This document provides information about the Biomed newsletter from Adichunchanagiri Institute of Medical Sciences. It includes the editorial board members and details about the second issue of Biomed from July 2012. The newsletter aims to keep pace with trends in biochemistry and provide valuable information to readers. It thanks the principal for support and encourages readers to provide suggestions. A picture shows members of the Department of Biochemistry.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Intermittent fasting and metabolic syndromefathi neana
Metabolic syndrome reached an epidemic
No Cure by Insulin, Drugs, Low fat diet
Can be cured by Bariatric surgery, Intermittent fasting, Very low carb diet
Introduction, Integration of CM risk factors, Targeting obesity, Management of hypertension, Management of dyslipidemia, Antiplatelet therapy, Management of microalbuminuria, CB1 blockade
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Intermittent fasting and metabolic syndromefathi neana
Metabolic syndrome reached an epidemic
No Cure by Insulin, Drugs, Low fat diet
Can be cured by Bariatric surgery, Intermittent fasting, Very low carb diet
Introduction, Integration of CM risk factors, Targeting obesity, Management of hypertension, Management of dyslipidemia, Antiplatelet therapy, Management of microalbuminuria, CB1 blockade
Nutrition is a key factor in the onset and progression of cognitive decline, yet despite a growing pool of research, little evidence exists to support the efficacy of single nutrients in this complex area. The most promising evidence comes from specific dietary patterns and nutrients in the prevention and slowed progression of neurodegenerative disease. During this webinar, Dr Bailey will focus on the synergistic role of key nutrients involved in the mechanisms that drive cognitive decline and support healthy brain aging. Topics include:
- Risk factors for cognitive decline
- Biological mechanisms underpinning cognitive decline
Dietary patterns that offer protection and support against cognitive decline
- The role of specific nutrients in protecting brain health and function
- Nutritional recommendations for healthy brain ageing
Effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabetics - https://emulincanada.comAj Martirano
Effect of Emulin on Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetics https://emulincanada.com
,effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabet ,emulin diabetes ,igalen emulin diabetes ,emulin type 2 diabetes
During this webinar, Dr Bailey will provide an update on current research into the systems and pathways that contribute to inflammatory illness onset and progression and provides you with practical solutions to support your clients with chronic inflammatory health conditions. Covering the latest applied nutrition science, she will review what we know today about the role of omega-3s, digestive health, NFK-B in inflammation and the therapeutic potential of EPA & DHA, curcumin, CoQ10, quercetin, specific probiotic strains and more.
Nutraceutical and functional food:as a remedy for chronical diseasesAayush Wadhwa
A thorough presentation for reference only. I have discussed detailed mechanisms and processes of various food components in diet and how they are associated with chronical diseses
Nutraceuticals , Herbal Drug Technology-6th Semester.pptxRahul Dev
Types of Nutraceutical products available in the market. Health benefits and role of Nutraceuticals in ailments like Diabetes, CVS diseases, Cancer, Irritable bowel syndrome and various Gastro intestinal diseases.
Nutrition is a key factor in the onset and progression of cognitive decline, yet despite a growing pool of research, little evidence exists to support the efficacy of single nutrients in this complex area. The most promising evidence comes from specific dietary patterns and nutrients in the prevention and slowed progression of neurodegenerative disease. During this webinar, Dr Bailey will focus on the synergistic role of key nutrients involved in the mechanisms that drive cognitive decline and support healthy brain aging. Topics include:
- Risk factors for cognitive decline
- Biological mechanisms underpinning cognitive decline
Dietary patterns that offer protection and support against cognitive decline
- The role of specific nutrients in protecting brain health and function
- Nutritional recommendations for healthy brain ageing
Effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabetics - https://emulincanada.comAj Martirano
Effect of Emulin on Blood Glucose in Type 2 Diabetics https://emulincanada.com
,effect of emulin on blood glucose in type 2 diabet ,emulin diabetes ,igalen emulin diabetes ,emulin type 2 diabetes
During this webinar, Dr Bailey will provide an update on current research into the systems and pathways that contribute to inflammatory illness onset and progression and provides you with practical solutions to support your clients with chronic inflammatory health conditions. Covering the latest applied nutrition science, she will review what we know today about the role of omega-3s, digestive health, NFK-B in inflammation and the therapeutic potential of EPA & DHA, curcumin, CoQ10, quercetin, specific probiotic strains and more.
