Malaria is a major concern in Nigeria, and stands as the second leading cause of death from all infectious disease in Africa. Several studies have reported the damaging effect of the parasite to various body organs especially the liver. Reports over time has shown the benefits of various plants extracts in ethno medicine. However, not much have been done on the effects of some of these extracts in combined form on its hepato protective assessment in comparison with any known ACT based anti malaria. The focus of this study was to explore the hepato protective properties of ethanoic extract of Carica papaya Linn, AzadirachtaIndica, CymbopogonCitratusagainst ACT based antimalarial therapy on plasmodium berghei parasitized wistar rats. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts were done according to the method described by Treaseand Evans. Hepato protective assessment were done using the liver function tests and assay of the liver histology respectively. One hundred and ten 110 rats distributed into 11 groups, each group having 10rats were used for the experiment. Negative control received just feed and water, Positive control were induced with the malaria parasite and given feed and water only. The tests groups were induced with malaria, received feed and water and treated with 500mg kg, 250mg kg and 165mg kg doses of the extracts, both individually and in combined forms, as well as the standard ACT anti malaria. Phytochemical screening showed that the plant extracts possessed high concentration of Tannins, Flavonoids, Saponins and Alkaloids. Plasmodium berghei increased the activities of ALP, ASP and ALT when compared with the positive control group. This may be attributed to increase in functional capacity of the liver as a result of the presence of the infection for the tests groups. Treatment with the plant extracts decreased ALP and ALT levels significantly P 0.05 , as well as AST levels except for the Neem extract. Histological examination of the liver of test animals showed no extensive damage to the tissue by the individual extracts when compared to the negative control group. Nnyaha Anthonia E. | Igbokwe Ugochukwu V. | Okonkwo Onyeka Chukwudi | Ajeka Prisca O. | Nwaissac Ikechukwu S. | Okpa Precious N. "Hepato-Protective Assessment of Pawpaw Leaves, Neem, Lemon Grass and Acts on Plasmodium Berghei Parasitized Wistar Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46292.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/46292/hepatoprotective-assessment-of-pawpaw-leaves-neem-lemon-grass-and-acts-on-plasmodium-berghei-parasitized-wistar-rats/nnyaha-anthonia-e
Antiplasmodial activity of methanol leaf extract of Salacia senegalensis Lam ...Premier Publishers
The antiplasmodial effect of methanol leaf extract of Salacia senegalensis were evaluated in albino mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei (NK65) in order to justify or otherwise its use as antimalarial remedy in Nigeria folk medicine. Activities investigated were suppressive effect against early infection, curative effect against established infection and prophylactic effect against residual infection. Results showed a dose dependent blood schizontocidal activity at all the phases of malarial infection studied. The in vivo antiplasmodial effect of the extract (1000, 1200 and 1400 mg/kg body weight) against P. berghei showed significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent activity for suppressive, curative and prophylactic test. When the extract dose increased from 1000 to 1400 mg/kg/day, chemosuppressive activity of the extract increased from 66.47 % to 80.33 %. There was also an increase from 66.57 % to 75.41 % and from 64.90 % to 82.72 % for the repository and curative activities respectively. The schizontocidal activities were comparable to that of chloroquine -which had percentage suppression of parasitaemia as 87.03 %, 85.12 %, and 91.68 % for suppressive, prophylactic and curative activities respectively). It was thus concluded that the herbal extract possesses significant antimalarial potency which could be exploited in the formulation of antimalarial drugs.
The effects of co-administration of Azadirachta indica and Gongronema latifolium on the liver of Plasmodium beighei infected Swiss albino mice was evaluated. Thirty mice divided into 6 groups of 5 animals each were used for this study. Healthy control group was not infected with. Other group was infected by intraperitoneal injection of P. beighei. Once parasitaemia was confirmed, treatment groups were assigned; Group A received distilled water at 10ml/kg body weight. Group B was not given any extracts. Groups C was given G.latifolium extract at 500mg/kg body weight. Groups D was given A. indica extract at 500 mg/kg body weight. Group E received both extracts at 500 mg/kg each. Group F received Artemether at 1.6mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. The extracts were administered orally for 5 days. The animals were sacrificed after blood was obtained for serum liver enzymes estimation. The liver were processed for histological study using H and E. Histology of the liver showed sinusoidal congestion and hepatocyte necrosis in the diseased control and steatosis, loss of normal sinusoidal architecture, necrosis of hepatocytes and portal tract inflammation in the A. indica only group. The groups administered G. latifolium, both singly and in combination with A. indica had normal liver histology. The liver enzyme ALT was significantly (p<0.05) raised in A. indica treated group while it was normal in the G. latifolium groups. It will thus appear that G. latifolium ameliorated the hepatotoxicity of A. indica in Plasmodium beighei infected mice.
Antioxidants are substances which are capable to protect the body from damages caused by free radical. A variety of free radical scavenging antioxidants exists in the body and many of them are derived from plant sources. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of the absolute ethanolic extract of Enantia chlorantha stem bark on typhoid fever induced rats. Salmonella typhi infected rats were treated every day between 7 to 9 AM with different doses of plant extract (9.16, 36.5 and 73 mg/kg or oxytetracyclin 20 mg/ kg). After 09 days of treatment, the results show that the different doses of this extract have all contributed to the cure of the infected rats, healing marked by the absence of salmonella in animal’s blood cultured on ss agar. In the other hand, treatment with different doses of plant extract result in a relative and signifi cant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of some blood and tissues antioxidant parameters such as CAT, SOD and POD while the level of alkaline phosphatase, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide as compared to untreated control group animal as compared to the untreated control group animals. Whereas, the level of ALP, MDA and NO were signifi cantly decreased (p < 0.05). These results showed that the absolute ethanolic extract of E. chlorantha stem bark possess antioxidant and antityphoid properties necessary to eradicate the free radical produced during typhoid fever infection.
Antiplasmodial activity of methanol leaf extract of Salacia senegalensis Lam ...Premier Publishers
The antiplasmodial effect of methanol leaf extract of Salacia senegalensis were evaluated in albino mice infected with chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei berghei (NK65) in order to justify or otherwise its use as antimalarial remedy in Nigeria folk medicine. Activities investigated were suppressive effect against early infection, curative effect against established infection and prophylactic effect against residual infection. Results showed a dose dependent blood schizontocidal activity at all the phases of malarial infection studied. The in vivo antiplasmodial effect of the extract (1000, 1200 and 1400 mg/kg body weight) against P. berghei showed significant (p < 0.05) dose-dependent activity for suppressive, curative and prophylactic test. When the extract dose increased from 1000 to 1400 mg/kg/day, chemosuppressive activity of the extract increased from 66.47 % to 80.33 %. There was also an increase from 66.57 % to 75.41 % and from 64.90 % to 82.72 % for the repository and curative activities respectively. The schizontocidal activities were comparable to that of chloroquine -which had percentage suppression of parasitaemia as 87.03 %, 85.12 %, and 91.68 % for suppressive, prophylactic and curative activities respectively). It was thus concluded that the herbal extract possesses significant antimalarial potency which could be exploited in the formulation of antimalarial drugs.
The effects of co-administration of Azadirachta indica and Gongronema latifolium on the liver of Plasmodium beighei infected Swiss albino mice was evaluated. Thirty mice divided into 6 groups of 5 animals each were used for this study. Healthy control group was not infected with. Other group was infected by intraperitoneal injection of P. beighei. Once parasitaemia was confirmed, treatment groups were assigned; Group A received distilled water at 10ml/kg body weight. Group B was not given any extracts. Groups C was given G.latifolium extract at 500mg/kg body weight. Groups D was given A. indica extract at 500 mg/kg body weight. Group E received both extracts at 500 mg/kg each. Group F received Artemether at 1.6mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. The extracts were administered orally for 5 days. The animals were sacrificed after blood was obtained for serum liver enzymes estimation. The liver were processed for histological study using H and E. Histology of the liver showed sinusoidal congestion and hepatocyte necrosis in the diseased control and steatosis, loss of normal sinusoidal architecture, necrosis of hepatocytes and portal tract inflammation in the A. indica only group. The groups administered G. latifolium, both singly and in combination with A. indica had normal liver histology. The liver enzyme ALT was significantly (p<0.05) raised in A. indica treated group while it was normal in the G. latifolium groups. It will thus appear that G. latifolium ameliorated the hepatotoxicity of A. indica in Plasmodium beighei infected mice.
