This document provides a review of construction defects, including their causes and types. It begins by defining construction defects and discussing their negative impacts on cost, duration, and resources. It then reviews literature on previous studies of defect causes, including factors related to design, construction management, materials, and human errors. The document categorizes defects as structural or non-structural. It provides examples of common structural defects like cracks and discusses non-structural defects. Recommendations are provided for minimizing defects during the design and construction phases, including quality management programs, design reviews, coordination between teams, and proper construction methods.
A Database Model for Environmental Impact Assessment of External Wall Constru...drboon
Sustainability assessment tools and certification systems generally assess environmental impacts of buildings in use phase. Nevertheless, the tools and systems often ignored the interaction between building construction process and the environment. However, we should take environmental impacts of buildings into account during design process not only considering use phase but also by making decisions related to construction activities. In this study, the author introduces an approach for external wall systems, which aims to reduce environmental impacts of construction process by taking decisions in design process. Within the scope of the method, the author developed a database based on a proposed assessment system for selecting and comparing construction techniques of external walls to reduce environmental impacts of construction process.
Risk Management In Construction Projects Of Developing CountriesIJERA Editor
Managing risks in construction projects has been perceived as a very important management process so as to
accomplish the undertaking goals as far as time, cost, quality, safety and environmental sustainability. Projects
have become shared effort of multiple parties and construction industry is a good example of an area, where the
project outcome is delivered in an extremely complex actor network. By adopting risk management, savings’
potentials can be realized in construction projects. For this reason, consideration of the risk management process
is worthwhile for project managers as well as real estate developers. The implementation of risk management
system in construction projects must be oriented towards the progress of the project and pervade all areas,
functions and processes of the project.
For analyzing the levels of various risk factors in construction industry, questionnaire surveys were used to
collect data. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of various risks and their
impacts on the project objectives, this paper identifies twenty major risk factors. This research found that these
risks are mainly related to (in ranking) contractors, clients and designers, with a few related to government
bodies, subcontractors/suppliers and external issues. Among them, “Financial Risk” is recognized to influence
all project destinations maximally, whereas working in hot areas, closure, defective design and delayed
payments on contract are also some important risk factors. This research also found that these risks spread
through the whole project life cycle and many risks occur in more than one phase, with the construction stage as
the most risky phase, followed by the feasibility stage. It is concluded that clients, designers and government
bodies must work cooperatively from the feasibility phase onwards to address potential risks in time. Also
contractors and subcontractors with robust construction and management knowledge should be employed early
to make sound preparation for carrying out safe, efficient and quality construction activities.
The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate current risks and uncertainties in the construction industry
through extensive literature survey. It also intends to make a basis for future studies for development of a risk
management structure to be adopted by prospective investors, developers and contractors in Developing
countries.
A Database Model for Environmental Impact Assessment of External Wall Constru...drboon
Sustainability assessment tools and certification systems generally assess environmental impacts of buildings in use phase. Nevertheless, the tools and systems often ignored the interaction between building construction process and the environment. However, we should take environmental impacts of buildings into account during design process not only considering use phase but also by making decisions related to construction activities. In this study, the author introduces an approach for external wall systems, which aims to reduce environmental impacts of construction process by taking decisions in design process. Within the scope of the method, the author developed a database based on a proposed assessment system for selecting and comparing construction techniques of external walls to reduce environmental impacts of construction process.
Risk Management In Construction Projects Of Developing CountriesIJERA Editor
Managing risks in construction projects has been perceived as a very important management process so as to
accomplish the undertaking goals as far as time, cost, quality, safety and environmental sustainability. Projects
have become shared effort of multiple parties and construction industry is a good example of an area, where the
project outcome is delivered in an extremely complex actor network. By adopting risk management, savings’
potentials can be realized in construction projects. For this reason, consideration of the risk management process
is worthwhile for project managers as well as real estate developers. The implementation of risk management
system in construction projects must be oriented towards the progress of the project and pervade all areas,
functions and processes of the project.
For analyzing the levels of various risk factors in construction industry, questionnaire surveys were used to
collect data. Based on a comprehensive assessment of the likelihood of occurrence of various risks and their
impacts on the project objectives, this paper identifies twenty major risk factors. This research found that these
risks are mainly related to (in ranking) contractors, clients and designers, with a few related to government
bodies, subcontractors/suppliers and external issues. Among them, “Financial Risk” is recognized to influence
all project destinations maximally, whereas working in hot areas, closure, defective design and delayed
payments on contract are also some important risk factors. This research also found that these risks spread
through the whole project life cycle and many risks occur in more than one phase, with the construction stage as
the most risky phase, followed by the feasibility stage. It is concluded that clients, designers and government
bodies must work cooperatively from the feasibility phase onwards to address potential risks in time. Also
contractors and subcontractors with robust construction and management knowledge should be employed early
to make sound preparation for carrying out safe, efficient and quality construction activities.
The aim of this research is to identify and evaluate current risks and uncertainties in the construction industry
through extensive literature survey. It also intends to make a basis for future studies for development of a risk
management structure to be adopted by prospective investors, developers and contractors in Developing
countries.
