1) The study evaluated lipids and oxidative stress in 80 patients with thyroid dysfunction, including 53 hypothyroid and 27 hyperthyroid patients, compared to 40 healthy controls.
2) In hypothyroid patients, T3, T4 levels were significantly decreased while TSH was elevated. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL were significantly increased compared to controls.
3) MDA levels were higher in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid patients compared to controls, indicating oxidative damage in thyroid disorders.
Study of serum magnesium and fasting blood glucose in hypertensioniosrjce
A study was carried out to determine the fasting blood glucose and serum magnesium levels in
patients with hypertension. A total of 80 hypertensive patients were evaluated, of which, 58 were males and 22
were females. The mean ages of male and female hypertensive subjects were 48.06±6.53 and 50.83±7.62
respectively. Hypomagnesemia was observed in 61.25% subjects and raised fasting blood glucose was identified
in 55.1% of individuals. Therefore occurrence of low serum magnesium and raised blood sugar level in patients
with hypertension was observed
CholesLo shows clinical significance in
helping reduce plasma cholesterol and
homocysteine levels and therefore affects
favourably the risk of subsequent development
of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our
findings suggest that the dose required to cause
such improvements in plasma lipid profile is
safe enough to be considered for use in general
population.
COMPARISON OF SERUM LEVELS OF ZINC AND LEPTIN IN FEMALE ENDURANCE AND SPRINTI...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Abstract in consideration of leptin effects such as reducing food intake and increasing energy consumption, many researchers
have sought to examine the relation between leptin and exercise. The presence of reports arguing that zinc can be a mediator in
leptin production indicates a possible relation between zinc and leptin. The purpose of this study was to compare plasma leptin,
plasma zinc, and their relationship in Elite female endurance and sprinting runner(n=15) with non-athletes(n=15).Blood samples
were obtained 24 h after training to measure plasma zinc and leptin levels. In the present study, we did not observe any significant
difference for plasma zinc and leptin levels between groups(p >0.05). There was not significant correlation between plasma leptin
and plasma zinc in the study groups.
Keywords: Leptin, Zinc, Athletes.
Association of cardio metabolic risk factors, serum nitric oxide metabolite a...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Cystatin C as a marker of Cardio metabolic disorder in obese South Indian ind...iosrjce
Human obesity is strongly associated with cardio metabolic disease. Cystatin C is a
naturally occurring protease inhibitor and marker of cardiovascular disease. The main objective of present
study was to estimate the serum levels of Cystatin C in individuals with normal BMI, and obese, aged between
18-39 Yrs and to compare the levels of serum Cystatin C among these individuals and to correlate the levels of
serum Cystatin C with cardio metabolic risk factors.
Material & Methods: The study population was taken from healthy volunteers of Mysore city, aged between 18-
39 years of either sex. The study population was divided into 2 groups based on BMI. Each group contains
sample size of 45. Fasting serum sample was analyzed for Blood glucose, Total cholesterol, Total Triglycerides,
Direct HDL cholesterol, Direct LDL Cholesterol by enzymatic method and serum Cystatin-C by
immunoturbidimetric method using auto analyser.
Results: The serum Cystatin C levels was significantly increased in obese groups, p value<0.001. The mean
serum Cystatin C levels in normal BMI group was 0.78±0.03, and in Obese group is 1.15±0.09. In the study
serum Cystatin C showed a positive correlation with serum glucose(r=0.61) serum triglycerides (r=0.7),
Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (r=0.80), TCHOL: HDL (r=0.71), HDL: LDL (r=0.70) respectively and
negative correlation with serum HDL (r=-0.52)
Study of serum magnesium and fasting blood glucose in hypertensioniosrjce
A study was carried out to determine the fasting blood glucose and serum magnesium levels in
patients with hypertension. A total of 80 hypertensive patients were evaluated, of which, 58 were males and 22
were females. The mean ages of male and female hypertensive subjects were 48.06±6.53 and 50.83±7.62
respectively. Hypomagnesemia was observed in 61.25% subjects and raised fasting blood glucose was identified
in 55.1% of individuals. Therefore occurrence of low serum magnesium and raised blood sugar level in patients
with hypertension was observed
CholesLo shows clinical significance in
helping reduce plasma cholesterol and
homocysteine levels and therefore affects
favourably the risk of subsequent development
of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our
findings suggest that the dose required to cause
such improvements in plasma lipid profile is
safe enough to be considered for use in general
population.
COMPARISON OF SERUM LEVELS OF ZINC AND LEPTIN IN FEMALE ENDURANCE AND SPRINTI...EDITOR IJCRCPS
Abstract in consideration of leptin effects such as reducing food intake and increasing energy consumption, many researchers
have sought to examine the relation between leptin and exercise. The presence of reports arguing that zinc can be a mediator in
leptin production indicates a possible relation between zinc and leptin. The purpose of this study was to compare plasma leptin,
plasma zinc, and their relationship in Elite female endurance and sprinting runner(n=15) with non-athletes(n=15).Blood samples
were obtained 24 h after training to measure plasma zinc and leptin levels. In the present study, we did not observe any significant
difference for plasma zinc and leptin levels between groups(p >0.05). There was not significant correlation between plasma leptin
and plasma zinc in the study groups.
Keywords: Leptin, Zinc, Athletes.
Association of cardio metabolic risk factors, serum nitric oxide metabolite a...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Cystatin C as a marker of Cardio metabolic disorder in obese South Indian ind...iosrjce
Human obesity is strongly associated with cardio metabolic disease. Cystatin C is a
naturally occurring protease inhibitor and marker of cardiovascular disease. The main objective of present
study was to estimate the serum levels of Cystatin C in individuals with normal BMI, and obese, aged between
18-39 Yrs and to compare the levels of serum Cystatin C among these individuals and to correlate the levels of
serum Cystatin C with cardio metabolic risk factors.
Material & Methods: The study population was taken from healthy volunteers of Mysore city, aged between 18-
39 years of either sex. The study population was divided into 2 groups based on BMI. Each group contains
sample size of 45. Fasting serum sample was analyzed for Blood glucose, Total cholesterol, Total Triglycerides,
Direct HDL cholesterol, Direct LDL Cholesterol by enzymatic method and serum Cystatin-C by
immunoturbidimetric method using auto analyser.
Results: The serum Cystatin C levels was significantly increased in obese groups, p value<0.001. The mean
serum Cystatin C levels in normal BMI group was 0.78±0.03, and in Obese group is 1.15±0.09. In the study
serum Cystatin C showed a positive correlation with serum glucose(r=0.61) serum triglycerides (r=0.7),
Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (r=0.80), TCHOL: HDL (r=0.71), HDL: LDL (r=0.70) respectively and
negative correlation with serum HDL (r=-0.52)
Raised Lipid Profile In Rheumatoid Arthritis- A Risk For CVDiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
EVALUATION OF SERUM LEVELS OF FASTING LIPID PROFILE IN PRE-ECLAMPTIC WOMEN
Wuraola Serah Nnaemeka, Olisekodiaka, MJ, Onuegbu, AJ, Ezeugwunne, IP, Maduka, IG, Suru, SM , Johnkennedy Nnodim
IRO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018, 1(1):20-23.