Nutraceutical and functional food:as a remedy for chronical diseasesAayush Wadhwa
A thorough presentation for reference only. I have discussed detailed mechanisms and processes of various food components in diet and how they are associated with chronical diseses
Nutraceuticals , Herbal Drug Technology-6th Semester.pptxRahul Dev
Types of Nutraceutical products available in the market. Health benefits and role of Nutraceuticals in ailments like Diabetes, CVS diseases, Cancer, Irritable bowel syndrome and various Gastro intestinal diseases.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
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Includes Information about Pharmacotherapeutic of Diabetes Mellitus, all details about etiology, Pathophysiology, pharmacology, treatment, current clinical trials on DM etc.
Resveratrol, Caloric Restriction and Longevity in Human Mitochondrial Dysfunc...Ayetenew Abita Desa
Caloric restriction and the phytoalexin resveratrol found to increase longevity and decrease aging. This is the summary I have made after extensive review. everybody is invited to comment on it.
Biochemistry is the study of the structure and function of biological molecules such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids.
Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of living things. This includes organic molecules and their chemical reactions.
Biochemistry deals with body substance like enzymes, carbohydrates, amino acids, fats, proteins, hormones, DNA, RNA, pigments etc.
The major objective of biochemistry is the complete understanding of all chemical processes associated with living cells at the molecular level. Some of the objectives can be listed as follows:
1. Isolation, structural elucidation and the determination of mode of action of biomolecules.
2. Identification of disease mechanisms.
3. Study of in born errors of metabolism.
4. Study of oncogenes in cancer cells.
5. The relationship of biochemistry with the genetics, physiology, immunology, pharmacology, toxicology etc.
Biochemistry is related to almost all the life sciences and without biochemistry background and knowledge, a through understanding of health and well-being is not possible.
П. Сутерс "Проявления инсулинорезистентности и гликемический контроль в интен...rnw-aspen
Доклад с 15 Межрегиональной научно-практической конференции "Искусственное питание и инфузионная терапия больных в медицине критических состояний" 21-22 мая 2015 г
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
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1. Adichunchanagiri
Institute of Medical
Sciences
Chief Patron
Paramapoojya
Sri Sri Sri
Dr.Balagangdharanatha
Mahaswamiji
Chief Advisor
Dr Shivaramu M.G.
Principal A.I.M.S.
Chief Editor
Dr Aliya Nusrath.
Professor & Head
Dept. of Biochemistry
Editorial Board
Dr. Rajeshwari A.
Assoc. Professor
Sri. Somashekar G.N.
Asst. Professor
Dr. Chikkanna D.
Asst. Professor
Dr Maithri C.M.
Asst. Professor
Members
Dr. Divija D.A
Tutor cum PG
Dr. Prathibha K.
Tutor cum PG
Biomed
Dept of Biochemistry
___________________________________________________
News letter
VOLUME 1 ISSUE 2 JULY 2012
___________________________________________________
From Editor’s Desk
Greetings
Biochemistry is currently the most rapidly
developing field of health science and it is important for us
to keep pace with changing trends. With pride and
privilege, we are presenting the second issue of Biomed.
We would like to thank our principal Dr. Shivaramu M.G.
for his support and encouragement. We request one and all
to kindly send their valuable suggestions.
Department of Biochemistry
From left to right, Standing:
Dr. Divija D, Sri Krishne Gowda, Sri Mahalinge Gowda,
Sri Hongere Gowda, Dr. Maithri, Dr. Pratibha K,
Middle: Dr. Chikkanna D, Sri Somashekhar GN
Sitting: Dr. Mahantesh Patil, Dr. Aliya Nusrath,
Dr. Rajeshwari A
2. METABOLIC SYNDROME
Metabolic syndrome, also known as syndrome X, insulin resistance syndrome and Reaven’s
syndrome includes a group of metabolic risk factors that come together in a single individual and increases
the risk factors that come together in a single individual and increases the risk of developing cardiovascular
disease and diabetes. The risk factors are insulin resistance, hypertension, cholesterol abnormalities and
increased risk for clotting.
According to the American heart association and the national heart lung and blood institute, any
three of the following traits in the same individual meet the criteria for metabolic syndrome.
1. A waist circumference of ≥ 40 inches (102cm) in men and ≥35 inches (88cm) in women.
2. Serum triglycerides ≥150mg/dl.
3. HDL cholesterol ≤ 40mg/dl in men and 50mg/dl in women.
4. Blood pressure of ≥ 130/85 mm of Hg.
5. Fasting blood glucose of ≥ 100mg/dl.
Metabolic syndrome is quite common in Indian urban population. In one study it was shown that it
was present in 36% subjects with prevalence of 22.9% in men and 39.9% in women.