To develop the infrastructure, Indian government spends huge Crores every year.
Claims are applicable where projects are lacking in design, plans, effective
management, skillful supervision, and close coordination from the client side. Today,
Construction industry has ruled the claims when compared to other industries. Claims
are undesirable to client due to excess of project time and project cost. Claim process
facing more problems in the current situation which creates dispute between
Contractor and Client. This paper discusses about the various potential claim area,
most influenced causes and disputes in construction claims which can be overcome
through the modified methodologies in construction claim management.
A study of various factors affecting risk management techniques in constructi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Risk management is an important step which should not be neglect or ignore in every project. Because of various risk involved in construction, it is difficult to maintain time, cost and quality as planned. Project undertaken in the construction sector are widely complex and have often significant budgets, and thus reducing the risk associated should be a priority for each project manager. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the key risk factors that affect construction project. Questionnaires has been prepared incorporating of 50 difference questions after which questionnaire survey was conducted where the questions has been focused based on (component of questionnaire) the respondents were selected based on their susceptibility to the risk. The data was analyzed using the Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21. The result shows that the inadequate planning in construction project, poor adoption of site safety, supply and use of defective materials and poor resources management in construction project are all among the forefront key risk factors which affect construction project, meanwhile, effective recommendations have been developed to increases the efficiency, speedy and minimises risk and abortive work in construction project.
Keywords: Construction Industries, Construction Projects, Risks Management, Techniques
Determining Costs of Construction Errors, Based on Fuzzy Logic SystemsMohammad Lemar ZALMAİ
In construction projects, construction errors affect negatively to the production, that influences the overall of the project in both time and budget. Generally, construction companies could not estimate this kind of errors during the bidding process. In this case, these companies did not consider important issues on the budget of the contract, and in the contracting period, project participants assumed that the project would be executed as it scheduled and designed. During the project, different construction processes’ costs are higher than estimated values due to construction errors.
The errors that were recognized during the construction process cause time and financial losses, on the other hand, the errors that were noticed after the project’s termination cause repair and correction costs. Moreover, the company may gain a bad reputation in the sector.
The key points of this study are to analyze project costs by considering construction errors and re-construction costs due to labor errors by using fuzzy interpretation mechanism. This methodology is applied to a residential construction project. With using of this methodology, forthcoming extra costs related to construction errors can be estimated. And some precautions can be taken for further legal conflicts between parties.
Delay Analysis of Projects and Effects of Delays in the Mining/Manufacturing ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Site Safety Management and planning for Building ConstructionAbu Yousuf Jamil
This is a technical paper or journal on "Construction Safety " . This paper is written about site safety management and planning for Building Construction . I hope that the paper will help people (Engineers or Contractors) to study construction safety related problems and if they falls to any construction safety related problems ,they will easily solve these problems following the planning, methods and regulations which are easily described in the paper. If this paper will help yours, i will be successful..
This paper is also selected,prized and published in a magazine in the event "BUILtech Fest - 2016" jointly organizing by the Department of Building Engineering and Construction Management(BECM);KUET and Institution of Civil Engineers(ICE) Center -Bangladesh
Factors Influencing Contractors Selection in Construction Projectsijtsrd
Contractor selection is a critical decision that is undertaken by client organizations and is central to the success of any construction project. The process should be conducted prior to the award of contract, characterized by many factors such as contactor’s skills, experience on similar projects, track record in the industry, and financial stability. Selection of the best contractor is a vital process in construction projects. This paper identifies the most important factors that influence the selection of contractors. A questionnaire was distributed to experts in the construction domain to determine the importance of factors that are taken into consideration by the main contractor to select the most suitable contractor. A survey was carried out which was conducted with many experts in the construction field to determine the score of each factor. Dr. V. Sathish Kumar | Dr. P. R. Dhevasena "Factors Influencing Contractors Selection in Construction Projects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38262.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/38262/factors-influencing-contractors-selection-in-construction-projects/dr-v-sathish-kumar
Reducing i.t. project management failures adib chehadeAdib Chehade
This is an empirical research that aims at determining the role of project management leaders in reducing failure rates. Studies have revealed that I.T. projects have higher failure rates because either project manager or leaders lack the necessary experience required to handle such projects. The question of what constitutes project success or failure has been an issue of debate among I.T. project managers. In addition, the high rate of globalization and technological changes has played part in most failures because leaders do not manage to cope with changing situations. Traditional methods of project management have been passed by time and project leaders should focus on implementing the current technologies (Project Management Institute
The effectiveness of test-driven development approach on software projects: A...journalBEEI
Over recent years, software teams and companies have made attempts to achieve higher productivity and efficiency and get more success in the competitive market by employing proper software methods and practices. Test-driven development (TDD) is one of these practices. The literature review shows that this practice can lead to the improvement of the software development process. Existing empirical studies on TDD report different conclusions about its effects on quality and productivity. The present study tried to briefly report the results from a comparative multiple-case study of two software development projects where the effect of TDD within an industrial environment. Method: We conducted an experiment in an industrial case with 18 professionals. We measured TDD effectiveness in terms of team productivity and code quality. We also measured mood metric and cyclomatic complexity to compare our results with the literature. We have found that the test cases written for a TDD task have higher defect detection ability than test cases written for an incremental NON-TDD development task. Additionally, discovering bugs and fixing them became easier. The results obtained showed the TDD developers develop software code with a higher quality rate, and it results in increasing team productivity than NON_TDD developers.
