This document describes a study that investigated the gastroprotective effects of aged garlic extract (AGE) in a rat model of indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer. The study found that pretreatment with AGE for 10 days significantly reduced ulcer severity, increased gastric pH and levels of protective factors like glutathione and nitric oxide, and decreased oxidative stress compared to rats that only received indomethacin. The protective effects of AGE were comparable to the reference drug omeprazole. The results suggest that AGE has promising gastroprotective properties against indomethacin-induced gastric damage, potentially through its antioxidant effects and increasing levels of gastroprotective mediators.
Acute toxicity and anti-ulcerogenic activity of an aqueous extract from the s...Jing Zang
Terminalia superba is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat many illnesses particularly gastro-intestinal disorders. This study was aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and gastric anti-ulcer activity of an aqueous extract of Terminalia superba (AETs). The LD50 was determined by the graphic method of Miller and Tainter (1944) and the calculation method of Dragsted and Lang (1957) in mice. The preventive anti-ulcerogenic action of the extract was assessed using four models of gastric ulcer induction namely HCl/Ethanol solution, indomethacin solution, pylorus ligation and cold restraint stress in rats. The LD50 obtained by the oral administration of AETs was 12.2 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. and 12.33 ± 0.87 g/kg b.w. by the graphic method and the calculation method respectively. The administration of AETs intraperitoneally gave 1.97 ± 0.29 g/kg b.w. (graphic method) and 1.93 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. (calculation method) as LD50s. The preventive gastric anti-ulcer study revealed that for doses ranging from 125 to 500 mg/kg body weight, EATs significantly (P<0.05)>< 0.05) increased mucus production and reduced gastric acid secretion. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Terminalia superba showed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, coumarines, saponins, reduced sugar, sterols and polyterpenes. These results suggested that the preventive anti-ulcer activity of AETs may be due to a cytoprotective effect. The LD50s found indicated that the extract was not toxic and that the phytochemical coumpounds present in EATs could be responsible for its effects. In conclusion, the preventive gastric anti-ulcer and the non toxic effects of the aqueous extract of Terminalia superba could justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine to treat abdominal disorder and pains.
D-002 treatment attenuates esophagitis in a model of chronic gastro-esophagea...iosrphr_editor
To investigate the effects of D-002 (beeswax alcohols) on esophagitis induced by chronic gastroesophageal reflux (c-GER) in rats. Rats were randomized into a sham and five groups subjected to c-GER: a positive vehicle control, three D-002 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg), and one omeprazole (20 mg/kg) group, all treated orally for seven days. cGER was induced by ligation of the junction between the forestomach and the duodenal side of the pylorus. Esophageal lesions index (ELI), esophageal malondialdehyde (MDA) and sulfhydril groups (SHG) concentrations were assessed. The positive control group exhibited macroscopically signs of esophageal injury assessed in term of ELI, which was significantly higher than in the negative control. D-002 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced the ELI, showing 30.5, 72.9 and 76.4% protection, respectively; and also significantly attenuated the increased MDA (37.4, 63.6 and 94.2%, respectively) and SHG (16.6, 41.6 and 72.9%, respectively) esophageal concentrations versus the positive control. Omeprazole decreased the ELI (80.2%), MDA (99.3%) and SH (85.4%) esophageal concentrations. As conclusions, this study suggest that repeated oral administration with D-002 protects against reflux esophagitis and decreases esophageal lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation markers in rats with c-GER.
Piper nigrum and Ferula foetida shows Significant Antisecretory and Anti Ulce...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study, the gastroprotective mechanism of aqueous extract of Piper nigrum and Ferula foetida (AEPF) was investigated. In the current study AEPF showed significant anti ulcer activity in rats. The antiulcerogenic impact of the AEPF is also associated with its antisecretory action since acid may be a major consideration of the event of ulceration. The current data also clearly demonstrated that 400 mg/kg is more effective than 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg dose of AEPF and has shown increased pH and decreased total acidity of gastric fluid. The ulcerogenic effect of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers was developed in rats that received cysteamine HCl 400 mg/kg. The exact mechanism of pathological process within the cysteamine-induced peptic ulcer model is not totally known, but hypersecretion of gastric acid, deterioration of mucosal resistance, and promotion of gastric emptying are among the possible mechanisms. In cold restraint stress-induced ulcer model, blood parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides were estimated. The significant increase in blood sugar level was discovered because, beneath nerve-racking conditions, ductless gland secretes corticosterone in man and glucocorticoid in rats. AEPF significantly reduced the elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels, which may be due to inhibition of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Therefore, it could act as a potent therapeutic agent against peptic ulcer disease.
STUDY ON ANTI ULCER AND ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF Vilvathi LehiyamJing Zang
The aim of the study, to evaluate the phytochemical, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Vilvathi Lehiyam was investigated on omeprazole induced ulcer model in albino rats. Ethanolic extract of dosage 250 and 500kg/mg produced significant inhibition of gastric lesions induced by Omeprazole induced ulcer. The extract 250 and 500kg/mg showed significant (p<0.01) reduction of pH value of gastric juice compared control. The Vilvathi Lehiyam was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema at injected sthe doses 500 kg/mg body weight and the study was compared with standard drug Dexamethasone (2mg/kg). The Vilvathi Lehiyam has significant anti-inflammatory activity, which support the traditional medicinal utilization of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Based on the above results, of Vilvathi Lehiyam may be useful as a natural drug for the treatment of ulcer and inflammation.
Luteolin isolate from the methanol extract identified as the single-carbon co...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Acute toxicity and anti-ulcerogenic activity of an aqueous extract from the s...Jing Zang
Terminalia superba is a plant used in traditional medicine to treat many illnesses particularly gastro-intestinal disorders. This study was aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity and gastric anti-ulcer activity of an aqueous extract of Terminalia superba (AETs). The LD50 was determined by the graphic method of Miller and Tainter (1944) and the calculation method of Dragsted and Lang (1957) in mice. The preventive anti-ulcerogenic action of the extract was assessed using four models of gastric ulcer induction namely HCl/Ethanol solution, indomethacin solution, pylorus ligation and cold restraint stress in rats. The LD50 obtained by the oral administration of AETs was 12.2 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. and 12.33 ± 0.87 g/kg b.w. by the graphic method and the calculation method respectively. The administration of AETs intraperitoneally gave 1.97 ± 0.29 g/kg b.w. (graphic method) and 1.93 ± 0.21 g/kg b.w. (calculation method) as LD50s. The preventive gastric anti-ulcer study revealed that for doses ranging from 125 to 500 mg/kg body weight, EATs significantly (P<0.05)>< 0.05) increased mucus production and reduced gastric acid secretion. Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Terminalia superba showed the presence of polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids, quinones, coumarines, saponins, reduced sugar, sterols and polyterpenes. These results suggested that the preventive anti-ulcer activity of AETs may be due to a cytoprotective effect. The LD50s found indicated that the extract was not toxic and that the phytochemical coumpounds present in EATs could be responsible for its effects. In conclusion, the preventive gastric anti-ulcer and the non toxic effects of the aqueous extract of Terminalia superba could justify the use of this plant in traditional medicine to treat abdominal disorder and pains.
