This document discusses intelligent solutions in buildings and their impact on architectural and structural design. It defines intelligence and describes intelligent buildings as those that require little to no conventional energy for heating, cooling, and other functions. The document outlines various types of intelligent solutions, including sustainable design, green architecture, and minimizing costs. It presents the objectives of researching how integrated design and construction solutions can reduce energy and resource usage while limiting environmental impacts. The methodology includes a literature review and distributing a questionnaire to engineers in Sudan to understand knowledge of and willingness to implement intelligent solutions. Key findings from the questionnaire are that intelligent concepts are not well understood and require greater attention from authorities alongside more study and practical experience before implementation.
Engineers apply scientific knowledge to solve practical problems and develop solutions that benefit humanity. Their responsibilities include research, development, design, construction, production, and operation of systems. Engineers must consider technical requirements as well as economic, safety, and environmental factors. They are problem solvers who use analysis, creative thinking, and testing to optimize solutions. Engineering education involves studying sciences, mathematics, engineering principles, and developing communication and problem-solving skills. As technology advances, engineering education emphasizes fundamental concepts and prepares graduates for continuous learning throughout their careers.
This document summarizes a research article that examines the cognitive use of prior knowledge in architectural design. It makes three key points:
1. Previous research has shown that designers rely heavily on their prior knowledge in the form of types, precedents, and cultural schemas stored in their long-term memory to help define ill-structured design problems and generate initial solution concepts. This prior knowledge serves as important cognitive reference points.
2. There are two main types of prior knowledge - declarative and procedural. Cultural schemas in particular organize shared knowledge within a society and guide perception and thinking. Types are an example of cultural schemas in architecture.
3. In the design process, prior knowledge is stored and organized in cognitive schemas.
Habitability Study on Low-Cost House Design of Modern and Traditional Mid-ris...drboon
This study investigates the measurable factors which influence the residential level of satisfaction in low-cost house units in Mukalla, Yemen. The importance of this study is due to the development of this city that has been influenced by modern architecture since colonial period. It is the tradition in Mukalla that most population live in traditional (known as tower houses) and modern mid-rise houses. The work aims to examine the level of habitability of modern house design in comparison to the level of habitability of house design of the traditional houses. The result shows that levels of satisfaction of the respondents who live at traditional house units are generally higher than those in modern house units. The finding of the study indicates house design as an important factor that determines the level of residential satisfaction. This research contributes several proposals from the research findings considered for house design guideline for the local authority to improve quality of modern house layout units with reference to the traditional house design layout in the present and future development.
Design students should be able to design living environments and products according to diverse users’ needs, problems and expectations. The aim of this research is to explore the role of empathy as a design learning tool in interior architecture education. Moreover, the intention is to determine and analyze the reflections after the role-playing technique is experienced. This study is conducted with the graduate design students and three tasks were assigned to them. In the first task, the students took visually impaired people’s role and acted in real life activities in a café. Then, they expressed their role-playing reflections and design reflections through semi-structured interviews. Lastly, Verbal Protocol Analysis is used in determining and categorizing the relevant affective and cognitive empathic expressions that were recorded. Color and light, orientation, safety and accessibility were mostly expressed as design issues in reflections. Furthermore, findings indicated that cognitive empathic expressions were widely used than affective expressions.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2019), 3(3), 15-26.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2019.v3n3-2
This document summarizes research on performance analysis of adaptive multi-user OFDM systems. It describes using adaptive modulation to maximize throughput by selecting modulation schemes on a per-subcarrier basis to maintain bit error rate while maximizing spectral efficiency. Adaptive user allocation is also analyzed to improve signal power by optimizing user-subcarrier combinations based on frequency selective fading differences between users. Simulation results show adaptive modulation providing 12-16dB SNR improvement over fixed modulation. Adaptive user allocation provides an additional 3-5dB average signal power gain. The document concludes these adaptive techniques allow OFDM systems to approach channel capacity limits given constraints of the radio channel, transmitter power and quality of service requirements.
The document analyzes the computational performance of a prototype implementation of the Bingo electronic voting protocol. Bingo is an end-to-end verifiable voting protocol that provides coercion resistance through the use of zero-knowledge proofs and commitments. The analysis focuses on four main operations: initialization of cyclic groups, generation of dummy votes, zero-knowledge proofs of fair vote distribution, and zero-knowledge proofs of receipt correctness. The performance of these operations was affected by factors like the cyclic group order, number of candidates, and number of voters. The cyclic group order in particular had a significant impact on computation time for commitments.
This document summarizes a survey paper that examines workflow signatures for business process compliance.
The paper discusses how cryptographic signature schemes are not well-suited for representing logical relationships in workflows, such as AND-joins and AND-splits. It proposes using a multi-key hierarchical encryption scheme for workflow signatures instead.
The paper provides an example of a business travel workflow involving multiple tasks and agents. It also briefly describes identity-based, hierarchical identity-based, and multi-level hierarchical identity-based digital signature schemes. The main goal of the survey is to examine workflows and encryption techniques that can provide authentication, integrity, and representation of logical workflow relationships.
This document discusses health, safety, and environmental hazards associated with shot blasting processes in foundries. It identifies several key hazards including aluminum dust emissions which can cause respiratory issues if inhaled, musculoskeletal problems from vibration, noise exposure leading to hearing loss, and potential for dust explosions. The document proposes methods for assessing and improving safety in shot blasting machines, such as installing dust collection systems, proper personal protective equipment, and maintenance of equipment.
Engineers apply scientific knowledge to solve practical problems and develop solutions that benefit humanity. Their responsibilities include research, development, design, construction, production, and operation of systems. Engineers must consider technical requirements as well as economic, safety, and environmental factors. They are problem solvers who use analysis, creative thinking, and testing to optimize solutions. Engineering education involves studying sciences, mathematics, engineering principles, and developing communication and problem-solving skills. As technology advances, engineering education emphasizes fundamental concepts and prepares graduates for continuous learning throughout their careers.
This document summarizes a research article that examines the cognitive use of prior knowledge in architectural design. It makes three key points:
1. Previous research has shown that designers rely heavily on their prior knowledge in the form of types, precedents, and cultural schemas stored in their long-term memory to help define ill-structured design problems and generate initial solution concepts. This prior knowledge serves as important cognitive reference points.
2. There are two main types of prior knowledge - declarative and procedural. Cultural schemas in particular organize shared knowledge within a society and guide perception and thinking. Types are an example of cultural schemas in architecture.
3. In the design process, prior knowledge is stored and organized in cognitive schemas.
Habitability Study on Low-Cost House Design of Modern and Traditional Mid-ris...drboon
This study investigates the measurable factors which influence the residential level of satisfaction in low-cost house units in Mukalla, Yemen. The importance of this study is due to the development of this city that has been influenced by modern architecture since colonial period. It is the tradition in Mukalla that most population live in traditional (known as tower houses) and modern mid-rise houses. The work aims to examine the level of habitability of modern house design in comparison to the level of habitability of house design of the traditional houses. The result shows that levels of satisfaction of the respondents who live at traditional house units are generally higher than those in modern house units. The finding of the study indicates house design as an important factor that determines the level of residential satisfaction. This research contributes several proposals from the research findings considered for house design guideline for the local authority to improve quality of modern house layout units with reference to the traditional house design layout in the present and future development.
Design students should be able to design living environments and products according to diverse users’ needs, problems and expectations. The aim of this research is to explore the role of empathy as a design learning tool in interior architecture education. Moreover, the intention is to determine and analyze the reflections after the role-playing technique is experienced. This study is conducted with the graduate design students and three tasks were assigned to them. In the first task, the students took visually impaired people’s role and acted in real life activities in a café. Then, they expressed their role-playing reflections and design reflections through semi-structured interviews. Lastly, Verbal Protocol Analysis is used in determining and categorizing the relevant affective and cognitive empathic expressions that were recorded. Color and light, orientation, safety and accessibility were mostly expressed as design issues in reflections. Furthermore, findings indicated that cognitive empathic expressions were widely used than affective expressions.
JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY URBAN AFFAIRS (2019), 3(3), 15-26.
https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2019.v3n3-2
This document summarizes research on performance analysis of adaptive multi-user OFDM systems. It describes using adaptive modulation to maximize throughput by selecting modulation schemes on a per-subcarrier basis to maintain bit error rate while maximizing spectral efficiency. Adaptive user allocation is also analyzed to improve signal power by optimizing user-subcarrier combinations based on frequency selective fading differences between users. Simulation results show adaptive modulation providing 12-16dB SNR improvement over fixed modulation. Adaptive user allocation provides an additional 3-5dB average signal power gain. The document concludes these adaptive techniques allow OFDM systems to approach channel capacity limits given constraints of the radio channel, transmitter power and quality of service requirements.