Antioxidants are substances which are capable to protect the body from damages caused by free radical. A variety of free radical scavenging antioxidants exists in the body and many of them are derived from plant sources. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of the absolute ethanolic extract of Enantia chlorantha stem bark on typhoid fever induced rats. Salmonella typhi infected rats were treated every day between 7 to 9 AM with different doses of plant extract (9.16, 36.5 and 73 mg/kg or oxytetracyclin 20 mg/ kg). After 09 days of treatment, the results show that the different doses of this extract have all contributed to the cure of the infected rats, healing marked by the absence of salmonella in animal’s blood cultured on ss agar. In the other hand, treatment with different doses of plant extract result in a relative and signifi cant (p < 0.05) increase in the level of some blood and tissues antioxidant parameters such as CAT, SOD and POD while the level of alkaline phosphatase, malondialdehyde and nitric oxide as compared to untreated control group animal as compared to the untreated control group animals. Whereas, the level of ALP, MDA and NO were signifi cantly decreased (p < 0.05). These results showed that the absolute ethanolic extract of E. chlorantha stem bark possess antioxidant and antityphoid properties necessary to eradicate the free radical produced during typhoid fever infection.
Hematological and Liver Function of Plasmodium Berghei Positive Wister Treate...ijtsrd
Eradication of malaria in Africa continues to be one of the greatest challenges in the health sector. All the drugs developed thus far have their limitations and are generally expensive. In Africa and Nigeria the use of herbs in treating sicknesses dated as far back as the existence of man and is still in use today by many Nigerians in rural areas. Here we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of ethanolic extract for three of these herbs lemon grass, lime and turmeric used singly and in combination on Plasmodium berghei infected rats. Results reveals that there was an 81.54 reduction in parasite level in groups treated with herbs and an 88.9 reduction in those treated with ACTs. The time frame of this study wasn’t enough to determine if there will be a resurgence in the parasitemia level. Results from the liver function test also reveals that the herbs also reduced the levels of liver enzymes in the serum but the results from the liver histology from the onset shows little or no damage to the liver This helps us to understand that the plasmodium parasites does not cause much damage to the liver cells or requires more time to do so. Hence the study concludes that potent herbs like turmeric, lemon grass and lime although not as effective as ACTs but if harnessed properly can be substituted for ACTs in treating malaria in low income rural areas of Nigeria. Nwaisaac Ikechukwu Samuel | Igbokwe Vincent Ugochukwu | Okonkwo Chukwudi Onyeka | Okpa Precious Nwaka | Nnyaha Anthonia Ekenedilichukwu | Ajeka Prisca "Hematological and Liver Function of Plasmodium Berghei Positive Wister Treated With Herbs and Acts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46277.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/46277/hematological-and-liver-function-of-plasmodium-berghei-positive-wister-treated-with-herbs-and-acts/nwaisaac-ikechukwu-samuel
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
In nature, wild animals live on large area and have consequently, a low genetic resistance against parasitic infections because of hoe exposure. When herds of these wild animals are kept in captivity in Zoological Gardens, the problem of parasite infection can aggravate and pose a serious threat to endangered species, occasionally causing sudden and unexpected local declines in abundance; unfortunately, there have been few detailed and comprehensive studies on the common parasitic infections, prevalence of the parasitic infections in the primates and the Health care management of the captive primates. The focus of the research work is on investigation of parasitic infection among primates in selected Zoological Gardens in Nigeria the researcher has the following objectives, The researcher adopted experimental method sample of fresh feaces were collected differently for 5 days and was examined at two different laboratory, that Ibadan and Jos. The Ibadan Zoological Garden twenty seven species of primates were examined, with only six infested with Trichuris Trichuria parasite; common in chimpanzee, mona monkey, Tantalus and white throated. In Jos Plateau Zoological Garden, twenty-four species of primates were examined only thirteen primates were infested with Trichuris Trichuria, F buskii, Eimeria, Ascaris Lumbricoides, ¬S. mansoni, Hetrophyes, Those infested, are Red patas, softy mongabey, Baboon, Mona Monkey, Tantalus, and Chimpanzee. Kano Zoological Garden, thirty species of primates were examined, only eleven were infested with Ascaris Lumbricoides, Eimeria, Trichuris Trichuria, Fasciola those infested are Baboon, Chimpanzee, Mona Monkey, Patas, Tantalus Monkeys. All the above examination of the faecal sample material, a direct wet smear was used to reveal the parasites; examined with a how power objective (10x).
The Detection of Testicular Protein Expression of Rats (Rattus norvegicus) af...AI Publications
One of the testes' primary functions is to produce the haploid germ cells needed for sexual reproduction. Good vitality can be achieved through a healthy biological pattern and require lasting persistence throughout a productive male's life. This study aims to detect protein expression in rats' testes after being treated with ethanol Fenugreek seeds. As many as 32 male rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 2-3 months (250-300 g) without anatomical abnormalities were used as experimental animals. They were divided into four groups: P0 as a control group was treated with normal drinking water, while groups of P1 to P3 were given 500, 1000, and 1500 mg kg-1 body weight/day of ethanol extract from Fenugreek seeds. The experiment of testicular protein expression was conducted with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The testes data were analyzed by One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Duncan Mean Range Test. The study concluded that Fenugreek's effect is believed to have an inducing impression on protein synthesis in the cells making up the testes. Besides, body weight, body weight gain, testicular weight, and testicular protein showed no significant difference (P> 0.05).
Histopathological Effects of Gamma Radiation on Adhatoda Vasica Treated Bicep...ijtsrd
The objective of the present study was to evaluate Adhatoda vasica extract administered and radiation induced changes in the biceps muscle of Swiss Albino male mice. Animals were divided into four groups Group I containing normal mice served as control for each experimental stage, mice of Group II received oral administration of Adhatoda vasica extract 900mg kg body weight , mice of group III received oral administration of Adhatoda extract and were irradiated with 4Gy -rays, mice of group IV were irradiated with 4Gy radiation. Adhatoda extract was administered orally to the animals 900mg kg body weight for a period of 28 days. After 7 days of extract administration mice were irradiated with 4 Gy rays. 24 hours after irradiation mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation on days 7, 14, 21 and 28. Excised tissue was fixed in 10 neutral formalin. Sections of 5µm thickness were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological examination. Histological changes in the mice biceps were observed between 7 28 days of investigation. Extract treated group of mice showed no alterations in the biceps muscle structure. Mice which were pretreated with extract and then irradiated showed compact arrangement of cells but with changes in shape of fibers. In the irradiated group, myonecrosis and splitting of fibers were observed. Interfibrillar spaces were enlarged. Heterogeneous population of muscle cells were seen. Irradiation causes damage to muscle tissue while Adhatoda extract minimized the damage. Anupam | Sushma Sharma "Histopathological Effects of Gamma Radiation on Adhatoda Vasica Treated Biceps Muscle" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46393.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/biomaterial-sciences/46393/histopathological-effects-of-gamma-radiation-on-adhatoda-vasica-treated-biceps-muscle/anupam
Preliminary phytochemical studies and evaluation of Antipyretic property of t...researchplantsciences
Purpose-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was claimed to have anti pyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. The people of Idemili area in Anambra State of Nigeria use the decoction of it to treat wounds, running stomach, aches and pains as well as fever. It is to this backdrop that this investigation was carried out to ascertain the veracity of the claim.