EFFECTIVE RISK MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSvivatechijri
Risk management is a step to make construction projects more efficient and practical such that
uncertainties should be identified before occurring and changing into crisis and a balance should be made
between threats and opportunities. Accordingly, construction industry is one of the most important and job
creating industries in all countries. Compared to other economic-industrial sectors, construction management is
highly influenced by the perception and employment of risk management concept. Additionally, there are
abundant risks in such activities since Construction projects activities are very complex and various. Hence, it
seems necessary to evaluate the proper use of risk management in various stages of Construction projects life
cycle. In this regard, the present study attempts to describe Construction projects life cycle step by step and
analyse the way of using risk management from designing stage to reviewing and supporting stage. The risk
management framework for construction projects can be improved by combining qualitative and quantitative
methodologies to risk analysis. The research work includes visiting and inspecting various construction sites,
analysing the field, collection of data, interpretation of data; using matrix method of risk calculation calculating
risk and providing effective measures to overcome it.
The discrepancies between the estimated quantities of building materials and the
final quantities used during the construction process requires the need to use more
accurate techniques in estimating building materials. The study aimed at developing
an android-based estimating app for builders on construction sites with the view of
increasing accuracy of estimated building materials. The study was carried out in two
stages, whereby one part required a survey to ascertain existing practices while the
other helped to develop the android application. A survey research design was utilized
on Builders in Lagos state in the south-west of Nigeria. Mean scores and correlation
matrix was used for the descriptive and inferential statistics. For the design of the
android estimation application for Builders, an android studio and Java programming
language was used in developing the app. The developed android app was run via the
android emulator. The descriptive data revealed that most of the techniques presently
used by builders in estimating building materials were traditional methods which were
drawn from either manual-based or use of experiential knowledge. Using these
techniques were hinged on several factors as identified in the study. An android-based
estimating app was developed for Builders with the aim of estimating for concrete
works, sandcrete blocks, ceramic tiles and mortar during the construction process.
The study recommended the use of information and communication technologies
(ICTs) in obtaining accurate building quantities needed during the construction
process.
Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Parameters on Production ofAmylase by Ba...IOSR Journals
The present study is concerned with the production of amylase by Bacillus species strain. In this
study 12 bacterial strains were isolated and screened for their α-amylase activity. These strains were
maintained on nutrient agar medium. Fermentation for the production of amylase was carried out in the enzyme
production medium (EPM). All the 12 strains were tested for amylase production. On the basis of maximum
amylase activity strain no.1 was selected for further studies. Different starch concentrations, 0.75,1.00,1.25%,
pH labels 6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0, aeration (RPM), 100,120,140, temperatures 250C,280C,370C, and 400C and inoculums
level 0.5%,1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% were studied
To develop the infrastructure, Indian government spends huge Crores every year.
Claims are applicable where projects are lacking in design, plans, effective
management, skillful supervision, and close coordination from the client side. Today,
Construction industry has ruled the claims when compared to other industries. Claims
are undesirable to client due to excess of project time and project cost. Claim process
facing more problems in the current situation which creates dispute between
Contractor and Client. This paper discusses about the various potential claim area,
most influenced causes and disputes in construction claims which can be overcome
through the modified methodologies in construction claim management.
A study of various factors affecting risk management techniques in constructi...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Risk management is an important step which should not be neglect or ignore in every project. Because of various risk involved in construction, it is difficult to maintain time, cost and quality as planned. Project undertaken in the construction sector are widely complex and have often significant budgets, and thus reducing the risk associated should be a priority for each project manager. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the key risk factors that affect construction project. Questionnaires has been prepared incorporating of 50 difference questions after which questionnaire survey was conducted where the questions has been focused based on (component of questionnaire) the respondents were selected based on their susceptibility to the risk. The data was analyzed using the Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 21. The result shows that the inadequate planning in construction project, poor adoption of site safety, supply and use of defective materials and poor resources management in construction project are all among the forefront key risk factors which affect construction project, meanwhile, effective recommendations have been developed to increases the efficiency, speedy and minimises risk and abortive work in construction project.
Keywords: Construction Industries, Construction Projects, Risks Management, Techniques
Determining Costs of Construction Errors, Based on Fuzzy Logic SystemsMohammad Lemar ZALMAİ
In construction projects, construction errors affect negatively to the production, that influences the overall of the project in both time and budget. Generally, construction companies could not estimate this kind of errors during the bidding process. In this case, these companies did not consider important issues on the budget of the contract, and in the contracting period, project participants assumed that the project would be executed as it scheduled and designed. During the project, different construction processes’ costs are higher than estimated values due to construction errors.
