Heart diseases due to hyperlipidemia (primary or secondary) can lead to cause chest pain, heart attacks,
strokes, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac failure. Because of these risks, treatment is often recommended for people with
hyperlipidemia, because it is well known factor to increase incidence of heart diseases. This may lead to
development of atherosclerotic plaques which is major etiological factor for establishing coronary artery disease
(CAD). Hypolipidemic drugs used in allopathy include Statins, Fibric acids, Niacin, and Resins but all have their
low compliance due to frequent side effects. Medicinal herbs like Onion and Ginger are hypolipidemic agents
commonly used as flavoring agents and making foods spicy and tasty. We have compared hypolipidemic potential
between these two medicinal herbs. The study was conducted at Ghurki Trust teaching hospital, Lahore from
January to June 2018. Eighty secondary hyperlipidemic patients were enrolled after getting written consent which
was approved by Ethics committee of the hospital. They were divided in two equal groups comprising 40 patients in
each group. Group-I was treated by Ginger 10 grams daily in three divided doses for 2 months. Group-II was
advised to take Onion 200 grams daily in divided amount with each meal i.e.; breakfast, lunch, and dinner for two
months. After two months therapy it was observed by statistical analysis that 10 grams ginger reduced TC (total
cholesterol) of 38 hyperlipidemic patients 12.4 gm/dl and LDL-C (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) 27.3 mg/dl.
In group-II, onion reduced TC in 35 patients 17.9 mg/dl and LDL-C 14.8 mg/dl. Changes in tested parameters are
significant biostatistically with p-values <0.01 to <0.001. We concluded from this research work that Onion and
Ginger reduces risk of CAD by decreasing plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
Alterations of Mitochondrial Functions and DNA in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy of ...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Alterations of Mitochondrial Functions and DNA in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy of CCK1 Receptors-Deficient Rats by Abdelbary Prince, Magdy A Ghoneim, Abdallah M El-Ebidi, Hala A Mousa and Jin Han in Interventions in Obesity & Diabetes
Potential role of uric acid in correlation with epidemics of hypertension and...Apollo Hospitals
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a microvascular complication of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine nucleotide metabolism and its primary mode of clearance is by renal excretion. Modifiable factors such as blood pressure, albuminuria, glycemic control, etc., play an important role in the progression of DN and none of them are curative. Hence, there is a pressing interest to identify other potentially modifiable factors such as UA in the progression of DN.
In Pakistan, the overall prevalence of dyslipidemia in adolescents aged 10–18 years is 21.7~25.2%; prevalence is reported to be two times higher (53.1~56.1%) in obese adolescents. However, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between height and blood lipid concentrations in children and adolescents The recent emphasis on treatment of the dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome (hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein, and increased small, dense low-density lipoprotein particle number) has compelled practitioners to consider lipid-lowering therapy in a greater number of their patients, as one in two individuals over age 50 has the metabolic syndrome. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome typically have normal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and current lipid-lowering guidelines may underestimate their cardiovascular risk. Two subgroups of patients with the metabolic syndrome are at particularly high risk for premature CAD. One, individuals with type 2 diabetes, accounts for 20-30% of early cardiovascular disease. The second, familial combined hyperlipidemia, accounts for an additional 10-20% of premature CAD. Familial combined hyperlipidemia is characterized by the metabolic syndrome in addition to a disproportionate elevation of apolipoprotein B levels. The measurement of fasting glucose and apolipoprotein B, in addition to the fasting lipid profile, can help to estimate CAD risk in patients with the metabolic syndrome. In this research we compared allopathic medication and medicinal herb in treating hyperlipidemia.