D-002 treatment attenuates esophagitis in a model of chronic gastro-esophagea...iosrphr_editor
To investigate the effects of D-002 (beeswax alcohols) on esophagitis induced by chronic gastroesophageal reflux (c-GER) in rats. Rats were randomized into a sham and five groups subjected to c-GER: a positive vehicle control, three D-002 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg), and one omeprazole (20 mg/kg) group, all treated orally for seven days. cGER was induced by ligation of the junction between the forestomach and the duodenal side of the pylorus. Esophageal lesions index (ELI), esophageal malondialdehyde (MDA) and sulfhydril groups (SHG) concentrations were assessed. The positive control group exhibited macroscopically signs of esophageal injury assessed in term of ELI, which was significantly higher than in the negative control. D-002 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced the ELI, showing 30.5, 72.9 and 76.4% protection, respectively; and also significantly attenuated the increased MDA (37.4, 63.6 and 94.2%, respectively) and SHG (16.6, 41.6 and 72.9%, respectively) esophageal concentrations versus the positive control. Omeprazole decreased the ELI (80.2%), MDA (99.3%) and SH (85.4%) esophageal concentrations. As conclusions, this study suggest that repeated oral administration with D-002 protects against reflux esophagitis and decreases esophageal lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation markers in rats with c-GER.
Piper nigrum and Ferula foetida shows Significant Antisecretory and Anti Ulce...BRNSS Publication Hub
In the present study, the gastroprotective mechanism of aqueous extract of Piper nigrum and Ferula foetida (AEPF) was investigated. In the current study AEPF showed significant anti ulcer activity in rats. The antiulcerogenic impact of the AEPF is also associated with its antisecretory action since acid may be a major consideration of the event of ulceration. The current data also clearly demonstrated that 400 mg/kg is more effective than 200 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg dose of AEPF and has shown increased pH and decreased total acidity of gastric fluid. The ulcerogenic effect of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers was developed in rats that received cysteamine HCl 400 mg/kg. The exact mechanism of pathological process within the cysteamine-induced peptic ulcer model is not totally known, but hypersecretion of gastric acid, deterioration of mucosal resistance, and promotion of gastric emptying are among the possible mechanisms. In cold restraint stress-induced ulcer model, blood parameters such as glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides were estimated. The significant increase in blood sugar level was discovered because, beneath nerve-racking conditions, ductless gland secretes corticosterone in man and glucocorticoid in rats. AEPF significantly reduced the elevated serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels, which may be due to inhibition of stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system. Therefore, it could act as a potent therapeutic agent against peptic ulcer disease.
STUDY ON ANTI ULCER AND ANTI INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS OF Vilvathi LehiyamJing Zang
The aim of the study, to evaluate the phytochemical, anti-ulcer and anti-inflammatory activities of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Anti-ulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Vilvathi Lehiyam was investigated on omeprazole induced ulcer model in albino rats. Ethanolic extract of dosage 250 and 500kg/mg produced significant inhibition of gastric lesions induced by Omeprazole induced ulcer. The extract 250 and 500kg/mg showed significant (p<0.01) reduction of pH value of gastric juice compared control. The Vilvathi Lehiyam was evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity against the carrageenan induced rat paw oedema at injected sthe doses 500 kg/mg body weight and the study was compared with standard drug Dexamethasone (2mg/kg). The Vilvathi Lehiyam has significant anti-inflammatory activity, which support the traditional medicinal utilization of Vilvathi Lehiyam. Based on the above results, of Vilvathi Lehiyam may be useful as a natural drug for the treatment of ulcer and inflammation.
Luteolin isolate from the methanol extract identified as the single-carbon co...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plant Mixtures ...IOSRJPBS
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05)><0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
Comparison of the Acute Hypervolemic Capacities of Erythropoietin and U-74389...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Aim: This study compared the hyper volemic capacities of erythropoietin (Epo) and antioxidant drug U-74389G based on 2 preliminary studies. The provided results at mean corpuscular volumes (MCV) levels augmentation were co-evaluated in a hypoxia re oxygenation protocol of an animal model.
Materials and methods: MCV levels (MCVl) were evaluated at the 60th reoxygenation min (for groups A, C and E) and at the 120th reoxygenation min (for groups B, D and F) in 60 rats. Groups A and B received no drugs, rats from groups C and D were administered with Epo; whereas rats from groups E and F were administered with U-74389G.
Results: The first preliminary study of Epo non-significantly increased the MCVl by 0.30%+0.39% (p-value=0.4430). However, the second preliminary study of U-74389G significantly rised the MCVl by 1.60%+0.43% (p-value=0.0005). These 2 studies were co-evaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. The outcome of the co-evaluation was that U-74389G has 4.352528-fold hypervolemic potency than Epo (p-value=0.0000).
Conclusion: The anti-oxidant capacities of U-74389G accelerate the acute hypervolemic properties; presenting 4.352528-fold rise on MCVl than epo (p-value=0.0000)
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
The role of curcumin in streptozotocin induced hepatic damage and the trans-d...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Diabetic patients frequently suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study aimed to investigate the role of curcumin and the response of hepatic stellate cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hepatic damage. Sixty male rats were divided into three groups. The normal control injected with a citrate buffer vehicle and the diabetic control group which was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single-dose of streptozotocin (50mg/kg body weight) and a diabetic group was treated with an oral dose of curcumin at 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 60 days. Curcumin effectively counteracts oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and improves biochemical parameters. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was significantly reduced, and insulin antibodies showed strong positive immunoreactivity with curcumin administration. These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use of curcumin, which is attributed to its antiradical/antioxidant activities and its potential β-cell regenerative properties. Also, it has the capability to encourage the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing cells for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator that inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and the transition to myofibroblast-like cells, this suggests the possibility of considering curcumin's novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic dysfunction in diabetic patients.