The errors that were recognized during the construction process cause time and financial losses, on the other hand, the errors that were noticed after the project’s termination cause repair and correction costs. Moreover, the company may gain a bad reputation in the sector.
The key points of this study are to analyze project costs by considering construction errors and re-construction costs due to labor errors by using fuzzy interpretation mechanism. This methodology is applied to a residential construction project. With using of this methodology, forthcoming extra costs related to construction errors can be estimated. And some precautions can be taken for further legal conflicts between parties.
Delay Analysis of Projects and Effects of Delays in the Mining/Manufacturing ...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Site Safety Management and planning for Building ConstructionAbu Yousuf Jamil
This is a technical paper or journal on "Construction Safety " . This paper is written about site safety management and planning for Building Construction . I hope that the paper will help people (Engineers or Contractors) to study construction safety related problems and if they falls to any construction safety related problems ,they will easily solve these problems following the planning, methods and regulations which are easily described in the paper. If this paper will help yours, i will be successful..
This paper is also selected,prized and published in a magazine in the event "BUILtech Fest - 2016" jointly organizing by the Department of Building Engineering and Construction Management(BECM);KUET and Institution of Civil Engineers(ICE) Center -Bangladesh
Factors Influencing Contractors Selection in Construction Projectsijtsrd
Contractor selection is a critical decision that is undertaken by client organizations and is central to the success of any construction project. The process should be conducted prior to the award of contract, characterized by many factors such as contactor’s skills, experience on similar projects, track record in the industry, and financial stability. Selection of the best contractor is a vital process in construction projects. This paper identifies the most important factors that influence the selection of contractors. A questionnaire was distributed to experts in the construction domain to determine the importance of factors that are taken into consideration by the main contractor to select the most suitable contractor. A survey was carried out which was conducted with many experts in the construction field to determine the score of each factor. Dr. V. Sathish Kumar | Dr. P. R. Dhevasena "Factors Influencing Contractors Selection in Construction Projects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38262.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/38262/factors-influencing-contractors-selection-in-construction-projects/dr-v-sathish-kumar
Reducing i.t. project management failures adib chehadeAdib Chehade
This is an empirical research that aims at determining the role of project management leaders in reducing failure rates. Studies have revealed that I.T. projects have higher failure rates because either project manager or leaders lack the necessary experience required to handle such projects. The question of what constitutes project success or failure has been an issue of debate among I.T. project managers. In addition, the high rate of globalization and technological changes has played part in most failures because leaders do not manage to cope with changing situations. Traditional methods of project management have been passed by time and project leaders should focus on implementing the current technologies (Project Management Institute
The effectiveness of test-driven development approach on software projects: A...journalBEEI
Over recent years, software teams and companies have made attempts to achieve higher productivity and efficiency and get more success in the competitive market by employing proper software methods and practices. Test-driven development (TDD) is one of these practices. The literature review shows that this practice can lead to the improvement of the software development process. Existing empirical studies on TDD report different conclusions about its effects on quality and productivity. The present study tried to briefly report the results from a comparative multiple-case study of two software development projects where the effect of TDD within an industrial environment. Method: We conducted an experiment in an industrial case with 18 professionals. We measured TDD effectiveness in terms of team productivity and code quality. We also measured mood metric and cyclomatic complexity to compare our results with the literature. We have found that the test cases written for a TDD task have higher defect detection ability than test cases written for an incremental NON-TDD development task. Additionally, discovering bugs and fixing them became easier. The results obtained showed the TDD developers develop software code with a higher quality rate, and it results in increasing team productivity than NON_TDD developers.
EFFECTIVE RISK MANAGEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTSvivatechijri
Risk management is a step to make construction projects more efficient and practical such that
uncertainties should be identified before occurring and changing into crisis and a balance should be made
between threats and opportunities. Accordingly, construction industry is one of the most important and job
creating industries in all countries. Compared to other economic-industrial sectors, construction management is
highly influenced by the perception and employment of risk management concept. Additionally, there are
abundant risks in such activities since Construction projects activities are very complex and various. Hence, it
seems necessary to evaluate the proper use of risk management in various stages of Construction projects life
cycle. In this regard, the present study attempts to describe Construction projects life cycle step by step and
analyse the way of using risk management from designing stage to reviewing and supporting stage. The risk
management framework for construction projects can be improved by combining qualitative and quantitative
methodologies to risk analysis. The research work includes visiting and inspecting various construction sites,
analysing the field, collection of data, interpretation of data; using matrix method of risk calculation calculating
risk and providing effective measures to overcome it.
The discrepancies between the estimated quantities of building materials and the
final quantities used during the construction process requires the need to use more
accurate techniques in estimating building materials. The study aimed at developing
an android-based estimating app for builders on construction sites with the view of
increasing accuracy of estimated building materials. The study was carried out in two
stages, whereby one part required a survey to ascertain existing practices while the
other helped to develop the android application. A survey research design was utilized
on Builders in Lagos state in the south-west of Nigeria. Mean scores and correlation
matrix was used for the descriptive and inferential statistics. For the design of the
android estimation application for Builders, an android studio and Java programming
language was used in developing the app. The developed android app was run via the
android emulator. The descriptive data revealed that most of the techniques presently
used by builders in estimating building materials were traditional methods which were
drawn from either manual-based or use of experiential knowledge. Using these
techniques were hinged on several factors as identified in the study. An android-based
estimating app was developed for Builders with the aim of estimating for concrete
works, sandcrete blocks, ceramic tiles and mortar during the construction process.