Rice bran is fabricated from the rice milling enterprise and contains about 10% of the entire weight of rough rice. It is especially composed of aleurone, pericarp, subaleurone layer, and germ. Rice bran is a fertile supply of nutrients, minerals, vital fatty acids, dietary fiber, and different sterols. The quantification of γ-oryzanol in rice bran can be conducted by many methods that require drawing out of rice bran oil (RBO) from the bran, accompanied by way of evaluation of the quantity of γ-oryzanol in the RBO with the aid of high-performance liquid chromatography. RBO is the oil drain out of the outer rigid surface of rice called chaff (rice husk). It is identified for its excessive smoke factor of 232°C (450°F) and soft taste, making it pleasant for excessive-temperature cooking strategies such as blend and deep frying. It is healthy for human expenditure, which is employed in the system of vegetable ghee. Wax was drawn out of RBO and palpanese extract, which is employed for carnauba wax in makeup, confectionery, shoe lotions, and sharpening compounds. It is accepted as a food preparation oil in numerous Asian countries, along with Bangladesh, Japan, India, and China. Regarding the importance of RBO, this overview intends to pay attention at the phytochemistry and therapeutic functions of RBO.
Heart diseases due to hyperlipidemia (primary or secondary) can lead to cause chest pain, heart attacks,
strokes, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac failure. Because of these risks, treatment is often recommended for people with
hyperlipidemia, because it is well known factor to increase incidence of heart diseases. This may lead to
development of atherosclerotic plaques which is major etiological factor for establishing coronary artery disease
(CAD). Hypolipidemic drugs used in allopathy include Statins, Fibric acids, Niacin, and Resins but all have their
low compliance due to frequent side effects. Medicinal herbs like Onion and Ginger are hypolipidemic agents
commonly used as flavoring agents and making foods spicy and tasty. We have compared hypolipidemic potential
between these two medicinal herbs. The study was conducted at Ghurki Trust teaching hospital, Lahore from
January to June 2018. Eighty secondary hyperlipidemic patients were enrolled after getting written consent which
was approved by Ethics committee of the hospital. They were divided in two equal groups comprising 40 patients in
each group. Group-I was treated by Ginger 10 grams daily in three divided doses for 2 months. Group-II was
advised to take Onion 200 grams daily in divided amount with each meal i.e.; breakfast, lunch, and dinner for two
months. After two months therapy it was observed by statistical analysis that 10 grams ginger reduced TC (total
cholesterol) of 38 hyperlipidemic patients 12.4 gm/dl and LDL-C (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) 27.3 mg/dl.
In group-II, onion reduced TC in 35 patients 17.9 mg/dl and LDL-C 14.8 mg/dl. Changes in tested parameters are
significant biostatistically with p-values <0.01 to <0.001. We concluded from this research work that Onion and
Ginger reduces risk of CAD by decreasing plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
Alterations of Mitochondrial Functions and DNA in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy of ...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Alterations of Mitochondrial Functions and DNA in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy of CCK1 Receptors-Deficient Rats by Abdelbary Prince, Magdy A Ghoneim, Abdallah M El-Ebidi, Hala A Mousa and Jin Han in Interventions in Obesity & Diabetes
Potential role of uric acid in correlation with epidemics of hypertension and...Apollo Hospitals
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a microvascular complication of Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Uric acid (UA) is the end product of purine nucleotide metabolism and its primary mode of clearance is by renal excretion. Modifiable factors such as blood pressure, albuminuria, glycemic control, etc., play an important role in the progression of DN and none of them are curative. Hence, there is a pressing interest to identify other potentially modifiable factors such as UA in the progression of DN.
In Pakistan, the overall prevalence of dyslipidemia in adolescents aged 10–18 years is 21.7~25.2%; prevalence is reported to be two times higher (53.1~56.1%) in obese adolescents. However, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between height and blood lipid concentrations in children and adolescents The recent emphasis on treatment of the dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome (hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein, and increased small, dense low-density lipoprotein particle number) has compelled practitioners to consider lipid-lowering therapy in a greater number of their patients, as one in two individuals over age 50 has the metabolic syndrome. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome typically have normal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and current lipid-lowering guidelines may underestimate their cardiovascular risk. Two subgroups of patients with the metabolic syndrome are at particularly high risk for premature CAD. One, individuals with type 2 diabetes, accounts for 20-30% of early cardiovascular disease. The second, familial combined hyperlipidemia, accounts for an additional 10-20% of premature CAD. Familial combined hyperlipidemia is characterized by the metabolic syndrome in addition to a disproportionate elevation of apolipoprotein B levels. The measurement of fasting glucose and apolipoprotein B, in addition to the fasting lipid profile, can help to estimate CAD risk in patients with the metabolic syndrome. In this research we compared allopathic medication and medicinal herb in treating hyperlipidemia.
