomes were dissected. Over Burnt
bricks were casted and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, and workability. The result shows that
the aggregate that concrete derived from Over Burnt bricks aggregate attained lower strength than the regular concrete. More
detailed and elaborated work is recommended with different mix ratio and a different proportion of Over Burnt aggregates for
a better conclusion.
Replacement of artificial sand and recycled aggregate by using of crumb and s...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research paper that studied replacing natural sand and recycled aggregate with artificial sand and recycled aggregate containing crumb and shredded rubber in concrete. It provided background on the large amounts of construction and demolition waste generated annually and the need to reuse this material. The objectives of the study were to reuse waste materials and evaluate the advantages of using crumb rubber in concrete, including possible replacement percentages of rubber to achieve design strength while reducing costs. The methodology involved determining the physical and mechanical properties of the materials, designing mixes to achieve M25 grade concrete, and testing the fresh and hardened concrete properties like slump, compressive strength and flexural strength.
Replacement of Natural Fine Aggregate With Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag An I...IJERA Editor
The aim of the investigation is to replace natural fine aggregatewith Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag in OPC concrete. At present, nearly million tons of slag is being produced in the steel plants, in India. The generation of slag would be dual problem in disposal difficulty and environmental pollution. Some strategies should be used to utilize the slag effectively. Considering physical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in the field of civil constructions, this report demonstrates the possibilities of using air cooled blast furnace slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete. A total of five concrete mixes, containing 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5% and 50% partial replacement of regular sand with air cooled blast furnace slag are investigated in the laboratory. These mixes were tested to determine axial compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength for 7days, 28days, 56days and 90days.
Experimental Study on Concrete with Waste Granite Powder as an AdmixtureIJERA Editor
Granite fines which are the byproduct produced in granite factories while cutting huge granite rocks to the desired shapes. Granite fines are used as a filler material in the concrete, replacing the fine aggregate which will help in filling up the pores in the concrete. Filling up of the pores by granite fines increase the strength of the concrete and also a material which is abundantly to investigate the strength behavior of concrete with use of granite fines as an additive. Concrete is prepared with granite fines as a replacement of fine concrete in 4 different propositions namely 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% and various tests such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are investigated and these values are compared with the conventional concrete without the granite fines. It was observed that substitution of 7.5% of cement by weight with Granite fines in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength for both 7 & 28 days to 33.14 & 43.40 N/mm2 compared to 23.26 & 39.41 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 7.5% substitution with granite fines increasing the tensile strength for 7 & 28 days to 2.87 &4.19 N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 & 3.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 7.5% granite fine replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength for 28 days to 6.34 N/mm2compared to a 3.35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 10% substitution with granite fines is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available granite is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
Alternative Low Cost Building Materials on Beamsijtsrd
Today, transfer of waste material is an incredible issue and it gets to be hard to discover common assets because of their extreme abuse. Utilization of waste materials as development materials has various advantages, for example, diminishment in cost, saving in energy, and protection of environment. coconut shell is a waste material which can be a substitute for aggregate. Along these lines, the primary goal of this anticipate is to empower the utilization of coconut shell as a development material and to get ready lightweight concrete by utilizing coconut shell as coarse aggregate. In this anticipate, exploratory study has been done on characteristic strength of M35 concrete with substitution of 15% and 30% of coarse aggregate by coconut shell .Also an attempt has been made to examine the suitability of replacing the 20% of flyash with cement and simultaneously by replacing 15% and 30% of coconut shell as coarse aggregate for concrete of grade M35. The results found were comparable with that of Traditional mix. G Khaja | P Sai | K Siva Sankar"Alternative Low Cost Building Materials on Beams" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2295.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2295/alternative-low-cost-building-materials-on-beams/g-khaja
IRJET - An Experimantal Study on Behaviour of Hollow Fly Ash Concrete Blocks ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on the behavior of hollow fly ash concrete blocks as a replacement for conventional bricks. Various mix designs were tested to improve the mechanical properties of the blocks. The compressive strength, water absorption, modulus of rupture, and dry density of newly manufactured hollow fly ash concrete blocks were compared to traditionally made blocks. Results showed that the proposed mix ratios significantly increased the compressive strength and decreased the water absorption of the hollow fly ash concrete blocks compared to the original mixes. Sixteen blocks were tested based on four mix designs with varying fly ash content. The mix with 20% fly ash content performed best in terms of compressive strength and other properties.
Comparision of Strength For Concrete With Rock Dust And Natural Sand Concrete...IJERA Editor
The Quarry rock dust can be an economic alternative to the river sand. Quarry Rock Dust can be defined as
residue, tailing or other non-voluble waste material after the extraction and processing of rocks to form fine
particles less than 4.75mm. Usually, Quarry Rock Dust is used in large scale in the highways as a surface
finishing material and also used for manufacturing of hollow blocks and lightweight concrete prefabricated
Elements. This project presents the feasibility of the usage of Quarry Rock Dust as hundred percent substitutes
for Natural Sand in concrete. Design Mix for M30 and M40 has been calculated using IS 10262-2009 for both
conventional concrete and quarry dust concrete. Tests were conducted on cubes, cylinders and beams to study
the strength of concrete by using Quarry Rock Dust and the results were compared with the Natural Sand
Concrete. Cement motor ratios of 1:3 and 1:6 are prepared and observe the percentage of water absorption in
both Quarry Rock Dust and Natural sand for plastering.
Use of Granite Waste as Partial Substitute to Cement in ConcreteIJERA Editor
With the ever increasing cost of construction materials there is a need to curtail the same by using cheaper substitutes. In this investigation Granite Slurry (GS) was used as partial substitute in proportions varying from 5% to 20% by weight to cement in concrete and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength and flexure strength. It was observed that substitution of 10% of cement by weight with GS in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength to 48 N/mm2 compared to 35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 10% substitution with GS increasing the tensile strength to 3.6N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 10% GS replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength to 4.6 N/mm2compared to a 3.2 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 20% substitution with GS is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available GS is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
Experimental Study on Performance of Concrete M30 with Partial Replacement of...IJERA Editor
In this research work experiments have been conducted with collection of materials required and the data required for mix design are obtained by sieve analysis and specific gravity test. Sieve analysis is carried out from various fine aggregates (FA) and coarse aggregates (CA) samples and the sample which suits the requirement is selected. Specific gravity tests are carried out for fine and coarse aggregate. The various materials used were tested as per Indian standard specifications. On the basis of the experimental studies carried out on M30 grade concrete as partial replacement of coarse aggregates with sea shells and coconut shells, the following conclusions are drawn from the above experiment we conclude that comparing to traditional concrete, compressive strength of 10% (5% + 5%) of coconut shells (5%) and sea shells (5%) increased. whereas the compressive strength of the concrete cubes has gradually decreased from addition of 10% (5% + 5%) of coconut shells and sea shells. Hence for economical view 10% is preferable and in the perspective of compressive strength 10% is suggested. Thus, 10% replacement coconut shells and sea shells are recommended for both heavy weight and light weight concrete production.
This study investigated the use of coconut shells as a partial replacement for crushed granite in concrete. Several concrete mixes were produced with 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 100% replacement of crushed granite with coconut shells by volume. The density and compressive strength of the concrete cubes were tested at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results showed that both density and compressive strength decreased as the percentage of coconut shell replacement increased. At a 18.5% replacement level, the compressive strength met the requirements for structural concrete. The study concluded that coconut shells can be used as a partial replacement of conventional aggregates in concrete, which could provide environmental and cost benefits.
Development of Green Paving Blocks Using Recycled Aggregates: An Approach tow...iosrjce
The document summarizes a study on developing concrete paving blocks using recycled aggregates as a partial or full replacement for natural aggregates. Various mixtures were tested with replacement levels of recycled coarse and fine aggregates ranging from 25-100%. The properties of the blocks, such as compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, density and abrasion resistance, were compared based on the replacement level and whether the recycled aggregates were washed or unwashed. The results showed that a 25% replacement had little effect on properties, but properties decreased at higher replacement levels, though washing the aggregates improved the performance.
Effect of iron ore tailing on the properties of concreteAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated using iron ore tailings (IOT) as a partial replacement for sand in concrete. Tests were conducted with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% replacement of sand with IOT. Results showed that workability decreased with higher replacement levels due to the fineness of IOT. The 28-day compressive strength was only slightly lower when replacing 20% of sand with IOT compared to the control mix. The tensile strength was also similar between the 20% replacement and control mixes. Therefore, replacing up to 20% of sand with IOT provides sufficient strength for use in concrete.
Experimental Studies on Compressive Strength of Concrete by Replacing Fine Ag...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the compressive strength of concrete when replacing fine aggregate with blast furnace slags. Various proportions of fine aggregate replacement (20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%) were tested and the compressive strength was measured at 3, 7, and 28 days. The results showed that 30% replacement of fine aggregate with blast furnace slag produced the highest compressive strength of 35.97 N/mm2 at 28 days. This suggests that blast furnace slag can partially replace natural sand in concrete, reducing costs and preserving natural resources while maintaining strength.
The document summarizes research on replacing natural sand with alternative materials in concrete. It discusses several potential replacements, including copper slag, granulated blast furnace slag, washed bottom ash, quarry dust, and foundry sand. For each alternative, it describes the material's physical properties and reviews studies on how concrete strength and durability are affected by partial or full replacement of natural sand. The research showed that many alternatives can improve concrete mechanical properties compared to conventional concrete, though some may reduce workability. Overall, the document concludes that these efficient alternatives can help conserve natural resources while still obtaining high strength concrete at a lower cost.