Potential role of uric acid in correlation with epidemics of hypertension and...Apollo Hospitals
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a microvascular complication of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine nucleotide metabolism and its primary mode of clearance is by renal excretion. Modifiable factors such as blood pressure, albuminuria, glycemic control, etc., play an important role in the progression of DN and none of them are curative. Hence, there is a pressing interest to identify other potentially modifiable factors such as UA in the progression of DN.
ABSTRACT- This study was undertaken to evaluate the serum levels of Oxidant (MDA) & antioxidant (SOD & Vitamin E) and compare oxidative stress (MDA) level among normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Oxidative stress has been relationship with mechanisms of EH (essential hypertension). A total number of 70 subjects were taken including both sex (Men and Women) between the ages of 35-70 years taken in this study. Exclusion criteria were chronic diseases, alcohol consumer, obesity, smoking/tobacco consumer and current use of any medication. Antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) were determined in serum. In 70 subjects out of 35 were found as an controls normotensive individuals and the cases 35 hypertensive patients. Serum MDA levels were highly significantly elevated in hypertensive patients in compared to normotensive individuals (4.39±0.98 µmol/l vs 1.51±0.70µmol/l and p < 0.0001). SOD acts as an antioxidant was highly significantly decrease in hypertensive patients in compared to normotensive individuals (0.44±0.06U/mg protein/min vs 0.96±0.04 U/mg protein/min and p <0.0001).>< 0.001). These findings demonstrate the strong association of SOD and Vitamin E level decrease in hypertensive patients and by MDA level increase in hypertensive patients. Oxidative stress in hypertensive patients increasing over time may play a role in the improvement of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, should be considered in further research.
Key Words: Hypertensive, Normotensive individuals, MDA, SOD, Vitamin E
ABSTRACT- Diabetes mellitus is associated with hyperglycemia and patients are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The present study
was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic value of Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in predicting risk of development of diabetic dyslipidemia. 70 clinically
diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus with the age range 30-75 years were included in the study group. Out of which 35 diabetic patients
with good glycemic control were included under Group A and 35 diabetic patients with poor glycemic control were included under Group B. 70 age
and sex matched healthy individuals served as controls. HbA1c demonstrated positive and significant correlation with total cholesterol (TC), low
density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL/HDL-C, non-HDL-C and TC/HDL-C ratio. Patients
with HbA1c value > 7.0% had significantly higher value of TC, Triacylglycerol (TAG), LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, non-HDL-C and TC/HDL-C
ratio as compared to the patients with HbA1c ≤ 7.0%. However, there was no significant difference in value of HDL-C between two groups. Thus
HbA1c can be used as a potential dual marker of glycemic control and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Keywords: - Type2 Diabetes Mellitus, Glycated hemoglobin, Dyslipidemia, Cardiovascular disease, Lipid Profile panel
Heart diseases due to hyperlipidemia (primary or secondary) can lead to cause chest pain, heart attacks,
strokes, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac failure. Because of these risks, treatment is often recommended for people with
hyperlipidemia, because it is well known factor to increase incidence of heart diseases. This may lead to
development of atherosclerotic plaques which is major etiological factor for establishing coronary artery disease
(CAD). Hypolipidemic drugs used in allopathy include Statins, Fibric acids, Niacin, and Resins but all have their
low compliance due to frequent side effects. Medicinal herbs like Onion and Ginger are hypolipidemic agents
commonly used as flavoring agents and making foods spicy and tasty. We have compared hypolipidemic potential
between these two medicinal herbs. The study was conducted at Ghurki Trust teaching hospital, Lahore from
January to June 2018. Eighty secondary hyperlipidemic patients were enrolled after getting written consent which
was approved by Ethics committee of the hospital. They were divided in two equal groups comprising 40 patients in
each group. Group-I was treated by Ginger 10 grams daily in three divided doses for 2 months. Group-II was
advised to take Onion 200 grams daily in divided amount with each meal i.e.; breakfast, lunch, and dinner for two
months. After two months therapy it was observed by statistical analysis that 10 grams ginger reduced TC (total
cholesterol) of 38 hyperlipidemic patients 12.4 gm/dl and LDL-C (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) 27.3 mg/dl.
In group-II, onion reduced TC in 35 patients 17.9 mg/dl and LDL-C 14.8 mg/dl. Changes in tested parameters are
significant biostatistically with p-values <0.01 to <0.001. We concluded from this research work that Onion and
Ginger reduces risk of CAD by decreasing plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
ABSTRACT- Previous studies have suggested an association between vegetarian persons and non-vegetarian persons, although this relationship
positive correlation significant. The present study was designed to investigate comparative study of lipid profile levels in vegetarian and nonvegetarian
person. The lipid profile is used to determine the risk of obesity, heart disease in myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and help in deciding
treatment has borderline or high risk. the present study was undertaken to compare case and control produce effect on individuals lipid profile, the
parameters of lipid metabolism i.e. cholesterol, tri-glyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein of the age of 20-85 years and early
aged 50 years and above males and females, divided categories i.e. vegetarian and non- vegetarian persons. the study was done on 20 cases in 10
control (non-vegetarians) and 10 cases (vegetarians) diet was significantly found to reduce the values of all the parameter lipid metabolism except
HDL-Cholesterol(45.02± 9.595; p<0.0001).when><0.0001 ) from this study, it can be concluded
that along with diet, sex and age factor also influence parameters of lipid metabolism.
Key words- Vegetarian persons, non-Vegetarian, Lipid profile
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein, a member of the transforming growth factor-B super family. This hormone is a sensitive marker of ovarian reserve. The present study aims to measure the Anti-Mullerian hormone in thalassemic females receiving the regular blood transfusion as well as patients of chronic idiopathic thrombocgtopenic purpura and age and sex matched controls. Serum Anti-Mullerian hormone was measured by ELISA and Ferritin were measured by RIA. Clinical evaluation was done for all patients including anthropometric measurements, pubertal staging and history taking. Results of the study were analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. Obtained results revealed that the values of Body Mass Index as well as Anti-Mullerian were significantly higher in controls than thalassemics and chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and there was a negative correlation between serum Ferritin and Anti-Mullerian hormone. Moreover, Anti-Mullerian hormone was significantly higher in patients receiving Desferal than in those receiving Deferriprone. Reduced Anti-Mullerian hormone in thalassemics as well as chronic ITP patients are considered an important indicator declines in ovarian function which entail modification in the therapeutic plans for thalassemic and chronic ITP patients.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Abstract—Abnormalities that characterizes lipoprotein metabolism in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients, fasting concentration of triglyceride rich lipoprotein especially very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) are higher and those of HDL, commonly measured as HDL-c, are lower than among people without diabetes, which leads to increased triglyceride HDL-c ratio and insulin resistance. This type of diabetic dyslipidemia is a major cause of oxidative stress which promote and accelerate atherosclerosis and thus, end organ damage AMI. This present study was carried at the Central Clinical Laboratory MIMSR Medical College Latur, with the aim to find out the role of lipoprotein-triglyceride in myocardial infarction in NIDDM. For this study, patient with myocardial infarction with NIDDM were selected after admitting in MIMSR Medical College Latur. These 25 cases were included in study group and age-matched to these cases 50 healthy subjects were selected as Control group. The lipid profile and total serum lipid peroxides (malondialdehyde) of study and control groups were assessed & compared. It was found that in the control group mean values of total cholesterol was 180.21 ± 18.13 mg % whereas it was 229.21± 23.58 in study group, which was significantly higher in study group. Likewise, mean Serum Triglycerides and Serum Lipid Peroxides (MDA) of study group were also found significantly (p<0.001) higher that of control group (228.14 v/s 99.9 and 410.22 v/s 180.96 respectively). It was also revealed in this study that mean Serum HDL-Cholesterol was found significantly lower in study group whereas LDL-Cholesterol (28.72 v/s 53.83) and VLDL-Cholesterol were found significantly higher in study group that control group (150.61 v/s 106.60 and 46.30 v/s 19.8). So it can be concluded that AMI patients with NIDDM have higher Total Serum Cholesterol, Serum Triglycerides, Serum Lipid Peroxides (MDA), LDL- Cholesterol and VLDL- Cholesterol with lower HDL- Cholesterol.