The study recommended the use of information and communication technologies
(ICTs) in obtaining accurate building quantities needed during the construction
process.
Effect of Different Physico-Chemical Parameters on Production ofAmylase by Ba...IOSR Journals
The present study is concerned with the production of amylase by Bacillus species strain. In this
study 12 bacterial strains were isolated and screened for their α-amylase activity. These strains were
maintained on nutrient agar medium. Fermentation for the production of amylase was carried out in the enzyme
production medium (EPM). All the 12 strains were tested for amylase production. On the basis of maximum
amylase activity strain no.1 was selected for further studies. Different starch concentrations, 0.75,1.00,1.25%,
pH labels 6.5,7.0,7.5,8.0, aeration (RPM), 100,120,140, temperatures 250C,280C,370C, and 400C and inoculums
level 0.5%,1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% were studied
Impact of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Vaccination in Childrens Born to HBV Positi...IOSR Journals
Perinatal HBV transmission is common in South East Asia approximately 25- 30% of the carrier
pool. The problem is not only to the mother but also pertains to the offspring, in pregnancy hepatitis; the
immune alterations in pregnancy may modify the dynamics of the disease. The infants of the mothers, who are
carrying both HBsAg and HBeAg, have the highest risk of acquiring the HBV infection by the perinatal route.
The over all risk may vary from one population to another, depending on the prevalence of HBeAg positivity in
the pregnant women. It is reported and estimated that 22,000 pregnant women in the United States get infected
with hepatitis B virus, which necessitated hepatitis B vaccination of the newborn mandatory in the United
States.
This study was aimed to bring about authenticated documentation on impact of preventive measures by
vaccination that are essential features to plan and implement health measures package in a country.
Results: Inspite of neonatal vaccination against hepatitis B given to all 158 children born to their HBsAg
positive mothers, 6.8% (6/87) of these infants reached the status of chronic HBV infection from their infected
mothers after 12 months follow-up.
Conclusion: 6.8% (6/87) of the infants developed chronic HBV infection in spite of hepatitis B vaccination all
the children by acquiring HBV from their infected mothers as confirmed by twelve months of follow-up
Cash Flow Valuation Mode Lin Discrete TimeIOSR Journals
This research consider the modelling of each cash flow valuation in discrete time. It is shown that
the value of cash flow can be modeled in three equivalent ways under same general assumptions. Also,
consideration is given to value process at a stopping time and/ or the cash flow process stopped at some
stopping times.
Traditional use of Monocotyledon Plants of Arakuvalley Mandalam, Visakhapatna...IOSR Journals
An ethno-medico botanical survey of plants used in the treatment of different type of diseases of Arakuvalley Mandalam, Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh was conducted. The information was collected on the basis of personal interviews with traditional healers, tribal doctors and old women of the society. The investigation revealed that 34 Monocotyledon plant species belonging to 10 families and 28 genera are commonly used in the treatment of varies ailments
Prevalence of Cleft Lip and Palate in Abuja Nigeria (From December2000 to Dec...IOSR Journals
The prevalence of cleft lip and palate in University of Abuja Teaching Hospital from December 2000 to December 2010 was investigated in this works and was found to be 3.2 in every 1,000 live birth. This is very high as compared to reports from earlier works but was suspected to be due to the smile Train Project which is a private sector driven initiative that takes up the burden of paying for cleft lip and palate repair. Left sides clefts of the lip and palate were found to be almost twice that of right sides cleft of the lip and palate. This was in keeping with reports from earlier works. This study shows there is need for further studies in the field of cleft lip palate in all regions of the country
Video Encryption and Decryption with Authentication using Artificial Neural N...IOSR Journals
Abstract :Multimedia data security is becoming important with the continuous increase of digital
communications on internet. With the rapid development of various multimedia technologies, more and more
multimedia data are generated and transmitted in the medical, commercial, and military fields, which may
include some sensitive information which should not be accessed by or can only be partially exposed to the
general users. . The encryption algorithms developed to secure text data are not suitable for multimedia
application because of the large data size and real time constraint. Therefore, there is a great demand for
secured data storage and transmission techniques. Information security has traditionally been ensured with
data encryption and authentication techniques. The secrecy of communication is maintained by secret key
exchange. In effect the strength of the algorithm depends solely on the length of the key. The presented work
aims at secure video transmission using randomness in encryption algorithm, thereby creating more confusion
to obtain the original data. The security of the original cipher has been enhanced by addition of impurities to
misguide the cryptanalyst. Since the encryption process is one way function, the artificial neural networks are
best suited for this purpose as they possess features like high security, no distortion and its ability to perform for
non linear input-output characteristics, In the presented work the need for key exchange is also eliminated,
which is otherwise a perquisite for most of the algorithms used today. The proposed work finds its application in
medical imaging systems, military image database communication and confidential video conferencing, and
similar such application. The results are obtained through the use of MATLAB 7.14.0
Keywords: Artificial Neural networks, Back propagation algorithm, video encryption and decryption, cipher
and decipher
A Study on Fire Detection System using Statistic Color ModelIOSR Journals