This document summarizes a study that investigated using sawdust ash (SDA) as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement in hollow sandcrete blocks. Two mix ratios (1:6 and 1:8 cement to sand) were used with SDA replacements of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The blocks were tested for density and compressive strength after 7 and 28 days of curing. Test results showed that as the percentage of SDA increased, density and compressive strength decreased. Blocks with 10% SDA replacement achieved compressive strengths of 2.2N/mm2 and 2.0N/mm2 at 28 days, meeting the requirements for non-load bearing walls. The study
This document presents a study on the use of coconut shells as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete. Three mixes were tested with 0%, 25%, and 50% replacement of coconut shells. 36 concrete specimens were cast and tested to determine properties like compressive and tensile strength. Test results found that compressive strength was 21.31 MPa and 14.88 MPa for 25% and 50% coconut shell replacement respectively, satisfying requirements for structural lightweight concrete. Using coconut shells provides benefits like reducing concrete weight by 15-25% while maintaining adequate strength properties. The study concludes that coconut shells are a viable lightweight aggregate for use in concrete production.
STUDY ON GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE USED FOR PAVING BLOCKSAM Publications
Paver block is used in various applications like in street road and other construction places. Portland cement generates large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) which is responsible for global warming hence it is a greenhouse gas. And the concrete paver block production consume large amount of water and space for curing purpose. The other great problem today is disposal of solid waste from Coal fired thermal power plants generate fly ash and pond ash. This project combined sustainability, curing free with waste management leading to a wonderful product called geo-polymer concrete pavers. This paper represents the results of the geopolymer concrete paver block with the mix of M40 grade Test results indicate that low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete pavers has excellent compressive strength within short period (3 days) without water curing & suitable for practical applications
Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Local available SoilIJERD Editor
The document presents a study on replacing fine aggregate (sand) with local soil in concrete mixes at different percentages from 10% to 60%. Tests were conducted on concrete cubes to evaluate the compressive strength at various ages. The results showed that compressive strengths decreased with higher replacement levels of soil, and a replacement of 30% soil was found to provide adequate strength for normal construction uses.
Performance of lateritic concrete under environmental harsh conditioneSAT Journals
This document investigates the performance of lateritic concrete under different environmental conditions by varying the ratio of laterite to fine aggregate in concrete mixes. Cubes made with different ratios (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) were subjected to high temperatures, wetting and drying cycles, and chemical exposure. The results showed that compressive strength generally decreased with increased laterite ratio under wetting/drying cycles but increased when exposed to magnesium sulfate. A ratio of 20% laterite attained the highest strength of 12.9 MPa after heating to 100°C, indicating it provides optimal performance under harsh, tropical weathering.
Experimental Study on use of Crushed Rock Powder as Partial Replacement for F...IJMTST Journal
Concrete is commonly used building material, and it is extensively used, hence this project is aimed to
reduce the use of natural sand by using crushed rock powder(CRP) as a replacement for fine aggregate in
concrete .Thereby reducing the exhaustion on natural sand. The project involves the process in which fine
aggregate in concrete is replaced by CRP at 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% replacement. Grade of concrete M25 is
selected for the project. The project includes determination of compressive strength and split tensile strength
at the ages of 7 days and 28 days. The strength properties of concrete with CRP replacement are compared
with that of Normal Concrete (NC) which does not contain CRP.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the performance of fly-ash interlocking bricks. Fly ash, stone dust, and sand were used to cast interlocking bricks in varying proportions. The bricks were then tested at 14, 28, and 90 days to determine compressive strength, water absorption, and density. The results found that compressive strength initially increases with fly ash content up to a maximum point and then decreases. Water absorption increases with higher fly ash content. Density of the bricks was 7.5-25% higher than conventional clay bricks. The study concludes that fly ash bricks can provide sufficient strength for construction use and are a viable recycling alternative to traditional clay bricks.
Mud concrete block using construction and demolition waste liveaadesh dhoka
This document summarizes a study on producing mud concrete blocks using construction and demolition waste. The study aimed to identify alternatives to coarse aggregates for mud concrete blocks and investigate their mechanical properties. Four types of blocks were produced with varying percentages of soil, quarry dust, granite fines, construction waste, coarse aggregates, and cement. Testing showed the blocks with 10% cement and 27% construction waste achieved the highest average compressive strength of 24.77 MPa. The blocks were found to be durable with water absorption under permissible limits. The study demonstrated mud concrete blocks can be successfully produced using construction waste as a sustainable construction material.
The document summarizes a study that mapped the conditions and characteristics of buildings in the Muaro Jambi district of Indonesia. Key findings include:
1. Muaro Jambi has rural settlements, a temple complex, a port and industrial area, and road corridors.
2. The study identified land use patterns and found the largest portions were large-scale plantations, small-scale plantations, and degraded and peat forests.
3. The mapping will provide baseline data for drafting local building regulations tailored to Muaro Jambi's sociolegal conditions and existing building stock.
This document describes a system for classifying gender using both face images and voice samples. It analyzes features extracted from preprocessed voice and image data using autocorrelation and Fisherface algorithms, respectively. The results from each modality are then integrated to increase classification accuracy. Experimental results showed the voice-based system was more robust to variations, but combining modalities yielded a system that leveraged the strengths of each approach and improved performance under noisy conditions.
Replacement of Natural Fine Aggregate With Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag An I...IJERA Editor
The aim of the investigation is to replace natural fine aggregatewith Air Cooled Blast Furnace Slag in OPC concrete. At present, nearly million tons of slag is being produced in the steel plants, in India. The generation of slag would be dual problem in disposal difficulty and environmental pollution. Some strategies should be used to utilize the slag effectively. Considering physical properties of metallurgical slags and a series of possibilities for their use in the field of civil constructions, this report demonstrates the possibilities of using air cooled blast furnace slag as partial replacement of sand in concrete. A total of five concrete mixes, containing 0%, 12.5%, 25%, 37.5% and 50% partial replacement of regular sand with air cooled blast furnace slag are investigated in the laboratory. These mixes were tested to determine axial compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength for 7days, 28days, 56days and 90days.
Experimental Study on Concrete with Waste Granite Powder as an AdmixtureIJERA Editor
Granite fines which are the byproduct produced in granite factories while cutting huge granite rocks to the desired shapes. Granite fines are used as a filler material in the concrete, replacing the fine aggregate which will help in filling up the pores in the concrete. Filling up of the pores by granite fines increase the strength of the concrete and also a material which is abundantly to investigate the strength behavior of concrete with use of granite fines as an additive. Concrete is prepared with granite fines as a replacement of fine concrete in 4 different propositions namely 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% and various tests such as compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength are investigated and these values are compared with the conventional concrete without the granite fines. It was observed that substitution of 7.5% of cement by weight with Granite fines in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength for both 7 & 28 days to 33.14 & 43.40 N/mm2 compared to 23.26 & 39.41 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 7.5% substitution with granite fines increasing the tensile strength for 7 & 28 days to 2.87 &4.19 N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 & 3.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 7.5% granite fine replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength for 28 days to 6.34 N/mm2compared to a 3.35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 10% substitution with granite fines is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available granite is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
Alternative Low Cost Building Materials on Beamsijtsrd
Today, transfer of waste material is an incredible issue and it gets to be hard to discover common assets because of their extreme abuse. Utilization of waste materials as development materials has various advantages, for example, diminishment in cost, saving in energy, and protection of environment. coconut shell is a waste material which can be a substitute for aggregate. Along these lines, the primary goal of this anticipate is to empower the utilization of coconut shell as a development material and to get ready lightweight concrete by utilizing coconut shell as coarse aggregate. In this anticipate, exploratory study has been done on characteristic strength of M35 concrete with substitution of 15% and 30% of coarse aggregate by coconut shell .Also an attempt has been made to examine the suitability of replacing the 20% of flyash with cement and simultaneously by replacing 15% and 30% of coconut shell as coarse aggregate for concrete of grade M35. The results found were comparable with that of Traditional mix. G Khaja | P Sai | K Siva Sankar"Alternative Low Cost Building Materials on Beams" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2295.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/2295/alternative-low-cost-building-materials-on-beams/g-khaja
IRJET - An Experimantal Study on Behaviour of Hollow Fly Ash Concrete Blocks ...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental study on the behavior of hollow fly ash concrete blocks as a replacement for conventional bricks. Various mix designs were tested to improve the mechanical properties of the blocks. The compressive strength, water absorption, modulus of rupture, and dry density of newly manufactured hollow fly ash concrete blocks were compared to traditionally made blocks. Results showed that the proposed mix ratios significantly increased the compressive strength and decreased the water absorption of the hollow fly ash concrete blocks compared to the original mixes. Sixteen blocks were tested based on four mix designs with varying fly ash content. The mix with 20% fly ash content performed best in terms of compressive strength and other properties.
Comparision of Strength For Concrete With Rock Dust And Natural Sand Concrete...IJERA Editor
The Quarry rock dust can be an economic alternative to the river sand. Quarry Rock Dust can be defined as
residue, tailing or other non-voluble waste material after the extraction and processing of rocks to form fine
particles less than 4.75mm. Usually, Quarry Rock Dust is used in large scale in the highways as a surface
finishing material and also used for manufacturing of hollow blocks and lightweight concrete prefabricated
Elements. This project presents the feasibility of the usage of Quarry Rock Dust as hundred percent substitutes
for Natural Sand in concrete. Design Mix for M30 and M40 has been calculated using IS 10262-2009 for both
conventional concrete and quarry dust concrete. Tests were conducted on cubes, cylinders and beams to study
the strength of concrete by using Quarry Rock Dust and the results were compared with the Natural Sand
Concrete. Cement motor ratios of 1:3 and 1:6 are prepared and observe the percentage of water absorption in
both Quarry Rock Dust and Natural sand for plastering.