Rice bran is fabricated from the rice milling enterprise and contains about 10% of the entire weight of rough rice. It is especially composed of aleurone, pericarp, subaleurone layer, and germ. Rice bran is a fertile supply of nutrients, minerals, vital fatty acids, dietary fiber, and different sterols. The quantification of γ-oryzanol in rice bran can be conducted by many methods that require drawing out of rice bran oil (RBO) from the bran, accompanied by way of evaluation of the quantity of γ-oryzanol in the RBO with the aid of high-performance liquid chromatography. RBO is the oil drain out of the outer rigid surface of rice called chaff (rice husk). It is identified for its excessive smoke factor of 232°C (450°F) and soft taste, making it pleasant for excessive-temperature cooking strategies such as blend and deep frying. It is healthy for human expenditure, which is employed in the system of vegetable ghee. Wax was drawn out of RBO and palpanese extract, which is employed for carnauba wax in makeup, confectionery, shoe lotions, and sharpening compounds. It is accepted as a food preparation oil in numerous Asian countries, along with Bangladesh, Japan, India, and China. Regarding the importance of RBO, this overview intends to pay attention at the phytochemistry and therapeutic functions of RBO.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Obesity and hyperlipidemia is international /worldwide problem causing heart disease leading to major predisposing factor for morbidity and death. Conventional medicine used in allopathy include statins, fibrates, niacin and resins but are going to defame due to their adverse effects. Herbal medicine ginger has proved itself as one of the potent anti hyperlipidemic and anti obesity herb with least adverse effects. We did try to compare its hypolipidemic effects with placebo effects when used in mild to moderate hyperlipidemic patients. It was placebo-controlled single blind research study. Research was conducted at National hospital, Lahore, from July to November 2016. Consent was taken from sixty hyperlipidemic patients age range from 25 to 60 years. Both gender male and female patients were enrolled. Patients were randomly divided in two groups, 30 patients were on drug ginger pasted-powder advised to take 5 grams in divided doses with their normal diet for the period of three months. Thirty patients were on placebo pasted-wheat powder, with same color as of ginger powder, advised to take 5 grams in divided doses with their normal diet for the period of three months. Their base line lipid profile and body weight was recorded at start of treatment and were advised to come for check-up, fortnightly.
International Journal of Medical Science in Clinical Research and Review Vol 03, Issue 02,April – 2020 Page |
229
When duration of study was over, their lipid profile and body weight was measured and compared statistically with pre-treatment values. Three months treatment with 5 grams of ginger decreased total cholesterol from 233.11±1.53 mg/dl to 198.44±1.23 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol reduced from 202.21±1.88 mg/dl to 187.72± 1.98 mg/dl, reduced body weight from 76.01±2.66 kg to 72.80±1.87 kg. Both plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol reduction was statistically significant, but body weight decrease was non-significant when analyzed biostatistically.
CholesLo shows clinical significance in
helping reduce plasma cholesterol and
homocysteine levels and therefore affects
favourably the risk of subsequent development
of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our
findings suggest that the dose required to cause
such improvements in plasma lipid profile is
safe enough to be considered for use in general
population.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Obesity and hyperlipidemia is international /worldwide problem causing heart disease leading to major predisposing factor for morbidity and death. Conventional medicine used in allopathy include statins, fibrates, niacin and resins but are going to defame due to their adverse effects. Herbal medicine ginger has proved itself as one of the potent anti hyperlipidemic and anti obesity herb with least adverse effects. We did try to compare its hypolipidemic effects with placebo effects when used in mild to moderate hyperlipidemic patients. It was placebo-controlled single blind research study. Research was conducted at National hospital, Lahore, from July to November 2016. Consent was taken from sixty hyperlipidemic patients age range from 25 to 60 years. Both gender male and female patients were enrolled. Patients were randomly divided in two groups, 30 patients were on drug ginger pasted-powder advised to take 5 grams in divided doses with their normal diet for the period of three months. Thirty patients were on placebo pasted-wheat powder, with same color as of ginger powder, advised to take 5 grams in divided doses with their normal diet for the period of three months. Their base line lipid profile and body weight was recorded at start of treatment and were advised to come for check-up, fortnightly.