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and its occurrence is increasing fast in most of the countries. Herbal medicine derived from plant extracts have been utilized increasingly for the treatment of various disorders like diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti diabetic activity of ‘Herbamed’, a herbal formulation composed of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats model.
Raised Lipid Profile In Rheumatoid Arthritis- A Risk For CVDiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
EVALUATION OF SERUM LEVELS OF FASTING LIPID PROFILE IN PRE-ECLAMPTIC WOMEN
Wuraola Serah Nnaemeka, Olisekodiaka, MJ, Onuegbu, AJ, Ezeugwunne, IP, Maduka, IG, Suru, SM , Johnkennedy Nnodim
IRO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018, 1(1):20-23.
Potential role of uric acid in correlation with epidemics of hypertension and...Apollo Hospitals
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a microvascular complication of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine nucleotide metabolism and its primary mode of clearance is by renal excretion. Modifiable factors such as blood pressure, albuminuria, glycemic control, etc., play an important role in the progression of DN and none of them are curative. Hence, there is a pressing interest to identify other potentially modifiable factors such as UA in the progression of DN.
ABSTRACT- This study was undertaken to evaluate the serum levels of Oxidant (MDA) & antioxidant (SOD & Vitamin E) and compare oxidative stress (MDA) level among normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Oxidative stress has been relationship with mechanisms of EH (essential hypertension). A total number of 70 subjects were taken including both sex (Men and Women) between the ages of 35-70 years taken in this study. Exclusion criteria were chronic diseases, alcohol consumer, obesity, smoking/tobacco consumer and current use of any medication. Antioxidant enzymes activity and lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) were determined in serum. In 70 subjects out of 35 were found as an controls normotensive individuals and the cases 35 hypertensive patients. Serum MDA levels were highly significantly elevated in hypertensive patients in compared to normotensive individuals (4.39±0.98 µmol/l vs 1.51±0.70µmol/l and p < 0.0001). SOD acts as an antioxidant was highly significantly decrease in hypertensive patients in compared to normotensive individuals (0.44±0.06U/mg protein/min vs 0.96±0.04 U/mg protein/min and p <0.0001).>< 0.001). These findings demonstrate the strong association of SOD and Vitamin E level decrease in hypertensive patients and by MDA level increase in hypertensive patients. Oxidative stress in hypertensive patients increasing over time may play a role in the improvement of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, should be considered in further research.
Key Words: Hypertensive, Normotensive individuals, MDA, SOD, Vitamin E
ABSTRACT- Diabetes mellitus is associated with hyperglycemia and patients are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The present study
was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic value of Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in predicting risk of development of diabetic dyslipidemia. 70 clinically
diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus with the age range 30-75 years were included in the study group. Out of which 35 diabetic patients
with good glycemic control were included under Group A and 35 diabetic patients with poor glycemic control were included under Group B. 70 age
and sex matched healthy individuals served as controls. HbA1c demonstrated positive and significant correlation with total cholesterol (TC), low
density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL/HDL-C, non-HDL-C and TC/HDL-C ratio. Patients
with HbA1c value > 7.0% had significantly higher value of TC, Triacylglycerol (TAG), LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, non-HDL-C and TC/HDL-C
ratio as compared to the patients with HbA1c ≤ 7.0%. However, there was no significant difference in value of HDL-C between two groups. Thus
HbA1c can be used as a potential dual marker of glycemic control and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Keywords: - Type2 Diabetes Mellitus, Glycated hemoglobin, Dyslipidemia, Cardiovascular disease, Lipid Profile panel
Heart diseases due to hyperlipidemia (primary or secondary) can lead to cause chest pain, heart attacks,
strokes, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac failure. Because of these risks, treatment is often recommended for people with
hyperlipidemia, because it is well known factor to increase incidence of heart diseases. This may lead to
development of atherosclerotic plaques which is major etiological factor for establishing coronary artery disease
(CAD). Hypolipidemic drugs used in allopathy include Statins, Fibric acids, Niacin, and Resins but all have their
low compliance due to frequent side effects. Medicinal herbs like Onion and Ginger are hypolipidemic agents
commonly used as flavoring agents and making foods spicy and tasty. We have compared hypolipidemic potential
between these two medicinal herbs. The study was conducted at Ghurki Trust teaching hospital, Lahore from
January to June 2018. Eighty secondary hyperlipidemic patients were enrolled after getting written consent which
was approved by Ethics committee of the hospital. They were divided in two equal groups comprising 40 patients in
each group. Group-I was treated by Ginger 10 grams daily in three divided doses for 2 months. Group-II was
advised to take Onion 200 grams daily in divided amount with each meal i.e.; breakfast, lunch, and dinner for two
months. After two months therapy it was observed by statistical analysis that 10 grams ginger reduced TC (total
cholesterol) of 38 hyperlipidemic patients 12.4 gm/dl and LDL-C (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) 27.3 mg/dl.
In group-II, onion reduced TC in 35 patients 17.9 mg/dl and LDL-C 14.8 mg/dl. Changes in tested parameters are
significant biostatistically with p-values <0.01 to <0.001. We concluded from this research work that Onion and
Ginger reduces risk of CAD by decreasing plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
ABSTRACT- Previous studies have suggested an association between vegetarian persons and non-vegetarian persons, although this relationship
positive correlation significant. The present study was designed to investigate comparative study of lipid profile levels in vegetarian and nonvegetarian
person. The lipid profile is used to determine the risk of obesity, heart disease in myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and help in deciding
treatment has borderline or high risk. the present study was undertaken to compare case and control produce effect on individuals lipid profile, the
parameters of lipid metabolism i.e. cholesterol, tri-glyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein of the age of 20-85 years and early
aged 50 years and above males and females, divided categories i.e. vegetarian and non- vegetarian persons. the study was done on 20 cases in 10
control (non-vegetarians) and 10 cases (vegetarians) diet was significantly found to reduce the values of all the parameter lipid metabolism except
HDL-Cholesterol(45.02± 9.595; p<0.0001).when><0.0001 ) from this study, it can be concluded
that along with diet, sex and age factor also influence parameters of lipid metabolism.