Use of Granite Waste as Partial Substitute to Cement in ConcreteIJERA Editor
With the ever increasing cost of construction materials there is a need to curtail the same by using cheaper substitutes. In this investigation Granite Slurry (GS) was used as partial substitute in proportions varying from 5% to 20% by weight to cement in concrete and tested for compressive strength, tensile strength and flexure strength. It was observed that substitution of 10% of cement by weight with GS in concrete resulted in an increase in compressive strength to 48 N/mm2 compared to 35 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Tensile strength too followed a similar pattern with a 10% substitution with GS increasing the tensile strength to 3.6N/mm2 compared with a 2.4 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. However flexure strength of 10% GS replacement exhibited a good improvement of flexural strength to 4.6 N/mm2compared to a 3.2 N/mm2 of conventional concrete. Further investigations revealed that to attain the same strength of conventional concrete a 20% substitution with GS is effective. So it can be concluded that when locally available GS is a good partial substitute to concrete and improves compressive, tensile and flexure characteristics of concrete, while simultaneously offsetting the overall cost of concrete substantially.
Experimental Study on Performance of Concrete M30 with Partial Replacement of...IJERA Editor
In this research work experiments have been conducted with collection of materials required and the data required for mix design are obtained by sieve analysis and specific gravity test. Sieve analysis is carried out from various fine aggregates (FA) and coarse aggregates (CA) samples and the sample which suits the requirement is selected. Specific gravity tests are carried out for fine and coarse aggregate. The various materials used were tested as per Indian standard specifications. On the basis of the experimental studies carried out on M30 grade concrete as partial replacement of coarse aggregates with sea shells and coconut shells, the following conclusions are drawn from the above experiment we conclude that comparing to traditional concrete, compressive strength of 10% (5% + 5%) of coconut shells (5%) and sea shells (5%) increased. whereas the compressive strength of the concrete cubes has gradually decreased from addition of 10% (5% + 5%) of coconut shells and sea shells. Hence for economical view 10% is preferable and in the perspective of compressive strength 10% is suggested. Thus, 10% replacement coconut shells and sea shells are recommended for both heavy weight and light weight concrete production.
This study investigated the use of coconut shells as a partial replacement for crushed granite in concrete. Several concrete mixes were produced with 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 100% replacement of crushed granite with coconut shells by volume. The density and compressive strength of the concrete cubes were tested at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results showed that both density and compressive strength decreased as the percentage of coconut shell replacement increased. At a 18.5% replacement level, the compressive strength met the requirements for structural concrete. The study concluded that coconut shells can be used as a partial replacement of conventional aggregates in concrete, which could provide environmental and cost benefits.
Development of Green Paving Blocks Using Recycled Aggregates: An Approach tow...iosrjce
The document summarizes a study on developing concrete paving blocks using recycled aggregates as a partial or full replacement for natural aggregates. Various mixtures were tested with replacement levels of recycled coarse and fine aggregates ranging from 25-100%. The properties of the blocks, such as compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, density and abrasion resistance, were compared based on the replacement level and whether the recycled aggregates were washed or unwashed. The results showed that a 25% replacement had little effect on properties, but properties decreased at higher replacement levels, though washing the aggregates improved the performance.
Effect of iron ore tailing on the properties of concreteAlexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated using iron ore tailings (IOT) as a partial replacement for sand in concrete. Tests were conducted with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% replacement of sand with IOT. Results showed that workability decreased with higher replacement levels due to the fineness of IOT. The 28-day compressive strength was only slightly lower when replacing 20% of sand with IOT compared to the control mix. The tensile strength was also similar between the 20% replacement and control mixes. Therefore, replacing up to 20% of sand with IOT provides sufficient strength for use in concrete.
Experimental Studies on Compressive Strength of Concrete by Replacing Fine Ag...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on the compressive strength of concrete when replacing fine aggregate with blast furnace slags. Various proportions of fine aggregate replacement (20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%) were tested and the compressive strength was measured at 3, 7, and 28 days. The results showed that 30% replacement of fine aggregate with blast furnace slag produced the highest compressive strength of 35.97 N/mm2 at 28 days. This suggests that blast furnace slag can partially replace natural sand in concrete, reducing costs and preserving natural resources while maintaining strength.
The document summarizes research on replacing natural sand with alternative materials in concrete. It discusses several potential replacements, including copper slag, granulated blast furnace slag, washed bottom ash, quarry dust, and foundry sand. For each alternative, it describes the material's physical properties and reviews studies on how concrete strength and durability are affected by partial or full replacement of natural sand. The research showed that many alternatives can improve concrete mechanical properties compared to conventional concrete, though some may reduce workability. Overall, the document concludes that these efficient alternatives can help conserve natural resources while still obtaining high strength concrete at a lower cost.
This document summarizes a study that investigated using sawdust ash (SDA) as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement in hollow sandcrete blocks. Two mix ratios (1:6 and 1:8 cement to sand) were used with SDA replacements of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%. The blocks were tested for density and compressive strength after 7 and 28 days of curing. Test results showed that as the percentage of SDA increased, density and compressive strength decreased. Blocks with 10% SDA replacement achieved compressive strengths of 2.2N/mm2 and 2.0N/mm2 at 28 days, meeting the requirements for non-load bearing walls. The study
This document presents a study on the use of coconut shells as a partial replacement for coarse aggregates in concrete. Three mixes were tested with 0%, 25%, and 50% replacement of coconut shells. 36 concrete specimens were cast and tested to determine properties like compressive and tensile strength. Test results found that compressive strength was 21.31 MPa and 14.88 MPa for 25% and 50% coconut shell replacement respectively, satisfying requirements for structural lightweight concrete. Using coconut shells provides benefits like reducing concrete weight by 15-25% while maintaining adequate strength properties. The study concludes that coconut shells are a viable lightweight aggregate for use in concrete production.
STUDY ON GEOPOLYMER CONCRETE USED FOR PAVING BLOCKSAM Publications
Paver block is used in various applications like in street road and other construction places. Portland cement generates large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) which is responsible for global warming hence it is a greenhouse gas. And the concrete paver block production consume large amount of water and space for curing purpose. The other great problem today is disposal of solid waste from Coal fired thermal power plants generate fly ash and pond ash. This project combined sustainability, curing free with waste management leading to a wonderful product called geo-polymer concrete pavers. This paper represents the results of the geopolymer concrete paver block with the mix of M40 grade Test results indicate that low calcium fly ash based geopolymer concrete pavers has excellent compressive strength within short period (3 days) without water curing & suitable for practical applications
Replacement of Fine Aggregate with Local available SoilIJERD Editor
The document presents a study on replacing fine aggregate (sand) with local soil in concrete mixes at different percentages from 10% to 60%. Tests were conducted on concrete cubes to evaluate the compressive strength at various ages. The results showed that compressive strengths decreased with higher replacement levels of soil, and a replacement of 30% soil was found to provide adequate strength for normal construction uses.
Performance of lateritic concrete under environmental harsh conditioneSAT Journals
This document investigates the performance of lateritic concrete under different environmental conditions by varying the ratio of laterite to fine aggregate in concrete mixes. Cubes made with different ratios (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) were subjected to high temperatures, wetting and drying cycles, and chemical exposure. The results showed that compressive strength generally decreased with increased laterite ratio under wetting/drying cycles but increased when exposed to magnesium sulfate. A ratio of 20% laterite attained the highest strength of 12.9 MPa after heating to 100°C, indicating it provides optimal performance under harsh, tropical weathering.
Experimental Study on use of Crushed Rock Powder as Partial Replacement for F...IJMTST Journal
Concrete is commonly used building material, and it is extensively used, hence this project is aimed to
reduce the use of natural sand by using crushed rock powder(CRP) as a replacement for fine aggregate in
concrete .Thereby reducing the exhaustion on natural sand. The project involves the process in which fine
aggregate in concrete is replaced by CRP at 0%, 20%, 40% and 60% replacement. Grade of concrete M25 is
selected for the project. The project includes determination of compressive strength and split tensile strength
at the ages of 7 days and 28 days. The strength properties of concrete with CRP replacement are compared
with that of Normal Concrete (NC) which does not contain CRP.
This document summarizes an experimental study on the performance of fly-ash interlocking bricks. Fly ash, stone dust, and sand were used to cast interlocking bricks in varying proportions. The bricks were then tested at 14, 28, and 90 days to determine compressive strength, water absorption, and density. The results found that compressive strength initially increases with fly ash content up to a maximum point and then decreases. Water absorption increases with higher fly ash content. Density of the bricks was 7.5-25% higher than conventional clay bricks. The study concludes that fly ash bricks can provide sufficient strength for construction use and are a viable recycling alternative to traditional clay bricks.
Mud concrete block using construction and demolition waste liveaadesh dhoka
This document summarizes a study on producing mud concrete blocks using construction and demolition waste. The study aimed to identify alternatives to coarse aggregates for mud concrete blocks and investigate their mechanical properties. Four types of blocks were produced with varying percentages of soil, quarry dust, granite fines, construction waste, coarse aggregates, and cement. Testing showed the blocks with 10% cement and 27% construction waste achieved the highest average compressive strength of 24.77 MPa. The blocks were found to be durable with water absorption under permissible limits. The study demonstrated mud concrete blocks can be successfully produced using construction waste as a sustainable construction material.
The document summarizes a study that mapped the conditions and characteristics of buildings in the Muaro Jambi district of Indonesia. Key findings include:
1. Muaro Jambi has rural settlements, a temple complex, a port and industrial area, and road corridors.
2. The study identified land use patterns and found the largest portions were large-scale plantations, small-scale plantations, and degraded and peat forests.
3. The mapping will provide baseline data for drafting local building regulations tailored to Muaro Jambi's sociolegal conditions and existing building stock.
This document describes a system for classifying gender using both face images and voice samples. It analyzes features extracted from preprocessed voice and image data using autocorrelation and Fisherface algorithms, respectively. The results from each modality are then integrated to increase classification accuracy. Experimental results showed the voice-based system was more robust to variations, but combining modalities yielded a system that leveraged the strengths of each approach and improved performance under noisy conditions.