Methodology-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was collected and dried at ambient temperature. It was pulverized into powder. 500 gm of the powdered drug was placed into a two litre beaker containing one litre of methanol. It was allowed to stand with occasional shaking for 48 h. The content was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract contains the following secondary metabolites-alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The antipyretic activity was investigated using brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia.
Result -The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata exhibited significant (p<0.05) antipyretic effect at 600 mg/kg from 1 h to 4 h and at 3 h to 4 h at 300 mg/kg compared with the control.
Conclusion-The claim of Idemili people of Anambra State Nigeria on the use of Ritchiea longipedicellata appears to be obvious in line with the results of the investigation.
Article Citation:
Chinedu Fred Anowi, Ezugwu CO, Ilodigwe EE, Ajaghaku DL.
Preliminary Phytochemical Studies and Evaluation of Antipyretic Property of the Methanol Extract of the Rootbark of Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg (capparidaceae)
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 192-195.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0048.pdf
Is “Pangolin (Manis Squama) is not used in medicine" an improvement in the pr...LucyPi1
Recently, a number of reports about pangolin have become hot news: The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) has not continued to include the drug-using standards for pangolin (Manis Squama), aristolochic (Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc), celestial vine (Fibraurea recisa Pierre), and Chinese patent drug Huanglian Yanggan pills (approval number by China State Food and Drug Administration: Z200113194). On June 5, 2020, the China Forestry Administration Bureau and the Grassland Bureau co-issued an announcement to upgrade all the species of genus pangolins from the national second level of the protected wildlife to the first level. The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is also highly similar to the beta coronavirus isolated from pangolin [1]. For a time, “Pangolin is not used in medicine” triggered a hot topic of discussion among the public and the industry. The reason is that China is protecting the precious and rare species from the policy level? Or is it a delayed strategy in the safety of medication? It is worth pondering
Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicina...ijtsrd
Use of herbal medicines is propagating day-by-day and several tribes still rely upon this green treasure against their ailments. Being unfortunate to the environment, invasive plants species hold supreme remedies that are unique. Besides ethnoremedial uses they embrace anticancerous, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitubercular and other pharmacological attributes in them. In the present review, authors aimed to compile the segregated ethnomedicinal information of invasive plant species. The literature study revealed a significant ethnoremedial importance of invasive alien weeds that may serve to establish a ground for future researchers to explore in pharmacognostic field with safe and natural drug resource. Shaiphali Saxena | P. B. Rao"Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Attributes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11636.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/11636/invasive-alien-plants-valuable-elixir-with-pharmacological-and-ethnomedicinal-attributes/shaiphali-saxena
Combination Therapy of Carica Papaya and Vernonia Amygdalina Leaf Extracts ar...ijtsrd
The study focused on the comparative determination of the effects of the combination of leaf extracts of Carica papaya CP and Vernonia amygdalina VA and Artemether based combination therapy ACTs on Plasmodium berghei infected male wistar rats. Fifty 50 male wistar rats, weighing 100 to 150g, were allotted into 5 groups n=7 . Group 2 negative control was infected but not treated, groups 3 5 which were infected received 250mg kg b.w each of CP and VA in combination and 4mg kg b.w of the two reference ACTs. Treatment was done orally once daily for 3 consecutive days, after which the animals were sacrificed and haematological analysis carried out. Afterwards, an observatory period of 7 days commenced after which another round of sacrifice was done.Before treatment, parasitemia count of animals in groups 3 5 was substantially p 0.05 higher when juxtaposed with group 2. AST and ALT activities were significantly p 0.05 elevated in group 3 5 when matched with group 2. Plasmodium berghei induction meaningfully p 0.05 lowered white blood cell WBC at all groups. After treatment, the extracts and drug which notably p 0.05 lowered plasmodium count, RBC, WBC, PCV, Hb and Platelet levels, did not meaningfully p 0.05 affect the activities of ALP, AST and ALT. After 7 days of observation, the extracts and drug efficaciously p 0.05 reduced plasmodium count, WBC and ALP activity further at all groups. These results indicate that the leaf extracts in combination are as efficacious as the ACTs. Ajeka Prisca Ojochogu | Igbokwe Ugochukwu Vincent | Okonkwo Onyeka Chukwudi | Nnyaha Anthonia. E. | Ikechukwu Samuel Nwaisaac | Okpa Precious Nwaka "Combination Therapy of Carica Papaya and Vernonia Amygdalina Leaf Extracts are as Efficacious as Acts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46293.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/46293/combination-therapy-of-carica-papaya-and-vernonia-amygdalina-leaf-extracts-are-as-efficacious-as-acts/ajeka-prisca-ojochogu
Assessment of Allium Sativum, Zingiber Officinal Extracts on Plasmodium Bergh...ijtsrd
The aim of the study was to investigate the separate and combined effects of Allium sativum garlic and Zingiber officinale ginger on the parasite levels, liver enzymes, histology and haematological parameters. Fourty two 42 male wistar rats were assigned into seven 7 groups as mentioned below Group 1 served as negative control group and received distilled water, Group 2 served as positive control group and received 0.2ml PB I.P single dose , Group 3 received 0.2ml PB I.P single dose 500 mg kg of allium sativum Group 4 received 0.2ml PB I.P single dose 500 mg kg of zingiber officinale Group 5 received 0.2ml PB I.P single dose 250 mg kg of allium sativum 250 mg kg of zingiber officinale Group 6 received 0.2ml PB I.P single dose artemether Lumefantrine 80 480mg 4mg kg and 8mg kg Group 7 received 0.2ml PB I.P single dose Dihydroartemisini and piperaquine 30mg 225mg 2mg kg and 18mg kg . All administrations were given orally twice daily for a period of 4 days, after 3 days infection period. At the end of the treatment, three 3 male wistar rats per group were sacrificed for the first test. After, 7 days post treatment the second test was done, three 3 male wistar rats per group samples were collected for determination of hematological analysis, parasitemia levels, liver enzymes, and liver histology. Results represented as mean ± SEM were compared using One Way and Repeated measure ANOVA. It was observed that higher percentage of malaria parasitaemia seen in parasitized and untreated wistar rats were reduced in parasitized and treated groups. Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale extracts possesses no lethality in rats at 6000mg kg body weight. Overall, the results suggest that administration of the different extracts were effective in parasite clearance and none toxic. Precious Nwaka Okpa | Vincent Ugochukwu Igbokwe | Uche Dimkpa | Ikechukwu Samuel Nwaisaac | Prisca Ojochogu Ajeka | Anthonia E. Nnyaha "Assessment of Allium Sativum, Zingiber Officinal Extracts on Plasmodium Berghei Infected Male Wistar Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd54021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/physiology/54021/assessment-of-allium-sativum-zingiber-officinal-extracts-on-plasmodium-berghei-infected-male-wistar-rats/precious-nwaka-okpa
Hematological and Liver Function of Plasmodium Berghei Positive Wister Treate...ijtsrd
Eradication of malaria in Africa continues to be one of the greatest challenges in the health sector. All the drugs developed thus far have their limitations and are generally expensive. In Africa and Nigeria the use of herbs in treating sicknesses dated as far back as the existence of man and is still in use today by many Nigerians in rural areas. Here we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy of ethanolic extract for three of these herbs lemon grass, lime and turmeric used singly and in combination on Plasmodium berghei infected rats. Results reveals that there was an 81.54 reduction in parasite level in groups treated with herbs and an 88.9 reduction in those treated with ACTs. The time frame of this study wasn’t enough to determine if there will be a resurgence in the parasitemia level. Results from the liver function test also reveals that the herbs also reduced the levels of liver enzymes in the serum but the results from the liver histology from the onset shows little or no damage to the liver This helps us to understand that the plasmodium parasites does not cause much damage to the liver cells or requires more time to do so. Hence the study concludes that potent herbs like turmeric, lemon grass and lime although not as effective as ACTs but if harnessed properly can be substituted for ACTs in treating malaria in low income rural areas of Nigeria. Nwaisaac Ikechukwu Samuel | Igbokwe Vincent Ugochukwu | Okonkwo Chukwudi Onyeka | Okpa Precious Nwaka | Nnyaha Anthonia Ekenedilichukwu | Ajeka Prisca "Hematological and Liver Function of Plasmodium Berghei Positive Wister Treated With Herbs and Acts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46277.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/46277/hematological-and-liver-function-of-plasmodium-berghei-positive-wister-treated-with-herbs-and-acts/nwaisaac-ikechukwu-samuel
Invitro and Invivo antibacterial study of leaf extracts of Euphorbia heteroph...Premier Publishers
A study was carried out to determine the phytochemical components and antibacterial activity of Euphorbia heterophylla crude extracts on four enteric organisms namely; Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris. The clinical isolates of Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility test using agar diffusion technique. Phytochemistry of the Euphorbia heterophylla, crude extracts revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins and cardiac glycosides. Methanolic and aqueous crude extract produced clear zones of inhibition at concentration ranging from 50 to 200mg/ml. In vivo antimicrobial assay revealed that the mice treated with the crude methanolic and aqueous extracts after being infected with the various test organisms, survived and showed minute pathological effects. Similarly, untreated mice (control) died after 48hours of inoculation with Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, E.coli and Proteus vulgaris. Euphorbia heterophylla crude extract, most especially its methanolic and aqueous counterpart could be a potential source for the treatment of diseases associated with enteric organisms. Further studies should be directed towards isolation and characterization of the active compound in the crude extracts.