Key words- Vegetarian persons, non-Vegetarian, Lipid profile
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) is a glycoprotein, a member of the transforming growth factor-B super family. This hormone is a sensitive marker of ovarian reserve. The present study aims to measure the Anti-Mullerian hormone in thalassemic females receiving the regular blood transfusion as well as patients of chronic idiopathic thrombocgtopenic purpura and age and sex matched controls. Serum Anti-Mullerian hormone was measured by ELISA and Ferritin were measured by RIA. Clinical evaluation was done for all patients including anthropometric measurements, pubertal staging and history taking. Results of the study were analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. Obtained results revealed that the values of Body Mass Index as well as Anti-Mullerian were significantly higher in controls than thalassemics and chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and there was a negative correlation between serum Ferritin and Anti-Mullerian hormone. Moreover, Anti-Mullerian hormone was significantly higher in patients receiving Desferal than in those receiving Deferriprone. Reduced Anti-Mullerian hormone in thalassemics as well as chronic ITP patients are considered an important indicator declines in ovarian function which entail modification in the therapeutic plans for thalassemic and chronic ITP patients.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Abstract—Abnormalities that characterizes lipoprotein metabolism in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients, fasting concentration of triglyceride rich lipoprotein especially very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) are higher and those of HDL, commonly measured as HDL-c, are lower than among people without diabetes, which leads to increased triglyceride HDL-c ratio and insulin resistance. This type of diabetic dyslipidemia is a major cause of oxidative stress which promote and accelerate atherosclerosis and thus, end organ damage AMI. This present study was carried at the Central Clinical Laboratory MIMSR Medical College Latur, with the aim to find out the role of lipoprotein-triglyceride in myocardial infarction in NIDDM. For this study, patient with myocardial infarction with NIDDM were selected after admitting in MIMSR Medical College Latur. These 25 cases were included in study group and age-matched to these cases 50 healthy subjects were selected as Control group. The lipid profile and total serum lipid peroxides (malondialdehyde) of study and control groups were assessed & compared. It was found that in the control group mean values of total cholesterol was 180.21 ± 18.13 mg % whereas it was 229.21± 23.58 in study group, which was significantly higher in study group. Likewise, mean Serum Triglycerides and Serum Lipid Peroxides (MDA) of study group were also found significantly (p<0.001) higher that of control group (228.14 v/s 99.9 and 410.22 v/s 180.96 respectively). It was also revealed in this study that mean Serum HDL-Cholesterol was found significantly lower in study group whereas LDL-Cholesterol (28.72 v/s 53.83) and VLDL-Cholesterol were found significantly higher in study group that control group (150.61 v/s 106.60 and 46.30 v/s 19.8). So it can be concluded that AMI patients with NIDDM have higher Total Serum Cholesterol, Serum Triglycerides, Serum Lipid Peroxides (MDA), LDL- Cholesterol and VLDL- Cholesterol with lower HDL- Cholesterol.
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and its occurrence is increasing fast in most of the countries. Herbal medicine derived from plant extracts have been utilized increasingly for the treatment of various disorders like diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti diabetic activity of ‘Herbamed’, a herbal formulation composed of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats model.
Interfacing of Java 3D objects for Virtual Physics Lab (VPLab) Setup for enco...IOSR Journals
During this paper we target the combination of web accessible physics experiments (VPLabs) combined with the Sun’s toolkit for making cooperative 3D virtual worlds. Among such a cooperative setting these tools give the chance for academics and students to figure along as avatars as they control actual instrumentation, visualize natural phenomenon generated by the experiment, and discuss the results. Especially we'll define the steps of integration, future goals, yet because the price of a collaboration area in Wonderland's virtual world.
Abstract—Subclinical Hypothyroidism is a much more common disorder with a world-wide occurrence as compared to overt Hypothyroidism. Overt Hypothyroidism is associated with abnormalities of lipid metabolism, but the significance of dyslipidemia in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) remains controversial.
Aims: To compare the lipid profile between subclinical hypothyroid patients & healthy controls (age & sex matched) so as to determine any association between lipid profile & subclinical hypothyroidism.
Materials and Methods: In a case-control study, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free T3, free T4, anti thyroperoxidase (TPO) antibodies, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, serum triglycerides were measured in 50 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and 50 age- and sex-matched Euthyroid controls after an overnight fasting.
Results: Mean serum triglycerides (TG) and very low-density cholesterol (VLDL) were significantly higher in patients with SCH than controls (P < 0.05). No association was found between serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and SCH.
Conclusions: Dyslipidemia is more common in SCH compared to controls. High serum triglycerides and VLDL were observed in patients with SCH.
Alterations of Mitochondrial Functions and DNA in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy of ...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Alterations of Mitochondrial Functions and DNA in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy of CCK1 Receptors-Deficient Rats by Abdelbary Prince, Magdy A Ghoneim, Abdallah M El-Ebidi, Hala A Mousa and Jin Han in Interventions in Obesity & Diabetes
This cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College Srinagar Kashmir. A total of 120 Kashmiri Type 2 diabetic patients and 30 normal controls were randomly selected. Diabetic dyslipidaemia is characterized by raised triglycerides, low high density lipoprotein and raised low density lipoprotein. Determination of serum lipid levels in people with diabetes is considered a standard of care because detection and treatment of dyslipidaemia is one means of reducing cardiovascular disease risk. The lipid profiles and lipoprotein levels of 120 known diabetic patients were studied. Total cholesterol (TC), Triacylglycerol’s (TG) Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were assayed for each group using standard biochemical methods. Dyslipidaemia was defined using the national cholesterol education programme – adult treatment panel III (NCEP-AT III) criteria. BMI and waist and hip circumferences were measured.
High Density Lipoproteins May Actually be Some Negative Acute Phase Proteins ...JapaneseJournalofGas
Patients with plasma HDL values lower than 40 mg/dL were collected into the first group, and then age and gender matched patients with plasma HDL values of 40 mg/dL
High Density Lipoproteins May Actually be Some Negative Acute Phase Proteins ...JohnJulie1
Patients with plasma HDL values lower than 40 mg/dL were collected into the first group, and then age and gender matched patients with plasma HDL values of 40 mg/dL and greater were collected into the second group, and compared in between
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
A comparative analysis of biochemical and hematological parameters in diabeti...amsjournal
This study evaluated the biochemical and the hematological parameters in diabetic and non- diabetic patients. The measured biochemical parameters were fasting blood sugar, serum alanine aminotransferase (SGPT/ALT), total cholesterol, urea, creatinine and hematological parameters were hemoglobin, total white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte,monocyte, eosinophil and ESR. There were 403 diabetic and 320 non-diabetic subjects included in this study and the study was carried out in BIRDEM (Bangladesh Institute of Research & Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders) General Hospital). It was observed that the mean values of SGPT/ALT (p<0.001),><0.001)><0.001)><0.001),><0.004),><0.001) of hematological parameters were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in the non-diabetic patients. In univariate analysis, all biochemical parameters and only four hematological parameters were found significantly associated with fasting blood sugar after adjusted with age and sex. The fasting blood sugar correlates highly with the other biochemical parameters but less or none with the hematological parameters. Our findings demonstrated that control of increased biochemical parameters and abnormal hematological levels in the early stage of diabetes mellitus may help the patients to raise quality of life.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Lipoproteins and Lipid Peroxidation in Thyroid disorders
1. IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB)
e-ISSN: XXXX-XXXX, p-ISSN: XXXX-XXXX, Volume 1, Issue 2 (Jan. – Feb. 2015), PP 32-37
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 32 | Page
Lipoproteins and Lipid Peroxidation in Thyroid disorders
O. Anjaneyulu1
, Supraja Pottennagari2
,Pavan Kumar Dammalapati3
1
(Department of Biochemistry, Siddhartha Medical College/ Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, India)
2
(Department of Biochemistry, Siddhartha Medical College/ Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences, India)
3
(Civil Assistant Surgeon/ ESI Hospital, Vijayawada, India)
Abstract: Alteration in thyroid function results in changes in composition and transport of lipoproteins.