This document summarizes previous work on data preprocessing for web usage mining. It discusses how web server log files contain raw data that needs preprocessing before analysis. The preprocessing steps commonly used are data cleaning, user identification, session identification, and path completion. Several papers are reviewed that discuss different techniques for preprocessing web server log files, including custom preprocessing steps, algorithms for reading logs and transferring data to a database, and the outputs of preprocessed data. The goal of the literature review is to study and compare various techniques for the important preprocessing phase of web usage mining.
Development of Human Tracking in Video Surveillance System for Activity Anal...IOSR Journals
This document discusses the development of a human tracking system for video surveillance. It proposes a three step process: 1) detecting moving objects through background subtraction and optical flow segmentation, 2) tracking detected humans across frames while handling occlusion, and 3) analyzing activities to trigger alerts for abnormal behaviors. Previous research on human detection, tracking, and occlusion handling is also reviewed. The overall architecture is presented with each step - detection, tracking, and activity analysis - broken down in more detail.
This document summarizes methods for producing metal foams from aluminum alloys. It discusses direct foaming which injects gas into molten metal and indirect foaming using solid precursors. Direct foaming is commercially used but indirect foaming offers more control over pore structure. The document also outlines properties of aluminum foam including low density, stiffness, energy absorption and strength. Applications mentioned are lightweight construction, reinforcement of polymers, and use as cores in castings. Challenges remain in producing foams with uniform, controlled pore structures.
This document discusses various artificial intelligence techniques for robot path planning, including ant colony optimization. It provides background on particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithms, tabu search, simulated annealing, reactive search optimization, and ant colony algorithms. It then proposes a solution for robotic path planning that uses ant colony optimization. The proposed solution involves defining a source and destination point for the robot, moving it forward one step at a time while checking for obstacles, having it take three steps back if an obstacle is encountered, and applying ant colony optimization algorithms to help the robot find an optimal path to bypass obstacles and reach the destination point.
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new vibration propulsion system for powering a small mobile robot. The system uses two counter-rotating eccentric masses, similar to the Dean drive, to excite an oscillating inner frame attached to an outer frame by springs. Wheels on the outer frame can be driven forward due to inertial and friction forces generated by the oscillating system. The document presents the dynamic model of the system and derives the governing differential equation. Experimental testing showed the system could successfully propel a robot vehicle and generate a maximum towing force of 8.5N while weighing 25N itself. Further improvements to increase propulsion are recommended.
Applying a Model Based Testing for a Controller Design in Fault Detection, I...IOSR Journals
The document describes a model-based testing approach for a fault detection, isolation, and recovery (FDIR) system for an aircraft elevator redundancy control system. It discusses applying model-based design to develop an executable specification of the system to facilitate early verification and validation. The system contains four hydraulic actuators that can each be in one of five modes (active, standby, off, passive, isolated). Requirements for the system are presented and translated into more detailed specifications. A Simulink model is created to embody the desired behavior based on the requirements. The model includes fault detection subsystems to monitor actuator positions and hydraulic pressures and isolate faults. The approach aims to test the model against the requirements to verify compliance and catch
This document discusses optimizing the energy production of an autonomous photovoltaic (PV) system with a simple charge regulator. The study determines the optimal open circuit voltage range of the PV field for 12V and 24V storage systems. Mathematical models are developed for PV modules, storage batteries, and charge regulators. Simulation results show that a PV field's open circuit voltage between 16-23V optimizes energy production for a 12V system, and between 34-43V for a 24V system, under standard test conditions. The optimal voltage ensures the intersection point between the PV and battery voltage-current characteristics is near the PV module's maximum power point.
This document describes the design and simulation of a dual-fed circularly polarized microstrip patch antenna for WLAN applications at 2.4 GHz. A circular patch antenna with a diameter of 30 mm is designed on an FR4 substrate with a dielectric constant of 4.6 and thickness of 1.6 mm. Circular polarization is achieved by feeding the patch from two points with a 90 degree phase difference using a 3dB hybrid coupler. The antenna is simulated using ADS software. Simulation results show the antenna resonates at 2.404 GHz with a return loss of -28.003 dB and gain of 6.368 dB. The antenna provides circular polarization as required for WLAN applications.
This document discusses the Self Organizing Queue (SOQ) clustering algorithm for grouping similar data points. It aims to improve upon spectral clustering and graph clustering algorithms. SOQ uses a bio-inspired approach where data points are placed in queues based on similarity, allowing similar points to self-organize into the same queue/cluster. The paper presents the SOQ algorithm and two variations, CESOQ and MSSOQ, which address limitations in the original SOQ. It also provides an example application of SOQ for vehicle clustering and experimental results comparing SOQ to other clustering methods using synthetic Gaussian data.
This document provides an overview of VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) network technology. It describes the key components of a VSAT network including the outdoor and indoor units, hub station, and satellite. The outdoor unit includes the antenna, transceivers, and amplifiers while the indoor unit includes the multiplexer/demultiplexer, modem, and interfaces. VSAT networks can be configured in a star topology with all traffic routed through the central hub or in a mesh topology allowing direct terminal-to-terminal communication. Common applications of VSAT networks include corporate networks, broadcasting, and interactive data services between distributed sites.
Nasal Parameters of Ibibio and Yakurr Ethnic Groups of South South NigeriaIOSR Journals
The study involved 400 subjects, 200 each of the two ethnic groups(100 males and 100 females). The age range was 18-35years. Subjects with facial deformities or surgeries that involved the nasal region were excluded from the study. Subjects that have both parents and grandparents of each ethnic group and who have lived in that environment for at least the first 18years of their lifetime were selected for the study. The nasal length and width were measured using spreading calipers and nasal indices deducted from these measurements. Test for significance was done using the students’ t-test. Results showed the nasal indices of the Ibibio males and females to be 86.58±1.20 and 81.75±1.14 respectively and for the Yakurr males and females, it was 77.76±0.82 and 102.27±1.13 respectively. There was significant ethnic and gender differences in all the nasal parameters (nasal length, nasal width and nasal indices) at p<0.05. From the nasal indices the nose type of the Ibibio males is platyrrhine while that of the Ibibio females is mesorrhine, the Yakurr males also have mesorrhine nose type while the Yakurr females have platyrrhine nose type. With this result, nasal parameters could be a useful tool in gender and ethnic differentiation between the Ibibio and Yakurr ethnic groups.
This document describes two novel image hiding schemes: Optimal Pixel Pair Matching (OPAP) and Diamond Encoding (DE).
OPAP embeds secret data by adjusting pixel values at their optimal level using least significant bit substitution to minimize embedding distortion. DE extends the Exploiting Modification Direction method by concealing secret digits in a diamond-shaped neighborhood of pixel pairs using a diamond characteristic value.
Experimental results show that both OPAP and DE provide acceptable image quality while embedding a significant amount of data, with DE able to embed larger payloads than OPAP by exploiting a diamond-shaped pixel neighborhood. DE selectively embeds data according to a specific notational system but maintains imperceptible stego-image quality
The document summarizes a study on the geotechnical properties of expansive soil stabilized with quarry dust. Laboratory tests were conducted on expansive soil mixed with 0-15% quarry dust. The tests showed that 10% quarry dust improved the soil's properties the most by reducing differential free swell by 28%, increasing soaked CBR from 1.2 to 6.7, reducing cohesion from 16kN/m2 to 1kN/m2 and increasing the angle of internal friction from 19° to 30°. Cyclic plate load tests also indicated 10% quarry dust improved the load bearing capacity of model flexible pavements made with the treated soil.
The document summarizes performance improvements for transferring short messages over the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS). It presents two mathematical models: 1) a dedicated channel model that analyzes throughput over dedicated channels only, and 2) a proposed model that analyzes throughput over both random access channels (RACH) and dedicated channels. The proposed model increases message throughput by allowing RACH to carry messages directly instead of just requests. Results show the proposed model achieves higher throughput than the dedicated channel model across most values of network load and percentage of messages sent over RACH versus dedicated channels. Optimal values for maximizing throughput depend on the network load.
Impact of Family Support Group on Co-Dependent BehaviourIOSR Journals
The present study aimed to investigate the impact of family support group on co-dependent
behaviour of spouse of drug addicts. It was hypothesized there would be significant difference between new and
old members of family support group on co-dependent behaviour. It was also hypothesized that new members
will score higher on denial, self- esteem, control and compliance as compare to old members. A sample (N=60)
female spouse acquired through addiction treatment Centre’s of Lahore city. The data was collected through
purposive sampling technique. Am I Co-dependent Scale was administered to measure co-dependant behaviour.
Independent sample t- test was used to find out the difference of co-dependent behaviour. Results shows that
there is significant difference between new members and old family support members on variables. Findings can
be implemented to enhance the benefits of self-help groups or group therapies supported by drug treatment
centres to family members
This document investigates the use of canola oil and honge oil blended with ethanol as a substitute fuel in spark ignition engines. The goal is to study the performance and emissions when using these biofuel blends. An experimental setup was designed to test the fuels on a 100cc motorcycle engine. The biofuels are pre-atomized and heated to vaporize them before entering the engine using an ultrasonic atomizer and convective heat exchanger. Emissions of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide were measured at various gears and speeds. Results showed a reduction in harmful emissions when using the biofuel blends compared to gasoline, with canola oil blends performing the best. It was concluded that these biofuel blends
This document discusses investigating a valve through value engineering to improve sustainability and cost effectiveness. It begins with background on value engineering and the need to optimize products for lower costs. A case study of a valve manufacturer facing higher costs than competitors is presented. The research aims to minimize production costs, improve quality, and redesign the valve through value engineering without compromising function. This will be done by analyzing valves, considering weight reduction, operating torque, and manufacturing cycle time. The scope is focused on redesigning ball valves using finite element analysis, response surface methodology, and design of experiments. Results show potential weight reductions through modifications to the body, side connections and other parts.