The document analyzes the computational performance of a prototype implementation of the Bingo electronic voting protocol. Bingo is an end-to-end verifiable voting protocol that provides coercion resistance through the use of zero-knowledge proofs and commitments. The analysis focuses on four main operations: initialization of cyclic groups, generation of dummy votes, zero-knowledge proofs of fair vote distribution, and zero-knowledge proofs of receipt correctness. The performance of these operations was affected by factors like the cyclic group order, number of candidates, and number of voters. The cyclic group order in particular had a significant impact on computation time for commitments.
This document summarizes a survey paper that examines workflow signatures for business process compliance.
The paper discusses how cryptographic signature schemes are not well-suited for representing logical relationships in workflows, such as AND-joins and AND-splits. It proposes using a multi-key hierarchical encryption scheme for workflow signatures instead.
The paper provides an example of a business travel workflow involving multiple tasks and agents. It also briefly describes identity-based, hierarchical identity-based, and multi-level hierarchical identity-based digital signature schemes. The main goal of the survey is to examine workflows and encryption techniques that can provide authentication, integrity, and representation of logical workflow relationships.
This document discusses health, safety, and environmental hazards associated with shot blasting processes in foundries. It identifies several key hazards including aluminum dust emissions which can cause respiratory issues if inhaled, musculoskeletal problems from vibration, noise exposure leading to hearing loss, and potential for dust explosions. The document proposes methods for assessing and improving safety in shot blasting machines, such as installing dust collection systems, proper personal protective equipment, and maintenance of equipment.
The document describes the implementation of geometrical nonlinearity in finite element analysis software FEASTSMT. It discusses total Lagrangian formulation and the Newton-Raphson method to solve nonlinear finite element equations arising from large deformations. Element formulations accounting for incremental strains, strain-displacement relationships, and stresses are developed. The implementation is validated on a solid element and beam bending problem by comparing results with MARC software and analytical solutions, showing good agreement.
This document discusses enhancing the flight time of multirotors using solar energy. It proposes a circuit with a secondary battery system powered by a small solar panel. The secondary battery charges continuously from the solar panel and provides additional power to the main battery during flight. Calculations are shown for designing a hexacopter model using this dual battery system. It was estimated that the solar-powered system could increase flight time by 16-30% compared to using the main battery alone. A prototype was tested and found to increase flight time by 40% compared to the non-solar model. The system allows continuous charging without removing batteries from the frame, improving usability for long-distance flights.
This document presents an improved asymmetric key encryption algorithm using MATLAB. It begins with an introduction to asymmetric key cryptography and the RSA cryptosystem. It then describes a modified RSA algorithm using multiple public and private keys to increase security. Next, it explains how to implement RSA using the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reduce computational time. The document implements the original, modified, and CRT-based RSA algorithms in MATLAB and analyzes computation time versus number of prime numbers. It concludes the modified and CRT-based approaches provide more security than the original RSA algorithm with reduced computational time.
This document summarizes research on aerodynamic studies of automobile structures. Nine models were designed and tested in a low-speed wind tunnel at velocities of 15m/s, 20m/s, and 25m/s. The models included forward-facing steps, backward-facing steps, and combinations of the two at inclination angles of 90°, 50°, and 30°. Drag coefficients and pressure distributions on the model surfaces were measured. Drag coefficients generally decreased with lower inclination angles and higher velocities. Pressure distributions showed recirculation zones forming near steps, with more zones observed at lower inclination angles. Previous related research on add-ons to reduce vehicle drag and studies of backward-facing step flows are also summarized.
This document presents an adaptive steganography technique based on an enhanced cipher hiding method for secure data transfer. It combines cryptography and audio steganography. The secret message is first encrypted using a modified least significant bit algorithm and 2's complement operations. The encrypted data is then embedded into the least significant bits of an audio file. Keys are generated and sent with the stego audio to the receiver. The receiver uses the keys to extract the encrypted data from the audio and decrypt it back to the original message. The technique aims to provide better security for data transmission over unsecured networks by taking advantage of both cryptography and steganography.
The document describes a study that uses a hybrid particle swarm optimization-genetic algorithm (hPSO-GA) to optimize PID controller parameters for automatic generation control of a four-area interconnected power system. The hPSO-GA is applied to obtain optimal PID parameters for controlling frequency deviations and tie-line power deviations following a 1% load perturbation in any single area. Simulation results show the hPSO-GA approach provides better dynamic responses than using PSO or GA alone, with faster settling times, smaller overshoots and undershoots.
This document discusses image reconstruction techniques for detecting and segmenting tumor cells in brain images. It begins with an introduction to image reconstruction and its applications in medicine. The existing methods for brain tumor detection using MRI are reviewed. The proposed method involves preprocessing MRI images, enhancing contrast, dividing images into quadrants, analyzing pixel intensities and entropy to identify the quadrant most likely containing a tumor, applying thresholding and segmentation techniques like watershed to that quadrant to identify and mark the tumor boundaries, and analyzing features of detected tumors. Results are shown of tumor detection and segmentation using watershed segmentation, morphological operators, and feature identification to classify tumors as benign or malignant. The conclusion is that the proposed method provides faster and more targeted tumor detection compared to existing
This document proposes using an enhanced suffix tree approach to measure semantic similarity between multiple documents. It involves preprocessing documents by removing stop words, special characters, and converting to lowercase. Phrases are extracted and used to construct a suffix tree, where internal nodes represent phrases shared across documents. Term frequency-inverse document frequency (tf-idf) is used to calculate weights for internal nodes. Cosine, Dice, and Hellinger similarity measures are then applied to calculate pairwise similarities between documents based on the weighted internal nodes. The approach aims to efficiently and accurately measure semantic similarity between documents.
This document presents the simulation results of a single-phase photovoltaic inverter without a transformer or batteries. A boost converter raises the voltage from the PV module to the desired level. An inverter with PWM switching converts the DC to AC. Simulation in MATLAB/Simulink shows the PV output of 96V and 6.5A is boosted to 320V DC. The inverter produces a 230V AC output at 50Hz with less than 1% THD, eliminating the need for batteries or transformers. The proposed design aims to directly and efficiently convert solar power to AC without intermediate components to reduce costs.
This document discusses the magneto static analysis of a magneto rheological (MR) fluid clutch. It begins with background on MR fluids and how their viscosity increases dramatically in the presence of a magnetic field. It then describes the design of the MR fluid clutch, which contains multiple plates, an electromagnet, and housing. Finite element analysis using ANSYS was performed to analyze the magnetic field density generated by the magnetic coil in the clutch armature. The analysis was run for input currents ranging from 0.2 to 2 amps. The results provide the magnetic flux density distribution in the MR fluid, casing, and plates, which can then be used to calculate the yield stress and effective torque of the clutch.
Hardy-Steklov operator on two exponent Lorentz spaces for non-decreasing func...IOSR Journals
The document presents theorems characterizing when the Hardy-Steklov operator is bounded from one two-exponent Lorentz space to another. Specifically, it provides conditions on weights v and w such that the operator is bounded from L(0,∞)qpv to L(0,∞)srw. It defines the Hardy-Steklov operator and two-exponent Lorentz spaces. It states two theorems that characterize the weights using inequalities involving the weights and derivatives of the functions defining the Hardy-Steklov operator. The theorems assume the functions satisfy certain conditions like being strictly increasing and having derivatives satisfying an inequality.
The document describes a static stress analysis and normal mode analysis of the horizontal tail structure of an aircraft using analysis software. It discusses using carbon fiber composite material to replace aluminum alloy 2124 for constructing the horizontal tail to reduce weight. The analysis found that replacing the aluminum alloy with carbon fiber composite for the upper and lower skins resulted in a 54.73% reduction in the total structural weight of the horizontal tail. The normal mode analysis determined the resonance frequency of the horizontal tail was 0.981 Hz, showing it is safe as the aircraft's frequency is 10 Hz.