Abstract: Normally fire detection system uses the heuristic fixed threshold values in their specific methods. However, input images may be changed, in general, so the heuristic fixed threshold values used in the fire detection systems might be modified on a case by case basis. In this paper, an automatic fire detection system without the heuristic fixed threshold values was studied. We presented an automatic method using the statistical color model and the binary background mask. We did the experiment using 600 frames from 6 typical different fire video clips. As the experimental results the proposed method showed a good performance of about average 85% detection rate without false positive, compared with the other methods with the heuristic fixed threshold values. Keywords: Emperical value,Fire detection,RGB,threshold,sensors
A Study of Factors Caused for Time & Cost Overruns in Construction Project & ...IJERA Editor
The Construction industry is one of the key economic industry in India and is the main motivating force in Indian national economy. But, it suffers from a number of problems that affect time, cost and quality performances. Successful management of construction projects is based on three major factors i.e. time, cost and quality. The successful completion of construction projects within the specified time has become the most valuable and challenging task for the Managers, Architects, Engineers and Contractors. How to achieve this task is a problem, which should be solved. The overall objective of this study is to identify the factors resposinle for overruns in time and cost of the construction project and suggest the suitable remedial solutions. Poor planning, implementation and management are the main reasons for time and cost overruns in construction projects in India. Since most of the reasons are well known and can be controlled if a proper arrangement is made
Causes of delays on Construction Projects in Kuwait according to opinion of e...IJERA Editor
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Discrete Event Simulation Analysis of the Effect of Labor Absenteeism on the ...IJERA Editor
Labor absenteeism has been identified as one of the main factors delaying construction projects. This paper reports an approach to quantitatively estimate the effect of labor absenteeism on the duration of construction activities in housing projects, using discrete event simulation. Absenteeism and productivity data from fourteen housing projects were used to estimate the effect of absenteeism on four construction activities from three different projects. Moreover, four different absenteeism scenarios were analyzed with this methodology: no absences of skilled or unskilled workers; with absences of unskilled workers only; with absences of skilled workers only; and with absences of both skilled and unskilled workers at the same time. As expected, the results exposed that the absences of skilled workers have a greater impact on the runtime of construction activities than the absences of unskilled ones; while the scenario with simultaneous absences of skilled and unskilled workers caused the greatest delays and productivity losses in the activities. The methodology was proved effective to determine the effect of labor absenteeism on the duration and productivity of construction activities. Contractors could apply this approach in order to improve their scheduling procedures, as well as to increase certainty in the attainment of project goals.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Welcome to the first live UiPath Community Day Dubai! Join us for this unique occasion to meet our local and global UiPath Community and leaders. You will get a full view of the MEA region's automation landscape and the AI Powered automation technology capabilities of UiPath. Also, hosted by our local partners Marc Ellis, you will enjoy a half-day packed with industry insights and automation peers networking.
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10:00 Welcome note - UiPath Community in Dubai
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Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
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See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
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Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
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Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
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By Design, not by Accident - Agile Venture Bolzano 2024
L012238891
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 12, Issue 2 Ver. III (Mar - Apr. 2015), PP 88-91
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12238891 www.iosrjournals.org 88 | Page
Review Paper on Construction Defects
Miss. Neha.V.Bagdiya1
, Prof. Shruti Wadalkar2
1,2, (
Department of Civil Engineering, Pad. D.Y.P.I.E.T, Pune, India)
Abstract: Construction defects are very common and frequently arising in construction project, especially in
the project which has poor workmanship, poor project management in the construction site. Construction defect
can be known as major problem in the construction industry that could cause the value of building decreases. As
the defect impact on time and cost overrun, identification of defect at early stage of construction makes easy to
complete project in stipulated timing. This helps to avoid or minimize defect in future work. Numerous
analytical or statistical methods are available for analyzing impacts and selection of proper method depends
upon: statistical data, time limitation of method. This information further helps to fix responsibilities, penalties
on various parties involved in construction. This data is also required for suggesting different selection of
remedial measures for improving useful life of structure. The purpose of this study is to review various
symptoms & causes of construction defects occurring in construction project.
Keyword: Building Defects, Construction defects.
I. Introduction
Construction defects are always the key concern of the construction industry. Different constructed
facilities generate different types of defects and demands different levels and types of quality depending on the
function, system, types and material used. Various systems have been designed to eliminate defects during
construction operation.