This document summarizes a study that used finite element analysis to evaluate vehicle interior safety features. The study analyzed head injury criteria (HIC) from impacts of a free motion headform at various points inside a vehicle model, both with and without interior trim components. Without trim, the HIC exceeded 1000, the safety standard limit, at all impact points. With 2mm thick trim added to the pillars and side rails, the HIC was below 1000 at all points tested. The results indicate that interior trim materials are effective at reducing head accelerations and meeting safety standards during interior impacts.
The document describes an experimental study on using quarry dust as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Various tests were conducted on materials like specific gravity and water absorption. Concrete mixes were prepared by replacing fine aggregate with quarry dust at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% proportions. Specimens were cast and tested for compressive strength at 7 and 14 days. The results showed that compressive strength increased up to 20% replacement of quarry dust, with the highest strength achieved at 10% replacement after both 7 and 14 days of curing.
Strength Studies of Concrete with Quarry Dust as Partial Replacement of SandIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on using quarry dust as a partial replacement for sand in concrete. It begins with an abstract that outlines the motivation for finding an alternative to river sand due to costs and environmental impacts. It then reviews previous literature that has studied replacing sand with quarry dust at various percentages. The literature found that replacement of up to 30% increased compressive strength, but higher replacements saw decreasing strength. The document outlines the materials and equipment used, including cement, aggregates, and testing apparatuses. It provides details on the properties and sources of the materials used.
This document reviews research on using bottom ash as a partial replacement for sand in concrete. It summarizes findings from 10 research papers on the effect on properties such as workability, density, compressive strength, and splitting tensile strength. The key findings are:
1) Workability and density of concrete decreases as the amount of bottom ash replacement increases, due to the lower specific gravity of bottom ash compared to sand.
2) Compressive strength is initially lower for bottom ash concrete but can reach or exceed normal concrete strengths at later ages, with replacements of 30-40% bottom ash achieving strengths equivalent to normal concrete at 28 days by 90 days.
3) Splitting tensile strength also decreases with
IRJET - Experimental Investigation on Performance of Coatings in RC Slab with...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation into partially replacing cement with fly ash and sand with quarry dust in concrete. Specifically, it examines replacing cement at 15%, 20%, and 25% with fly ash and replacing 40% of sand with quarry dust. The compressive strength of the concrete mixtures was tested at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days of curing. The results showed that replacing cement with 20% fly ash produced the highest compressive strength. Replacing cement with over 20% fly ash decreased the compressive strength. Thus, a partial replacement of up to 20% cement with fly ash can increase the compressive strength of concrete.
Study of Enhancing Road Construction by Stabilizing Alluvial Soil with Marble...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing alluvial soil using marble dust, lime, and burnt brick dust as stabilizing agents. The following key points are made:
1) Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the effects of these stabilizers on the engineering properties of alluvial soil.
2) Results showed that adding stabilizers decreased the plasticity index and optimum moisture content, while increasing the maximum dry density.
3) California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values generally improved with higher contents of stabilizers, indicating enhanced soil strength.
4) Stabilizing alluvial soil led to improved subgrade strength and reduced pavement thickness
Study of Enhancing Road Construction by Stabilizing Alluvial Soil with Marble...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing alluvial soil using marble dust, lime, and burnt brick dust as stabilizing agents. The following key points are made:
1) Laboratory tests were conducted to determine the effects of these stabilizers on the engineering properties of alluvial soil.
2) Results showed that adding stabilizers decreased the plasticity index and optimum moisture content, while increasing the maximum dry density.
3) California bearing ratio (CBR) and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) values generally improved with higher contents of stabilizers, indicating enhanced soil strength.
4) Stabilizing alluvial soil led to improved subgrade strength and reduced pavement thickness
Use of Over-Burnt Bricks as Coarse aggregate in ConcreteEditorIJAERD
In modern construction industry number of materials are used and one of the materials is Brick. Regular
bricks are generally used in buildings or in some other engineering applications. In manufacturing of these bricks, a lot
of waste is produced in the form of over- burnt-bricks. The bricks being near to the fire in the furnace receives a
temperature more heat and eventually shrink and loose its shape, its color becomes reddish. These bricks can’t be used
in construction, directly because of their distorted shape dark color. hose over-burnt brick could be a source of recycled
coarse aggregate. The primary goal of this paper is to assess the suitability of incorporating over-burnt bricks in
concrete, by the partial replacement of natural coarse aggregate (NCA) with overburnt brick aggregate (OBBA) in a
ratio of 20%, 50%, and 100%. Initially, mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57 was selected. By replacing NCA with
OBBA while using mix proportion of 1:2:4 and w/c of 0.57, the resulting concrete was found non-mixable and nonworkable. Thus, mix was designed (for targeted strength of 4ksi) for all replacement percentages. Slump test was
conducted for each replacement and the results show that by increasing replacement percentage the workability of
concrete decreases. the slump values are in between the range of 3–1.5 inches. For compressive strength the cylindrical
specimens of 6" x 12" were tested at 3, 7, and 28 days. For 20% replacement, the loss in compressive strength is 42.16%
for 3 days and for 7 and 28 days the loss is 46.96% and 61.37% respectively. For 50 % replacement, the loss in strength
for 3, 7 and 28 days is 29.73%, 30.87% and 58.29% respectively. For 100% replacement, the loss in strength for 3, 7 and
28 days is 48.65%, 55.65% and 69.19%.
Use of Saw Dust Ash as Partial Replacement for Cement In Concreteinventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document provides a review of research on producing floating concrete using lightweight materials like expanded polystyrene beads and pumice stone. It summarizes 10 previous studies that investigated using these materials to partially replace traditional aggregates in concrete. The studies found that this could produce concrete with compressive strengths and densities low enough to float. Replacing more traditional materials increased workability but decreased strength. Proportions and sizes of replacement materials affected properties. Overall, the studies showed it is possible to create floating concrete for applications like building barges and slabs.
Partial Replacement on Cement with Flyash and Cowdung Ashijtsrd
The usage of cement in concrete is rising day by day. Cement is mostly used in Civil Engineering filed due to the infra structures development and urbanization. The production of cement is emitting the carbon dioxide and effect the environmental problem like global warming, etc. The way to reduce carbon dioxide in cement by the waste material. The fly ash is massive waste disposal in power plants. Cow dung is a used for fuel in domestic proposes like cooking, etc. In current year’s engineers has start using the waste materials in structural component and decrease the rate of concrete. This material is under the category of eco friendly green materials under the carbon foot print and continuous alternate grow without harming the environment. The paper is revealed that the fly ash and cow dung is particle replaced with cement in concrete. The cubes are prepared by the dimension of 150 150 150 mm and M25 grade of concrete are used. The cubes are cure under the period of 7 days, 14days and 28 day. The cubes are tested through the compression testing machine. N. V. Manjunath | P. Karthikeyan | J. Kumaraguru | E. Sankar | S. Praveen "Partial Replacement on Cement with Flyash and Cowdung Ash" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd41281.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comengineering/civil-engineering/41281/partial-replacement-on-cement-with-flyash-and-cowdung-ash/n-v-manjunath
Effect on Compressive Strength of Concrete by using Agricultural Waste with P...ijtsrd
Portland cement as ingredient in concrete is one of the fundamental development materials generally utilized particularly in creating nations. The expanding interest for concrete is relied upon to be met by fractional bond substitution. The look for elective fastener or concrete substitution materials prompted the disclosure of possibilities of utilizing modern side effects and farming squanders as cementitious materials. A portion of the waste items which have pozzolanic properties and which have been considered for use in mixed bonds incorporate wood fiery debris, fly powder, Silica smolder, Volcanic cinder, copper slag, quarry dust, Rice husk cinder . It is a waste material coming about because of the mechanical processing or preparing of timber into different shapes and sizes. The issues of profitability, economy, quality and condition, they need to rival other development materials. In this investigation three sorts of squanders materials wood ash, sugar cane bagase ash and rice husk ash and ordinary aggregate were utilized for preparing cube specimens. There are M25 grade of blended extent are use. Squander materials are use in concrete with the substitution bond of 4 , 8 , 12 and 16 . These beams, cylinder and cube are tries on 7, 14, and 28 days. The compressive quality, flexural quality, and tensile strength are determined with the help of UTM and CTM machine. Prabhjot Singh Devgun | Dr. P. K. Singhai | Prof. A. K Jha "Effect on Compressive Strength of Concrete by using Agricultural Waste with Partial Replacement of Cement" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33461.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/33461/effect-on-compressive-strength-of-concrete-by-using-agricultural-waste-with-partial-replacement-of-cement/prabhjot-singh-devgun
Low cost construction through the use of pulverized bone foamed aerated concr...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that investigated using pulverized bone as a partial replacement for cement in foamed aerated concrete (PB-FAC) to produce a more affordable building material. The researchers created PB-FAC mixes with 0-20% cement replacement by pulverized bone. They tested the mixes for workability, density, compressive strength, tensile strength, water absorption, and cost. Results showed adequate strength and water absorption even with 20% cement replacement, as well as a cost reduction of up to 36% compared to normal concrete of equal strength. The study concluded that PB-FAC has potential as a strong, affordable construction material.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE BY PARTIAL REP...IRJET Journal
This document describes an experimental study that partially replaces cement and coarse aggregates in concrete with coconut shell ash and plastic wastes, respectively, to evaluate the impact on mechanical properties. Concrete cubes, cylinders, and beams were produced with 0-32% cement replacement by coconut shell ash and 0-48% coarse aggregate replacement by plastic wastes. The specimens were tested after 7 and 28 days of curing to determine properties like compressive strength, tensile strength, and flexural strength. Test results showed that partial replacement can produce concrete with mechanical properties within acceptable limits, indicating potential for use of agricultural and plastic wastes in concrete production to improve sustainability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Variation of Compressive strength and water absorption of concrete made by Tw...ijsrd.com
Nowadays construction materials are increasingly evaluated by their ecological characteristics. Concrete recycling gains importance because it protects natural resources and eliminates the need for disposal by using the readily available concrete as an aggregate source for new concrete or other applications. The concrete in this paper is produced by utilizing alternative and recycled waste materials such as fly ash and recycled concrete aggregates to reduce energy consumption, environmental impact, and usage of natural resources. The inferior quality of recycled aggregate (RA) has restricted its use to low-grade applications such as roadwork sub-base and pavements, while its adoption for higher-grade concrete is rare because of the lower compressive strength and higher variability in mechanical performance of RA. A new concrete mixing method, two-stage mixing approach (TSMA), was advocated to improve the quality of RA concrete (RAC) by splitting the mixing process into two parts. In the current paper we will discuss two parameters on which the concrete made by TSMA has been tested for strength characteristics viz. compressive strength and flexural strength. These parametric properties are compared with the conventional concrete with the variation of percentage of recycled coarse aggregates(RCA) and fly ash.