A Novel Edge Detection Technique for Image Classification and AnalysisIOSR Journals
Abstract: The main aim of this project is to propose a new method for image segmentation. Image
Segmentation is concerned with splitting an image up into segments (also called regions or areas) that each
holds some property distinct from their neighbor. Simply, another word for the Object Detection is
“Segmentation “. Segmentation is divided into two types they are Supervised Segmentation and Unsupervised
Segmentation. Segmentation consists of three types of methods which are divided on the basis of threshold, edge
and region. Thresholding is a commonly used enhancement whose goal is to segment an image into object and
background. Edge-based segmentations rely on edges found in an image by edge detecting operators. Region
based segmentations basic idea is to divide an image into zones of maximum homogeneity, where homogeneity
is an important property of regions. Edge detection has been a field of fundamental importance in digital image
processing research. Edge can be defined as a pixels located at points where abrupt changes in gray level take
place in this paper one novel approach for edge detection in gray scale images, which is based on diagonal
pixels in 2*2 region of the image, is proposed. This method first uses a threshold value to segment the image
and binary image. And then the proposed edge detector. In order to validate the results, seven different
kinds of test images are considered to examine the versatility of the proposed edge detector. It has been
observed that the proposed edge detector works effectively for different gray scale digital images. The results of
this study are quite promising. In this project we proposed a new algorithm for edge Detection. The main
advantage of this algorithm is with running mask on the original image we can detect the edges in the images by
using the proposed scheme for edge detection.
Keywords: Edge detection, segmentation, thresholding.
This document describes a microcontroller-based touch switch system using an ATMega8 microcontroller chip. The system allows multiple touch switches to be added digitally and at low cost compared to analog switches. When a touch point is pressed, the microcontroller detects the input signal, turns on the load by controlling a relay, and when pressed again turns off the load. The system provides a safe and reliable switching method that can be used for household applications and to control loads from a distance.
Human Skin Cancer Recognition and Classification by Unified Skin Texture and ...IOSR Journals
This document presents a novel method for automatically segmenting skin lesions in macroscopic images using iterative stochastic region merging based on discrete wavelet transformation. It aims to address challenges like illumination variation, presence of hair, irregular skin color variation, and multiple unhealthy skin regions. The method divides an input image into regions, extracts features like color, texture, skewness and kurtosis, then classifies the image using knowledge-based classification. Experimental results on 60 real images show the proposed method achieves lower segmentation error than level set active contours, skin lesion segmentation, and multidirectional gradient vector flow methods.
Analytical Review on the Correlation between Ai and NeuroscienceIOSR Journals
This document discusses the relationship between artificial intelligence and neuroscience. It describes how AI has benefited from studying neuroscience to better understand natural intelligence. Specifically, AI has used insights from neuroscience related to learning, perception, and reasoning by modeling neural mechanisms. The document also provides several examples of how AI and robotics have been influenced by neuroscience, including early robots designed to mimic animal behavior and more recent projects that apply insights about the brain to develop artificial neural networks or brain-inspired devices.
This document summarizes a novel iterative back projection approach for single image super resolution. The approach combines iterative back projection with an infinite symmetrical exponential filter to improve edge preservation. Iterative back projection can minimize reconstruction error but suffers from ringing and chessboard effects without edge guidance. The infinite symmetrical exponential filter provides edge-smoothed images with high frequency detail. The proposed approach integrates these methods by back-projecting the error and estimated high frequency components from the exponential filter to improve visual quality while preserving fine edges over multiple iterations.
This document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing thin films of TiO2, SiO2, TiO2-SiO2, and TiO2/SiO2 for potential use in solar cells. The films were deposited on glass substrates using a hydrothermal method. Characterization using XRD, SEM, and UV analysis showed the films had brookite crystal structures with uniform particle sizes around 230-240nm. Optical properties like band gap, refractive index, and extinction coefficient were calculated from UV data. The TiO2-SiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 films showed slightly higher band gaps and lower reflectance, making them suitable as anti-reflection coatings for solar cells. In conclusion, the hydro
This document discusses using an enhanced support vector machine (ESVM) to detect and classify distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. The ESVM is trained on normal user access behavior attributes and then tests samples of application layer attacks like HTTP flooding and network layer attacks like TCP flooding. It aims to classify these attacks with high accuracy, over 99%. An interactive detection and classification system architecture is proposed that takes DDoS attack samples as input for the ESVM and cross-validates them against normal traffic training samples to identify anomalies.
Architecture and Evaluation on Cooperative Caching In Wireless P2PIOSR Journals
The document summarizes research on cooperative caching in wireless peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. It proposes using an asymmetric cooperative caching approach with Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) to improve performance. DSR routing is chosen over AODV routing because it supports one-way links and source routing. The key aspects of the proposed approach are:
1) Data requests follow the normal routing path but data responses can follow a different path if intermediate nodes need to cache the data. This reduces overhead.
2) Only nodes that need to cache data receive the full data, others just get the routing layer, minimizing copying overhead.
3) Route discovery in DSR works by broadcasting route requests
Philosophy of Engineering - Unit 3.ypptxnoosdysharma
The document discusses the relationship between science, technology, and engineering (STEM). It provides definitions and examples to explain each field:
- Science is the study of the natural world through observation and experimentation to develop theories and laws. Science provides the foundational knowledge for technology and engineering.
- Technology applies scientific knowledge to create tools and systems that solve problems. It acts as an intermediary between science and applications.
- Engineering applies scientific and mathematical principles to design, build, and optimize products and structures to meet needs. Engineers use technology and science to develop real-world solutions.
This document summarizes an engineering research workshop at Qatar University on "Livable Environment and Sustainability". The workshop will highlight current research projects in architecture and urban planning, discuss how architectural research benefits the community and industry, and identify priority research areas and topics for Qatar. The agenda includes invited speakers, panel discussions on how research impacts different groups, and a workshop to revise Qatar's priority research areas and generate new proposals. The document also outlines the university's research theme of "Sustainable and Livable Environments" and 10 specific research areas.
The document describes the implementation of geometrical nonlinearity in finite element analysis software FEASTSMT. It discusses total Lagrangian formulation and the Newton-Raphson method to solve nonlinear finite element equations arising from large deformations. Element formulations accounting for incremental strains, strain-displacement relationships, and stresses are developed. The implementation is validated on a solid element and beam bending problem by comparing results with MARC software and analytical solutions, showing good agreement.
This document discusses enhancing the flight time of multirotors using solar energy. It proposes a circuit with a secondary battery system powered by a small solar panel. The secondary battery charges continuously from the solar panel and provides additional power to the main battery during flight. Calculations are shown for designing a hexacopter model using this dual battery system. It was estimated that the solar-powered system could increase flight time by 16-30% compared to using the main battery alone. A prototype was tested and found to increase flight time by 40% compared to the non-solar model. The system allows continuous charging without removing batteries from the frame, improving usability for long-distance flights.
This document presents an improved asymmetric key encryption algorithm using MATLAB. It begins with an introduction to asymmetric key cryptography and the RSA cryptosystem. It then describes a modified RSA algorithm using multiple public and private keys to increase security. Next, it explains how to implement RSA using the Chinese Remainder Theorem to reduce computational time. The document implements the original, modified, and CRT-based RSA algorithms in MATLAB and analyzes computation time versus number of prime numbers. It concludes the modified and CRT-based approaches provide more security than the original RSA algorithm with reduced computational time.
This document summarizes research on aerodynamic studies of automobile structures. Nine models were designed and tested in a low-speed wind tunnel at velocities of 15m/s, 20m/s, and 25m/s. The models included forward-facing steps, backward-facing steps, and combinations of the two at inclination angles of 90°, 50°, and 30°. Drag coefficients and pressure distributions on the model surfaces were measured. Drag coefficients generally decreased with lower inclination angles and higher velocities. Pressure distributions showed recirculation zones forming near steps, with more zones observed at lower inclination angles. Previous related research on add-ons to reduce vehicle drag and studies of backward-facing step flows are also summarized.
This document presents an adaptive steganography technique based on an enhanced cipher hiding method for secure data transfer. It combines cryptography and audio steganography. The secret message is first encrypted using a modified least significant bit algorithm and 2's complement operations. The encrypted data is then embedded into the least significant bits of an audio file. Keys are generated and sent with the stego audio to the receiver. The receiver uses the keys to extract the encrypted data from the audio and decrypt it back to the original message. The technique aims to provide better security for data transmission over unsecured networks by taking advantage of both cryptography and steganography.
The document describes a study that uses a hybrid particle swarm optimization-genetic algorithm (hPSO-GA) to optimize PID controller parameters for automatic generation control of a four-area interconnected power system. The hPSO-GA is applied to obtain optimal PID parameters for controlling frequency deviations and tie-line power deviations following a 1% load perturbation in any single area. Simulation results show the hPSO-GA approach provides better dynamic responses than using PSO or GA alone, with faster settling times, smaller overshoots and undershoots.