Study of moringa_effect_on_gastric_and_duodenal_ulcersSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
The Effects of Rauwolfia Vomitoria Extract on the Liver Enzymes of Carbon Tet...IOSR Journals
Rauwolfia vomitoria is a natural medicinal plant which has been used over the years for the treatment of various ailments. The effects of extract of rauwolfia vomitoria on liver enzymes of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity were observed in adult wistar rats weighing between 120g and 190g. They were divided into four groups A,B, C and D of six rats each. Group A served as the control and received 0.41ml of distilled water. The experimental groups B, C and D received different doses of drugs as follows : group B received 0.50ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract, group C received 0.5ml of carbon tetrachloride and group D received 0.41ml of carbon tetrachloride + 0.4ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract. The drugs were administered once in a day using intubation method for a period of twenty one days. Twenty four hours after the last administration, the animals were anaesthetized under chloroform vapour and dissected . liver tissues were removed and weighed. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and Serum samples were separated from clot by centrifugation using bench top centrifuge. Activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were determined using randox kit method. The relative liver weight for carbon tetrachloride treated group were significantly higher (p<0.001)><0.001) than the control. The extract exhibited a liver protective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity
Pharmacodynamic study of Jerusalem artichoke particles in type I and II diabe...Premier Publishers
To study the therapeutic effect of Jerusalem artichoke particles in type I and type II diabetic rats. Male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) for 3 consecutive days to generate a type I diabetic rat model. The rats were orally administered Jerusalem artichoke particles (50, 100, or 150 mg/kg) once a day for 3 consecutive weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels were determined by ELISA. Male SD rats were fed a high-fat and high-sugar diet then received an intraperitoneal injection of 35 mg/kg STZ to generate a type II diabetic rat model. The rats were treated as mentioned above for 4 consecutive weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels were determined using the glucose oxidase method. Jerusalem artichoke particles significantly reduced blood glucose concentrations in type I and type II diabetic rats. Following 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg Jerusalem artichoke particles treatment for specified weeks, blood glucose concentrations were decreased by 9.7%, 21.69% and 15.48% in type I diabetic rats, respectively; and type II diabetic rats were decreased by 12.07%, 28.57% and 21.80%, respectively. Jerusalem artichoke particles have a hypoglycemic effect in type I and type II diabetic rats.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
Hepatoprotective Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Some Medicinal Plant Mixtures ...IOSRJPBS
The rhizomes of Ginger (Zingiberofficinale), Turmeric (Curcuma longa), Licorice (Glycyrrhizaglabra), the bark of Cinnamon tree,(Cinnamomumzeylanicum) and the calyces of red Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.)are herbs used in thishepatoprotective studies. This study evaluates the hepatoprotective activity of water extract mixtures using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury in rats.In vitroantioxidant activity of plant water extracts was determined using DPPH. The water extractmixtures wereadministered for 10 days; on the 10thday all rats were challenged with CCl4 except control group animals. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and albumin levels were determined to prove the hepatoprotectiveeffect.The enzyme activities were significantly increased in CCl4 treated rats. The four water extract mixtures exhibited significant (P<0.05)><0.05) increased in all the water extract mixtures used.
Comparison of the Acute Hypervolemic Capacities of Erythropoietin and U-74389...CrimsonpublishersITERM
Aim: This study compared the hyper volemic capacities of erythropoietin (Epo) and antioxidant drug U-74389G based on 2 preliminary studies. The provided results at mean corpuscular volumes (MCV) levels augmentation were co-evaluated in a hypoxia re oxygenation protocol of an animal model.
Materials and methods: MCV levels (MCVl) were evaluated at the 60th reoxygenation min (for groups A, C and E) and at the 120th reoxygenation min (for groups B, D and F) in 60 rats. Groups A and B received no drugs, rats from groups C and D were administered with Epo; whereas rats from groups E and F were administered with U-74389G.
Results: The first preliminary study of Epo non-significantly increased the MCVl by 0.30%+0.39% (p-value=0.4430). However, the second preliminary study of U-74389G significantly rised the MCVl by 1.60%+0.43% (p-value=0.0005). These 2 studies were co-evaluated since they came from the same experimental setting. The outcome of the co-evaluation was that U-74389G has 4.352528-fold hypervolemic potency than Epo (p-value=0.0000).
Conclusion: The anti-oxidant capacities of U-74389G accelerate the acute hypervolemic properties; presenting 4.352528-fold rise on MCVl than epo (p-value=0.0000)
µCT analysis reveals that Cissus quadrangularis L. Stem and Trigonella foenum...RahulGupta2015
Cissus quadrangularis L. (hadjod) and Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) plant parts are used for fracture healing and as an antidiabetic agent, respectively in traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of C. quadrangularis stem bark extract (CQ) and T. foenum-graecum seed extract (TFG) therapy for the treatment of type I diabetes induced osteopenia. Alloxan (dissolved in 0.1 M citrate buffer (pH = 4.5); intraperitoneally injected @ 130 mg/kg body weight) induced type I diabetic rats were treated with individual and combined doses of ethanol extracts of CQ and TFG for consecutive 30 days @ 250 and 500 mg per kg body weight, orally. Insulin (0.5 IU/kg body weight) was chosen as standard. Body weight and fasting blood glucose were recorded. Two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) analysis of the femur and tibia were performed using micro-computed tomography (µCT) scan to measure histomorphometric parameters of trabecular and cortical regions and bone mineral density (BMD). Elevated level of fasting blood glucose was restored to the vehicle-treated group after treatment with CQ and TFG. Both the extracts significantly improved trabecular histomorphometric parameters, viz. BMD, percent bone volume, trabecular number, trabecular separation, connection density. Cortical mean total cross-sectional bone area, cross-sectional thickness, mean total cross-sectional tissue area were comparable to the vehicle-treated group. CQ and TFG combination therapy showed a marked improvement in bone microarchitecture and can be given together as a potential alternative medicine to insulin for prevention of type I diabetes induced osteopathy. Therefore, it can be considered in the management of diabetic osteopathy in humans.
The role of curcumin in streptozotocin induced hepatic damage and the trans-d...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Diabetic patients frequently suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study aimed to investigate the role of curcumin and the response of hepatic stellate cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hepatic damage. Sixty male rats were divided into three groups. The normal control injected with a citrate buffer vehicle and the diabetic control group which was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single-dose of streptozotocin (50mg/kg body weight) and a diabetic group was treated with an oral dose of curcumin at 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 60 days. Curcumin effectively counteracts oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and improves biochemical parameters. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was significantly reduced, and insulin antibodies showed strong positive immunoreactivity with curcumin administration. These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use of curcumin, which is attributed to its antiradical/antioxidant activities and its potential β-cell regenerative properties. Also, it has the capability to encourage the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing cells for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator that inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and the transition to myofibroblast-like cells, this suggests the possibility of considering curcumin's novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic dysfunction in diabetic patients.