1. The document discusses using copper slag as a replacement for fine aggregate in concrete. Copper slag is an industrial byproduct generated during copper production.
2. The author reviews past studies that found copper slag can improve the strength and durability of concrete when used to replace up to 50% of fine aggregate. Properties like compressive strength and resistance to sulfate attack were enhanced.
3. However, replacing fine aggregate with more than 50% copper slag resulted in weaker concrete due to increased voids and microcracks in the material. The document concludes that copper slag is a viable partial replacement for fine aggregate in concrete.
Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Marble D...YogeshIJTSRD
The advancement of concrete technology is abridging the usance of natural and energy asset, and lessen the pollution of environment by the industrial waste. Marble is a metamorphic rock, resulting from the transformation of pure lime stone. Marble dust is generated in stone processing plants which pollute the environment and affect the humans directly or indirectly. Marble is industrially processed by being cut, polished and used for decorative purpose and thus, economically variable. During cutting process, 20 30 of a marble block becomes waste marble powder. Krishnendra Kumar Shukla | Hirendra Pratap Singh "Experimental Study of Partial Replacement of Cement in Concrete with Marble Dust and Recron Fibre as Admixture" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38703.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/38703/experimental-study-of-partial-replacement-of-cement-in-concrete-with-marble-dust-and-recron-fibre-as-admixture/krishnendra-kumar-shukla
This document summarizes research on using recycled tire rubber and stone dust as substitutes for coarse aggregate and fine aggregate in cement concrete. It provides background on the need to find alternative construction materials due to the high cost of transporting natural sand and aggregate. The research aims to study the properties of concrete where stone dust replaces part of the fine aggregate and tire chips 4.75-10mm replace part of the coarse aggregate. It reviews other studies on using stone dust and tire rubber in concrete and outlines the materials and test methods used in this study, including concrete cube tests with varying replacement levels of stone dust for sand and tires for coarse aggregate.
EFFECT OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY GROUNDNUT SHELL ASH AND SAND BY WA...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study that investigated the effect of partially replacing cement with groundnut shell ash (GSA) and replacing sand with washed bottom ash (WBA) on the characteristic properties of concrete. GSA and WBA are waste materials that are available in large quantities and can potentially be used to replace cement and sand in concrete production. Concrete mixes were prepared with 0-36% replacement of cement with GSA and 0-48% replacement of sand with WBA. The resulting concrete was tested to determine properties like workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength after different curing periods. The results showed that concrete workability was acceptable with GSA and WBA replacements. However
This study investigated the use of quarry dust as a partial replacement for fine aggregates in concrete. Fine aggregates were replaced with quarry dust at 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight. Concrete specimens were tested for compressive strength, water absorption, and density at 28 days. Results showed that compressive strength increased up to 30% replacement, beyond which it decreased. Water absorption increased with higher quarry dust content, indicating a decrease in durability. Density also decreased with more quarry dust, making the concrete lighter. The study found that 30% replacement of fine aggregates with quarry dust provided optimal results.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Main news related to the CCS TSI 2023 (2023/1695)Jakub Marek
An English 🇬🇧 translation of a presentation to the speech I gave about the main changes brought by CCS TSI 2023 at the biggest Czech conference on Communications and signalling systems on Railways, which was held in Clarion Hotel Olomouc from 7th to 9th November 2023 (konferenceszt.cz). Attended by around 500 participants and 200 on-line followers.
The original Czech 🇨🇿 version of the presentation can be found here: https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/hlavni-novinky-souvisejici-s-ccs-tsi-2023-2023-1695/269688092 .
The videorecording (in Czech) from the presentation is available here: https://youtu.be/WzjJWm4IyPk?si=SImb06tuXGb30BEH .
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Let's Integrate MuleSoft RPA, COMPOSER, APM with AWS IDP along with Slackshyamraj55
Discover the seamless integration of RPA (Robotic Process Automation), COMPOSER, and APM with AWS IDP enhanced with Slack notifications. Explore how these technologies converge to streamline workflows, optimize performance, and ensure secure access, all while leveraging the power of AWS IDP and real-time communication via Slack notifications.
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-EfficiencyScyllaDB
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
In the realm of cybersecurity, offensive security practices act as a critical shield. By simulating real-world attacks in a controlled environment, these techniques expose vulnerabilities before malicious actors can exploit them. This proactive approach allows manufacturers to identify and fix weaknesses, significantly enhancing system security.
This presentation delves into the development of a system designed to mimic Galileo's Open Service signal using software-defined radio (SDR) technology. We'll begin with a foundational overview of both Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and the intricacies of digital signal processing.
The presentation culminates in a live demonstration. We'll showcase the manipulation of Galileo's Open Service pilot signal, simulating an attack on various software and hardware systems. This practical demonstration serves to highlight the potential consequences of unaddressed vulnerabilities, emphasizing the importance of offensive security practices in safeguarding critical infrastructure.
Digital Banking in the Cloud: How Citizens Bank Unlocked Their MainframePrecisely
Inconsistent user experience and siloed data, high costs, and changing customer expectations – Citizens Bank was experiencing these challenges while it was attempting to deliver a superior digital banking experience for its clients. Its core banking applications run on the mainframe and Citizens was using legacy utilities to get the critical mainframe data to feed customer-facing channels, like call centers, web, and mobile. Ultimately, this led to higher operating costs (MIPS), delayed response times, and longer time to market.
Ever-changing customer expectations demand more modern digital experiences, and the bank needed to find a solution that could provide real-time data to its customer channels with low latency and operating costs. Join this session to learn how Citizens is leveraging Precisely to replicate mainframe data to its customer channels and deliver on their “modern digital bank” experiences.
Generating privacy-protected synthetic data using Secludy and MilvusZilliz
During this demo, the founders of Secludy will demonstrate how their system utilizes Milvus to store and manipulate embeddings for generating privacy-protected synthetic data. Their approach not only maintains the confidentiality of the original data but also enhances the utility and scalability of LLMs under privacy constraints. Attendees, including machine learning engineers, data scientists, and data managers, will witness first-hand how Secludy's integration with Milvus empowers organizations to harness the power of LLMs securely and efficiently.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy SurveyTrustArc
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 13, Issue 1 Ver. III (Jan. - Feb. 2016), PP 65-73
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13136573 www.iosrjournals.org 65 | Page
Quarry Dust as a Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates
in Concrete Production
Aginam C. H1
. Nwakaire, C2
., Onah, B. C3
.
1,2,3
Department of Civil Engineering, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.M.B. 5025, Awka
Abstract: This study is an attempt to investigate the suitability of quarry dust as a partial replacement of
coarse aggregates in concrete making. Samples of concrete cubes were made with varying proportions of
quarry dust replacing the coarse aggregate. It was foreseen that the utilization of quarry dusts as partial
replacement of coarse aggregates in concrete will be more beneficial due to the relative ease of inclusion that
will be achieved as opposed to batching them separately as fine aggregates. Since they are produced from the
production of coarse aggregates, they could, therefore, be better included, transported, and batched as coarse
aggregates.This promises to be a more sustainable option, preserving the global natural resource base as well
as save construction costs significantly. A total of 150 cubes were cast. Some physical properties of the concrete
constituent materials that are relevant to the experiments were determined. The mix design of 1:2:4 was adopted
and two brands of Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) were used for comparative purposes. Particle size
distribution analysis, slump test, and compressive strength test were carried out on the materials, the fresh
concrete, and the cured concrete cubes respectively. The quarry dust sample was found to be well graded and
the concrete mixes had true slumps with decreasing consistency as the quantity of quarry dust increased. The
results disclosed that replacing 10% of the required amount of gravel with quarry dust and using the Ibeto
brand of Portland cement yielded the highest amount of compressive strength of 32.3N/mm2
. It was also
observed that using the Ibeto brand of OPC, the concrete cubes made with inclusion of quarry dust up to 25%
all performed better than the zero replacement level in terms of their compressive strengths. The strengths
achieved with the Dangote brand of OPC were satisfactory up to 15% replacement level. This suggests that the
quarry dust can be utilized as a partial replacement of the coarse aggregates in concrete within the satisfactory
levels. The study further showed that variations in the properties of Portland cement brands can result in
significant differences in the performances of concretes made with them.
Keywords: concrete, quarry dust, compressive strength, coarse aggregates, partial replacement
I. Introduction
Concrete is one of the most used building materials globally. They are produced by mixing aggregates,
which are inert materials, in fixed proportions with a cementing material and water to produce concrete (Singh
2008). Aggregates are responsible for strength, hardness and durability of concrete. Aggregates are either coarse
(gravel and stones) or fine (sand). It is desirable that aggregates consist of particles with adequate strength and
resistance to exposure conditions. For a workable, durable and economical concrete mix, aggregates are
expected to be resistant to abrasion, and stable to chemical attacks. The particle size distribution and surface
texture of aggregates are also of great importance. Coarse aggregates are aggregates that are more than 4.75mm
in size (Shetty, 2005). They range from10mm to 20mm in size with a bulk density of about 1430kg/m3
. Gravel
and crushed stones are some examples. For effective performance, they must be clean, hard, tough, strong,
durable, inert, free from dust and well graded (Akeem et al, 2013).