Abnormalities of lipid metabolism associated with hypothyroidism may predispose to the development of
atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. The aim of our study is to evaluate lipids and the oxidative stress due to
thyroid dysfunction. Serum T3, T4, TSH, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, high density lipoprotein and
triglycerides were measured using standardized assays. In a total of 80 patients with thyroid dysfunction, 53
patients are hypothyroid and 27 patients are hyperthyroid as compared with 40 healthy controls. In hypothyroid
cases, T3 (2.741 ng/dl), T4 (7.3 µg/dl) are significantly decreased where as TSH (10.16 µ IU/ml) levels were
elevated. In hyperthyroid patients T3 (6.071 ng/dl) and T4 (7.36 µg/dl) were increased but TSH values are low
(2.042 µ IU/ml) but statistically not significant compared to controls. In hypothyroid cases total cholesterol
(5.87mg/dl), triglycerides (3.233mg/dl), LDL (5.48mg/dl), VLDL (3.142mg/dl) were significantly increased, but
there was no significant change in HDL cholesterol. In hyperthyroid cases, total cholesterol (2.51mg/dl), HDL
(3.066mg/dl) significantly high, whereas triglycerides (0.633mg/dl), LDL (2.149mg/dl) and VLDL (0.532mg/dl)
are within normal. MDA is higher in both hypothyroid (7.88mg/dl) and hyperthyroid (6.829mg/dl) cases. In
conclusion, thyroid disorders are related to oxidative damage in tissues.
Keywords: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, malondialdehyde, oxidative stress, thyroid
dysfunction
I. Introduction
1.1. Nature of the Problem
Iodine deficiency is a major nutrition problem in India.Functional studies of the goitrous subjects
showed overall prevalence of 5.4% in hypothyroidism, 1.9% in hyperthyroidism and of 7.5% in autoimmune
thyroiditis. (3, 4)
1.1.2. Purpose of Present Study
1.1.3. Lipid Metabolism and Peroxidation
Much of the energy utilized by a cell is for driving the Na- K ATPase activity. Thyroid hormones
enhance the function of this pump by increasing the number of pump units and associated increase of oxygen
consumption leads to the production of free oxygen radicals. On the other hand, Iodine oxidation is catalysed by
thyroperoxidase which requires H2O2 as an oxidizing agent. (5)
H2O2 production is believed to be NADPH –
dependant enzyme resembling cytochrome c reductase. TSH stimulates iodine incorporation into thyroglobulin
primarily by increasing H2O2 generation. (5, 6)
In hyperthyroidism TSH receptor antibodies stimulate the TSH
receptor to induce excessive and sustained thyroid hormones. (7)
Hence in hyperthyroidism there will be both
increase in hormone biosynthesis and free radical production. Several liver enzymes such as NADPH –
cytochrome P -450 reductase are regulated by the thyroid hormones and this enhanced activity of cytochrome p
450 reductase is responsible for the superoxide anion production and hydroperoxide in hyperthyroid state in rats.
(8, 9)
Hence hyperthyroid state is a pro oxidant state which is reflected as an oxidative stress at the cellular level
which is well documented in myopathy and cardiomyopathy.
The alternations in thyroid function results in changes in the composition and transport of lipoproteins.
(13, 14)
In general overt and subclinical hypothyroidism is associated with hypercholesterolemia mainly due to
elevation of LDL cholesterol levels, whereas high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration is usually
normal or even elevated (15, 16, 17)
and may predispose to the development of atherosclerotic coronary artery
disease. (23)
This is due to arterial constriction produced by angiotensin with its resultant intimal damage where
cholesterol is deposited.
Hyperthyroidism (both overt and subclinical) is accompanied by increased activity of HMG Co A
reductase, decreased levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL Cholesterol, apolipoprotein B and
2. Lipoproteins and Lipid Peroxidation in Thyroid disorders
www.iosrjournals.org 33 | Page
Lipoprotein A. These changes in lipid profile are explained by regulatory effect of thyroid hormones on the
activity of some key enzymes of lipoprotein metabolism one of which is the stimulation of denovo synthesis of
cholesterol. Furthermore, HDL cholesterol levels are also decreased due to increased CETP mediated transfer
of cholesteryl esters from HDL to VLDL and increased hepatic lipase mediated catabolism of HDL2.
Triglyceride levels remain unchanged. Hyperthyroidism results in enhanced LDL oxidability, which is strictly
related to free T4 levels. Also hyperthyroidism constitutes not only a significant cause of acquired hyper β
lipoproteinemia but also the unexplained improvement of the lipid profile. (25)
Hence Cholesterol levels are directly related to thyroid function. With normal thyroid function, there is
greater rate of cellular replacement with its attendant increased utilization of cholesterol. However,
hypothyroidism may result in decreased cholesterol production by the liver, which in turn may translate into
normal or low cholesterol levels. Thus a normal cholesterol level is not always an accurate indicator of normal
thyroid function but an elevated cholesterol level is an absolute indicator for hormone deficiency.
1.1.4. Previous work
The relation between hyperthyroidism and lipid peroxides determined by Kumar et al., found out that
lipid peroxide levels were significantly increased and the Ascorbic acid, GSH levels were decreased in
hyperthyroid patients. (26)
Komosinska et al., found out that there is increased incidence of lipid peroxidation in hyperthyroid
patients and is associated with increase in intracellular antioxidant enzymes. Extracellular anti free radical
scavenging systems potential, measured by glutathione reductase activity and total antioxidant status level, was
found to be significantly decreased in untreated Grave’s patients. Treatment with thiamazole resulted in
normalisation of free radical and antioxidant activity indices. (27)
In a study by Bianchi et al., they found out that plasma levels of ThioBarbituric Acid Reactive
substances (TBARS) which are by-products of lipid peroxidation were increased whereas Vitamin E and
coenzyme Q 10 were reduced.(28)
Constatini et al., studied the effect of different levels of thyroid hormone and metabolic activity on
LDL oxidation and found out that both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are characterised by higher levels
of LDL oxidation when compared to normolipidemic control subjects. In hyperthyroidism the lipid peroxidation
is strictly related to free thyroxine levels, where as in hypothyroidism it was strongly related to serum lipids.(29)
In a study to examine the relationship between hyperthyroid state and the oxidative state by Kader et
al., Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Thiol (SH) levels were determined and found that MDA levels were raised in
hyperthyroid patients and SH levels were lower.(30)
No single study determined the effect of thyroid dysfunction (both hypothyroidism and
hyperthyroidism) and lipid peroxidation. Many studies point to that hyperthyroidism causes lipid peroxidation.