This document discusses image reconstruction techniques for detecting and segmenting tumor cells in brain images. It begins with an introduction to image reconstruction and its applications in medicine. The existing methods for brain tumor detection using MRI are reviewed. The proposed method involves preprocessing MRI images, enhancing contrast, dividing images into quadrants, analyzing pixel intensities and entropy to identify the quadrant most likely containing a tumor, applying thresholding and segmentation techniques like watershed to that quadrant to identify and mark the tumor boundaries, and analyzing features of detected tumors. Results are shown of tumor detection and segmentation using watershed segmentation, morphological operators, and feature identification to classify tumors as benign or malignant. The conclusion is that the proposed method provides faster and more targeted tumor detection compared to existing
This document proposes using an enhanced suffix tree approach to measure semantic similarity between multiple documents. It involves preprocessing documents by removing stop words, special characters, and converting to lowercase. Phrases are extracted and used to construct a suffix tree, where internal nodes represent phrases shared across documents. Term frequency-inverse document frequency (tf-idf) is used to calculate weights for internal nodes. Cosine, Dice, and Hellinger similarity measures are then applied to calculate pairwise similarities between documents based on the weighted internal nodes. The approach aims to efficiently and accurately measure semantic similarity between documents.
This document presents the simulation results of a single-phase photovoltaic inverter without a transformer or batteries. A boost converter raises the voltage from the PV module to the desired level. An inverter with PWM switching converts the DC to AC. Simulation in MATLAB/Simulink shows the PV output of 96V and 6.5A is boosted to 320V DC. The inverter produces a 230V AC output at 50Hz with less than 1% THD, eliminating the need for batteries or transformers. The proposed design aims to directly and efficiently convert solar power to AC without intermediate components to reduce costs.
This document discusses the magneto static analysis of a magneto rheological (MR) fluid clutch. It begins with background on MR fluids and how their viscosity increases dramatically in the presence of a magnetic field. It then describes the design of the MR fluid clutch, which contains multiple plates, an electromagnet, and housing. Finite element analysis using ANSYS was performed to analyze the magnetic field density generated by the magnetic coil in the clutch armature. The analysis was run for input currents ranging from 0.2 to 2 amps. The results provide the magnetic flux density distribution in the MR fluid, casing, and plates, which can then be used to calculate the yield stress and effective torque of the clutch.
Hardy-Steklov operator on two exponent Lorentz spaces for non-decreasing func...IOSR Journals
The document presents theorems characterizing when the Hardy-Steklov operator is bounded from one two-exponent Lorentz space to another. Specifically, it provides conditions on weights v and w such that the operator is bounded from L(0,∞)qpv to L(0,∞)srw. It defines the Hardy-Steklov operator and two-exponent Lorentz spaces. It states two theorems that characterize the weights using inequalities involving the weights and derivatives of the functions defining the Hardy-Steklov operator. The theorems assume the functions satisfy certain conditions like being strictly increasing and having derivatives satisfying an inequality.
The document describes a static stress analysis and normal mode analysis of the horizontal tail structure of an aircraft using analysis software. It discusses using carbon fiber composite material to replace aluminum alloy 2124 for constructing the horizontal tail to reduce weight. The analysis found that replacing the aluminum alloy with carbon fiber composite for the upper and lower skins resulted in a 54.73% reduction in the total structural weight of the horizontal tail. The normal mode analysis determined the resonance frequency of the horizontal tail was 0.981 Hz, showing it is safe as the aircraft's frequency is 10 Hz.
A Novel Edge Detection Technique for Image Classification and AnalysisIOSR Journals
Abstract: The main aim of this project is to propose a new method for image segmentation. Image
Segmentation is concerned with splitting an image up into segments (also called regions or areas) that each
holds some property distinct from their neighbor. Simply, another word for the Object Detection is
“Segmentation “. Segmentation is divided into two types they are Supervised Segmentation and Unsupervised
Segmentation. Segmentation consists of three types of methods which are divided on the basis of threshold, edge
and region. Thresholding is a commonly used enhancement whose goal is to segment an image into object and
background. Edge-based segmentations rely on edges found in an image by edge detecting operators. Region
based segmentations basic idea is to divide an image into zones of maximum homogeneity, where homogeneity
is an important property of regions. Edge detection has been a field of fundamental importance in digital image
processing research. Edge can be defined as a pixels located at points where abrupt changes in gray level take
place in this paper one novel approach for edge detection in gray scale images, which is based on diagonal
pixels in 2*2 region of the image, is proposed. This method first uses a threshold value to segment the image
and binary image. And then the proposed edge detector. In order to validate the results, seven different
kinds of test images are considered to examine the versatility of the proposed edge detector. It has been
observed that the proposed edge detector works effectively for different gray scale digital images. The results of
this study are quite promising. In this project we proposed a new algorithm for edge Detection. The main
advantage of this algorithm is with running mask on the original image we can detect the edges in the images by
using the proposed scheme for edge detection.
Keywords: Edge detection, segmentation, thresholding.
This document describes a microcontroller-based touch switch system using an ATMega8 microcontroller chip. The system allows multiple touch switches to be added digitally and at low cost compared to analog switches. When a touch point is pressed, the microcontroller detects the input signal, turns on the load by controlling a relay, and when pressed again turns off the load. The system provides a safe and reliable switching method that can be used for household applications and to control loads from a distance.
Human Skin Cancer Recognition and Classification by Unified Skin Texture and ...IOSR Journals
This document presents a novel method for automatically segmenting skin lesions in macroscopic images using iterative stochastic region merging based on discrete wavelet transformation. It aims to address challenges like illumination variation, presence of hair, irregular skin color variation, and multiple unhealthy skin regions. The method divides an input image into regions, extracts features like color, texture, skewness and kurtosis, then classifies the image using knowledge-based classification. Experimental results on 60 real images show the proposed method achieves lower segmentation error than level set active contours, skin lesion segmentation, and multidirectional gradient vector flow methods.
Analytical Review on the Correlation between Ai and NeuroscienceIOSR Journals
This document discusses the relationship between artificial intelligence and neuroscience. It describes how AI has benefited from studying neuroscience to better understand natural intelligence. Specifically, AI has used insights from neuroscience related to learning, perception, and reasoning by modeling neural mechanisms. The document also provides several examples of how AI and robotics have been influenced by neuroscience, including early robots designed to mimic animal behavior and more recent projects that apply insights about the brain to develop artificial neural networks or brain-inspired devices.
This document summarizes a novel iterative back projection approach for single image super resolution. The approach combines iterative back projection with an infinite symmetrical exponential filter to improve edge preservation. Iterative back projection can minimize reconstruction error but suffers from ringing and chessboard effects without edge guidance. The infinite symmetrical exponential filter provides edge-smoothed images with high frequency detail. The proposed approach integrates these methods by back-projecting the error and estimated high frequency components from the exponential filter to improve visual quality while preserving fine edges over multiple iterations.
This document summarizes research on preparing and characterizing thin films of TiO2, SiO2, TiO2-SiO2, and TiO2/SiO2 for potential use in solar cells. The films were deposited on glass substrates using a hydrothermal method. Characterization using XRD, SEM, and UV analysis showed the films had brookite crystal structures with uniform particle sizes around 230-240nm. Optical properties like band gap, refractive index, and extinction coefficient were calculated from UV data. The TiO2-SiO2 and TiO2/SiO2 films showed slightly higher band gaps and lower reflectance, making them suitable as anti-reflection coatings for solar cells. In conclusion, the hydro
This document discusses using an enhanced support vector machine (ESVM) to detect and classify distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. The ESVM is trained on normal user access behavior attributes and then tests samples of application layer attacks like HTTP flooding and network layer attacks like TCP flooding. It aims to classify these attacks with high accuracy, over 99%. An interactive detection and classification system architecture is proposed that takes DDoS attack samples as input for the ESVM and cross-validates them against normal traffic training samples to identify anomalies.
Architecture and Evaluation on Cooperative Caching In Wireless P2PIOSR Journals
The document summarizes research on cooperative caching in wireless peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. It proposes using an asymmetric cooperative caching approach with Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) to improve performance. DSR routing is chosen over AODV routing because it supports one-way links and source routing. The key aspects of the proposed approach are:
1) Data requests follow the normal routing path but data responses can follow a different path if intermediate nodes need to cache the data. This reduces overhead.
2) Only nodes that need to cache data receive the full data, others just get the routing layer, minimizing copying overhead.