In nature, wild animals live on large area and have consequently, a low genetic resistance against parasitic infections because of hoe exposure. When herds of these wild animals are kept in captivity in Zoological Gardens, the problem of parasite infection can aggravate and pose a serious threat to endangered species, occasionally causing sudden and unexpected local declines in abundance; unfortunately, there have been few detailed and comprehensive studies on the common parasitic infections, prevalence of the parasitic infections in the primates and the Health care management of the captive primates. The focus of the research work is on investigation of parasitic infection among primates in selected Zoological Gardens in Nigeria the researcher has the following objectives, The researcher adopted experimental method sample of fresh feaces were collected differently for 5 days and was examined at two different laboratory, that Ibadan and Jos. The Ibadan Zoological Garden twenty seven species of primates were examined, with only six infested with Trichuris Trichuria parasite; common in chimpanzee, mona monkey, Tantalus and white throated. In Jos Plateau Zoological Garden, twenty-four species of primates were examined only thirteen primates were infested with Trichuris Trichuria, F buskii, Eimeria, Ascaris Lumbricoides, ¬S. mansoni, Hetrophyes, Those infested, are Red patas, softy mongabey, Baboon, Mona Monkey, Tantalus, and Chimpanzee. Kano Zoological Garden, thirty species of primates were examined, only eleven were infested with Ascaris Lumbricoides, Eimeria, Trichuris Trichuria, Fasciola those infested are Baboon, Chimpanzee, Mona Monkey, Patas, Tantalus Monkeys. All the above examination of the faecal sample material, a direct wet smear was used to reveal the parasites; examined with a how power objective (10x).
The Detection of Testicular Protein Expression of Rats (Rattus norvegicus) af...AI Publications
One of the testes' primary functions is to produce the haploid germ cells needed for sexual reproduction. Good vitality can be achieved through a healthy biological pattern and require lasting persistence throughout a productive male's life. This study aims to detect protein expression in rats' testes after being treated with ethanol Fenugreek seeds. As many as 32 male rats (Rattus norvegicus), aged 2-3 months (250-300 g) without anatomical abnormalities were used as experimental animals. They were divided into four groups: P0 as a control group was treated with normal drinking water, while groups of P1 to P3 were given 500, 1000, and 1500 mg kg-1 body weight/day of ethanol extract from Fenugreek seeds. The experiment of testicular protein expression was conducted with Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The testes data were analyzed by One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and the Duncan Mean Range Test. The study concluded that Fenugreek's effect is believed to have an inducing impression on protein synthesis in the cells making up the testes. Besides, body weight, body weight gain, testicular weight, and testicular protein showed no significant difference (P> 0.05).
Histopathological Effects of Gamma Radiation on Adhatoda Vasica Treated Bicep...ijtsrd
The objective of the present study was to evaluate Adhatoda vasica extract administered and radiation induced changes in the biceps muscle of Swiss Albino male mice. Animals were divided into four groups Group I containing normal mice served as control for each experimental stage, mice of Group II received oral administration of Adhatoda vasica extract 900mg kg body weight , mice of group III received oral administration of Adhatoda extract and were irradiated with 4Gy -rays, mice of group IV were irradiated with 4Gy radiation. Adhatoda extract was administered orally to the animals 900mg kg body weight for a period of 28 days. After 7 days of extract administration mice were irradiated with 4 Gy rays. 24 hours after irradiation mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation on days 7, 14, 21 and 28. Excised tissue was fixed in 10 neutral formalin. Sections of 5µm thickness were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for histopathological examination. Histological changes in the mice biceps were observed between 7 28 days of investigation. Extract treated group of mice showed no alterations in the biceps muscle structure. Mice which were pretreated with extract and then irradiated showed compact arrangement of cells but with changes in shape of fibers. In the irradiated group, myonecrosis and splitting of fibers were observed. Interfibrillar spaces were enlarged. Heterogeneous population of muscle cells were seen. Irradiation causes damage to muscle tissue while Adhatoda extract minimized the damage. Anupam | Sushma Sharma "Histopathological Effects of Gamma Radiation on Adhatoda Vasica Treated Biceps Muscle" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46393.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/biomaterial-sciences/46393/histopathological-effects-of-gamma-radiation-on-adhatoda-vasica-treated-biceps-muscle/anupam
Preliminary phytochemical studies and evaluation of Antipyretic property of t...researchplantsciences
Purpose-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was claimed to have anti pyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. The people of Idemili area in Anambra State of Nigeria use the decoction of it to treat wounds, running stomach, aches and pains as well as fever. It is to this backdrop that this investigation was carried out to ascertain the veracity of the claim.
Methodology-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was collected and dried at ambient temperature. It was pulverized into powder. 500 gm of the powdered drug was placed into a two litre beaker containing one litre of methanol. It was allowed to stand with occasional shaking for 48 h. The content was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract contains the following secondary metabolites-alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The antipyretic activity was investigated using brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia.
Result -The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata exhibited significant (p<0.05) antipyretic effect at 600 mg/kg from 1 h to 4 h and at 3 h to 4 h at 300 mg/kg compared with the control.
Conclusion-The claim of Idemili people of Anambra State Nigeria on the use of Ritchiea longipedicellata appears to be obvious in line with the results of the investigation.
Article Citation:
Chinedu Fred Anowi, Ezugwu CO, Ilodigwe EE, Ajaghaku DL.