International Journal of Medical Science in Clinical Research and Review Vol 03, Issue 02,April – 2020 Page |
229
When duration of study was over, their lipid profile and body weight was measured and compared statistically with pre-treatment values. Three months treatment with 5 grams of ginger decreased total cholesterol from 233.11±1.53 mg/dl to 198.44±1.23 mg/dl, LDL cholesterol reduced from 202.21±1.88 mg/dl to 187.72± 1.98 mg/dl, reduced body weight from 76.01±2.66 kg to 72.80±1.87 kg. Both plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol reduction was statistically significant, but body weight decrease was non-significant when analyzed biostatistically.
CholesLo shows clinical significance in
helping reduce plasma cholesterol and
homocysteine levels and therefore affects
favourably the risk of subsequent development
of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our
findings suggest that the dose required to cause
such improvements in plasma lipid profile is
safe enough to be considered for use in general
population.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The use of Nauplii and metanauplii artemia in aquaculture (brine shrimp).pptxMAGOTI ERNEST
Although Artemia has been known to man for centuries, its use as a food for the culture of larval organisms apparently began only in the 1930s, when several investigators found that it made an excellent food for newly hatched fish larvae (Litvinenko et al., 2023). As aquaculture developed in the 1960s and ‘70s, the use of Artemia also became more widespread, due both to its convenience and to its nutritional value for larval organisms (Arenas-Pardo et al., 2024). The fact that Artemia dormant cysts can be stored for long periods in cans, and then used as an off-the-shelf food requiring only 24 h of incubation makes them the most convenient, least labor-intensive, live food available for aquaculture (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021). The nutritional value of Artemia, especially for marine organisms, is not constant, but varies both geographically and temporally. During the last decade, however, both the causes of Artemia nutritional variability and methods to improve poorquality Artemia have been identified (Loufi et al., 2024).
Brine shrimp (Artemia spp.) are used in marine aquaculture worldwide. Annually, more than 2,000 metric tons of dry cysts are used for cultivation of fish, crustacean, and shellfish larva. Brine shrimp are important to aquaculture because newly hatched brine shrimp nauplii (larvae) provide a food source for many fish fry (Mozanzadeh et al., 2021). Culture and harvesting of brine shrimp eggs represents another aspect of the aquaculture industry. Nauplii and metanauplii of Artemia, commonly known as brine shrimp, play a crucial role in aquaculture due to their nutritional value and suitability as live feed for many aquatic species, particularly in larval stages (Sorgeloos & Roubach, 2021).