3) Route discovery in DSR works by broadcasting route requests
Philosophy of Engineering - Unit 3.ypptxnoosdysharma
The document discusses the relationship between science, technology, and engineering (STEM). It provides definitions and examples to explain each field:
- Science is the study of the natural world through observation and experimentation to develop theories and laws. Science provides the foundational knowledge for technology and engineering.
- Technology applies scientific knowledge to create tools and systems that solve problems. It acts as an intermediary between science and applications.
- Engineering applies scientific and mathematical principles to design, build, and optimize products and structures to meet needs. Engineers use technology and science to develop real-world solutions.
This document summarizes an engineering research workshop at Qatar University on "Livable Environment and Sustainability". The workshop will highlight current research projects in architecture and urban planning, discuss how architectural research benefits the community and industry, and identify priority research areas and topics for Qatar. The agenda includes invited speakers, panel discussions on how research impacts different groups, and a workshop to revise Qatar's priority research areas and generate new proposals. The document also outlines the university's research theme of "Sustainable and Livable Environments" and 10 specific research areas.
This lecture introduces engineering concepts. It defines engineering as using scientific knowledge to solve problems within constraints. Engineers conceive ideas, design solutions, implement them, and manage waste. Good engineers have technical skills, solve problems creatively, communicate effectively, consider societal impacts, and continuously learn. The lecture outlines graduate attributes like applying engineering fundamentals, analyzing problems, designing solutions, investigating issues, using modern tools, and understanding professional responsibilities. It discusses soft skills and assigns students to analyze a product's societal benefits, user-centric design, and environmental impacts, and to examine a case where safety was compromised by neglecting duties.
This document outlines an introduction to engineering course. It defines engineering as finding optimal solutions to real-world problems within constraints using scientific and technical knowledge. Engineers conceive ideas, design, implement, operate, and manage end-of-life for projects. Good engineers have attributes like problem-solving and teamwork skills. The lecture will cover engineering roles and attributes, as well as graduate attributes such as technical knowledge, design, ethics, communication, and lifelong learning. Students will complete an assignment analyzing a product's societal impact and design for users, as well as discussing a case where duty avoidance caused failure impacting safety, health or environment.
The slide about sustainable of green building on design efficiency and the effect to human society, world and health. The content also support United Nation sustainable goal and carry unethical problem and suggestion to overcome.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES FINAL COPY as on 13.12.16.docxrubini Rubini
The document outlines 12 program outcomes (POs) for engineering students. The POs focus on developing engineering knowledge and skills in areas such as problem analysis, design, investigations, tool usage, societal and environmental awareness, ethics, teamwork, communication, project management, and lifelong learning. It also lists 2 program specific outcomes, including the ability to design embedded solutions and communication subsystems.
Second report of the conference written by Prof. Virendra Kr. Paul, Department of Building Engineering & Management, School of Planning and Architecture.
Benefits of Project Management to Realizing Sustainable BuildingsDr. Amarjeet Singh
This document discusses sustainable building and project management. It defines sustainable building as construction that meets current needs without harming the environment. Project management is key to achieving sustainability across all phases of construction. The benefits of project management for sustainable buildings include improved efficiency, reliability, and overall sustainability. Integrating sustainability into every stage, from site selection to materials to construction practices, is needed to fully realize environmentally friendly buildings.
Integrating Sustainability Strategies in Design and Practice - ادماج استراتجي...Galala University
As sustainability is becoming more and more a familiar topic in engineering practice and education, the problem remains on how to achieve sustainability in front of client, cost and construction industry challenges. The lecture proposes the integration of sustainability in design process, education and legislation. The lecture focuses on sustainability strategies that can be incorporated in practice and design process. The goal is to make sustainability an integral part of practice that influences both design and construction stages. Other attempts should be made to make sustainability an integral part of legislation and education.
Effects of Sustainability Paradigm on ArchitectureIJMERJOURNAL
ABSTRACT: This paper delves into effects of sustainability on architectural theory and practice. Ideas related to environmental protection from the past decades, cumulated in sustainability as unique global action. Circumstances were not in favour of necessary level of requested changes, but positive effects are evident in adjustment of legal base, new procedures and standards. Concept of sustainable architecture is proclaimed mainstream, faded by selective interpretation and perceptible lag in developing of theoretical background. Real critical observation and researches of sustainability and sustainable architecture are still very rare. Reasons for it are many, first of all not all of architects understand sustainable architecture as relevant and it is not rare misunderstanding of sustainable architecture as energy efficiency eco-tecture or other environmentally related “tecture”. Furthermore, building industry in its complexity is typically tardiness in acceptance of anything new in general. However, sustainable architecture is positive in its essence but rising confusion about it has to be halted by more clarified definitions, qualitative researches and developing of more solid theoretical bases. Otherwise it will lose positivity, transferred on semantic level where will spread, and atomise to its limits and fade away
Welcome to a world where completing your architecture assignments with precision and excellence is not only achievable but also hassle-free. At ArchitectureAssignmentHelp.com, we understand the challenges students face when tackling complex architectural concepts within tight deadlines. That's why we're here to offer you comprehensive assistance that goes beyond just getting the work done – we're dedicated to helping you truly understand and excel in your assignments.
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Social Responsibility in Architectural Educationdrboon
Sustainable development is a widely accepted strategic framework in city planning and urban green spaces have an important role in it. Beside, increasing empirical evidence indicates that the presence of natural areas contributes to the quality of life in many ways. Also, urban nature provides important social and psychological benefits to human societies, which enrich human life with meanings and emotions. In order to exemplify the importance of urban green spaces for sustainability this paper analyses some historical Persian gardens for environmental sustainability and citizens’ well-being. In this study, historical Persian Gardens were chosen due to their historical background as first sample of Iranian urban green spaces which are still being used successfully. Some results of a survey conducted among visitors of historical gardens in Iran are presented and discussed. The issues investigated people’s motives for visiting gardens and the emotional dimension involved in the experience of nature and its importance for people’s general well-being.
Introduction to civil engineering...........rajenkoley
This document provides an introduction and overview of civil engineering. It begins with definitions of civil engineering and its broad disciplines. It then discusses the various sub-disciplines of civil engineering like structural engineering, transportation engineering, geotechnical engineering, and environmental engineering. For each sub-discipline, it provides a brief description of the focus and typical job roles. It also discusses other aspects like common industries civil engineers work in, typical salaries, and the scope of career opportunities available after graduation for civil engineers.
Engineers play an important role in society by applying scientific knowledge to meet societal needs and connect pure science to applications that benefit humanity. As professionals, engineers have a social responsibility to consider how their work impacts public safety, health, welfare, and the environment. This requires assessing risks, promoting sustainability, and engaging in ethical decision-making.
An Exercise to Promote and Assess Critical Thinking in Sociotechnical Context...Rachel Doty
This document describes an exercise developed to promote and assess critical thinking in engineering students regarding sociotechnical issues. The exercise asks students to predict impacts of a new technological product described in a news article. A rubric is used to grade student responses and distinguish between impacts versus other aspects like features. The exercise aims to help students attain ABET outcome (h) of understanding engineering solutions' impacts. Initial results found the short exercise increased first-year engineering students' ability to understand such impacts. The motivation is developing all three dimensions of technological literacy - knowledge, capabilities, and critical thinking - especially the underrepresented critical thinking dimension.
This presentation discusses the role and responsibilities of engineers in society. It explores definitions of engineering as applying scientific knowledge to meet societal needs and connect science to society. As such, engineers have a social responsibility to consider the impacts and consequences of their work on public safety, well-being, and the environment. The presentation outlines various ways engineers can demonstrate this responsibility through their work and advocacy.
This presentation was done for final year students at the University of Technology, Jamaica who are being prepared to leave for the working world. The challenge was presented and accepted.
Sustainable Engineering: An Essential Part of Engineering EthicsBikramjit Hazra
Sustainable development theory has come from the field of ecological economics. According to this
theory, sustainable development involves achieving objectives in three realms: ecological,
economic and social. The ecological objective is maintaining a sustainable scale of energy and
material flows through the environment such that carrying capacity of the biosphere is not affected.
The economic objective seeks to provide an efficient allocation of resources in conformity with
consumer preferences and the ability to pay. The social objective aims at a just distribution of
resources among the public, including future generations. The overall objective of a sustainable
society is the achievement of sustainability in economic, ecological and social systems.