Coarse aggregate which is the strength component of the concrete have been found to be relatively high
in demand and price. In the recent past, several attempts have been made towards the replacement of natural
aggregates with other cheap materials in concrete. This quest for alternative construction materials is due to the
global sustainability concern as it relates to the preservation of the environment and non-renewable natural
resources which has been depleting in quality and quantity as a result of many human activities of which Civil
Engineering constructions are major contributors. Reuse of various industrial by-products such as flyash, silica
fume, rice husk ash, foundry waste, quarry dust, et cetera as substitutes to the conventional construction
materials in construction has been argued to be a possible way forward towards achieving an environmentally
friendly construction (Nwachukwu et al, 2012; Neville, 2002; Gambhir, 1995). Based on this, this study
attempts to study the effects of quarry dust addition on the strength characteristics of concrete and to assess the
rate of compressive strength development for replacement of coarse aggregate with quarry dust. Quarry dust, a
by-product from the crushing process during quarrying activities is one of those materials that have recently
gained attentions to be used as concreting aggregates, especially as fine aggregates. But the fact that the quarry
dust is a by-product of the production of coarse aggregates makes it reasonably utilized as a partial replacement
2. Quarry Dust as a Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Concrete Production
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13136573 www.iosrjournals.org 66 | Page
of the same, if found to be suitable. This will make for easy in-the-quarry proportioning instead of batching on
site with sand collected from a different source altogether.
Quarry dust has been used for different activities in the construction industry such as in road
construction and manufacture of building materials such as light weight aggregates, bricks, plastering material
and tiles. According to Sivakumar and Prakash (2011), quarry dust,which used to be a waste obtained during
quarry process, has very recently gained good attention to be used as an effective filler material instead of fine
aggregate. Neville (2002), Zain et al. (2000), and Gambhir (1995) also demonstrated in their studies how quarry
dust can be suitably used as concrete aggregates, especially as fine aggregates. Nwachukwu et al (2012)
explained that quarry dust is a cohesionless sandy material. He agreed that the material could be acquired either
naturally (which is rare) or artificially by the mechanical disturbance of parent rocks (blasting of rocks) for the
purpose of producing coarse aggregates used for construction. The particles of quarry dust have diameters
ranging from 0.05mm to 5.00mm. Agbode and Joel (2001) found in their study on the suitability of quarry dust
as partial replacement for sand in hollow block production, that quarry dust is cheaper than river Benue sand
even during rainy season, due to the fact that they were seen as inferior materials.
Sivakumar and Prakash (2011) investigated the mechanical properties of quarry dust addition in
conventional concrete. They concluded that the addition of the quarry dust improved the strength properties of
concrete far above the conventional concrete. Karthicket al (2014), in his study on the usage of quarry dust as a
partial replacement for sand in concrete found that the compressive strength of concrete cubes at 28 days of
curing was improved as high as 35.26% above the strength of conventional concrete when 40% of the fine
aggregate was replaced with quarry dust by weight. A similar study by Paramjeet and Singh (2014) and Ukpata
et al (2012)also reported a strength increase of 12% above conventional concrete and encourages the utilization
of quarry dust as fine aggregates.
Though no known attempt have been made in the possible replacement of coarse aggregate with quarry
dust, prior to this study, the high improvement achieved from these previous studies on fine aggregates points to
the possibility of utilizing it as coarse aggregates being that they are of the same source. Besides, quarry dust has
rough, sharp and angular particles and as such causes a gain in strength due to better interlocking. The use of
quarry dust in concrete is desirable because of its benefits such as useful disposal of by products, reduction
of coarse aggregate usage as well as increasing the strength parameters and possible increase in the
workability of concrete (Nwachukwu et al, 2012).In a developing country like Nigeria, the use of alternative
cheaper local materials or even by-products like the quarry dust as replacement of the coarse aggregate will
greatly enhance the production of concrete with desired properties at low cost. It will drastically reduce the cost
of production and consequently the cost of construction. By this, the quarry dust will be utilized effectively than
allowing it waste with consequential environmental hazard.
II. Materials And Methods
2.1; Materials
The materials used in this project include water, cement, sharp sand, quarry dust and granite. The
portable water used for the experiments was taken from the concrete laboratory water thank. Two brands of
Portland cement (Dangote and Ibeto) of grade 42.5 were used for the research. They were sourced from Local
cement dealers at Ama-achara in Enugu state. The quarry dust as well as the gravel was obtained from Isiagu
quarry, while the sharp sand used was river bed sand collected from Nyama River both in Enugu State of
Nigeria.
2.2; Methods
The Specific Gravity and the Particle Size Distribution Analysis for the samples were carried out in
accordance to BS1377. The workability test, casting, and crushing of the cubes were carried out in accordance
to BS1881 part 3 (1992). The cubes were cured in accordance with BS8110, Part 1 (1985).
The concrete mix was batched by weight and mixed manually with 1:2:4 mix proportion. Concrete
cubes of 150mm × 150mm × 150mm in size were for the casting. The proportion of the gravel was replaced by
quarry dust at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% replacement levels. Three cubes were cast at each
replacement level and the average compressive strength gotten at a given curing age. The curing of the concrete
was by complete immersion in water.
Table 1 below shows the batching of the materials at different replacement levels.
Table 1; Proportioning of the Constituent Materials.
Replacement
%
Cement
(kg)
Sand
(kg)
Water
(kg)
Granite (kg)
Quarry dust
(kg)
0 1.073 2.132 0.59 4.263 0
5 1.073 2.132 0.59 4.050 0.213
10 1.073 2.132 0.59 3.837 0.426
3. Quarry Dust as a Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Concrete Production
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13136573 www.iosrjournals.org 67 | Page
15 1.073 2.132 0.59 3.624 0.639
20 1.073 2.132 0.59 3.410 0.853
25 1.073 2.132 0.59 3.197 1.066
III. Results Anddiscussions
3.1; Properties of the Materials
Table 2 below is the summary of the physical properties of the sand, gravel, and quarry dust, used for
the experiment. The particle size distribution curves for the three materials are plotted as figure 1 below.
The sand used for the experiment was found to be uniformly graded with a uniformity coefficient of
3.45 while the gravel has sizes ranging between 14mm and 19mm with a uniformity coefficient of 1.35. These
are typical of the size ranges used for construction projects in Nigeria and are significantly collected from
predominant sources within Enugu State, South-East Nigeria.
Table 2; Index Properties of the Materials
Property
Sample Designation
Sand Gravel Quarry dust
Specific gravity 2.56 2.71 2.57
% gravel (>4.76mm) 0 99.90 2.80
% sand (<4.76mm to 0.075mm) 99.8 0.01 98.45
% fines (<0.075mm) 2.09 2.02 1.55
Coefficient of Uniformity 3.45 1.35 45.12
Cc 1.02 1.47 1.10
The quarry dust which was the material of concern was found to be composed of varying ranges of
particle sizes but predominantly sand. This suggests that the name quarry dust does not connote a material full
of fines but points to the fact that the quarry sites have been disposing of the material as unwanted wastes. That
makes this investigation a quintessential attempt to assess the extent to which this material can suitability be
utilized in concrete works as partial replacement for coarse aggregates.
Figure 1: Particle Size Distribution for Gravel, Sand and Quarry Dust.
The specific gravity of the Sharp sand, Quarry Dust and Gravel were found to be 2.56, 2.57 and 2.74
respectively. The specific gravity value for Quarry dust is close to that of the fine aggregate, though slightly
higher. As expected, the specific gravity of the coarse aggregate was quite higher than those of sand and quarry
dust which shows how denser it is and makes it more necessary to investigate the performance of the concrete if
the quarry dust is batched into the concrete mix as coarse aggregate.
4. Quarry Dust as a Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Concrete Production
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13136573 www.iosrjournals.org 68 | Page
3.2; Concrete Consistency with Quarry Dust as Coarse Aggregates
The result of the workability tests carried out with 0.65 w/c ratio for the two brands of Portland cement
used, Dangote and Ibeto, have been summarized as Table 4 below. It was observed that in both cases, the
workability of the concrete decreased as the percentage of quarry dust increased. In each of the cases, a true
slump was achieved which consistently got lesser as the quantity of the quarry dust increased, strongly
suggesting that the quarry dust is more water absorbing than gravel.
Table 4: Slump Test Result for Dangote Cement and Ibeto Cement
Dangote Cement Ibeto Cement
S/n Height of Collapse (mm) Slump (mm) S/n Height of Collapse (mm) Slump (mm)
N0 190 110 M0 200.00 100
N5 220 80 M5 221.00 80
N10 235 65 M10 260.00 40
N15 270 30 M15 281.50 20
N20 285 15 M20 295.00 5
N25 300 0 M25 300.00 0
In as much as the two brands of cement used for this experiments were similar in their workability
characteristics in response to the incorporation of the quarry dust, figure 4 below shows that there is noticeable
and consistent difference between the workability of Dangote Cement and Ibeto Cement. The workability
achieved with the Dangote Cement was higher than the Ibeto cement at all replacement up till 20% where the
two are the same. It shows that the use of Dangote cement with quarry dust shows a better workability than with
Ibeto cement for w/c ratio of 0.65. From the results, the 25% percent replacement for both cement brands and
the 20% replacement for Ibeto cement were found to be inconsistent being that the slump were below 10 which
is the minimum specified by BS EN 12350-2:2009. The concrete without quarry dust had class S3 slump, the
one with 5% and Dangote 10% were of class S2 slump, while those of 10% Ibeto, 15% replacement for both, as
well as 5% replacement for Dangote were of slump class S1.