Study of moringa_effect_on_gastric_and_duodenal_ulcersSilentdisco Berlin
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
The Effects of Rauwolfia Vomitoria Extract on the Liver Enzymes of Carbon Tet...IOSR Journals
Rauwolfia vomitoria is a natural medicinal plant which has been used over the years for the treatment of various ailments. The effects of extract of rauwolfia vomitoria on liver enzymes of carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity were observed in adult wistar rats weighing between 120g and 190g. They were divided into four groups A,B, C and D of six rats each. Group A served as the control and received 0.41ml of distilled water. The experimental groups B, C and D received different doses of drugs as follows : group B received 0.50ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract, group C received 0.5ml of carbon tetrachloride and group D received 0.41ml of carbon tetrachloride + 0.4ml of rauwolfia vomitoria extract. The drugs were administered once in a day using intubation method for a period of twenty one days. Twenty four hours after the last administration, the animals were anaesthetized under chloroform vapour and dissected . liver tissues were removed and weighed. Blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and Serum samples were separated from clot by centrifugation using bench top centrifuge. Activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase were determined using randox kit method. The relative liver weight for carbon tetrachloride treated group were significantly higher (p<0.001)><0.001) than the control. The extract exhibited a liver protective effect against carbon tetrachloride induced hepatotoxicity
Pharmacodynamic study of Jerusalem artichoke particles in type I and II diabe...Premier Publishers
To study the therapeutic effect of Jerusalem artichoke particles in type I and type II diabetic rats. Male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were intraperitoneally injected with 30 mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ) for 3 consecutive days to generate a type I diabetic rat model. The rats were orally administered Jerusalem artichoke particles (50, 100, or 150 mg/kg) once a day for 3 consecutive weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels were determined by ELISA. Male SD rats were fed a high-fat and high-sugar diet then received an intraperitoneal injection of 35 mg/kg STZ to generate a type II diabetic rat model. The rats were treated as mentioned above for 4 consecutive weeks. Fasting blood glucose levels were determined using the glucose oxidase method. Jerusalem artichoke particles significantly reduced blood glucose concentrations in type I and type II diabetic rats. Following 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg Jerusalem artichoke particles treatment for specified weeks, blood glucose concentrations were decreased by 9.7%, 21.69% and 15.48% in type I diabetic rats, respectively; and type II diabetic rats were decreased by 12.07%, 28.57% and 21.80%, respectively. Jerusalem artichoke particles have a hypoglycemic effect in type I and type II diabetic rats.
Hepatoprotective Activity of Cinnamon Zeylanicum Leaves against Alcohol Induc...IJERA Editor
Plants play an important role in the life of human, as the major source of food, as well as for the maintenance and improvement of health and for the elimination of the enemies since ages. Plants are the basic source of knowledge of modern medicine. The present study was conducted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum are evaluated in alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. Silymarin (100mg/kg) was given as reference standard. The aqueos extract of aerial parts of Cinnamon zeylanicum have shown very significant hepatoprotection against alcohol induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats in reducing SGOT, SGPT, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and GGT and levels of total bilirubin and total protein were investigated and showed an increase in alcohol induced rats when compared to control. The extracts of the test plant exhibited significant (p < 0.05) hepatoprotective activity against the alcohol induced liver models by improving liver function which was indicated by reduction in the levels of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, GGT, total bilirubin and total protein.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
ABSTRACT
Background:The main objective of the study is to determine the anti-arthritic effect of whole plant ethanolic extract of Polygonum glabrum
belonging to the family Polygonaceae in Female wistar rats using the Freund’s Complete Adjuvant (FCA) model . Methods:The plants areal
parts were collected near Tirupathi hills, Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The Phytoconstituents were identified through the
chemical tests. Ethanol (95%) was used to obtain the whole plant extraction through Soxhlet extractor. Female SD rats were used for antiarthritic
screening. Arthritis was induced using FCA, and the anti-arthritic effect of the ethanolic extract of P.glabrum was studied at doses
of 250 and500 mg/kg. The effects were compared with those of indomethacin (10 mg/kg). At the end of the study, theliver enzyme levels were
determined and a radiological examination was carried out. Results and Discussion:The preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanolic
extract of Polygonum glabrum showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and saponins. P. glabrum at 250 and 500 mg/kg
significantly inhibited the FCA-induced arthritis in the rats. This was manifested by as a decrease in the paw volume. The arthritic control
animals exhibited a significant decrease in body weight compared with control animals without arthritis. P. glabrum treated animals showed
dose dependent reduction in decrease in body weight and arthritis.At the same time, P.glabrum significantly altered the biochemical and
haematological changes induced by FCA (P < 0.05). The anti-arthritic effect of P.glabrum was comparable with that of Indomethacin.
Conclusion:The whole plant extract of P.glabrum showed significant anti-arthritic activity against FCA-induced arthritis in female Wistar
rats.
Evaluation of Antiurolithiatic Activity of Canthium dicoccum Ethanolic Extrac...gynomark
Objective:
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of Canthium dicoccum on
Gentamicin and Caliculi Producing Diet (CPD) induced urolithasis in rats.
Methods:
Thirty male albino wistarrats were divided randomly into six groups. Group I were treated with normal
saline, Group II were treated with Gentamicin for a period of 7 days, Group III treated with Cystone
(p.o), Group IV,V,VI was treated with plant extract 150, 300,600 mg/kg respectively for 14 days with
gentamicin treatment from day 7 to 14. All the animals were fed with caliculi Producing diet for entire
study period. Later, urine samples were collected at the end of the studyand analysed for renal function
parameters like Creatiinine, BUN, Serum Urea etc. The kidneys of the sacrificed animals were isolated
and sectioned for histopathological studies.
Results:
The rats treated with ethanolic extract of canthiumdicoccum at doses 150,300,600 mg/kg significantly
showed improved effect and prevented urolithasis in rats which is evident in the reduction of creatinine,
Urea and BUN levels when compared to gentamicin treated group. The histopathological studies also
showed less degenerative changes.It also decreased crystal deposition markedly into the renal tubules
in number as well as size and prevented damage to the renal tubules.
Conclusion:
The results demonstrated that the ethanolic extract had significantly reduced the urolithiasis that was
caused by an CPD diet combined with gentamicine injection in rats.
Keywords: Gentamicin, Anti-Urolithiatic activity, Canthiumdicoccum, ethanol.
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against carbon...oyepata
Hepatoprotective activity of extract of Homalium Letestui stem against
carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury
Oyepata Simeon Joseph1*, Jude e Okokon2, Opeyemi tosin Joseph3
Evaluation of Antiulcer Activity of Extract of Calycophyllum Spruceanum (Bent...gynomark
Objective The objective of the study was to evaluate the antiulcer activity of ethanolic extract of Calycophyllum spruceanum bark. Methodology The ethanol-HCL and pylorus ligation induced models was selected using swiss albino mice and the animals were fasted overnight and then grouped as negative control (0.9% normal saline), standard (omeprazole 30mg/kg), test 1 (CSBE 100mg/kg) and test 2 (CSBE 200mg/kg). The ulcer score, ulcer index and percent ulcer inhibition were determined in ethanol/HCL model. The volume of gastric secretion, pH, total acidity, ulcer index and percent of ulcer inhibition was determined in pylorus ligation model. The ulcerogenic abrasions in the mucosal membrane were observed under a microscope (10X) and scored manually. Results The preliminary phytochemical screening indicated the presence of sterols, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, saponins and coumarins. The bark extract was tolerable at dose of 2000mg/kg. The selected doses of the extracts of 100, 200mg/kg was shown the significant and dose dependent antiulcer activity in ethanol/HCL and pylorus-ligation models as 11.08 %, 32.59% and 28.29%, 37.03% respectively. The dose of 200mg/kg of CSBE was shown the superlative activity ((#p?0.001)) in both models. Conclusion: It was concluded that, the ethanolic extract of Calycophyllum spruceanum bark has a significant antiulcer activity. This activity might be due to presence of supportive phytochemical like flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids. and glycosides. Hence, further evaluation is needed to isolate and identify the specific constituents responsible for the activity.