Hence the present study is aimed to evaluate the lipids and the oxidative stress due to thyroid dysfunction.
II. Materials
After institutional ethics committee approval 80 patients with thyroid dysfunction and 40 healthy
controls were taken for study. After 12 hours overnight fasting, 6ml blood was withdrawn by standard
venipuncture, serum was separated and T3, T4, TSH were estimated according to the protocol mentioned in the
test kits from ERBA. The estimation of triglycerides is with dynamic extended stability with lipid clearing agent
(Glycerol Phosphate Oxidase – Trinder method). (31, 32, 33)
The estimation of Cholesterol is by Dynamic extended
stability with lipid clearing agent (CHOD – PAP method or Modified Roeschalau’s method) (34, 35)
HDL
Cholesterol estimation is done by Phosphotungstic Acid method. (36)
Estimation of Malondialdehyde (MDA) is
by Thiobarbituric Acid (TBA) reaction.
III. Results
Table 1: Demographic Data
Age(Yrs) Controls Hypothyroid Hyperthyroid
3. Lipoproteins and Lipid Peroxidation in Thyroid disorders
www.iosrjournals.org 34 | Page
Male Female Male Female Male Female
1 – 10 2 - - 2 - -
11 – 20 - 7 1 6 - 6
21 – 30 2 11 1 17 1 5
31 – 40 1 11 3 10 - 7
41 – 50 2 2 2 7 1 5
51 – 60 - 2 2 1 - 2
61 – 70 - - 1 - - -
Total 07 33 10 43 2 25
44 patients are from the age group of 21 – 40 yrs and out of 53 hypothyroid patients 31 are in this age group; 13
out of 27 hyperthyroid patients are in this group.
Table 2:Comparison of T3, T4, TSH, Triglycerides, T.Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL and MDA in control,
Hypothyroid and Hyperthyroid cases.
S.No Parameter Control Hypothyroid Hyperthyroid
1 T3 (ng/dl) 137. 6± 45.3 108 ± 55.6 411 ± 280
2 T4 (µg/dl) 7.7 ± 2.5 4.05 ± 2.3 15.2 ± 5.7
3 TSH (µ IU/ml) 2.7 ± 1.3 15.4 ± 7.8 1.8 ± 2.3
4 T. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 193 ± 23 250 ± 58 172 ± 45
5 HDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) 43 ± 7.4 44 ± 6.6 38 ± 5
6 LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) 127 ± 24 174 ± 50 111 ± 37
7 VLDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) 23 ± 5.3 32 ± 17.5 24 ± 10
8 Triglycerides (mg/dl) 115 ± 26 161 ± 87 121 ± 51
9 MDA (n.mol/dl) 221 ± 54 638 ± 331 582 ± 329
Table 3:Comparison of statistical values of T3, T4, TSH, Triglycerides, T.Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL and
MDA in control and Hypothyroid cases.
S.No Parameter “t” “p” value
1 T3 (ng/dl) 2.741 < 0.001
2 T4 (µg/dl) 7.3 > 0.001
3 TSH (µ IU/ml) 10.16 > 0.001
4 T. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 5.87 > 0.001
5 HDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) 0.685 < 0.20
6 LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) 5.48 > 0.001
7 VLDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) 3.142 < 0.002
8 Triglycerides (mg/dl) 3.233 < 0.002
9 MDA (n.mol/dl) 7.88 > 0.001
Table 4:Comparison of statistical values of T3, T4, TSH, Triglycerides, T.Cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL and
MDA in control and Hyperthyroid cases.
S.No Parameter “t” “p” value
1 T3 (ng/dl) 6.071 >0.001
2 T4 (µg/dl) 7.36 > 0.001
3 TSH (µ IU/ml) 2.042 < 0.02 (NS)
4 T. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 2.51 < 0.01
5 HDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) 3.066 < 0.002
6 LDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) 2.149 > 0.02 (NS)
7 VLDL Cholesterol (mg/dl) 0.532 < 0.5 (NS)
8 Triglycerides (mg/dl) 0.633 < 0.5 (NS)
9 MDA (n.mol/dl) 6.829 > 0.001
In our study, a total number of 80 patients with thyroid dysfunction were included. Out of them, 53
patients are hypothyroid and 27 patients are hyperthyroid. The values are compared with 40 healthy controls. 44
patients out of 80 study group are from the age group of 21 to 40 years. In hypothyroidism 31 out of 53 belongs
to the same age group. 13 out of 27 hyperthyroidism are also in the same age group.
Plasma T3, T4 and TSH levels were determined by ELISA method in all the groups. In hypothyroid
cases hormone levels are significantly decreased T3 (2.741 ng/dl) and T4 (7.3 µg/dl) where as TSH (10.16 µ
4. Lipoproteins and Lipid Peroxidation in Thyroid disorders
www.iosrjournals.org 35 | Page
IU/ml) levels were elevated compared to controls. (Table 2.) In hyperthyroid patients T3 (6.071 ng/dl) and T4
(7.36 µg/dl) were increased but the TSH values are low (2.042 µ IU/ml) but statistically not significant
compared to controls. Basing on this, lipoprotein fractions were analyzed in both hypothyroid and hyperthyroid
cases. In hypothyroid cases total cholesterol (5.87mg/dl), triglycerides (3.233mg/dl), LDL cholesterol
(5.48mg/dl), VLDL cholesterol (3.142mg/dl) were significantly increased, but there was no significant change
in HDL cholesterol. (Table 3.) In hyperthyroid cases, total cholesterol (2.51mg/dl) and HDL Cholesterol
(3.066mg/dl) significantly high, whereas triglycerides (0.633mg/dl) LDL cholesterol (2.149mg/dl) and VLDL
cholesterol (0.532mg/dl) (Table 4.) has no significant change compared to controls.
IV. Discussion
In thyroid patients, despite the reduced activity of the HMG - Co A reductase; there is often an increase
in the total cholesterol concentration, mainly due to raised levels of serum LDL cholesterol and intermediate
density lipoprotein (IDL) cholesterol. (17, 37)
Also, decreased activity of LDL receptors resulting in decreased
receptors’ mediated catabolism of LDL and IDL is the main cause of the cholesterolemia observed in
hypothyroidism. (31, 36)
Hypertriglyceridemia associated with increased levels of VLDL and occasionally fasting
chylomicronemia are found less commonly in this population. These changes are attributable to the decreased
activity of LPL, which results in a decreased clearance of triglyceride rich lipoproteins. (39)
The VLDL and IDL particles in hypothyroidism are rich in cholesterol and apolipoprotein E, thus
resembling β - VLDL particles of type III hyperlipoproteinemia. (40)
Hence these lipid abnormalities predispose to the development of atherosclerotic coronary artery
disease. Furthermore, hypothyroidism may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis by other
mechanisms as outlined below:
1) Decreased thyroid function not only increases number of LDL particles but also promotes LDL oxidability.