ESR spectroscopy in liquid food and beverages.pptxPRIYANKA PATEL
With increasing population, people need to rely on packaged food stuffs. Packaging of food materials requires the preservation of food. There are various methods for the treatment of food to preserve them and irradiation treatment of food is one of them. It is the most common and the most harmless method for the food preservation as it does not alter the necessary micronutrients of food materials. Although irradiated food doesn’t cause any harm to the human health but still the quality assessment of food is required to provide consumers with necessary information about the food. ESR spectroscopy is the most sophisticated way to investigate the quality of the food and the free radicals induced during the processing of the food. ESR spin trapping technique is useful for the detection of highly unstable radicals in the food. The antioxidant capability of liquid food and beverages in mainly performed by spin trapping technique.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
ANAMOLOUS SECONDARY GROWTH IN DICOT ROOTS.pptxRASHMI M G
Abnormal or anomalous secondary growth in plants. It defines secondary growth as an increase in plant girth due to vascular cambium or cork cambium. Anomalous secondary growth does not follow the normal pattern of a single vascular cambium producing xylem internally and phloem externally.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
ISI 2024: Application Form (Extended), Exam Date (Out), EligibilitySciAstra
The Indian Statistical Institute (ISI) has extended its application deadline for 2024 admissions to April 2. Known for its excellence in statistics and related fields, ISI offers a range of programs from Bachelor's to Junior Research Fellowships. The admission test is scheduled for May 12, 2024. Eligibility varies by program, generally requiring a background in Mathematics and English for undergraduate courses and specific degrees for postgraduate and research positions. Application fees are ₹1500 for male general category applicants and ₹1000 for females. Applications are open to Indian and OCI candidates.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
2. Mastoi, et al.: Cholesterol deposition in blood vessels causes coronary artery disease
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2023/Vol 14/Issue 1 46
through the blood toward the heart then it may leads
to cardiac arrest and if it enters the brain then it may
increase the chances of stroke. The main etiology
of elevated cholesterol in blood is high intake of
several saturated fats. Cholesterol is attached or
carried by lipoproteins as it cannot travel freely in
the blood.Atherosclerotic problems are encountered
with enhancement of low density lipoprotein (LDL)
uptake by monocytes and macrophages.[1,2]
In the
liver, uptake of plasma LDLis mediated via specific
LDL receptors, but a scavenger receptor system is
employed by macrophages. Plasma LDL must be
modified prior to uptake by macrophages. Analysis
of the lipid content in the oxidatively modified LDL
from hyper lipidemic patients revealed that the level
of lysophosphatidylcholine was greatly elevated,
and the high level of the lysolipid was shown to
impair the endothelium-dependent relaxation of the
blood vessels.[3-7]
In allopathy blood lipid levels are
normalized by statins, fibrates, niacin, and bile acid
binding resins (BABRs). All of these allopathy-
related drugs have low compliance ranges from
mild compliance due to metalic taste of BABRs to
severe side effects like rhabdomyolysis by fibrates
and statins.[8]
Due to low compliance and adverse
effects of conventionally used hypolipidemic
agents, herbal medicines are going to be famous
among physicians and cardiologists.[9]
Medicinal
herbs such as Curcuma Longa, Fenugreek,
and Lemon contents are being used as mild to
moderate hypolipidemic agents. Curcuma Longa
commonly known as Haldi in India and Pakistan
is used to lower plasma lipids, in view of their
contents. It contains Curcuminoids (curcumin,
demethoxycurcumin, and bisdemethoxycurcumin),
turmerone, atlantone, zingiberene, proteins, and
resins.[10]
Curcumin reduces both the oxidation and
circulation of oxidized levels of LDL cholesterol
which leads to reduction in the occurrence or
treatment of already present atherosclerosis
in the subjects.[11]
Research has revealed that
curcumin from turmeric is an extremely efficient
agent in increasing cholesterol uptake by the
liver cells.[12]
Several independent studies have
shown that curcumin increases the expression
of cholesterol and lipoprotein receptors on the
liver cells.[13]
Curcumin also increases cholesterol
and bile acids excretion in feces.[14]
In addition,
curcumin also increases the amount ofATP-binding
cassette (ABC) transporters. These transporters are
basically involved in flushing out excess cholesterol
from the inside of the macrophages. When the
numbers of ABC transporters are increased on the
surface of a macrophage, the deposited cholesterol
is effluxes out through these channels again into the
blood. Through the blood, it reaches liver where
it is metabolized efficiently.[15]
The composition
of fenugreek includes a large number of chemical
components. They include proteins and amino
acids, flavonoids, saponins and steroidal saponins,
coumarin,lipids,vitamins,minerals,galactomannan
fiber, and alkaloids, such as trigonelline. Extracts
are available standardized to contain 50% saponins
or 20% of the amino acid 4-hydroxyisoleucine.[16]
Treatment with fenugreek. Seed powder normalized
the enhanced lipid peroxidation and increased
susceptibility to oxidative stress associated
with depletion of antioxidants.[17]
The steroidal
saponins (diosgenin, yamogenin, tigogenin, and
neotigogenin) are thought to inhibit cholesterol
absorption and synthesis and hence its potential role
in arteriosclerosis.[18]
Phenolics in Curcuma Longa
have potential health benefits mainly due to their
antioxidantpropertiessuchasreactiveoxygenspecies
scavenging and inhibition, electrophile scavenging
and metal chelation.[19]
Epidemiological studies
support a relationship between the consumption of
phenolic rich food products and a low incidence
of coronary heart disease, atherosclerosis, certain
forms of cancer, and stroke.[20]
Lipid peroxidation
is inhibited by flavonoids and flavanones present in
lemon.[21]
PATIENTS AND METHODS
The research work was conducted at Jinnah
Hospital, Lahore from January to May 2019 with
approval of Research Ethics Committee of the
Hospital.