Studies On The Effectiveness of Mixed Diet of Garden Egg, Groundnut And Garli...IOSR Journals
The use of medicinal plants as food supplements and in the treatment of specific diseases dates back to antiquity. Age old anecdotal reports from many cultures strongly suggests a role for diet of plant origin in preventive and therapeutic medicine. Anaemia remains a major public-health problem especially in developing countries. This study aimed at investigating the antianaemic potentials of combined diet of garlic (Allium sativum), garden egg (Solanum melongena) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea).Twenty five wistar rats of both sexes weighing 160-200g were divided equally into five groups. Group 1 served as the non-anaemic control and fed with normal rat chow. Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were induced with anaemia by oral administration of phenylhydrazine (PHZ) given at 50mg/kgBW. Group 2 served as anaemic control, fed with normal rat chow; Group 3 were fed with 20g (75%ww) of garlic, garden egg and groundnut in the ratio of 1:1:1 with normal rat chow; Group 4 fed with 10g of garden egg (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow and Group 5 fed with 10g of ground, nut (50%ww) in the ratio 1:1 with normal rat chow. Animals were sacrificed at the end of fourteen days of dietary feeding using chloroform vapour with blood collected at the left ventricle to test for haematological parameters such as red blood cell (RBC) count, white blood cell (WBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV). Results showed that RBC, WBC, Hb and PCV values increased in all the experimental as compared to anaemic control with a significant (P<0.05) in WBC values of groups 3 and 4 as compared to the anaemic control. This suggests a consumption of garlic, garden egg and groundnut will moderately improve anaemic condition.
Polygonum Persicaria (Linn.) and its Active Principle have a hepatoprotective...AI Publications
The aim of this analysis was to see whether the aqueous extract of the roots of Polygonum persicaria (PP) and its active principle, Tannic Acid (TA), had a hepatoprotective and antioxidant effect in rats provided Carbon tetrachloride (1.5 ml/kg, i.p). Twenty albino wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, hepatotoxicity with Polygonum persicaria and Tannic acid, and a normal group given 100 mg/kg silymarin. After 14 days, the rats were sacrificed. Toxicity testing was carried out on 12 rats. They were randomly allocated to one of three groups: control, Polygonum persicaria 200 mg/kg (B.wt), and Tannic acid 200 mg/kg (B.wt). The amounts of liver homogenate enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase, and glutathione reductase enzymes) were greatly restored by extracts of PP and TA at the tested concentrations, supporting the biochemical results. Tannic acid, in contrast to Polygonum persicaria, tends to have a greater liver defensive role toward carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity, as well as antioxidant properties and mild anticancer activity against cell viability at higher concentrations. The histological alterations in the liver indicated the injury. Polygonum persicaria & its active principle Tannic acid has strong antioxidant properties as well as hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity, as demonstrated by these observations.
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
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1. See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291423188
Gastroprotective Effect of Garlic in Indomethacin Induced Gastric Ulcer in
Rats
Article in Nutrition · January 2016
DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.01.010
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2. Basic nutritional investigation
Gastroprotective effect of garlic in indomethacin induced gastric
ulcer in rats
Nahla E. El-Ashmawy, Professor (Ph.D.), Eman G. Khedr, Professor (Ph.D.),
Hoda A. El-Bahrawy, Lecturer (Ph.D.), Hend M. Selim, Instructor (B.Pharm.) *
Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, El-Gharbia, Egypt
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 22 August 2015
Accepted 11 January 2016
Keywords:
Aged garlic extract
Gastroprotective mediators
Glutathione
Oxidative stress
Malondialdehyde
Nitric oxide
Omeprazole
Prophylactic role
a b s t r a c t
Objective: Garlic, in its natural plant state, has a great history in ancient medicine as a remedy for
many diseases. In our study, the gastroprotective effect of aged garlic extract (AGE) and the possible
underlying mechanisms were investigated in an experimental model of indomethacin-induced
gastric ulcer.
Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: (normal control, n ¼ 20), ulcer control
(indomethacin group, n ¼ 20), (omeprazole group, n ¼ 30) and (garlic group, n ¼ 20). Each dose of
garlic and omeprazole was given to rats orally daily for 10 consecutive days before induction of
ulcer by indomethacin. Indomethacin was given as a single oral dose (100 mg/kg). Four hours later
after indomethacin treatment, the rats were sacrificed and gastric tissue was obtained for histo-
pathological examination, calculation of ulcer index and measurement of oxidative stress markers
as well as gastroprotective mediators.
Results: The results showed that indomethacin induced gastric ulcer (ulcer index ¼ 2900), was
associated with a significant increase of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and malondialdehyde, and
significant decrease of the gastroprotective mediators prostaglandin E2, glutathione (GSH) and
nitric oxide (NO) compared with normal control. Pretreatment with AGE produced comparable
results with those obtained in the omeprazole group; the preventive index in the AGE group was
83.4% compared with 94.5% in the omeprazole group. The prophylactic role of AGE in
indomethacin-induced ulcer was, in part, mediated by decreasing oxidative stress and increasing
gastric level of PGE2, GSH, and NO.
Conclusion: AGE corrected the histopathological abnormalities in gastric tissue and proved a
promising gastroprotective role in gastric ulcer.
Ó 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Introduction
Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) comprise
medicinal products that aren’t used as part of conventional
medicine. Safety and easy intake are the most attractive ad-
vantages regarding CAM. Interestingly, natural products are
gaining a worldwide attention especially in the developing
populations [1].
Garlic (Allium Sativum), belongs to family Liliaceae [2]. Since
ancient times garlic has been considered folk medicine (CAM)
[3], long cultivated in different cultures for food and spice [1]. It
has been reported that garlic was used in the treatment of many
diseases, like hypertension, and has antihypercholesterolemia,
antiinflammatory, and antioxidant activity [4,5].
Aged garlic extract (AGE) is considered an important source of
phytochemicals that possess antioxidant activity. These include
lipid soluble organosulfur compounds, water soluble organo-
sulfur compounds (e.g., S-allylcysteine (SAC) and S-allylmer-
captocysteine), flavonoids, and phenolic compounds, which play
an important role in scavenging free radicals [5].
The authors gratefully acknowledge Prof. Dr. Mona A. Yehia, professor of
chemistry and biology of cells and tissues at Medical Research Center, Alexan-
dria, for her help in conducting and interpreting the histopathological in-
vestigations. Indomethacin was obtained as gift from Kahira Pharmaceuticals &
Chemical Industries Co. There is no funding organization that supported our
work financially. The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.