Defect cost is defined as the value of resource expenditure for rework. Various factors are measured
like rework time, materials and equipments to correct the defects. Time is lost in waiting as a consequence of
defects. Defective building construction not only contributes to the final cost of the product but also to the cost
of maintenance which can be considerable. The cost is calculated irrespective of who is going to pay. Defective
construction may lead to complete failure of structure. The construction industry all around the world is getting
modern, advance and growing day by day with the help of information technology age. Defects can affect
success of construction project significantly. More specifically, it has major impact on construction cost,
construction time, and productivity and sustainability aspects also on customer satisfaction
1.1 Defects:
Following are the consequences of defects;
Dissatisfied Customer
Extra cost borne by company
Delay in completion
Reduced Productivity.
This paper aims to contribute to knowledge of the defect profile of residential buildings regarding the
defect number, type, location, severity and responsible trades. It also identifies various factors causing
construction defects and hence to find justifying measures to reduce defects. Therefore, eliminating defects and
maintaining good quality have an important cost benefit for the society. Although it may be predictable that
defects in a building occur through general wear and tear, defects due to human errors in the construction of a
home should be minimized.
The topic for paper work was selected with an intention that the findings from the literature review,
questionnaire survey and case studies will provide a better solution for problems relating to defects in
construction projects that established in the construction industry. Study was carried out through structured
questionnaire focusing major parties i.e. technical persons, Labours, contractors, customer who buys constructed
products etc.
1.2 Types of Defects
Structural defect:
Structural defect means any defect in a structural element of a building that is attributable to defective
design, defective or faulty workmanship or defective material and sometimes any combination of these.
Building structure includes earth retaining walls, columns, beams and flat slabs.
2. Review Paper on Construction Defects.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12238891 www.iosrjournals.org 89 | Page
Structural defect can be categorized as cracks in foundations (Substructure), cracks in floor or slabs
(superstructure), and cracks in walls (superstructure). These defects can be caused by improper soil analysis,
inappropriate site selection, and the use of defective materials. Most of the structural problem can be avoided by
implying the exact and detail of the design and planning. Structural defects in a building can occur over time
due to deterioration, wear and tear, overloading, and poor maintenance. They must be repaired to maintain the
building‟s structure and to prevent any further failures. Regular inspection is the key to protecting the „health‟ of
a building‟s structure. Structural defect that always occurs are steel corrosion, cracks, and deflection.
Non-structural defect:
A non-structural defect in a residential building is described as a defect in a non-structural element of
the building as a result of defective residential building work. Non-structural defect includes defect occurs in the
non-structural components of building, services like in brick work, dampness in old structures, and defects in
plaster works.
II. Literature Review
N. Ahzahar, N.A.Karim(2011) etc discussed Failures and defects are general phenomena in
construction industry. Negative impacts may occur towards cost, duration and resources of project. Failures and
defects can cause needless expenditure and delays. The aim was to identify contribution factors to building
defect and failures, which frequently take place in construction project especially in Penang area in order to
minimize time and cost involved. The data is collectively from questionnaire from various players in
construction industry. This study is succeeds in identifying the common contribution factors of structural defects
and failures in construction project
Josephson and Hammerlund‟s 1999 study of seven buildings through observation‟s and surveys
showed that 32% of all defect costs originated from client and design. 45% from sit management and
approximately 20% from materials and machines. Personal in the best position or prevent defects were directly
contributing to the defects. Most of the defects due to human factors were caused solely by “Forgetfulness and
carelessness”.29% by lack of knowledge, and a very small percentage were intentional. Regarding design
defects, 44% of defect costs were due to lack of knowledge and 50% to lack of motivation. As for workmanship
defects, lack of motivation dominated the costs, but the presence of risks directly increases the chance of
defects.58% of defects resulted from faulty design, 35% from operational and installation, 12% from poor
materials, and systems, and 11% from unexpected users requirement.
Atkinson 2003 found that managerial errors accounted for more than 82% of all building defects and
that these errors have hidden or latent characteristics, suggesting that such errors were not visible at the
construction stage.
Anandet al. 2003 examined the resistance of newly developed masonry work to dampness and leakage
and found that better design helped to prevent defects because it could eliminate workmanship defects.
Sunyoto and Minato 2003 identified inadequate information, unawareness, wrong assumptions, and
lack of knowledge, along – side other organizational and motivational factor as contributory factors to defects at
the design stage.
Wai-Kiong Chong,M.ASCE and Sui-Pheng Low discussed the differences among the defects that
occurred during construction and 2 to 6 years after initial occupancy and finds that the defects at both periods
were very different. Defects found during the occupancy stage are commonly known as latent defects, most of
which were hardly ever found during the construction stage and are thus infrequently accounted for by the
designers and building developers. The paper confirms the need to look at defects in another way and to
establish more effective methods to reduce latent defects.
Seung Heon Han(2008) discussed many researchers and project managers have attempted to improve
project performance by applying new philosophies such as lean principle, just-in-time, pull scheduling, and last
planner. This research explores practical solutions for construction performance improvement by applying the
six sigma principle. This theory provides the metrics required to establish performance improvement goals and a
methodology for measuring and evaluating improvement.. Author focused on the development of the general
methodology to apply the six sigma principles on construction operations relatively than construction materials
in terms of the barometers to measure, evaluate, and improve construction performance.