Sample Size
Ninety hyperlipidemic patients were selected for
research work.
3. Mastoi, et al.: Cholesterol deposition in blood vessels causes coronary artery disease
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2023/Vol 14/Issue 1 47
Consent
Written consent was taken from all patients.
Specific Performa was designed for the research
work. Hyperlipidemic patients were selected with
age range from 19 to 70 years.
Exclusion Criteria
Exclusion criteria were hypertension,
hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, alcohol
addictive patients, peptic ulcer, any gastrointestinal
upset, renal impairment, and any hepatic or cardiac
problem.
Grouping
All patients were divided in three groups (Group-I,
Group-II, and Group-III), 30 patients in each
group. Their baseline lipid profile data were taken
and filed in specifically designed Performa, at start
of taking medicine, such as lipid profile, blood
pressure, and pulse rate.
Lipid Profile
Serum lipid profile (total cholesterol [TC],
High density lipoprotein [HDL-cholesterol],
triglyceride) parameters were determined after a
12 h overnight fast by standard methods. LDL-
cholesterol level was calculated according to the
Friedewald’s formula. Thirty patients of Group-I
were advised to take 500 mg of Curcuma longa
(Haldi) mixed in fresh milk without cream,
thrice daily for 2 months. Group-II patients
were advised to take 100 g of Fenugreek leaves
mixed with salad in each meal (thrice daily)
for the period of 2 months. Group-III patients
were advised to take 40 mL of fresh lemon juice
mixed with 40 mL mineral water thrice daily
for 2 months. They all were advised not to take
heavy meal rich with any type of fat like junk
food. One h daily brisk walk was advised to all
participants. Fifteen-day follow-up visit was
scheduled for them. After 2 months, their lipid
profile was redetermined.
Statistical Analysis
Mean values of the day-0 and day-60 of tested
parameters (TC, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides
(TG), and HDL cholesterol) ± SD were taken to be
analyzed statistically. SPSS 10 version 2.00.01.10
was used to analyze pre-treatment and post-
treatment values of all parameters. Paired “t” test
was applied to determine changes in pre- and
post-treatment values. P 0.05 was considered as
non-significant changes in tested parameters, and
P 0.01 was considered as significant changes.
RESULTS
Hyperlipidemia is abnormally elevated levels of
any or all lipids or lipoproteins in the blood. It is the
most common form of dyslipidemia (which includes
any abnormal lipid levels). When results were
compiled and statistically analyzed using SPSS 10
version 02.00.01.10, it revealed that curcuma longa
decreased TG), TC, and LDL cholesterol of 29
hyperlipidemic patients 20.01, 16.10, and 17.59 mg/
dl, respectively. Raise in HDL cholesterol in this
group was 03.70 mg/dl. Fenugreek leaves reduced
TG, TC, LDL cholesterol of 28 hyperlipidemic
patients 17.33, 14.70, and 17.06 mg/dl, respectively.
Lemon juice reduced TC, TG, and LDL cholesterol
15.45, 10.13, and 11.97 mg/dl, respectively. HDL
raised 03.55 mg/dl in this group. Changes in all
tested parameters and their statistical significance
are shown in following table. Tables 1, 2, and
3 are self explanatory and shows values of total
cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density
lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and high density
lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) before and after
treatment. Statistical significance in change of
values (p-value) is described against each tested
parameter of lipid profile.