Preliminary Phytochemical Studies and Evaluation of Antipyretic Property of the Methanol Extract of the Rootbark of Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg (capparidaceae)
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 192-195.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0048.pdf
Is “Pangolin (Manis Squama) is not used in medicine" an improvement in the pr...LucyPi1
Recently, a number of reports about pangolin have become hot news: The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition) has not continued to include the drug-using standards for pangolin (Manis Squama), aristolochic (Aristolochia debilis Sieb. et Zucc), celestial vine (Fibraurea recisa Pierre), and Chinese patent drug Huanglian Yanggan pills (approval number by China State Food and Drug Administration: Z200113194). On June 5, 2020, the China Forestry Administration Bureau and the Grassland Bureau co-issued an announcement to upgrade all the species of genus pangolins from the national second level of the protected wildlife to the first level. The new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) is also highly similar to the beta coronavirus isolated from pangolin [1]. For a time, “Pangolin is not used in medicine” triggered a hot topic of discussion among the public and the industry. The reason is that China is protecting the precious and rare species from the policy level? Or is it a delayed strategy in the safety of medication? It is worth pondering
Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicina...ijtsrd
Use of herbal medicines is propagating day-by-day and several tribes still rely upon this green treasure against their ailments. Being unfortunate to the environment, invasive plants species hold supreme remedies that are unique. Besides ethnoremedial uses they embrace anticancerous, antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antitubercular and other pharmacological attributes in them. In the present review, authors aimed to compile the segregated ethnomedicinal information of invasive plant species. The literature study revealed a significant ethnoremedial importance of invasive alien weeds that may serve to establish a ground for future researchers to explore in pharmacognostic field with safe and natural drug resource. Shaiphali Saxena | P. B. Rao"Invasive Alien Plants: Valuable Elixir with Pharmacological and Ethnomedicinal Attributes" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-3 , April 2018, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd11636.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacognosy-/11636/invasive-alien-plants-valuable-elixir-with-pharmacological-and-ethnomedicinal-attributes/shaiphali-saxena
Combination Therapy of Carica Papaya and Vernonia Amygdalina Leaf Extracts ar...ijtsrd
The study focused on the comparative determination of the effects of the combination of leaf extracts of Carica papaya CP and Vernonia amygdalina VA and Artemether based combination therapy ACTs on Plasmodium berghei infected male wistar rats. Fifty 50 male wistar rats, weighing 100 to 150g, were allotted into 5 groups n=7 . Group 2 negative control was infected but not treated, groups 3 5 which were infected received 250mg kg b.w each of CP and VA in combination and 4mg kg b.w of the two reference ACTs. Treatment was done orally once daily for 3 consecutive days, after which the animals were sacrificed and haematological analysis carried out. Afterwards, an observatory period of 7 days commenced after which another round of sacrifice was done.Before treatment, parasitemia count of animals in groups 3 5 was substantially p 0.05 higher when juxtaposed with group 2. AST and ALT activities were significantly p 0.05 elevated in group 3 5 when matched with group 2. Plasmodium berghei induction meaningfully p 0.05 lowered white blood cell WBC at all groups. After treatment, the extracts and drug which notably p 0.05 lowered plasmodium count, RBC, WBC, PCV, Hb and Platelet levels, did not meaningfully p 0.05 affect the activities of ALP, AST and ALT. After 7 days of observation, the extracts and drug efficaciously p 0.05 reduced plasmodium count, WBC and ALP activity further at all groups. These results indicate that the leaf extracts in combination are as efficacious as the ACTs. Ajeka Prisca Ojochogu | Igbokwe Ugochukwu Vincent | Okonkwo Onyeka Chukwudi | Nnyaha Anthonia. E. | Ikechukwu Samuel Nwaisaac | Okpa Precious Nwaka "Combination Therapy of Carica Papaya and Vernonia Amygdalina Leaf Extracts are as Efficacious as Acts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46293.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/physiology/46293/combination-therapy-of-carica-papaya-and-vernonia-amygdalina-leaf-extracts-are-as-efficacious-as-acts/ajeka-prisca-ojochogu
Assessment of Allium Sativum, Zingiber Officinal Extracts on Plasmodium Bergh...ijtsrd
The aim of the study was to investigate the separate and combined effects of Allium sativum garlic and Zingiber officinale ginger on the parasite levels, liver enzymes, histology and haematological parameters. Fourty two 42 male wistar rats were assigned into seven 7 groups as mentioned below Group 1 served as negative control group and received distilled water, Group 2 served as positive control group and received 0.2ml PB I.P single dose , Group 3 received 0.2ml PB I.P single dose 500 mg kg of allium sativum Group 4 received 0.2ml PB I.P single dose 500 mg kg of zingiber officinale Group 5 received 0.2ml PB I.P single dose 250 mg kg of allium sativum 250 mg kg of zingiber officinale Group 6 received 0.2ml PB I.P single dose artemether Lumefantrine 80 480mg 4mg kg and 8mg kg Group 7 received 0.2ml PB I.P single dose Dihydroartemisini and piperaquine 30mg 225mg 2mg kg and 18mg kg . All administrations were given orally twice daily for a period of 4 days, after 3 days infection period. At the end of the treatment, three 3 male wistar rats per group were sacrificed for the first test. After, 7 days post treatment the second test was done, three 3 male wistar rats per group samples were collected for determination of hematological analysis, parasitemia levels, liver enzymes, and liver histology. Results represented as mean ± SEM were compared using One Way and Repeated measure ANOVA. It was observed that higher percentage of malaria parasitaemia seen in parasitized and untreated wistar rats were reduced in parasitized and treated groups. Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale extracts possesses no lethality in rats at 6000mg kg body weight. Overall, the results suggest that administration of the different extracts were effective in parasite clearance and none toxic. Precious Nwaka Okpa | Vincent Ugochukwu Igbokwe | Uche Dimkpa | Ikechukwu Samuel Nwaisaac | Prisca Ojochogu Ajeka | Anthonia E. Nnyaha "Assessment of Allium Sativum, Zingiber Officinal Extracts on Plasmodium Berghei Infected Male Wistar Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd54021.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/medicine/physiology/54021/assessment-of-allium-sativum-zingiber-officinal-extracts-on-plasmodium-berghei-infected-male-wistar-rats/precious-nwaka-okpa
Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Fema...YogeshIJTSRD
Celosia argentea is a plant of family Amaranthaceae used as traditional medicine for various diseases. The aim of the study is to evaluate the acute toxicity effect of Celosia argentea leaf extract for 14 days in female albino rats. The aqueous extract of Celosia argentea showed no evidence of single dose toxicity 2000 mg kg when studying acute toxicity on biochemical, hematological or histological parameters. The results showed that .C. argentea does not cause toxicity at the doses studied. M. Sridevi | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi "Acute Oral Toxicity Study of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Celosia Argentea in Female Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd39811.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/39811/acute-oral-toxicity-study-of-aqueous-leaf-extract-of-celosia-argentea-in-female-albino-rats/m-sridevi
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Genotoxicity of Goji Berry (Lyciumbarbarum) In Vivo Mammalian Cellsinventionjournals
Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) belongs to family Salonaceae which is found in China and Himalayan. This herb is used to prevent various diseases and in medical treatments as an alternative medicine being widely used for its antioxidant and revitalizing potential effects. In recent years, Gojji has become increasingly popular in Europe and North America as a "superfruit" and dietary supplement. The belief that herbal products do not bring any risk to health, is part of popular culture. However the term "natural" assigned to many products cannot assure no health risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible genotoxic effects of aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) by micronucleus test and comet assay. Thirty Rattus norvegicus were divided into three equal groups: 1) experimental group, submitted to Gojji berry (200mg/kg orally); 2) positive control group (cyclophosphamide), and; 3) negative control group (distilled water). Micronucleus Tests were done by smear method of bone marrow cells performed after 48h for acute, and 72h for chronic exposure. The comet assay was performed on peripheral blood taken from the tail of each animal 4h, and 24h after intervention. Cytotoxicity was assessed by observing the DNA damage measuring the percentage of DNA in the tail (% DNA- measurement of the proportion of the total DNA present in the tail) and the tail moment (TM-tail length times the percentage of DNA in the tail), calculated by 100 nucleoids per animal and the presence of micronuclei in 2,000 polychromatic erythrocytes per animal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey test at 5% significance was used comparing the results. The data showed no significant difference in the frequency of DNA damage and the number of micronuclei between the experimental group and the negative control group. The results also suggest that the aqueous extract of Lyciumbarbarum (Gojji berry) at the dose of 200 mg/kg showed no genotoxic effect, which could, to a certain point, justifies its use.