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
This document reviews the design of an energy-optimized wireless sensor node that encrypts data for transmission. It discusses how sensing schemes that group nodes into clusters and transmit aggregated data can reduce energy consumption compared to individual node transmissions. The proposed node design calculates the minimum transmission power needed based on received signal strength and uses a periodic sleep/wake cycle to optimize energy when not sensing or transmitting. It aims to encrypt data at both the node and network level to further optimize energy usage for wireless communication.
This document discusses group consumption modes. It analyzes factors that impact group consumption, including external environmental factors like technological developments enabling new forms of online and offline interactions, as well as internal motivational factors at both the group and individual level. The document then proposes that group consumption modes can be divided into four types based on two dimensions: vertical (group relationship intensity) and horizontal (consumption action period). These four types are instrument-oriented, information-oriented, enjoyment-oriented, and relationship-oriented consumption modes. Finally, the document notes that consumption modes are dynamic and can evolve over time.
The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
Programming Foundation Models with DSPy - Meetup SlidesZilliz
Prompting language models is hard, while programming language models is easy. In this talk, I will discuss the state-of-the-art framework DSPy for programming foundation models with its powerful optimizers and runtime constraint system.
Introduction of Cybersecurity with OSS at Code Europe 2024Hiroshi SHIBATA
I develop the Ruby programming language, RubyGems, and Bundler, which are package managers for Ruby. Today, I will introduce how to enhance the security of your application using open-source software (OSS) examples from Ruby and RubyGems.
The first topic is CVE (Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures). I have published CVEs many times. But what exactly is a CVE? I'll provide a basic understanding of CVEs and explain how to detect and handle vulnerabilities in OSS.
Next, let's discuss package managers. Package managers play a critical role in the OSS ecosystem. I'll explain how to manage library dependencies in your application.
I'll share insights into how the Ruby and RubyGems core team works to keep our ecosystem safe. By the end of this talk, you'll have a better understanding of how to safeguard your code.
5th LF Energy Power Grid Model Meet-up SlidesDanBrown980551
5th Power Grid Model Meet-up
It is with great pleasure that we extend to you an invitation to the 5th Power Grid Model Meet-up, scheduled for 6th June 2024. This event will adopt a hybrid format, allowing participants to join us either through an online Mircosoft Teams session or in person at TU/e located at Den Dolech 2, Eindhoven, Netherlands. The meet-up will be hosted by Eindhoven University of Technology (TU/e), a research university specializing in engineering science & technology.
Power Grid Model
The global energy transition is placing new and unprecedented demands on Distribution System Operators (DSOs). Alongside upgrades to grid capacity, processes such as digitization, capacity optimization, and congestion management are becoming vital for delivering reliable services.
Power Grid Model is an open source project from Linux Foundation Energy and provides a calculation engine that is increasingly essential for DSOs. It offers a standards-based foundation enabling real-time power systems analysis, simulations of electrical power grids, and sophisticated what-if analysis. In addition, it enables in-depth studies and analysis of the electrical power grid’s behavior and performance. This comprehensive model incorporates essential factors such as power generation capacity, electrical losses, voltage levels, power flows, and system stability.
Power Grid Model is currently being applied in a wide variety of use cases, including grid planning, expansion, reliability, and congestion studies. It can also help in analyzing the impact of renewable energy integration, assessing the effects of disturbances or faults, and developing strategies for grid control and optimization.
What to expect
For the upcoming meetup we are organizing, we have an exciting lineup of activities planned:
-Insightful presentations covering two practical applications of the Power Grid Model.
-An update on the latest advancements in Power Grid -Model technology during the first and second quarters of 2024.
-An interactive brainstorming session to discuss and propose new feature requests.
-An opportunity to connect with fellow Power Grid Model enthusiasts and users.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process MiningLucaBarbaro3
Presentation of the paper "Trusted Execution Environment for Decentralized Process Mining" given during the CAiSE 2024 Conference in Cyprus on June 7, 2024.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Ocean lotus Threat actors project by John Sitima 2024 (1).pptxSitimaJohn
Ocean Lotus cyber threat actors represent a sophisticated, persistent, and politically motivated group that poses a significant risk to organizations and individuals in the Southeast Asian region. Their continuous evolution and adaptability underscore the need for robust cybersecurity measures and international cooperation to identify and mitigate the threats posed by such advanced persistent threat groups.
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracyTomaz Bratanic
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Best 20 SEO Techniques To Improve Website Visibility In SERPPixlogix Infotech
Boost your website's visibility with proven SEO techniques! Our latest blog dives into essential strategies to enhance your online presence, increase traffic, and rank higher on search engines. From keyword optimization to quality content creation, learn how to make your site stand out in the crowded digital landscape. Discover actionable tips and expert insights to elevate your SEO game.
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providersakankshawande
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...Tatiana Kojar
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
Q130303117128
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 13, Issue 3 Ver. III (May- Jun. 2016), PP 117-128
www.iosrjournals.org
DOI: 10.9790/1684-130303117128 www.iosrjournals.org 117 | Page
Intelligent Solutions in Buildings and their Impact on Elements of
Architectural and Structural Design
Bayan Ahmed Osman1
, Adil. A. M Elhassan2,
Awad Saad Hassan3
1
Architectural Engineer, A&M group, Saudi Arabia,
2
Assitant prof. Sudan University of Science & Technology, College of Architecture and Planning, Sudan
3
Associate prof. Sudan University of Science & Technology, College of Architecture and Planning, Sudan
Abstract: This Research focuses on the concepts of intelligent / brilliancy from several aspects in an attempt to
access to intelligent solutions of various types. The problem and objectives of the research have been identified
to include accessibility to interrelated design, structural solutions and buildings designed in a manner that
respects the environment, and taking into account reduction of energy and resources consumption, as well as
minimizing the effects of the construction and use on environment and also taking into consideration the
existence of the technological excellence and development. The research includes of intelligence in general, its
types and the concept of industrial intelligent as well as intelligent buildings and their importance and necessity.
The questionnaire was randomly distributed (60 for) on a sample of engineers from different specializations in
Khartoum state in order get a variety of different views. Results showed that, the concepts of intelligence is not
adequately recognized, and this requires that the competent authorities give them a greater interest and
attention as well as the knowledge of these concepts is not supported by study, experience and practice in the
implementation. Also, before implementation, we must know all structural solutions that help the sustainability
of the building and not exposing it to hazards
Keywords: Intelligent solution, Architectural design, Structural design
I. Introduction
The environmental concept of the design seeks to contribute to regional and international efforts to
reduce the negative effects resulting from the use of the conventional energy resources, and these issues are no
longer a local or regional problem, but have become a global matter which needs concerted efforts to face the
dangers that might occur in the future. It is estimated that round half of the energy consumed by human being is
used inside buildings and this will reflect the enormous quantity of energy that could be saved if certain
solutions are adopted in order to contribute to the reduction of the cooling, heating, air conditioning and lighting
costs in buildings, in addition to finding aesthetic solutions that can add a beautiful and different architectural
touch in buildings [1].
As the engineer is one of the most important persons who are responsible for drawing civilized facade
of his country, if not the first one, he should develop engineering solutions to protect the environment in all its
forms which are represented in open spaces between buildings and to increase the proportion of green spaces
and beautiful environment reflected in the aesthetic appearance of the buildings as well as the cultural and moral
level of society [1]. Furthermore, the different types of intelligent solutions were highlighted to include the
design solutions which are divided into the sustainable development and its concepts and motivation to adopt its
principles, the green architecture and its objectives and importance as a intelligent solution , Minimizing the cost
of buildings as a intelligent solution, low-cost building material and modern construction techniques. It also
includes the intelligent structural solutions that avoid damage that may affect buildings in future, with linking
these construction solutions with design solutions [2]. The technological intelligent solutions related to
technological buildings and the possibility of remotely controlling buildings and energy conservation inside the
building etc. [3].
Then a study has been conducted on global building models and on each type of the aforesaid
intelligent solutions such as London Tower for achieving sustainability concepts and reduction of cost, the
Kingdom Tower in Riyadh which realized the concept of structural solutions and Khalifa Tower which includes
simultaneously the structural and technological solutions, and addition to other models. At Sudan level a study
has been conducted on Khartoum Communications Tower building for being the only building in Khartoum,
which includes more than one type of intelligent solutions, that is in addition to a questionnaire to get the
feedback from people about the smartness concepts and the extent of their knowledge about them, as well as
their willingness to implement intelligent solutions in their buildings and homes. At last, one of the primary
goals of this thesis is to draw attention to other types of intelligent solutions apart from the technological
solutions, and to correct the prevailing belief that intelligent solutions are linked only to the technological
aspects.