DISCUSSION
Modern primary care practitioners spend
considerable time and effort on preventative
medicine.Diagnosingandmanaginghyperlipidemia
as a way to prevent cardiovascular disease (CVD)
is a common activity for primary care physicians.
4. Mastoi, et al.: Cholesterol deposition in blood vessels causes coronary artery disease
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2023/Vol 14/Issue 1 48
According to Centers for Disease Control data
from a survey of 1492 physicians who provide
ambulatory care in non-government settings,
hyperlipidemia is second only to hypertension in
the list of the 10 most common chronic conditions
that were seen. Cholesterol is a fatty substance that
is carried around the body in the blood. The body
produces most cholesterol naturally, and it is found
in some foods. Lipoproteins carry cholesterol in the
blood. The two main types that carry cholesterol
to and from cells are called LDL-C and HDL-C.
The lower the density of the lipoproteins the more
fats it contains. HDL cholesterol is called the “good
cholesterol”becauseithelpstokeepcholesterolfrom
building up in the arteries. LDL cholesterol is called
the “bad cholesterol” because it is the main source
of cholesterol build-up and blockage in the arteries.
Statin medication work to reduce this LDL-C. In
our results lemon, curcula longa, and Fenugreek
proved that significant reduction occurs in TC, TG,
and LDL cholesterol using these herbal preparation/
mixture. However, all of these three herbs have
no significant influence on HDL cholesterol.
Same results did prove in the study conducted by
Wiseman et al.,[22]
who described that pectin present
in these three herbs inhibit enterohepatic circulation
of bile acids and excrete cholesterol in feces.
Flavenoids present in Fenugreek are responsible
for inhibition of cholesterol synthesis.[23]
Gidez et
al.,[24]
stated that herbal medications have more than
one or two mechanism to balance plasma lipids in
hyperlipidemic patients. Bingham et al.,[25]
stated
that the major reasons for hypercholesterolemia
in today’s world are obesity, consuming high fat
food, diabetes, and having a family history of high
cholesterol.This disorder is reported to affect a large
number of people all across the world and is one
of the leading causes of death as well. Cholesterol
is reduced in the body by managing weight
and diet. Regular exercise, lesser consumption
of fatty foods, more consumption of fruits and
vegetables help in ameliorating the symptoms of
hypercholesterolemia. However, in most cases,
medications also known as anti-hypertensive and
anti-cholesterol drugs are also required, especially
in chronic cases. There are several problems
associated with medications though and people
Table 2: Parameters values before and after treatment
with their statistical significance in group‑2 (n=28)
(Fenugreek or Methi)
Values before
treatment
Values after
treatment
Difference P‑value
TC at day‑0
280.56±1.06
TC at day‑60
265.86±2.65
4.70 ≤0.001
TG at day‑0
224.87±1.55
TG at day‑60
207.54±1.98
17.33 ≤0.001
LDL‑C at day‑0
213.13±2.78
LDL‑C at day‑60
196.07±1.56
17.06 ≤0.001
HDL‑C at day‑0
35.19±2.32
HDL‑C at day‑60
38.08±1.67
2.89 ≤0.001
KEY: All values are written in mean and±stands for standard error of mean.
T‑C: Serum total cholesterol, TG: Serum triglycerides, LDL‑C: Low density
lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL‑C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol. All
parameters pre and post‑treatment are measured in mg/d. n: Sample size. P0.01
stands for significant change, P0.05 stands for non‑significant change
Table 3: Parameters values before and after treatment
with their statistical significance in Group‑3 (n=29)
(Lemon water)
Values before
treatment
Values after
treatment
Difference P‑value
TC at day‑0
258.21±2.12
TC at day‑60
242.76±1.89
Difference 15.45 ≥0.05
TG at day‑0
246.56±2.11
TG at day‑60
236.43±2.43
10.13 ≥0.05
LDL‑C at day‑0
179.08±2.87
LDL‑C at day‑60
167.11±1.77
11.97 ≥0.05
HDL‑C at day‑0
36.22±1.77
HDL‑C at day‑60
39.77±1.55
3.55 ≥0.05
KEY: All values are written in mean and±stands for standard error of mean.