Effects of Acalypha torta (Muell) Leaf Extract on Histological Indices of the...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Studies of Ethanol Extracts of Annona Muric...Premier Publishers
The study determined the effects of administration of ethanol extracts of Annona muricata leaves (AML) and Fagara zanthoxyloide roots (FZR) on liver and kidney indices in zidovudine (ZDV)-induced Wistar rats. Animals were grouped into five (5); group 1 served as normal control, groups 2-5 were induced with 100g/mlZDV/Kgbw and group 3 treated with 35IU/Kgbw of erythropoietin, group 4 with 4.5g/mlAML/Kgbw and group 5 with 3.8g/mlFZR/Kgbw for six weeks. Serum liver enzymes, other biochemicals (total protein, albumin, globulin, bilirubin, urea and creatinine), organ weights and histological examination were used to assess the impact on the liver and kidney using standard methods. A significant elevation (p≤0.05) in the activities of serum liver enzymes and bilirubin accompanied by a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in the other biochemicals were observed in group 2. Treatment with extracts resulted in a modulation of the induced effects of ZDV causing a significant decrease in the serum liver enzymes, bilirubin and increase in the total protein, albumin and globulin concentrations. Histology of the liver showed altered architecture, blood vessel congestion and necrosis; while the kidneys were hypoplastic with signs of swelling (group 2) which was gradually reverted on treatment with extracts. The study suggests that extracts of AML and FZR may confer some degree of protection to the liver and kidney.
Ovicidal and Larvicidal Effects of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Acanthus Monta...ijtsrd
Objective An in vitro study was carried out to determine the ovicidal and larvicidal activity of crude ethanolic extracts of Acanthus montanus Acanthaceae leaves on the eggs and the third larval L3 stage of Heligmosomoides bakeri. Methods Four different concentrations of the extracts by serial dilution from 1,000 mg mL to 125 mg mL were compared with albendazole as the positive control serially diluted from the recommended dose of 15 mg mL to 1.875mg mL and distilled water serving as the negative control respectively, in the bioassay. The extract activity was dose dependent. Results At 250 mg mL, there was 100 inhibition of egg hatch comparable to albendazole at 7.5 mg mL. There was zero percent inhibition of eggs in the distilled water control culture. The activity of the extracts on the L3 larvae shows that at the concentration of 125 mg mL, the larvicidal effect was 100 , one hour post treatment compared to albendazole at 15 mg mL 97.51 . However, the negative control showed an increase in Larvicidal activity from 22.5 to 40 in one hour and fifteen hours respectively. Conclusion It was therefore, concluded that crude ethanolic extracts of Acanthus montanus leaf has significant ovicidal and larvicidal properties against Heligmosomoides bakeri egg and third larval stage. D. O. Oshadu | J. O. Ajanusi | P. N. Chiezey | M. S. Abubakar | M. Adamu | A. W. Adanu | G.A.I. Dogo "Ovicidal and Larvicidal Effects of Crude Ethanolic Extracts of Acanthus Montanus (Acanthaceae) on Heligmosomoides Bakeri (Nematoda, Heligmosomatidae)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd43719.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.commedicine/veterinary-medicine/43719/ovicidal-and-larvicidal-effects-of-crude-ethanolic-extracts-of-acanthus-montanus-acanthaceae-on-heligmosomoides-bakeri-nematoda-heligmosomatidae/d-o-oshadu
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
ABSTRACT
Background- The mainstay of the treatment of pain and inflammation are opioids, steroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Though, they are effective and readily available with negative and unpleasant effects, more importantly, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Thus, the need for safer and effective therapy in the management of pain and inflammation. Objective- The work sought to investigate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Clerodendrum polycephalum (HeCP) in animals. Methods- HeCP (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg, p.o.) given to mice, 1 h before administer of acetic acid (0.6% v/v, i.p.), formalin (1%v/v, intraplantar) or capsaicin (1% w/v, intraplantar) for nociceptive behavior in mice while carrageenan (1% w/v in saline, intraplantar) or cotton pellet (20 mg implanted into both groin) to induce acute or chronic inflammation in rats. Results- HeCP (100 – 400 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced mean writhes number, duration of paw licking or biting in the acetic acid, formalin and capsaicin models, respectively, in mice. However, the initial treatment of mice with L-NNA (neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist), or glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker) prevented HeCP induced anti-nociception in mice. In contrast, the initial treatment of mice with, sulpiride (dopamine D2-receptor antagonist) failed to reverse HeCP-induced antinociception. In the aspect of anti-inflammatory activity, HeCP caused significantly but not dose-dependent inhibition of edema development in carrageenan-induced inflammation and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats. Conclusion- Findings from this work indicates that the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Clerodendrum polycephalum has anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory possibly due to its polyphenolic constituents.
Key-words: ATP-sensitive K+ channel, Capsaicin, Glibenclamide, Nociception, Inflammation
Effects of Aqueous and Methanolic Leaf Extracts of Vitex doniana on Lipid Pro...IOSR Journals
The effect of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Vitex doniana leaves in serum lipid profile and liver enzymes in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats were investigated using standard analytical protocols. A total of 35 albino rats divided into seven groups of five rats each comprising one normal untreated group as animal control, one diabetic untreated group as diabetic control, one normal treated with 750mg/kg body weight as reference group, three diabetic groups treated with 250, 500 and 750mg/kg body weight respectively and one diabetic group treated with 5mg/kg Glibenclamide as standard. The result of acute toxicity test obtained indicated lethal dose (LD50) of greater than 5000mg/kg extract. The results showed that induction of diabetes caused significant (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) increase in high density lipoprotein in the reference and diabetic groups when compared to normal and diabetic control groups respectively after oral administration of Vitex doniana leaf extracts. It could therefore be concluded that Vitex doniana leaf extract is safe, medicinal and have anti-lipidemia properties and hepato-protective effects.
The Central and Peripheral effects of the methanol extract of Fadogia cienkow...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON THE KIDNE...oyepata
SUB-ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF ETHANOL LEAF EXTRACT OF Ocimum canum ON
THE KIDNEY OF WISTAR RATS
JOSEPH OS*1, BUILDERS M1, JOSEPH OT2, ZUBAIRU SA3, MUSA T3, OYEPATA PJ2,
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD46292 | Volume – 5 | Issue – 5 | Jul-Aug 2021 Page 2025
well as others. One major problem that arise from the
use of these drugs has been issues of resistance, and
the fact that most anti-malaria drugs are not
affordable by People. This necessitates the shift to
self-medication using medicinal plants (Arese, 2001;
Muregi et al., 2003). Herbs had been used by all
cultures throughout history. Plants have always been
a component of mankind’s healthcare system. This is
either directly or indirectly. Directly, the plant parts
like leaves, fruits, stem, bark, roots etc. or even the
whole plant are themselves used in the treatment of
illnesses. They are the first line treatment for many of
the world’s population, being readily available,
traditional and relatively inexpensive (Olaniyi, 1998;
Okpara et al., 2007).
A number of traditional herbs have been tested and
used in the prevention and also treatment of malaria
including Artemisia annua (Akininyi et al, 1986), old
leaves of Carica papaya, roots and leaves of
Guinensis, unripe fruit of Capsicum frutescence and
Azadirachtaindica popularly called Dangoyaro in
Nigeria. There is high reliance on traditional medicine
in the treatment of malaria, most of which are
prepared from plants and available at affordable
prices (Alves and Rosa, 2007). Ethnobotanical studies
(Odugbemi et al., 2007; Ajibesin et al., 2008; Titanji
et al., 2008) have been carried out on medicinal
plants useful in treating malaria in Africa, Nigeria
inclusive.