An obvious reason being that T4 has three binding sites on apolipoprotein B and inhibit LDL oxidation in
vitro. (10)
2) Thyroid failure is accompanied by an increase in plasma homocysteine levels with its known adverse effect
on the cardiovascular system. (41)
3) Hypothyroidism is strongly associated with arterial hypertension via sympathetic and adrenal activation and
increased aortic stiffness. (42)
4) The insufficient concentrations of thyroid hormones induces a hypercoaguable state. (23)
Despite the increased activity of the HMG Co A reductase, levels of total cholesterol, LDL Cholesterol,
apolipoprotein B and Lp (a) tend to decrease in patients with clinical or subclinical hyperthyroidism due to
increased bile excretion of cholesterol and mainly to increased LDL receptor gene expression resulting in
enhanced LDL receptor mediated catabolism of LDL particles. (24)
Hypothyroid patients usually exhibit elevated levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
mainly due to increased concentration of HDL2 particle. Decreased activity of the cholesteryl ester transfer
protein (CETP) results in reduced transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to VLDL, thus increasing HDL
cholesterol levels. Furthermore decreased activity of hepatic lipase leads to decreased catabolism of HDL2. (23)
Furthermore, HDL cholesterol levels are also decreased in hyperthyroidism due to increased CETP
mediated transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to VLDL and increased hepatic lipase mediated catabolism of
HDL2. Triglyceride levels remain unchanged. Hyperthyroidism results in enhanced LDL oxidability, which is
related to free T4 levels. However, hypothyroidism constitutes not only a significant cause of acquired
hypobetalipoproteinemia but can also the underlying cause of unexpected improvements of the lipid profile of
hyperlipidemic patients. (25)
Videla et al., have reported that the rate of lipid peroxidation induced by free oxygen radicals increases
in hyperthyroidism but is suppressed in hypothyroidism. (43, 44, 45, 46)
Contrary to this Mano et al., suggested that
lipid peroxidation decreases in hyperthyroidism and increases in hypothyroidism. (47)
On the other hand,
Dumitriu et al., defended that lipid peroxidation increases in both states by different mechanisms. (12)
5. Lipoproteins and Lipid Peroxidation in Thyroid disorders
www.iosrjournals.org 36 | Page
The free oxygen radicals produced in excess may cause toxic effects which is described as oxidative
damage on biological membranes. The oxidation of membrane lipids has been implicated as one of the
preliminary events in the oxidative cellular damage. (48)
Due to the increased activity of HMG Co A reductase, levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol tend
to decrease in patients with hyperthyroidism due to increased bile excretion of cholesterol and mainly due to
increased LDL receptor gene expression resulting in enhanced LDL receptor mediated catabolism of LDL
particles. HDL cholesterol levels are also decreased even though not significant due to increased CETP
mediated transfer of cholesteryl esters from HDL to VLDL and increased hepatic lipase mediated catabolism of
HDL2. Triglyceride levels remain unchanged in hyperthyroidism (TABLE 5.)
In our study, Malondialdehyde (MDA), a breakdown product of lipid peroxidation estimated to assess
the extent of oxidative damage due to the thyroid dysfunction. MDA was found to be higher in both hypothyroid
(7.88mg/dl) and hypothyroid cases (6.829mg/dl) compared to controls (TABLE 2.); which is comparable other
studies by Videla et al., (45, 49)
In conclusion, Hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism is associated with pro-oxidant state which will be
reflected as an oxidative stress at cellular level to the tissues which are subjected to the action thyroid hormones.
V. Conclusion
Thyroid disorders are known to influence lipid metabolism and are common in dyslipidemic patients.
Hypothyroidism have an adverse effect on the serum lipid profile that may predispose to the development of
atherosclerotic disease. Hyperthyroidism is also a pro oxidant state and decreased HDL cholesterol. MDA levels
are increased in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism which is an indirect marker for lipid peroxidation.
Hence we conclude that lipid peroxidation is present in both states of thyroid dysfunction.
References
[1]. Hetzel B.S, Iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) and their eradication, Lancet,12(2)1983,1126 - 9.
[2]. Usha Menon V, Sundaram KR, Unnikrishnan AG, Jayakumar RV, Nair V, Kumar H. High prevalence of undetected thyroid
disorders in an iodine sufficient adult south Indian population, Journal of the Indian Medical Association 107(2), 2009, 72-7.
[3]. Shah SN, Joshi SR. Goiter and Goitrogenesis–some insights, JAPI,48(Supp 1), 2000, 13-4.
[4]. Abraham R, Murugan VS, Pukazhvanthen P and Sen SK, Thyroid Disorders in Women of Puducherry. Indian Journal of Clinical
Biochemistry 24, 2009, 52-59.
[5]. Greenspan FS, Rapoport B, Thyroid gland, Basic and Clinical endocrinology, 3(Appleton and Lange) 188-246.
[6]. DeGroot LJ, Niepomniszcze H, Biosynthesis of thyroid hormone - Basic and clinical aspects,Metabolism: 1977; 26: 665-673.
[7]. Foley TP. The relationship between autoimmune thyroid disease iodine intake: a review. Endokrynol Pol 43, 1992, 53 – 69.
[8]. Landriscina C, Petragallo V, Morini P, Marcotrigiano GO. Lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes, stimulation of the NADPH –
cytochrome P- 450 reductase dependant process in hyperthyroid state. Biochemistry International 17, 1988, 385 – 393.
[9]. Teare JP, Greenfield SM, Marway JS, Preedy VR, Punchard NA, Peters TJ, Thompson RP. Effect of thyroidectomy and
adrenalectomy on changes in liver glutathione and malanaldehyde levels after ethanol injection. Free Radical Biology and Medicine
14, 1993, 655 – 660.
[10]. Diekman T, Demacker PN. Increased oxidability of low density lipoprotein in hypothyroidism. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology
and Metabolism, 83, 1998, 1752 – 1755.
[11]. DanisIuK, MarchiuleniteDIu, DaniteEIu, CherniauskeneRCh. Vitamin E and malondialdehyde in blood serum of thyrotoxicosis
patients. ProblEndokrinol (Mosk), 36, 1990, 21 – 24.
[12]. Dumitriu L, Bartoc R, Ursu H, Purice M, Ionescu V. Significance of high levels of serum malonyldialdehyde (MDA) and
Ceruloplasmin (CP) in hyper and hypothyroidism. Endocrinologie, 26, 1988, 35 – 38.
[13]. Duntas LH. Thyroid disease and lipids. Thyroid, 12, 2002, 287 – 293.
[14]. Friis T, Penderson LR. Serum lipids in hyper and hypothyroidism before and after treatment. ClincaChimicaActa, 162, 1987, 155 –
163.
[15]. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, Ridgway C. The Colorado thyroid prevalence study.Arch Intern Med,160 (4), 2000, 526-534.
[16]. Muls E, Rossenen M, Blaton V. Serum lipids and apolipoproteins A – I, A – II in primary hypothyroidism before and during
treatment. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 14, 1984, 12- 15.
[17]. O’ Brien T, Dinneen SF, Palumbo PJ. Hyperlipidemia in patients with primary and secondary hypothyroidism. Mayo ClinProc. 68,
1990, 860 – 866.
[18]. Ness GC, Dugan RE, Lakshmanan MR, Nepokroeff CM, Porter JW. Stimulation of hepatic ™-hydroxy-methyl-glutaryl Coenzyme
A reductase in hypophysectomized rats by L-triiodothyronine.Proc Natl Acad Sci US. 70, 1973, 3839 – 3842.