El-ANE analyzed the data, critically reviewed the manuscript, and approved its
final version for publication. KEG designed the study, reviewed the manuscript,
and approved it for publication. El-BHA reviewed the manuscript and approved
it for publication. SHM designed the study, conducted the research and drafted
the manuscript and approved the manuscript for final approval.
* Corresponding author. Tel./fax: þ20 (40) 3336007.
E-mail address: Hendmselim@gmail.com (H. M. Selim).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2016.01.010
0899-9007/Ó 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Nutrition
journal homepage: www.nutritionjrnl.com
Nutrition 32 (2016) 849–854
3. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most
commonly used drugs throughout the world. The gastric damage
caused by these drugs is known to be their most common and
dangerous side effect [6]. Indomethacin is a well-known NSAID,
with a high potential to cause gastric ulcer [7]. Gastric ulcer is
induced by the disturbance of the normal balance between
defensive and aggressive factors in favor of the aggressive ones
[8]. Defensive factors involve mucus secretion, blood flow, cells
renewal, prostaglandins (PGs), and nitric oxide (NO), while
aggressive factors include NSAIDs, acid, oxidative stress, and
ethanol [8,9].
In the present study, the gastroprotective effect of aged garlic
extract and the possible underlying mechanisms were investi-
gated in an experimental model of indomethacin induced gastric
ulcer.
Materials and methods
Drugs
Indomethacin was obtained as a gift from Kahira Pharmaceuticals & Chemical
Industries Co. (Cairo, Egypt). Omeprazole was purchased from Carbosynth LLC
(San Diego, USA). Aged garlic extract (AGE) was purchased from Hunan 3 W
Botanical Extract Inc. (Hunan, China).
Animal groups
The study was performed in accordance with the guidelines for the care and
use of laboratory animals approved by Research Ethical Committee, Faculty of
Pharmacy, Tanta University, Egypt. Male Wistar rats weighing 180 to 200 g (12-
week-of-age) were obtained from the National Research Center, Giza (Egypt).
The rats were housed in wire cages for 2 wk for acclimatization and allowed free
access to water and standard pellet diet. The starting weight of animals was 230–
250 g.
Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: group 1 (control group, n ¼ 20),
group 2 (ulcer group, n ¼ 20), group 3 (omeprazole group, n ¼ 30) and group 4
(garlic group, n ¼ 20). The number of rats indicated here was larger than that
used in statistics (i.e., n ¼ 8) as the tissue from a single stomach was not enough
for chemical measures and so pooling was required. In addition, the number of
rats in group 3 was higher (relative to that in other groups) as omeprazole
decreased gastric secretion to some extent and so the number of rats was
increased to accommodate this effect.
For rats in the pretreatment groups, omeprazole (5 mg/kg) [10] or AGE
200 mg/kg [5] was given orally (gavage) daily for 10 consecutive days; on the final
day, these rats were given indomethacin, by single gavage of 100 mg/kg [11] for
ulcer induction, 1 h after the omeprazole or garlic dosing. Rats in groups 1 and 2
(that had been dosed with vehicle in place of either drug for the 10 days) were
dosed with, respectively, vehicle or indomethacin in parallel (in the final day).
All rats were fasted 24 h before indomethacin oral treatment; during this
period, the rats were kept in wide wire mesh-bottom cages to avoid coprophagia;
in addition, water access was prevented for 2 h before the indomethacin dosing.
Four hours after the indomethacin/vehicle gavage, all rats were euthanized by
ether and their stomachs excised.
Methods
Measurement of gastric pH and ulcer index
The stomach obtained was opened along the greater curvature then the
gastric content was drained into a centrifuge tube. The gastric juice was centri-
fuged at 1000 rpm for 10 min (4C), the clear supernatant was recovered and the
pH measured [12] using a pH 211 meter.
For ulcer index measurement, each stomach was washed by saline after
drainage of the juice and examined by a magnifying lens. Ulcer score was
calculated as the mean of ulcers in each group (total number of ulcers divided by
rats number, n ¼ 8), ulcer index (UI) was then calculated by multiplying ulcer
score Â100 [13]. The preventive index was calculated according to the method
described by Hano et al., preventive index: (UI of ulcerated group À UI of treated
group  100)/UI of ulcerated group [14].
Determination of gastric glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA)
To prepare tissue for assaying stomach levels of glutathione (GSH) and
malondialdehyde (MDA) assays, 250 mg tissue was homogenized in 2.5 mL po-
tassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.5) using a Polytron homogenizer (PT 3100,
Kinematica, Luzern, Switzerland) and then centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 15 min at
4C.
The concentration of reduced GSH in the stomach tissue homogenate was
determined colorimetrically with the method described by Beutler et al. [15],
using a kit from Biodiagnostics, (Giza, Egypt) according to manufacturer in-
structions. Reduction of 5,50-dithiobis 2-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) by reduced
GSH to give yellow product that was measured at 405 nm in a Unico 2100
spectrophotometer (Unico, Dayton, NJ, USA). Levels were then calculated using a
kit-provided formula and presented as mg/g tissue.
The concentration of MDA in stomach tissue homogenate was determined
colorimetrically using a kit from Biodiagnostics, Egypt, and following a method
described by Satoh [16] and Ohkawa et al. [17]. In the protocol, thiobarbituric acid
(TBA) reacts with MDA present in the sample [in acidic medium, at 95C for
30 min] to form TBA-reactive products (TBARS). The absorbance of these pink
products was then measured at 534 nm in the spectrophotometer. Levels were
then calculated using a kit-provided formula and presented as nmol/g tissue.
Determination of stomach nitric oxide (NO)
For tissues used for assaying stomach nitric oxide (NO) levels, 250 mg tissue
was homogenized in 2.5 mL ice-cold normal (0.9%) saline. Thereafter, 1 mL ab-
solute ethanol was added to 0.5 mL homogenate to precipitate the proteins and
the samples were then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 min at 4C.
The gastric nitric oxide was determined by measuring its nitrite (an indicator
of original NO present). This method depends on reduction of nitrate to nitrite by
vanadium trichloride (VCl3) followed by addition of Griess reagent [18]. In brief, a
sample of homogenate supernatant (500 mL) was mixed with an equal volume of
VCl3 and of Griess reagent (0.1% N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine in distilled
water and 2% sulphanilamide in 5% hydrochloric acid). After incubation at 37C
for 30 min, the absorbance of the mixture was measured at 540 nm in the
spectrophotometer [18]. Sodium nitrite standards assessed in parallel, values
were compared with it, and the nitrite concentration in each sample was
calculated and presented as nmol NO/g tissue.
Determination PGE2 and TNF-a
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were utilized for mea-
surement of gastric (stomach tissue homogenate supernatant) content of pros-
taglandin E2 (PGE2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) following the
protocol provided by the manufacturer. The kits were obtained from CUSABIO
Biotech Co., Ltd (Wuhan, People’s Republic of China) and Glory Science Co., Ltd
(Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China), respectively.