The etiological factors in order are aging, genetics and life style which include low physical activity
and excess calorie intake. A number of markers of systemic inflammation including C-reactive protein,
fibrinogen, interleukins and tumour necrosis factor α are often increased. The adipocytes of visceral fat
increases plasma levels of TNF α and alter levels of a number of other substances like adiponectin, resistin
etc. TNF α has been shown not only to cause the production of inflammatory cytokines, but also trigger cell
signalling by interaction with TNF α receptor that may lead to insulin resistance.
Various strategies have been proposed to prevent the development of metabolic syndrome.
With sustained exercise programme, for example, 30 min 5 days a week, there is a beneficial effect
of exercise on blood pressure, cholesterol levels and insulin sensitivity.
Reduced calorie diet decreases the risk of metabolic syndrome. There is now a trend toward the use
of a Mediterranean diet, the one rich in olive oil and contains reasonable amount of carbohydrates and
proteins. In recent studies it has been shown that when compared to a low fat diet, people on the
Mediterranean diet have a greater decrease in body weight and also had greater improvements in blood
pressure, cholesterol levels and other markers of heart diseases. In one study, it was suggested that intake of
a pint of milk or equivalent dairy product reduced the risk of metabolic syndrome to half.
Life style modification is the preferred treatment of metabolic syndrome. Weight reduction usually
requires both dietary restriction and exercise. The disorders that comprise metabolic syndrome are treated
separately using drugs. Dr. Maithri C.M, Assistant Professor, Biochemistry
QUOTE
Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds;
Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl.
BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF
1. Feeling sleepy after carbohydrate rich diet:
Serotonin, a neurotransmitter formed from amino acid tryptophan induces sleep. In the post
absorptive phase of protein rich meal, the circulating levels of amino acids are increased with increase
uptake of these amino acid by brain cells. This causes a traffic jam and tryptophan being bulky amino acid is
taken up slowly resulting in decrease serotonin levels. However when carbohydrate rich meal is consumed,
insulin secretion is increased which lowers the circulating amino acid levels. This increases the uptake of
tryptophan by brain cells with resultant increased synthesis of serotonin. Serotonin induces sleep. Therefore
carbohydrate rich meal induces sleep whereas protein rich meal causes alertness.
2. Feeling warm after protein rich meal:
When food is consumed, our body releases extra heat called thermogenic effect of food or Specific
Dynamic Action (SDA). Different types of food have different SDA values i.e., 5%, 15%, 30% and 10% for
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and mixed food respectively. As Proteins has highest SDA values (30%),
therefore we feel warm on taking protein rich meal.
Dr Aliya Nusrath, Prof and Head. Biochemistry.
3. INCRETINS
Incretins are a group of gastrointestinal hormones that cause an increase insulin release from the
beta cells of the islets of Langerhans after a meal, even before blood glucose levels become elevated. They
slow the rate of absorption of nutrients into the blood stream by reducing gastric emptying and may directly
reduce food intake. They inhibit glucagon release from the alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans. They
stimulate insulin sensitivity. There are two main incretin hormones in humans, GIP (glucose-dependent
insulinotropic peptide; also known as gastric inhibitory peptide) and GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1) which
are secreted by endocrine cells that are located in the epithelium of the small intestine. Incretin hormone
release is regulated in a similar way to other digestive tract hormones. T2DM drugs like sulfonylureas and
meglitinides cause hypoglycemia which stimulates insulin secretion regardless of blood glucose
concentration. A drug that mimics an incretin will not produces hypoglycaemia. Patients using the incretin-
based drug exenatide tend to lose weight due to delayed stomach emptying. Incretins are newer modalities
of treatment of diabetes with promising outcomes.
Dr Divija D A , Post graduate in Biochemistry
SERUM SIALIC ACID
Sialic acid is a major biochemical indicator for micro and macrovascular complication of diabetes
such as retinopathy and nephropathy. It is also increased in conditions like cardiovascular diseases,
inflammation, malignancy, and cerebrovascular diseases.
Sialic acid is a family of acetylated derivatives of neuraminic acid. It is an essential component of
glycoproteins and glycolipids and also cofactor of many cell surface receptors such as insulin receptor.