Mature leaves of Carica papaya (Caricaceae;
Common name: pawpaw) is widely used to treat
malaria and splenomegaly (Adjanohoun JE,
Aboubakar N, Dramane K, Ebot ME, Ekpere JA,
Enoworock EG, et al 1996). The essential oils of
Cymbopogoncitratus were found to produced 86.6%
suppression in growth of Plasmodium berghei when
compare to a standard drug chloroquine
(Tchoumbougnang, F; Zollo 2005) Numerous
biological and pharmacological activities have been
reported of AzadirachtaIndica including antibacterial,
antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities(A. Kher et
al,1997).
There is inadequate information in literature on the
hepato-protective activities associated with the
ethanol extract of Carica papaya Linn,
CymbopogonCitratus and AzadirachtaIndica. This
study was designed to explore the hepato-protective
abilities of these various plant extracts against ACTs
treated plasmodium berghei parasitized wistar rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant Materials and Preparation of Extracts:Fresh
leaves of pawpaw, neem and lemon grass were
collected, identified (in the pharmacology department
of NnamdiAzikiwe University, Agulu), washed and
dried in the oven at 60o
C for a period of 45 hours.
Leaves were further dried at ambient temperature for
a period of two weeks, and then grounded. 250g each
of the powdered leaves were dissolved separately in
1000ml of 98% ethanol and allowed for 48hours at
room temperature after which it was sieved using
porcelain clothe. It was filtered further using a filter
paper No 1. The filtrate was concentrated using
digital rotary evaporator (TT-52 technel and technel
USA) and was dried using thermostat oven (DHG-
9023A PEC medicals USA) into a gel like substance
and stored individually in a refrigerator (NEXUS).
LETHALITHY (LD50) TEST: The mean lethal
dose LD50 of the extracts was determined using
Lorkes method as described in (1983) and modified
by Imafidon et al, (2015). A total of 17 wistar rats
were used (9 in phase one and 8 in phase two). The
extracts were administered via oral routes and were
closely monitored for 24 hours for physical signs of
toxicity such as gasping, palpitation, sluggishness etc.
PHASE 1: 3 groups with 3 rats each
Group one received 10mg/kg of the extract.
Group two received 100mg/kg of the extract.
Group three received 1000mg/kg of the extract.
PHASE 2: 4 groups with 2 rats each..
Group one received 750mg/kg of the extract
Group two received 1500mg/kg of the extract
Group three received 3000mg/kg of the extract
Group four received 6000mg/kg of the extract.
PREPARATION OF EXTRACT AND DOSE OF
STANDARD DRUG:
Average weight of animals (Kg) x Dose (mg/ml)
Stock solution (mg/ml)
EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND
TREATMENTS: A hundred and ten (110) male rats
between 100g-250g in weight were used for this
study. They were obtained from the animal house at
the college of medicine, university of Nigeria and
kept in well aerated laboratory cages in the Human
physiology department animal house Nnewi, with
dark and light cycles of 12hrs each observed, fed with
water and rat feed (from vital feeds company).The
rats acclimatized for a period of two weeks prior to
the commencement of the study, and were handled in
adherence to the guidelines and recommendation of
the ethics committee on the use of animals for
research of NnamdiAzikiwe University Awka,
Anambra, Nigeria. They were distributed into 11
groups of 10 rats each.
Group 1 (Positive control): Feed and water only.
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Group 2 (Negative control): Feed, water and 0.2ml
malaria parasite via intraperitoneal route.
Group 3 (Lemon grass extract): Feed, water, 0.2ml
malaria parasite and 500mg/kg lemon grass extract.
Group 4 (Pawpaw leaf extract): Feed, water, 0.2ml
malaria parasite and 500mg/kg pawpaw leaf extract.
Group 5 (Neem extract): Feed, water, 0.2ml malaria
parasite and 500mg/kg neem extract.
Group 6 (Neem and pawpaw leaf extract): Feed,
water, 0.2ml malaria parasite and 250mg/kg of neem
and pawpaw leaf extract each.
Group 7 (Neem and Lemon grass extract): Feed,
water, 0.2ml malaria parasite and 250mg/kg of neem
and lemon grass extract each.
Group 8 (Neem, Pawpaw leaf and Lemon grass
extract): Feed, water, 0.2ml malaria parasite and
165mg/kg of neem, pawpaw leaf and lemon grass
extract each.
Group 9 (Pawpaw leaf and lemon grass extract):
Feed, water, 0.2ml malaria parasite and 250mg/kg of
pawpaw leaf and lemon grass extract each.
Group 10 (Artemether/Lumefantrine): Feed, water.
0.2ml malaria parasite and 4mg/kg
Artemether/lumefantrine.
Group 11 (Dihydoartemisinine/piperaquine
phosphate): Feed, water, 0.2ml malaria parasite and
4mg/kg dihydroartemisinine/piperaquine phosphate.
All treatments were done for 7days with the extracts
and ACT administered orally.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING: The ethanoic
extracts of the plants were subjected to preliminary
phytochemical analysis by methods described by
Trease and Evans (1983) to test for alkaloids,
flavonoids,and glycosides, reducing sugars, steroids,
saponins and tannins.
LIVER ENZYMES ASSAY:The activities of
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Aspartate amino
transferase(AST) and Alanine aminotransferase
(ALP) were evaluated using the method as described
by WHO (2004).
LIVER SACRIFICE AND HISTOLOGY: Liver
tissue were harvested from test animals seven days
after treatment. Tissue sections were brought to
distilled water, stained with Erhlich’shaematoxylin
for 30 minutes and rinsed in running water. After
drying out, the tissue were differentiated with 1%
acid alcohol until only nuclei were stained.
Thereafter, it was rinsed in running water and ‘blued’
in scott’s tap water substitute for 3minutes. The
sections were further rinsed in tap water, stained with
Eosin for 2 minutes, dehydrated, cleared and viewed
under a microscope.
DATA ANALYSIS: Results obtained were
expressed as mean ± SEM as described by (Duncan et
al., 1997). The data were statistically analyzed using
one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with
Turkey’s multiple comparison post hoc test to
compare the level of significance between the test
groups. The values of p<0.05 were considered as
significant for differences in means.
RESULTS:
Table 1: Phytochemical analysis of the ethanoic extract of pawpaw leaf, lemon grass and neem
PHYTOCHEMICALS LEMON GRASS PAWPAW LEAF NEEM
Tannins + + +
Saponins + + +
Flavonoids + + +
Glycosides - + -
Alkaloids + + +
Steroids + - +
Key: + shows presence of phytochemicals, - Shows absence of phytochemicals
Table 2: ACUTE LETHAL DOSE OF PLANT EXTRACTS.
DOSE NEEM LEMON GRASS PAWPAW OBSERVATION
10mg/kg 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 No death
100mg/kg 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 No death
1000mg/kg 0/3 0/3 0/3 0/3 No death
750mg/kg 0/2 0/2 0/2 No death
1500mg/kg 0/2 0/2 0/2 No death
3000mg/kg 0/2 0/2 0/2 No death
6000mg/kg ½ ½ 0/2 Two deaths
LD50 =√A×B
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A = Maximum dose with 0% mortality
B = Minimum dose with 100% mortality.
Table 3: Comparison of the various enzymes levels between the negative control group and the test
groups after 7days of treatment with the various plant extracts and ACT combined malaria therapy.