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A. What is the definition of Intelligence?
Mind is of a purely humanitarian nature and its growth will be at different stages and is responsible for
human excellence over the rest of living beings, but human beings are also different from each other's in their
mental abilities. Among these capabilities, we find that intelligence is deemed to be a mental energy, mental
return or related characteristic of mind that works actively and with understanding, depth and speed, and that's
what makes us recognize it more and ask about its types, characteristics and the factors that are influencing it
and its tests as well as the most important theories that explain it. In fact, intelligence is not confined or limited
to a sole definition as some psychologists have tended to give it general and special definitions [4]:
General Definition: It includes every type of knowledge whatever its origin whether from sensation,
perception, crumbling, memory, imagination or understanding.
Special definition: It look at the intelligence from two angles :
- Scientific or direct intelligence as the ability to adapt solving new problems and surrounding
circumstances.
- The theoretical intelligence: the ability to adapt, understand and grasp different relations of similarity or
variation.
B. Intelligent t Buildings
These houses are almost do not need any conventional energy for heating or cooling where it gets its
need of energy from sunlight, the earth and its inhabitants as well as it fulfills their daily requirements, even in
their absence.
Sustainable Development:
The sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of current generations without harming
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Sustainable Architectural Design:
The most important principles of sustainable design is to reduce the use of energy and maintain the health of
individuals.
Green Buildings :
Green Buildings are those buildings that are designed, implemented and managed in a manner which puts the
environment in mind first and which have less negative impact on the environment, as well as lessening their
construction and operation.
II. Research Objectives
The main objectives of this research are summarized on the followings points:
Accessing to design and construction solutions and their integration with each other.
To design Buildings in a manner that will be friendly with the environment, taking into account reducing
the consumption of energy and resources as well as minimizing the effects of construction and use on the
environment.
Non-negligence of the existence of technological excellence and development.
Bolstering urban level and directing it towards modern scientific and technical methods.
Working on finding smart solutions to reduce the cost and availability of beautiful buildings.
Drawing attention to the virtually unbeknown smart solutions .
Submission of a thesis that deals with the concepts of intelligence from a different perspective.
III. Methodology Of The Study
The methodology of this research has done on two aspects, the theoretical and practical studies. The
theoretical studies includes the information / data that the researcher receives from sources and references in
various languages and which are related to the theme of intelligence in buildings and solutions of design and
construction, whereas the practical studies have included distribution of questionnaires on the selected sample
of engineers from different specializations in Khartoum state from Sudan.
Axes of questionnaire questions:
The first axis: It includes an introduction, definition of the project and its scientific purpose, as well as
explaining the importance of the questionnaire in directing the research to a suitable direction.
The second axis: It contains all questionnaire questions with answers that are placed in front of each
paragraph so as to enable the Screened person to select the appropriate answer for each question of the
questionnaire form, which is divided into six sections:
Section I: It includes personal information such as qualification, specialty, years of experience, nature of
work etc..
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Section II: It contains the concepts of smart solutions and the extent of their knowledge about them.
Section III: The questions revolve around the sustainable development as an intelligent solution.
Section IV: The questions revolve around minimizing cost as one of smart solutions.
Section V: This section questions were about construction solutions.
Section VI: It deals with the technological solutions in buildings as intelligent solutions.
IV. Discussion Of The Results
Section I: Personal data
The questionnaire results of section I (includes personal information such as qualification, specialty,
years of experience, nature of work etc..) were shoed in the Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3 & Fig. 4. A percentage of 66%
of the targeted sample were holding high degrees (MSc & PhD), while 34% of the sample were holding
bachelor degrees (BSc) have shown in Fig. 1. Fig.2 shows, the percentage of 71 % of the targeted sample were
architects, 23% of them were civil engineers, while 6% were electrical engineers. Fig. 3 shows, a percentage 49
% of the engineers have less than five years' experience, 27% of them have experience of 5 – 10 years, 6 % of
them have experience of 10 – 15 years, whereas 18 % have more than 15 years of experience. Fig. 4 shows, a
percentage of 57 % of respondents were engineers, 20 % of them were consultant engineers, 6 %, were
contractors and 17 % for other categories.
Fig. 1: Personal data (qualification)
Fig. 2: Personal data (specialization)
Fig. 3: Personal data (years of experience)
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Fig. 4: Personal data (nature of work)
Section II: The extent of your awareness about intelligent solutions
The questionnaire results of section 2 were presented in the Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7 and Fig. 8. Fig. 5
shows that A large percentage of engineers (66%) believe that building techniques have become generally
known, however, there are a significant percentage of them believe that these techniques are not adequately
recognized, the matter that requires special attention in this aspect from the competent authorities. Fig. 6
presents that, 35 % indicated that the awareness of the concepts of smart solutions is insufficient, and efforts
should be exerted to raise the level of awareness more. Knowledge of smart solutions - other than the
technological solutions- quite a few one and it is necessary raise and draw attention of awareness to it and
intensify knowledge of it , the matter that will allow us to have an erudite environment that helps in the
dissemination of development in the country (Fig. 7). 62 % of the samples do not think that the construction and
design solutions can be smart solutions. This shows that the majority of them believe that the smart solutions are
represented in the technological solutions only (Fig. 8)
Fig. 5: Result of question - The smart buildings technologies has become used and recognizable?
Fig. 6: Result of question - There is a very good awareness of the concepts of smart solutions?
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Fig. 7: Result of question - Do you think that smart solutions are limited to technological aspects only?
Fig. 8: Result of question - Do you think that the construction and design solutions can be considered as
intelligent solutions?
From the above, we find that awareness of the concepts of smart solutions needs to be strengthened in
such a better way as the results showed that these concepts are not adequately recognized the matter that
requires the competent authorities to pay them more attention. It is found that the competent authorities do not
throw adequate light on the concepts of intelligence and education courses on the concepts of intelligence
should be intensified. Many people believe that smart solutions are limited to the technological side only,
without paying attention to other solutions that give an intelligent building that agrees with the standards of
optimal design, so awareness must be raised in order to get an intellectual environment conducive to the
development of cities in a good manner. The results of study showed that a large number of people see that the
optimized construction should be through the application of smart solutions, and consequently, they have a great
desire to experience this kind of concepts, as well as the engineers tend to use these solutions in their designs.
Section III: Sustainable development as an intelligent solution
The questionnaire results of section III were presented in the Fig. 9, Fig. 10, Fig. 11and Fig. 12. Fig. 9
shows that 94 % of the researched people believe that the concept of the sustainable development is very
important in providing a healthy and suitable environment in the present and future. Fig. 10 shows that 77 %
find that the use of sustainable development rationalizes consumption of energy and water. This means that the
knowledge of the importance of sustainability is widely spread and known. About 62% of them take into
account the requirements of the environment in their designs and put them in mind, while 21 % of them believe
that this matter depends on the circumstances of the design (Fig. 11). Approximately 80% of them are finding
that the green buildings give beautiful sight for buildings as well as them give psychological comfort and proper
attractions (Fig. 12).
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Fig. 9: Result of question - Do you know that sustainable development is significantly contributing to the
preservation of the environment?
Fig. 10: Result of question - Do you know that sustainable development reduces the use of water and
electricity?
Fig. 11: Result of question - Do you take into account the environmental requirements in your design?
Fig. 12: Result of question - Do you think that the green building imparts a beautiful sight?
From section III, we find that there is awareness about the concepts of sustainability and green
buildings, but this awareness needs to be strengthened in order to enhance the awareness about the importance
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of sustainability. There is adequate awareness about the concept of sustainable development as a very important
concept in providing a healthy and suitable environment in the present and future, as well as in rationalizing
energy consumption. The majority of them think that the green and sustainable building adds beauty to the
building and provides appropriate factors of attraction. Negligence in applying sustainability concepts at the
moment is largely due to a lack of awareness of the owner, client or the architect about the importance of
sustainability, as well as due to the high cost of implementation / execution.
Section IV: Minimization of cost as an intelligent solution
The questionnaire results of section IV were presented in the Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 15and Fig. 16. Fig.