[19]. Bakker O, Hudig F, Meijssen S, Weirsinga WM. Effects of triiodothyronineandamiodarone on the promoter of the human LDL
receptor gene. BiochemBiophysResCommun. 240, 1998, 517 – 521.
6. Lipoproteins and Lipid Peroxidation in Thyroid disorders
www.iosrjournals.org 37 | Page
[20]. Lagrost L. Regulation of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity:Review of invitro and in vivo studies.
BiochemBiophysActa. 1215, 1994, 209 – 236.
[21]. Dullaart R.P.F., HoogenbergK,Groener J.E.M., Dikkescheo, L.D., Erkelens, D.W., Doorenbos, H. The activity of cholestryl ester
transfer protein is decreased in hypothyroidism: possible contributions to alterations in high density lipoproteins. European Journal
of Clinical Investigation. 20, 1990, 513 – 521.
[22]. Kussi T, Sacrinen P, Nikkila EA. Evidence for the role of hepatic endothelial lipase in the metabolism of plasma high density
lipoprotein 2 in man. Atherosclerosis. 36, 1980, 589 – 593.
[23]. Dernellis J, Panaretou M. Effects of thyroid replacement therapy on arterial blood pressure in patients with hypertension and
hypothyroidism. Am Heart J.143, 2002: 718 - 724.
[24]. Aviram M, Luboshitzky R, Brook JG. Lipid and lipoprotein pattern in thyroid dysfunction and the effect therapy. ClinBiochem. 15,
1982, 62 – 66.
[25]. Liberopoulos E, Miltiadous G, Elisaf M. Impressive lipid changes following hypolipidaemic drug administration can unveil
subclinical hyperthyroidism. DiabetObesMetab. 3, 2001, 97 – 98.
[26]. K. M. Mohan Kumar, Zachariah Bobby, N. Selvaraj, Ashok Kumar Das, Bidhan Chandra Koner, S. K. Sen, R. Ramesh, P.
Ranganathan. Possible link between glycatedhemoglobin and lipid peroxidation in hyperthyroidism. ClinicaChimicaActa.342, 2004,
187-192.
[27]. Komosinska-Vassev K, Olczyk K, Kucharz EJ, Marcisz C, Winsz-Szczotka K, Kotulska A. Free radical activity and antioxidant
defense mechanisms in patients with hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease during therapy. ClinChimActa. 300, 2000, 107-117.
[28]. Bianchi G, Solaroli E, Zaccheroni V, Grossi G, Bargossi AM, Melchionda N, Marchesini G. Oxidative stress and anti-oxidant
metabolites in patients with hyperthyroidism: effect of treatment. HormMetab Res. 31, 1999, (11), 620-624.
[29]. FabrizioCostantini, Sante D. Pierdomenico, Domenico De Cesare, Pierluigi De Remigis, ToninoBucciarelli, Gabriele Bittolo-Bon,
Giuseppe Cazzolato, Giuseppe Nubile, Maria T. Guagnano, Sergio Sensi, Franco Cuccurullo, Andrea Mezzetti. Effect of Thyroid
Function on LDL Oxidation. ArteriosclerThrombVasc Biol. 18, 1998, 732-737.
[30]. Kader K, Sukran T, Pakiza D: The relationship between high plasma thyroid hormone T3, T4 levels and oxidative damage. Ann.
Med. Sci. 6, 1997, 102-106.
[31]. Abrams JJ, Grundy SM. Cholesterol metabolism in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in man. J Lipid Res. 22, 1981, 323 – 338.
[32]. McGowan MW, Artiss JD, Strandbergh DR, Zak BA. Peroxidase-coupled method for colorimetric determination of serum
triglycerides. Clin Chem.29, 1983, 538-542.
[33]. Product data sheet. Triglyceride – G code No. 997 – 69801, WAKO Pure Chemical Industries Ltd., Dallas TX.
[34]. Allain CC, Poon LS, Chan CSG, Richmond W, Fu PC. Enzymatic determination of total serum Cholesterol.Clin Chem. 20, 1974,
470 - 475.
[35]. Roeschlau P, Bernt E, Gruber WA.Enzymatic determination of total cholesterol in serum. JClinChemClinBiochem. 12, 1974, 226.
[36]. ICMR Bulletin. Mathematical Models for Optimizing and Predicting outcome of intervention measures for the control of Lymphatic
filariasis. 2002: 3.
[37]. Stone NJ. Secondary causes of hyperlipidemia. Med Clin North Am. 78, 1994, 117 – 141.
[38]. Thompson GR, Soutar AK, Spengel FA, Jadhav A, Gavigan S, Myant NB. Defects of the receptor medicated low mediated low
density lipoprotein metabolism in homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and hyperthyroidism in vivo. ProcNatlAcadSci USA.
78, 1981, 2591 – 2596.
[39]. Nikkilia EA, Kekki M. Plasma triglyceride metabolism in thyroid disease. J Clin Invest. 51, 1972, 2103 – 2114.
[40]. Clifford C, Salel AF, Shore B, Shore V, Mason DT. Mechanisms of lipoprotein alterations in patients with idiopathic
hypothyroidism. Circulation. 18, 1975, 51 – 52.
[41]. BicikovaM, Tallova J, Hill M, Vanuga A, Putz Z, Tomandl J. Effect of treatment of hypothyroidism on the plasma concentrations
of neuroactive steroids and homocysteine. ClinChem Lab Med. 39, 2001, 753 – 757.
[42]. Fommei E, Lervasi G. The role of thyroid hormone in blood pressure homeostasis: evidence from short term hypothyroidism in
humans. J ClinEndocrinolMetab. 87, 2002, 1996 – 2000.
[43]. Asayama K, Kato K. Oxidative muscular injury and its relevance to hyperthyroidism. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 8, 1990, 293 – 303.
[44]. Pereira B, Rosa LF, Sufi DA, Bechara EJ, Curi R. Control of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities in
rat lymphoid organs by thyroid hormones. J Endocrinol. 140, 1994, 73 – 77.
[45]. Videla LA, Sir T Wolff C. Increased lipid peroxidation in hyperthyroid patients: suppression by propylthiourasil treatment. Free
RadicResCommun. 5, 1988, 1- 10.
[46]. Zaiton Z, Merican Z, Khalid BA, Mohammed JB, Baharom S. The effects of propranolol on skeletal contraction, lipid peroxidation
products and antioxidant activity in experimental hyperthyroidism. Gen Pharmacol. 24, 1993, 195 – 199.
[47]. Mano T, Sinohara R, Sawai Y, Oda N, Nishida Y, Mukumo T, Asano K, Ito Y, Kotake M, Hamada M. Changes in lipid
peroxidation and free radical scavengers in the brain of hyper and hypothyroid agents in rats. J Endocrinol. 147, 1995, 361 – 365.
[48]. Halliwell B. Reactive oxygen species in living system and role in human disease. Am J Med. 14, 1991: Suppl 3C, S – 22S.
[49]. Asayama K, Dobashi K, Hayashibe H, Kato K. Vitamin E protects against thyroxine – induced acceleration of lipid peroxidation in
cardiac and skeletal muscles in rats. J NutrSciVitaminol. 35, 1989, 407 – 418.