Histopathology
Stomach was fixed in formalin (10%) for 24 h, embedded in paraffin to form
blocks, which were serially sectioned (5 mm thick) using a Leica RM2135
microtome, mounted on glass slides, then stained by hematoxylin and eosin
solution then evaluated under light microscope by certified pathologist (in
blinded manner). The pathologist is Prof. Dr. Mona A. Yehia at Medical Research
Center, Alexandria, Egypt.
Statistical analysis
Analysis of data was performed by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS,
Armonk, NY, USA) software version 17.0. Data are presented as mean Æ SD. Sta-
tistical comparison among groups was performed by one-way analysis of vari-
ance (ANOVA). Statistical significance was set at P 0.05.
Results
Effect on gastric acidity, ulcer index, and preventive index
Administration of indomethacin showed a significant
decrease in gastric pH (Y41.06%) when compared with normal
control group. Pretreatment with AGE significantly raised the
gastric pH to 3.38 Æ 0.09, whereas pretreatment with omepra-
zole significantly increased the gastric pH to 5.13 Æ 0.14, which
was above the control value (Table 1).
The ulcerated indomethacin group showed ulcer score of
29 Æ 4.8 and UI of 2900. Rat groups treated with AGE or omep-
razole before indomethacin showed a significant decrease of
ulcer score, which was 4.8 Æ 1.4 and 1.6 Æ 0.51, respectively.
Omeprazole showed a greater gastroprotective effect with UI of
160 and preventive index 94.5%, while AGE showed UI of 480 and
a preventive index of 83.4% (Table 1).
N. E. El-Ashmawy et al. / Nutrition 32 (2016) 849–854850
4. Effect on gastric TNF-a
Gastric TNF-a was significantly increased in indomethacin
group when compared with normal control (3.26 fold increase).
Pretreatment with either omeprazole or AGE decreased gastric
TNF-a level significantly when compared with ulcer control
group (Y64.72% and Y53.1%, respectively) (Fig. 1).
Effect on gastric oxidative stress markers
Indomethacin group showed a significant increase (2.2 fold
increase) in gastric MDA but a significant decrease (Y62.63%) in
gastric GSH when compared with normal control. Pretreatment
with either AGE or omeprazole showed a significant decrease in
gastric MDA when compared with ulcer control group (Y43.12%
and Y50.54%, respectively) (Table 2). A significant increase in
gastric GSH was observed in both omeprazole and AGE groups
when compared with ulcer control group (2.48 fold and 2.04 fold
increase, respectively) (Table 2).
Effect on cytoprotective mediators
Gastric NO and PGE2 decreased significantly in indomethacin
group when compared with normal control group (Y57.9% and
Y44.1%, respectively). Compared with indomethacin group, the
rats pretreated with omeprazole or AGE exhibited a significant
elevation of gastric NO (2.35 fold and 2.3 fold increase, respec-
tively) and gastric PGE2 (1.71 fold and 1.59 fold increase,
respectively) (Table 3).
Histopathological results
Stomach sections from indomethacin group showed gastric
erosions, and infiltration of inflammatory cells (Fig. 2) compared
with normal control group (Fig. 3). On the other hand, stomach
sections from omeprazole group showed intact gastric mucosa
and slight dilation in mucosal glands (Fig. 4), while garlic group
showed focal erosion with mild inflammatory cells infiltration
(Fig. 5).
Discussion
Indomethacin has higher ulcerogenic potential than other
NSAIDs, thus it was considered as the drug of choice for gastric
ulcer experimental induction [7]. In the present study, indo-
methacin (100 mg/kg) given orally to rats produced an increase
of gastric acidity and ulcer index, compared with normal group.
Our findings were in line with previous reports, which demon-
strated that indomethacin induces gastric ulcer through
increasing gastric acidity [19–21]. The ulcer manifestations,
herein, were alleviated in rat groups pretreated with either
omeprazole or garlic extract. The gastric pH in omeprazole group
was raised above the normal control group, while garlic extract
decreased the gastric acidity to relatively normal level. Omep-
razole was superior to garlic extract with a higher preventive
index.
The histopathological examination of gastric tissue in our
ulcer model indicated obvious ulcer injury. These observed
changes were consistent with the significant elevation of gastric
level of the inflammatory mediator TNF-a measured in our study.
Fig. 1. Gastric TNF-a in the studied groups. Each value expressed as mean Æ SD
(n ¼ 8 rats/group). yP 0.05 when compared ulcer control with normal control.
zP 0.05 when compared omeprazole with ulcer control. xP 0.05 when
compared garlic with normal, ulcer control and omeprazole.
Table 2
Oxidative stress markers in the studied groups
Groups MDA* GSHy
Normal control 143.72 Æ 13.3 405.59 Æ 46.9
Indomethacin (ulcer control) 315.94 Æ 28.5z
151.58 Æ 23.5z
Omeprazole 156.25 Æ 10x
376.56 Æ 40.1x
Garlic (AGE) 179.7 Æ 22.9k
308.6 Æ 29.7k
AGE, aged garlic extract; GSH, reduced glutathione; MDA, malondialdehyde
Each value expressed as mean Æ SD (n ¼ 8 rats/group)
* MDA levels were expressed as (nmol/g tissue).
y
GSH levels were expressed as (mg/g tissue).
z
P 0.05 when compared ulcer control with normal control.
x
P 0.05 when compared omeprazole with ulcer control.
k
P 0.05 when compared garlic with normal, ulcer control and omeprazole.
Table 3
Cytoprotective mediators in the studied groups
Groups PGE2* NOy
Normal control 45.02 Æ 4.5 819.47 Æ 20.4
Indomethacin (ulcer control) 25.18 Æ 2.07z
345.1 Æ 10.6z
Omeprazole 43.04 Æ 1.28x
811.61 Æ 14.99x
Garlic (AGE) 39.95 Æ 1.67k
793.04 Æ 12.8k
AGE, aged garlic extract; NO, nitric oxide; PGE2, prostaglandin E2
Each value expressed as mean Æ SD (n ¼ 8 rats/group)
* PGE2 values were expressed as Data are presented as (pg/g tissue).
y
Nitric oxide values were expressed as (nmol/g tissue).
z
P 0.05 when compared ulcer control with normal control.
x
P 0.05 when compared omeprazole with ulcer control.
k
P 0.05 when compared garlic with normal, ulcer control and omeprazole.
Table 1
Gastric pH, ulcer index, and preventive index in the studied groups
Groups Gastric pH Ulcer
score
Ulcer
index
Preventive
index*
Normal control 3.58 Æ 0.1 – – –
Indomethacin
(ulcer
control)
2.11 Æ 0.14y
29 Æ 4.8 2900 –
Omeprazole 5.13 Æ 0.14z
1.6 Æ 0.51x
160 94.5%
Garlic (AGE) 3.38 Æ 0.09k
4.8 Æ 1.4x
480 83.4%
AGE, aged garlic extract.
Each value expressed as mean Æ SD (n ¼ 8 rats/group).