T‑C: Serum total cholesterol, TG: Serum triglycerides, LDL‑C: Low density
lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL‑C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol. All
parameters pre‑ and post‑treatment are measured in mg/d. n: Sample size. P0.01
stands for significant change, P0.05 stands for non‑significant change
Table 1: Parameters values before and after treatment
with their statistical significance in Group‑1 (n=29)
(Curcuma longa or haldi)
Values before
treatment
Values after
treatment
Difference P‑value
TC at day‑0
271.87±1.04
TC at day‑60
255.77±2.77
16.10 ≤0.001
TG at day‑0
216.09±2.43
TG at day‑60
196.08±2.45
20.01 ≤0.001
LDL‑C at day‑0
179.65±2.87
LDL‑C at day‑60
162.06±2.51
17.59 ≤0.001
HDL‑C at day‑0
37.95±1.45
HDL‑C at day‑60
41.65±1.91
3.70 ≤0.001
KEY: All values are written in mean and±stands for standard error of mean.
T‑C: Serum total cholesterol, TG: Serum triglycerides, LDL‑C: Low density
lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL‑C: High density lipoprotein cholesterol. All
parameters pre and post‑treatment are measured in mg/d. n: Sample size. P0.01
stands for significant change, P0.05 stands for non‑significant change
are now switching toward newer and less toxic
therapies to control and reduce cholesterol levels
5. Mastoi, et al.: Cholesterol deposition in blood vessels causes coronary artery disease
IJPBA/Jan-Mar-2023/Vol 14/Issue 1 49
in the body. Several natural herbs, supplements,
and food products are known to maintain healthy
cholesterol levels and reduce cholesterol in mild
hypercholesterolemia. These therapies, if opted for,
help in preventing the disorder but are less helpful
in chronic cases of this disease. In an experiment,[26]
controlled dosing of turmeric was used to feed
hypercholesterolemic rabbits and the effects on
LDL oxidation was analyzed. It was found that
turmeric extracts efficiently and quickly reduced
the levels of cholesterol in the blood along with the
incidences of atherosclerosis with time. The reason
for these therapeutic effects, when analyzed, was
found to be the preventive action of turmeric on
the oxidation of LDL cholesterol. Mattern et al.,[27]
have also explained same important mechanism of
action of Turmeric that oil of these seeds inhibits
enterohepatic circulation causing biosynthesis of
bile acids instead of cholesterol by hepatocytes.
The results obtained from research work conducted
by Geleijnse et al.[28]
revealed that all extracts of
the fenugreek exhibit antioxidant activity. These
findings suggest that the fenugreek extracts could
act as potent source of antioxidants. Magee et al.[29]
mentioned that many herbs and their constituents
have potential to reduce total plasma cholesterol
LDL cholesterol, and TG but they do not raise HDL
cholesterol because it needs special plasma proteins
as lipoproteins responsible for structural and
functional integrity of HDL particles. The fact that
hyperlipidemia is a strong risk factor for CVD is
well established. Hyperlipidemia refers to elevated
cholesterol, elevated TG or both. The problem
can be due solely to hereditary factors, but more
commonly, it is an acquired condition. Physicians
need to know the major categories of dyslipidemia
and to have a well-reasoned action plan for dealing
with each one, including knowing when to refer a
casetoalipidologyspecialist.Itisthepurposeofthis
paper to review the categories of hyperlipidemia, the
current treatment recommendations and the current
controversies and unresolved questions.[30-36]
CONCLUSION
We concluded from this research work that
Curcuma longa, Fenugreek leaves and Lemon
have hypolipidemic potential to decrease total
cholesterol, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein
cholesterol when used for two months. These herbs
do not raise high density lipoprotein cholesterol
when used for two months.
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