Sialic acid is highly electronegative and is involved in capillary permeability, platelet aggregation, activity
of enzymes, and also has antigenic determinant. Sialic acid contributes to the maintenance of the negative
charge of the renal glomerular basement membrane. It is one of the main regulators of glomerular
permeability. Vascular endothelium carries a high concentration of sialic acid and vascular damage results in
shedding of vascular endothelial sialic acid into the circulation.
Majority of serum sialic acid is present in the terminal residue of oligosaccharide chains of
glycoprotein such as acute phase proteins, α1-acid glycoprotein, fibrinogen, and haptoglobin. Several acute
phase proteins are elevated in diabetic patients with reducing capillary permeability to macromolecules such
as albumin.
Reference interval of sialic acid is 1.69-2.64 mmol/l. If circulatory sialic acid increases before
microangiopathy develops, it may be an early signal indicating the risk of renal failure. Thus, serum sialic
acid is the major biochemical indicator for micro and macrovascular complications of Diabetes mellitus.
Therefore, measurement of serum sialic acid should be considered as a screening procedure for the early
detection of diabetic renal complications.
Dr. Rajeshwari A Assoc. Professor, Biochemistry
Cystic Fibrosis in a nut shell
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life limiting autosomal recessive genetic disorder in whites.
Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein regulates chloride channels expressed in airway
epithelial cells, GIT, sweat glands and genitourinary system. The gene for this protein, located on
chromosome 7q is mutated with the most prevalent mutation being deletion of UUU codon resulting in
absence of phenylalanine residue at 508 position, almost always associated with pancreatic insufficiency.
The other mutations are R117H and 3849+10KBC.
The two cardinal manifestation of this disease are recurrent respiratory tract infection (most common
–pseudomonas, burkholderia species) and chronic diarrhoea with massive steatorrhoea. Diagnosis of CF is
by sweat chloride test. For new born screening, immunoreactive trypsinogen in blood spots coupled with
confirmatory sweat/ DNA testing is done which is 95% sensitive. Management includes antibiotic therapy
covering pseudomonas (Tobra/Ticarcillin). Corticosteroids may also be helpful.
MD.K. Razzak, VIII term student
4. Fun and Learn
Biomed Crossword
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11 12
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21 22 23
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Across
2. A triple helix structure. (8)
7. A molecule whose presence is normal in one genetic material but
abnormal in another genetic material (6)
9. An inhibitor with a British in it (3)
10. Face of paper but not paper electrophoresis (4)
11. A chain in powerhouse (3)
12. A molecule which helps in uniting two molecules (6)
13. A scarce element in soil particularly in mountain regions (6)
14. Poisonous gas, yet formed in the body (2)
15. An exogenous tube for stomach (4)
16. A basement membrane protein (7)
19. A pyridine-3-carboxylic acid (6)
21. Molecule involved in body fat regulation (6)
23. Syphilis, AIDS, etc., (3)
24. Molecule which functions as enzymes, hormones etc, however is
not a protein by definition. (7)
25. Defect in urea cycle also results in its increased urinary excretion
27. A dietary macromolecule also used as fabric stiffener (6)
29. Tissue macrophage system (2)
30. Has head and tail, involved in movement (6)
31. A toxic compound, however as a functional group becomes
essential aromatic compound (6)
By Dr Aliya Nusrath Prof and HOD, Biochemistry.
Down
1. A carbohydrate, not nutritionally important but
required in the diet (5).
2. Present in large amounts in the body, but a
small change in its ionic form is life
threatening (7)
3. Hates water, useful within limits but
dangerous in excess (5)
4. A basic molecule of urea cycle (8)
5. Monomeric unit of hereditary (10)
6. A great scientist who got nobel prizes
for his work both in proteins and nucleic
acids (6)
8. One hormone against so many others
(7)
17. Water soluble lipid (7)
18. Important as gene structure but
unimportant for protein biosynthesis (6)
19. Abbreviation of nucleotides (3)
20. A tricarboxylic acid (7)
22. Inhibitors of eicosanoid synthesis (6)
26. Part of DNA which codes for part of
protein structure (4)
27. A tool of human genome project (3)
28. A good lipid molecule (3)
Answers will be given in next
issue
Humour
What did one atom tell another?
– I think I lost an electron
– Are you sure?
– Yes, I’m positive.
What do you call a tooth in a glass of
water?
A one molar solution.
What did one titration tell the other?
Let's meet at the endpoint.
Why did Carbon marry Hydrogen?
They bonded well from the minute they
met.
What kind of ghosts haunt chemistry
faculties?
Methylated spirits.