* Preventive index expressed as percentage.
y
P 0.05 when compared ulcer control with normal control.
z
P 0.05 when compared omeprazole with normal and ulcer control.
x
P 0.05 when compared omeprazole and garlic with ulcer control.
k
P 0.05 when compared garlic with normal, ulcer control and omeprazole.
N. E. El-Ashmawy et al. / Nutrition 32 (2016) 849–854 851
5. TNF-a was known to play an important role in pathophysiology
of indomethacin-induced gastric ulcer mainly through activating
neutrophil infiltration [7].
The present histopathological findings supported the gas-
troprotective effects of omeprazole and garlic extract and
revealed relatively normal mucosa in rats pretreated with
omeprazole and erosion in rats pretreated with garlic extract.
Moreover, aged garlic extract, herein, showed a significant
decrease in gastric TNF-a. Previous reports documented the
ability of the garlic constituents allicin, SAC, and dia-
llyldisulfide to inhibit activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-
kB), and the ability of SAC to inhibit translocation of NF-kB to
the nucleus, and hence, inhibit TNF-alpha production
[4,22,23].
In the present work, omeprazole also exhibited an antiin-
flammatory effect as shown by the histopathological results and
by the suppression of the level of TNF-a in gastric tissue. Abood
et al. [24] reported that omeprazole administration, in a model of
ethanol-induced ulcer, caused a significant decrease in serum
TNF-a.
The inflammatory insult produced by indomethacin could be
mediated by induction of oxidative stress [5,7]. Our results were in
line, as single dose of indomethacin caused a significant increase in
gastric MDA, while gastric GSH was significantly decreased. Garlic
extract showed a protective effect and alleviated the oxidative
stress in gastric tissue. AGE contains many bioactive products like
S-allylcysteine, S-allylmercaptocysteine, diallylsulfide, flavonoids,
selenium, saponins and phenolic compounds, which act together
togiveAGEits antioxidantproperty[5].Garlicphenoliccompounds
exert free radical scavenging activity through donating its
hydrogen atom from the hydroxyl group [5]. Moreover, garlic
extract was found to decrease activity of nicotinamide adenine
dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH oxidase) thus decreasing
lipid peroxidation [25].
Omeprazole pretreatment in our study was found to correct
the gastric levels of MDA and GSH, indicating antioxidant
property. Omeprazole possesses antioxidant activity and de-
creases lipid peroxidation by scavenging hydroxyl radicals [26]
and reacting with hypochlorous acid, which is known as the
most toxic oxidant [27]. In the present work, omeprazole pre-
treatment returned both MDA and GSH levels to near the
normal, whereas garlic extract pretreatment partially corrected
gastric MDA and GSH levels with a significant difference from
the control values.
Fig. 2. Sections of gastric mucosa from ulcer control group (HE). (A) The section indicates areas of tissue damage, loss of the epithelial layer and gastric pits and distorted
arrangement of glands in addition to inflammatory cells infiltration in mucosa and submucosa (Â100). (B) The section indicates inflammatory cells infiltration of the lamina
propria with a loss of normal architecture of glandular cells (Â400).
Fig. 3. Sections of gastric mucosa of normal control group (HE). (A) Normal gastric mucosa covered with surface mucus, and more gastric glands at the bottom (Â100). (B)
Parietal cells with central rounded nuclei are dispersed throughout the glands (Â400).
N. E. El-Ashmawy et al. / Nutrition 32 (2016) 849–854852
6. Measurement of the gastroprotective mediators PGE2 and NO
in our work indicated a significant decrease in indomethacin
group. Meanwhile, a significant improvement in the gastric
levels of PGE2 and NO was observed in rats pretreated with
omeprazole or garlic extract.
Decreased synthesis of PGE2 and disruption of NO could
participate in the induction of gastric ulcer induced by NSAIDs
like indomethacin [7,8,20]. Prostaglandin E2 protects the gastric
mucosa by increasing mucus secretion, maintaining blood flow
and decreasing acid secretion [7,28]. Abood et al. [24] reported
the ability of PGE2 to inhibit TNF-a production, which was
confirmed by our findings. Moreover, the gastroprotective
mediator NO regulates gastric pH and increases blood flow
through its vasodilation effect [29]. NO exerts its vasodilation
effect through activation of soluble guanylcyclase which in turn
converts GTP to c-GMP that leads to vasodilation of vascular
smooth muscle of the endothelium [30].
The increase in gastric NO by garlic extract, herein, could be
explained on the basis that AGE activates nitric oxide synthesis
and restores its bioavailability [31]. Aged garlic extract could
enhance the synthesis of nitric oxide by increasing the activity of
constitutive nitric oxide synthase (cNOS), which may be due to
garlic extract ability to accelerate calcium influx [32]. Previous
reports confirmed the ability of garlic to maintain endothelial
function through NO pathway [33,34]. It has been reported that
NOS and COX enzymes had a positive mutual interaction, and
both NO and PGE2 act side by side in the gastroprotection pro-
cess [35–37]. This interaction could explain the NO-dependent
elevation of gastric PGE2, herein, exerted by pretreatment with
garlic extract.
Omeprazole exhibited similar results and increased the
gastric level of NO and PGE2. Earlier reports documented the
ability of omeprazole to increase gastric NO level and protect
the gastric tissue against ethanol induced ulcer in rats [38],
which may be through activating cNOS enzyme, thus restoring
the nitric oxide level [39]. Pretreatment with omeprazole,
herein, increased gastric PGE2 and this observed effect was in
line with other reports which documented the ability of
omeprazole to increase PGE2 level in rats with ethanol
induced ulcer [24]. Omeprazole was documented to have
antiulcerative activity through alpha-2 adrenergic receptor,
which has a direct correlation with gastroprotective
cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and PGE2 [40,41]. In addition,
omeprazole upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and PGE2,
which play an important role in ulcer healing through reepi-
thelization [42].
Fig. 4. Sections of gastric mucosa from omeprazole pretreated group (HE). (A) The section indicates normal gastric mucosa (Â100). (B) Gastric mucosa like normal and
gastric glands with slight dilation (Â400).
Fig. 5. Sections of gastric mucosa from garlic pretreated group (HE). (A) The section indicates focal erosion with desquamation of the superficial layer (Â100). (B) Sub-
mucosa shows inflammatory cells infiltration (arrow) (Â400).
N. E. El-Ashmawy et al. / Nutrition 32 (2016) 849–854 853
7. Conclusion
Aged garlic extract demonstrated in this study antioxidant
and anti-inflammatory activity required for maintaining gastric
mucosa homeostasis; thus, it could keep the required balance
between aggressive and defensive factors in the stomach. Garlic
extract could be used as a prophylactic therapy for patients who
have a high tendency to gastric ulceration. Although omeprazole
was superior to garlic extract and returned the gastroprotective
parameters to near normal, garlic extract retains the advantage
of being a natural product with no reported side effects. The
gastroprotective effect of garlic extract may require further
investigation in other experimental models as well as in clinical
settings.
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