A.S.Ali and K.H.Wen aimed to investigate workmanship quality performance of construction projects
referring to number of defects take place for new completed building. The research objectives are the factors
contribute to poor workmanship and probable measures to minimize the problem, and also the relationship
between measures identified with the factors. Based on a combination of literature review and questionnaire
surveys, this paper explores the factors contribute to poor workmanship and possible measures to minimize the
problem, and also the relationship between measures identified with the factors. This paper concludes that
construction projects suffered from low quality of workmanship created by the contractors. The most significant
3. Review Paper on Construction Defects.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12238891 www.iosrjournals.org 90 | Page
factor contributing to poor workmanship is lack of experience and experience of labours. Correlation test result
shows that the significant factor can be solved by providing training and education to the labours, well
manpower management and proper design. To find out the factors contributing to poor workmanship and
possible measures that can be implemented by contractors. This would help the contractors improve quality
performance on their construction projects.
H.Aljassmi,J.Perera and S.Han studied on understanding defect causalities is indispensableto its
prevention. This paper aims to identify the correlations and inter-causalities amongst the root causes of
construction defects, so as to obtain insights about the complex mechanics of defect causation and help in
developing effective defect prevention strategies. Data was collected through a questionnaire survey of 106
professionals in the construction industry. Correlations and inter-causalities analysis showed that time pressure,
financial constraints and organizational culture were the most influential root causes. This paper aims to take out
the major causes resulting in defects from extensive literature review; and subsequently conduct a survey with
industry practitioners to confirm and revise the causes and then analyze their correlations and inter-causalities.
Nuria Forcada studied a total of 2,351 post-handover defects resulting from four Spanish builders and
seven residential developments are classified according to their location, subcontract, and element. The research
reveals that the most common defects identified by customers at handover were incomplete tile grouting and
incorrect fixtures and fittings in toilets. In addition, failure to apply second coats of paint to walls was deemed a
problematic issue. Typical surface/appearance defects were found to include floor or wall unevenness, stains,
mess, and small cracks and marks, primarily caused by lack of protection. In areas where fixtures, fittings, and
finishes were of a similar nature, such as the kitchen and bathroom, defect types also arose. Determining the
location, subcontract, and element where defects occur in residential buildings can provide very useful
knowledge about areas where builders are likely to make errors or mistakes or take deliberate shortcuts during
construction.
III. Conclusion
The main objective of this research is a preliminary examination of defect with respect to minimize the
cost of construction and improve the quality of construction. Occurrences of defects in buildings lead to
lowering the customer‟s satisfaction level, to stand and progress with increasing reputation in market, customer
oriented construction of buildings needs to be constructed to improve quality and service to end users.. On the
other hand, most important cause is poor workmanship, especially do not compliance with the instruction given
in the specification is also responsible for the occurrence of defects. . Inspection of building is necessary at
specific time interval throughout life of building.. The lack of maintenance or incorrect maintenance can reduce
the effective life of a material, far lower than it should be achieved. This paper concentrated on defects occurs in
construction project after hand over of project. Defect analysis is not so easy task but it is very important
because the building service life and safety is always depends on the strength and durability of building
components and that components are defect free ultimately we get the best service life and safety.
In that paper number of scientist says that the defects are increases the cost of construction and reduces
the life of structure. The reason of defects are very common in everywhere i.e. workmanship, quality of
material, lack of supervision wrong construction method, lack of inspection after construction etc.
IV. Recommendations
A) In the Design Phase
1. Proper Production Management
• During design phase, architect should implement procedures that will subject the design to extensive review
and analysis before it is released to construction.
• Involvement of design team members and subcontractors.
• Proper management of construction documents.
• Complete and well coordinated set of design development documents.
2. Peer Review
• Development of complete, accurate, well-coordinated design and construction documents that are internally
consistent and contain all of the information necessary for the contractor to construct a building without
design defects.
• where a new and/or innovative material and/ or system has been incorporated into the design and
construction documents.
3. Owner Involvement
• The inevitable design changes and coordination that will occur throughout the design phase will be more
effectively accomplished prior to the start of the construction documents phase.
4. Review Paper on Construction Defects.
DOI: 10.9790/1684-12238891 www.iosrjournals.org 91 | Page
4. Design Schedule
• avoid accelerated and/or shortened design phase.
5. Design and Construction Coordination
• architect and contractor should establish and maintain open lines of communication throughout the project.
6. Construction Manager‟s constructability review of the design and construction documents during the pre-
construction phase of the project will help to minimize potential of design defects.
B) Construction Phase
1. 7eQuality Management implementation, by the contractor, of a comprehensive quality assurance (“QA”) and
quality control (“QC”) program is critical throughout the construction phase of the project.
2. New Building Technology
• Contractor‟s work verification by the manufacturers‟ representative.
• Conduct in-depth inspections of the work by both the architect and the contractor.
• Use experience and trained workers.
• Use the same crew throughout the project.
• Require pre-certification and/or training of the workers by the manufacturer prior to the commencement of
the project.
• Limit overtime and shift work where possible.
References
[1]. Atkinson, G. _1987_. “A century of defects.” Building, 54–55.
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