EXPERINMENT
GROUP
AST
Mean±SEM
P-VALUE
ALT
Mean±SEM
P-VALUE
ALP
Mean±SEM
P-
VALUE
GROUP 2 172.00±0.95 42.80±0.86 452.80±2.24
GROUP 3 (LG) 94.20±0.80 0.000* 28.80±0.49 0.000* 194.80±0.37 0.000*
GROUP 4 (PL) 141.6±7.10 0.000* 26.80±2.31 0.000* 204.40±1.12 0.000*
GROUP 5 (N) 173.20±1.62 0.850 24.20±1.28 0.000* 208.40±1.89 0.000*
GROUP 6 (N/PL) 160.80±9.72 0.082 23.40±0.93 0.000* 178.00±8.04 0.000*
GROUP 7 (N/LG)) 127.00±2.17 0.000* 21.20±0.86 0.000* 167.40±2.38 0.000*
GROUP 8 (N/LG/PL) 124.80±5.63 0.000* 26.80±0.86 0.000* 157.20±1.39 0.000*
GROUP 9(PL/LG) 115.00±5.30 0.000* 24.40±0.81 0.000* 145.80±6.36 0.000*
GROUP 10(ATL) 129.60±1.44 0.000* 25.20±1.02 0.000* 156.00±5.63 0.000*
GTROUP 11(DAP) 137.20±0.86 0.000* 29.80±1.71 0.000* 160.80±2.94 0.00*
* The values of p<0.05 is considered as significant for differences in means when compared with group 2. LG=
Lemon grass, PL= Pawpaw leaf, N= Neem, ATL= artemetger/lumefantrine, DAP=
Dihydroartemisine/piperaquine phosphate.
From the table above, it is observed that the test groups showed significant decrease in the ALT and ALP levels
when compared with the negative control group.There was also significant decrease in the AST level of all the
test groups when compared with the negative control group except group 5
Table 4: Comparison of the various enzymes levels between negative control group and the test
groups 14 days after treatment with the various plant extracts and ACT combined malaria therapy.
EXPERIMENT GROUP
AST
Mean±SEM
P-VALUE
ALT
Mean±SEM
P-VALUE
ALP
Mean±SEM
P-VALUE
GROUP 2 100.00±6.32 68.80±1.16 465.20±4.53
GROUP 3 (LG) 93.60±0.51 0.000 19.80±1.59 0.000 152.00±2.43 0.000
GROUP 4 (PL) 58.80±0.37 0.000 15.60±0.24 0.000 138.00±0.55 0.000
GROUP 5 (N) 58.00±2.43 0.850 15.40±0.93 0.000 132.80±1.93 0.000
GROUP 6 (N/PL) 71.40±1.69 0.082 19.80±0.86 0.000 142.60±2.56 0.000
GROUP 7 (N/LG) 67.60±3.19 0.000 18.80±1.07 0.000 143.80±1.69 0.000
GROUP 8 (N/LG/PL) 76.40±3.88 0.000 19.80±0.86 0.000 142.60±2.29 0.000
GROUP 9 (PL/LG) 60.40±1.33 0.000 18.40±0.68 0.000 132.00±1.55 0.000
GROUP 10 (ATL) 55.60±0.51 0.000 22.60±0.51 0.000 148.20±2.62 0.000
GROUP 11 (DAP) 58.40±0.68 0.000 24.60±0.87 0.000 152.80±0.97 0.000
* The values of p<0.05 is considered as significant for differences in means when compared with group 2. LG=
Lemon grass, PL= Pawpaw leaf, N= Neem, ATL= artemetger/lumefantrine, DAP=
Dihydroartemisine/piperaquine phosphate
All the test groups showed significant decrease in the AST, ALT and ALP levels except the AST level of groups
5 and 6 which showed no significant difference when compared with group 2.
The histological assessment of the liver tissue gave an in-depth information on the protective activities of liver
enzymes in ensuring organ recovery and maintaining the functionality of the liver. There were no visible lesions
in the positive control group as well as the negative control, lemon grass, pawpaw leaf, neem, neem and lemon
grass and dihydroartemisinine/piperaquine groups respectively and their hepatocytes were uncompromised. The
group treated with neem and pawpaw leaf (6) showed an area of mild lymphocytic infiltration. The group
with all
three extracts (8) andthe artemether/lumefantrine group (10) showed moderately hypertrophied central vein with
mild fluid exudation. Group 9 (pawpaw leaf and lemon grass) showed early signs of lipid infiltration on the liver
tissue.
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Group 3: Photomicrograph of liver tissue
showing morphology consistent with healthy
liver histology. (H&E, X100).
Group 4: Photomicrograph of liver tissue
showing morphology consistent with healthy
liver histology. (H&E, X100)
Group 5: Photomicrograph of liver tissue
showing morphology consistent with healthy
liver histology. (H&E, X100)
Group 6: Photomicrograph of liver tissue
showing normal hepatocytes, with a focal area of
mild lymphocytic infiltration (H&E, X100).
Group 7: Photomicrograph of liver tissue
showing morphology consistent with healthy
liver histology. (H&E, X100).
Group 8: Photomicrograph of liver tissue
showing moderately hypertrophied central vein
with mild fluid exudation and normal
hepatocytes (H&E, X100)
Group 9: Photomicrograph of liver tissue
showing normal liver cells but with early sign of
lipid infiltration (H&E, X100).
Group 10: Photomicrograph of liver tissue
showing moderately hypertrophied central vein
with mild fluid exudation and normal
hepatocytes (H&E, X100).
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Group 11: Photomicrograph of liver tissue
showing morphology consistent with healthy
liver histology. The sinusoid and hepatocytes are
normal with no obvious sign of injury (H&E,
X100).
DISCUSSION
The enhanced activities of these serum marker
enzymes observed in all the test groups in the present
study correspond to the extensive liver damage
induced by the parasite. The present study observed
that the ALT levels in all the test groups increase
significantly except in the group treated with
neem+lemon grass. The ALP levels of the groups that
was treated with NEEM+LEMON GRASS,
NEEM+LEMON GRASS+PAWPAW LEAF and
PAWPAW LEAF+LEMON GRASS respectively
increased when compared to the single extract group.
This observation indicates that combination of the
various extracts were not as toxic to the liver than the
individual extracts, this suggests that in the treatment
of malaria it is better to use the plants combination
rather than using the individual plants..
In this present study all the test groups showed
significant decrease in the ALT and ALP levels when
compared to the negative control group. This
indicates all the extracts used in the study have the
tendency of reducing the toxicity introduced to the
liver by the presence of the malaria parasite. There
was significant decrease in the AST level of all the
test groups when compared with the negative control
group except the group that was treated with
NEEM+PAWPAW LEAF extract, this is suggesting
that a combination of Neem and Pawpaw leaf is a
good herbal combination for effective functioning of
the liver.
There was significant decrease in the AST level of the
group that was treated with LEMON GRASS and
PAWPAW LEAF+LEMON GRASS respectively
when compared with the
ARTHEMETER+LUMENFANTRINE group. This is
indicating that the standard ACT
(ARTHEMETER+LUMENFANTRINE) malaria
drug is more toxic to the liver than the combination of
PAWPAW LEAF and LEMON GRASS. Fourteen
days after treatment with the various extract, all the
test groups showed significant increase in AST and
ALP level when compared to the control group, this
indicates that fourteen days after treatment the effect
of the various extract is still evident on the
experimental rats. The non-significant difference
between the ARTHEMETER+LUMENFANTRINE
and DIHYDROARTEMISINE+ PIPERAQUINE
group might be indicating that the effects of the both
drugs elapsed at the same time.
Fourteen days after administration significant
increase occurred in the AST level of the group that
was treated with NEEM+PAWPAW LEAF,NEEM
and NEEM+LEMON GRASS+PAWPAW LEAF
extracts when compared with the group that was
treated with ARTHEMETER+LUMENFANTRINE,
this is suggesting that the detoxification activities of
ARTHEMETER+LUMENFANTRINE to the liver
stops before that of the plants.
High levels of ALP in serum indicate liver damage
which is similar to this present study where, the
increase in ALP activity in rats treated with LEMON
GRASS extract and DIHYDROARTEMISINE+
PIPERAQUINE when compared with the negative
control group, shows the liver damage, as a result of
metabolic changes such as administration of toxin,
liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, and cancer of the liver
(Trichopoulos and Willett, 1996). Thus, it can be used
as markers to estimate the extent of liver damage by
the parasite.
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