13 shows that 48% of the sample believe that smart solutions are reducing the cost sometimes but not always,
and this depends on the type of the intelligent solution, its flexibility and availability of material, while 40% of
them say that they are working on reducing the cost in the long term, if not in the short term. Cost reduction has
become a required element in designing buildings due to the increase of construction prices, and so it has
become a requirement for each customer. Hence, he seeks to reduce the costs by any means whenever they
provide safety and stability for his building, and so we have to enlighten him about these methods (Fig. 14). It is
found that 63 % of engineers encourage using low-cost building materials and of less effect on the environment
which at the same time have proved their effectiveness and durability, while 20 % of them believe that this will
sometimes be according to the requirements of the project (Fig. 15). Minimization of cost is one of the most
important goals sought by the client, but the problem arises in the lack of awareness of the landlord and his
information about these options, which enable him to minimize the cost, so intensive efforts should be exerted to
enlighten and inform the landlord about these options (Fig. 16).
Fig. 13: Result of question - Does the use of smart solutions minimize the cost?
Fig. 14: Result of question - As a client, do you prefer using non-traditional methods in construction to
minimize the cost?
Fig. 15: Result of question - As an engineer, do you encourage the use of low-cost building materials in your
design?
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Fig. 16: Result of question - It is necessary to enlighten the landlord about the smart solutions that can reduce
the cost of construction?
From section IV, we find that Smart solutions minimize the cost sometimes (and not always) are
working on minimization of cost at least on the long run if not on short run. Customers or the landlords are
willing to use unconventional methods in the construction. They are ready to try new solutions that lead
minimization of the cost. A large proportion of Engineers encourage using low-cost building materials, which
are of fewer effects on the environment and at the same time have proved their effectiveness and sustainability
in buildings. Efforts must be intensified to enlighten the landlord about the different solutions that reduce the
cost of his construction. To reach solutions of low-cost efforts of the landlord, architect and contractor must
combine in the project.
• Section V: Structural solutions
The questionnaire results of section IV were presented in the Fig. 17, Fig. 18, Fig. 19, Fig. 20, Fig. 21,
Fig. 22, Fig. 23, Fig. 24 and Fig. 25. Fig. 17 shows that Errors in the design might be the cause for cracks and
collapses of buildings. This assumption has been supported by 23% of persons, while 60 % of them see that this
is not always a moratorium on the design, which may be a cause in some cases, while 17 % of them believe that
design cannot be the cause of these cracks. There is no doubt that the error in estimating the loads may pose a
danger to the building and this was supported by 40% of the subjects, but it is not necessarily to deem it as the
main reason for always (Fig. 18). Execution errors pose a major threat to the buildings, and could lead to their
downfall according to the opinions of 40 % of subjects, while 60 % of them believe that it depends on the details
of the project. It is notable here that all the subjects deem it as a dangerous matter (Fig. 19). Fig.20 shows that
We must take into account the surrounding environment during the design, as the design shape, manner of
execution and other matters vary from one region to another according to their nature and the variation of
environments, and this is the reason why we should pay attention to and take into account during the design to
avoid causing danger to the building.
The results ranged (Fig. 21) from support and strong support on the need to take into account the wind
loads during the design, especially in higher buildings. Approximately 80% of subjects believe that it is
necessary to put the earthquake loads in mind during the design in order to avoid natural disasters that may lead
to mass destruction in buildings and cities, so it is easier and good to protect buildings from the beginning
before earthquakes occur (Fig. 22). There are many structural solutions (Fig. 23) that increase the effectiveness
of the building and allow it to face the difficult natural conditions that surround the buildings, and minimize a
lot of maintenance costs in the future. We must draw attention to them. It is necessary to undergo soil
examination (Fig. 24) on the plot allocated for the construction of the building so as to know its load ability in
order to avoid any problems during execution as per the views of 94 % of the subjects. Different breaks have a
great role in the stability of the building and its sustainability, as well as they prevent occurrence of cracks that
could lead to its collapse as 94 % of the subjects believe (Fig. 25)
Fig. 17: Result of question - The causes of cracks and collapses of buildings are: Errors in the design?
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Fig. 18: Result of question - The causes of cracks and collapses of buildings are: Miscalculation of building
payloads?
Fig. 19: Result of question - The causes of cracks and collapses of buildings are: Errors in execution?
Fig. 20: Result of question - The causes of cracks and collapses of buildings are: Using the same system without
taking into account the surrounding environment?
Fig. 21: Result of question - The causes of cracks and collapses of buildings are: Wind loads must be put in
mind when you design?
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Fig. 22: Result of question - The causes of cracks and collapses of buildings are: Loads of earthquakes must be
put in mind when you design?
Fig. 23: Result of question - The causes of cracks and collapses of buildings are: Structural solutions may
increase the effectiveness of the building and its ability to resist environmental conditions.
Fig. 24: Result of question - It is necessary to undergo soil examination on the plot allocated for the
construction of the building before the execution of construction
Fig. 25: Result of question - We must put breaks (for expansion - fall – etc..) in mind when we design
From section V, we find that errors in design as well as miscalculation payloads may be the cause of
some cases of cracks in buildings, but that does not happen always. Execution errors pose a major threat to
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buildings, and could lead to its downfall, so execution must be done according to the set specifications and by
proper and allowed ways, and after conducting all the necessary tests. Environment plays a great role in the
design shape and manner of its implementation, so we must take into account the surrounding environment
during design process. Wind and earthquakes loads must be put in mind during the design, especially for higher
buildings in order to avoid any collapses in buildings when exposed to natural conditions. Necessary
examinations and tests on the soil must be done to determine its loading ability, and we must also put different
breaks / separators in mind when during design and implementation.
• Section VI: Technological Solutions
The questionnaire results of section V were presented in the Fig. 26, Fig. 27, Fig. 28 and Fig. 29. Fig.
26 presented that, the technological aspect is certainly one of the aspects of smart solutions, but it does not
represent all their concepts as most of the people think that a building can be considered as an intelligent
building only if it contains technological solutions, and this misconception became clear in the answers of the
subjects which ranged between agreement and disagreement. Fig. 27 presented that, the answers ranged between
agreement and disagreement and the largest percentage (42%) agree that building automation should be
considered as an intelligent building. Electromagnetic cells operate on a self-generating power to the building,
thus saving the consumption of the building. The initial cost may be high, for being a new technology, but they
save a lot in future term (Fig. 28). A percentage of 83% of the engineers believe that the use of technological
solutions in buildings contributes to creating optimal design that conforms to the requirements of the
environment (Fig. 29).
Fig. 26: Result of question - The technological aspects represent all the concepts of smart solutions?
Fig. 27: Result of question - From your point of view the building must automated first in order to consider it as
an intelligent building?
Fig. 28: Result of question - When we install the cells of cellar energy in the building, they save a lot of cost?
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Fig. 29: Result of question - As an engineer, do you encourage the use of technological solutions in the design?
From section VI, we find that most people think that a building can not be regarded as an intelligent
building unless it contains technological solutions, and that the building automation must be done in order to
consider it as an intelligent building. Power generation cells operate on a self-generating energy for buildings
and consequently work on saving energy consumption in buildings. Engineers encourage the use of
technological solutions in buildings as they contribute to finding the optimal design that conforms to the
requirements of the environment. We must go to the sustainable sources of energy that do not dry up, and build
whole cities that rely on electo-collar cells for power generation.
V. Conclusion
By analyzing the results of the questionnaire, the results of the study are summarized as follows: -
There is a need in some cases to explain some terminologies which are meant by the various intelligence
concepts, as well as there is a confusion between the concept of intelligence and the concept of
sustainability.
There are not enough scientific researches on the issue of intelligence in all its aspects, they are either focus
on the technological side only, or just focus on the concepts of sustainability etc.. So there is a considerable
need for scientific researches that address all the different aspects of intelligence concepts.
The scientific courses that interpret the concepts of intelligence, as well as university curricula, need to
intensify and highlight these concepts further.
Negligence to apply sustainability concepts at the moment is largely due to a lack of awareness of the
owner, client or the architect of the importance of sustainability, as well as due to the high cost of
implementation.
There is a desire from the client or the owner to use new solutions and different techniques to reduce the
cost, but they lack sufficient experience and knowledge that allows him to take such a step.
There is also a desire among engineers to use smart solutions in their designs if they are given the right
opportunity.
People deal with technological solutions as representing all the concepts of intelligence, and without their
existence the building is not considered as intelligent building.
References
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Press Book, New York. 1988
[2]. Christiansson , P. “Knowledge Representations and Information flow in the Intelligent Buildings”, 2000
[3]. Jaffrey, R.J. “Building Performance and Occupant Productivity; Personal Environments-A New Building Focus.”, Fourth World
Congress (Tall Buildings: 2000 and Beyond), November 5-9, Hong Kong.
[4]. Jedamzik, M, “Smart House, A Usable Dialog System for the control of technical System by Gesture Recognition in Home
Environments”. 2002.