Figure 2: Workability of the Concrete mixes with the Two Portland Cement brands
3.3; Compressive Strength Result of Concrete with Different Proportions of Quarry Dust
The Compressive Strength results of the concrete cubes, at different curing ages, made with Dangote as
well as Ibeto cement are tabulated as Table 5 and Table 6 below respectively.
Table 5: Summary of Compressive Strength for Dangote Cement
S/N 7 DAYS
(N/mm²)
14 DAYS
(N/mm²)
21 DAYS
(N/mm²)
28 DAYS (N/mm²) 56 DAYS (N/mm²)
N0 14.12 14.30 15.26 20.88 21.31
N5 12.16 14.41 15.42 21.32 22.57
N10 10.37 11.25 13.81 14.59 20.10
N15 12.10 14.10 14.17 15.78 18.35
N20 11.58 11.79 12.10 13.78 21.57
N25 9.99 10.73 11.01 12.62 20.42
5. Quarry Dust as a Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Concrete Production
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13136573 www.iosrjournals.org 69 | Page
Table 6: Summary of Compressive Strength for Ibeto Cement
S/N 7 Days
(N/mm²)
14 Days
(N/mm²)
21 Days
(N/mm²)
28 Days
(N/mm²)
56 Days
(N/mm²)
M0 11.81 16.77 18.31 20.50 22.91
M5 19.77 21.76 23.91 24.46 29.73
M10 23.19 26.68 30.09 32.30 32.47
M15 18.22 20.22 21.62 24.49 26.51
M20 18.46 19.97 20.79 21.92 22.54
M25 21.26 21.79 22.79 24.04 26.99
This result is illustrated graphically in figures 3 and 4 below. Generally, the compressive strengths
increased with curing age as expected. Being that the 1:2:4 mix proportion was adopted, a concrete of grade
M15 was expected, which implies that any specimen with compressive strength of 15N/mm2
and above at 28
days of curing would be satisfactory. Therefore, all the cubes cast with the Ibeto cement were all found to be
satisfactory whereas those made with Dangote cement up to 15% replacement were also found to be
satisfactory. Besides, all the cubes achieved a compressive strength above 15N/mm2
at 56 days of curing. Which
supports the fact that concrete gains strength with age at curing.
Figure 3: Increase in Compressive Strength with Age of Curing Dangote
Figure 4: Increase in Compressive Strength with Age of Curing Ibeto
6. Quarry Dust as a Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Concrete Production
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13136573 www.iosrjournals.org 70 | Page
Figure 5 is the graph of the 28th
day strengths achieved at different replacement levels of the coarse
aggregate with quarry dust. Concrete with Quarry dust show an increasingly compressive strength. In other
words, compressive strength of concrete made with replacement of coarse aggregate with Quarry dust ranges
from 18.35N/mm2
to 22.57N/mm2
for Dangote Cement and 22.54N/mm2
to 32.47N/mm2
for Ibeto cement.
Dangote cement is maximum at 5% replacement (N5) and the compressive strength is 22.57N/mm2
. Other
replacements however showed a declining compressive strength. Looking at the various replacements: N5
showed a steadily rapidly strength gain. Other replacements however show a similar strength gain at 56 days but
are comparatively smaller. Ibeto Cement showed an early compressive strength gain with replacement of coarse
aggregate with Quarry dust for all the replacements. Its Compressive Strength ranges from 22.54 N/mm2
up to
32.47 N/mm2
after 56 days and reaches its peak value at 10% replacement (M10). At M10, the compressive
Strength is 32.47 N/mm2
(29.44% more than that of the conventional concrete of 0% replacement) for 56 days.
For 7 days, 14 days, 21 days and 28 days, the strength is also higher than the conventional concrete of 0%
replacement (49.07%, 37.14%, 39.15%, 36.53%) respectively.
The Ibeto brand of cement shows better compressive strength than Dangote Cement: from the result
and analysis, it was seen that the compressive strength of concrete made by replacing coarse aggregate with
Quarry dust is higher with the use of Ibeto cement. For 5% replacement, the compressive strength of the
concrete made with Ibeto cement is about 38.49%, 33.78%, 35.51%, 12.84%%, 24.08% for 7 days, 14 days, 21
days, 28 days and 56 days respectively more than that of Dangote, for 10% replacement, Ibeto was still higher
(about 55.28%, 57.83%, 54.10%, 54.83%, 38.10% more than Dangote for 7 days, 14 days, 21 days 28 days and
56 days respectively). For 15% it is still more than that of Dangote Cement (about 33.59%, 30.27%, 34.46%,
35.67%, 30.78% for 7 days, 14 days, 21 days 28 days and 56 days respectively). For 20% replacement, it is still
higher though at 56 days, the Strength difference is low about 4.30%, ( for other days i.e 7 days, 14 days, 21
days and 28 days, Ibeto Cement is about 37.27%, 40.96%, 41.80%, 37.14% more than that of Dangote cement).
While for 25% replacement, it is higher (about 53.01%, 50.76% 51.69%, 47.50%, 24.34% more than that of
Dangote Cement). And these show very high difference between the two for all replacement. The difference
between the two would have been as a result of the difference in the composition of the two brands of cement.
Figure 5; Variation in Compressive Strength of the Concretes at 28th
Day of Curing
These results suggest that the slump test for workability and consistency of mix has no practically
significant information to give about the final strength of the concrete. It only points to the ease of placing and
smoothness of the finished product than to the strength gain. This opinion is based on the fact that the fresh
concrete mixes with the Dangote cement tended to be more workable than those made with the Ibeto cement,
but the cubes from the Ibeto cement were significantly stronger.
3.4; Relationship between Density and Compressive Strength
Figures 6 and 7 show the average observed densities of the concrete cubes before they were crushed.
The results of the average densities gotten are shown below:
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25
28thdayCompressivestrength
% Replacement
Dangote
Ibeto
7. Quarry Dust as a Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Concrete Production
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13136573 www.iosrjournals.org 71 | Page
Figure 6: Density Result for all days of curing with Dangote Cement
Figure 7: Density Result for all Days of Curing with Ibeto Cement
For the Dangote cement, at 15% replacement, the density was found to be lowest (2360.49kg/m3
) while
the maximum (2503.70kg/m3
) was at 5% replacement at 56 days which coincidentally is the maximum
compressive strength observed.
2320
2340
2360
2380
2400
2420
2440
2460
2480
2500
2520
7 14 21 28 56
Density(Kg/m3)
Age of Curing (Days)
N0
N5
N10
N15
N20
N25
2360
2380
2400
2420
2440
2460
2480
2500
2520
2540
2560
7 14 21 28 56
Density(kg/m3)
Age of Curing (Days)
M0
M5
M10
M15
M20
M25
8. Quarry Dust as a Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Concrete Production
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13136573 www.iosrjournals.org 72 | Page
Figure 8: Variation of Compressive Strength with Density with Dangote Cement
Figure 9: Variation of Compressive Strength with Density with Ibeto Cement
From the figure 8 and 9 above, it could be seen that the densities of the cubes increased with increase in
their compressive strength. The variation is not uniform neither are the relationships perfectly linear, by
observation of the curves, but the result of the Pearson correlation coefficients (0.9 and 0.8 for Dangote and
Ibeto respectively) suggest a positive negative correlation between density and compressive strength of
concrete. This further suggests that as the density of the concrete specimen increases, the compressive strength
of the same is also expected to increase in like manner.
IV. Conclusion And Recommendation
Based on this experimental investigation on the possible replacement of coarse aggregate with Quarry
Dust in Concrete, it could be concluded that the workability of concrete decreases with increasingly percentage
of Quarry Dust in the mix and workability test being a pointer to the consistency of the mix does not imply the
final strength characteristics of the same.
9. Quarry Dust as a Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregates in Concrete Production
DOI: 10.9790/1684-13136573 www.iosrjournals.org 73 | Page
This study shows that replacing 10% of the required amount of gravel with quarry dust and using the
Ibeto brand of Portland cement yielded the highest amount of compressive strength of 32.3N/mm2
. It was also
observed that using the Ibeto brand of OPC, that the concrete made with inclusion of quarry dust up to 25% all
performed better than the zero replacement level in terms of their compressive strengths. In contrast, the
concrete cubes made with the Dangote cement performed less with the inclusion of the quarry dust. Besides, the
strengths achieved were satisfactory up to 15% replacement level. This suggests that the quarry dust can be
utilized as a partial replacement of the coarse aggregates in concrete within the satisfactory levels. Hence, the
variations in the properties of Portland cement brands can result in a significant difference in the performance of
concretes made with them.
From the observed densities of the concrete made by replacing coarse aggregate with Quarry dust, the
concretes fall in category of normal weight concrete. Based on the Pearson’s correlation coefficients gotten from
the experimental data, there is a strong positive relationship between the Density and the Compressive Strength
of concrete. This suggests that as the density increases with the compressive strength.
The main foreseen benefits of the utilization of quarry dusts as partial replacement of coarse aggregates
in concrete is the relative ease of inclusion as opposed to batching them separately as fine aggregates. They are
produced from the production of coarse aggregates and could better be included, transported, and batched as
coarse aggregates. This promises to be a more sustainable option, which will preserve the global natural
resource base as well as save construction costs significantly.
It is recommended, therefore, that quarry dust be batched into concrete mixes as partial replacement of
gravel instead of fine aggregates as recommend by most researchers. Crushing of concrete test cubes before
placing such for the main structures is very necessary. This will give information about the target compressive
strength from such a mix, as the variations in Portland cement brands can affect the final performance of the
concrete members.
V. Further Studies
Investigation into the properties of different brands of Portland cement that would result in variations in
concrete strength performance is recommended for further studies.
References
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