1. The study evaluated the anti-atherosclerotic effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) in male Wistar rats fed high lipid and high carbohydrate diets to induce atherosclerosis.
2. Rats fed VCO along with normal, high carbohydrate, and high lipid diets had significantly lower body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL, but higher HDL compared to control diet groups after 8 weeks.
3. VCO treatment also significantly reduced the atherogenic index and increased percentage of protection against atherosclerosis in all diet groups compared to controls. This suggests VCO has anti-atherosclerotic properties.
ABSTRACT- Previous studies have suggested an association between vegetarian persons and non-vegetarian persons, although this relationship
positive correlation significant. The present study was designed to investigate comparative study of lipid profile levels in vegetarian and nonvegetarian
person. The lipid profile is used to determine the risk of obesity, heart disease in myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and help in deciding
treatment has borderline or high risk. the present study was undertaken to compare case and control produce effect on individuals lipid profile, the
parameters of lipid metabolism i.e. cholesterol, tri-glyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein of the age of 20-85 years and early
aged 50 years and above males and females, divided categories i.e. vegetarian and non- vegetarian persons. the study was done on 20 cases in 10
control (non-vegetarians) and 10 cases (vegetarians) diet was significantly found to reduce the values of all the parameter lipid metabolism except
HDL-Cholesterol(45.02± 9.595; p<0.0001).when><0.0001 ) from this study, it can be concluded
that along with diet, sex and age factor also influence parameters of lipid metabolism.
Key words- Vegetarian persons, non-Vegetarian, Lipid profile
The global prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly and high dietary fat intake is major risk factor for the development of obesity. The present study was taken undertaken to evaluate the effect of Argyreia Nervosa Burn.F leaf ethanol extract on serum lipid profile in Wistar male albino rat fed with high fat diet and to compare it with a standard hyperlipidemic drug Sibutramine (10mg/kg). Fifty four health Wistar albino male rats were randomized in to 9 groups of 6 animals each. The groups were followed as follows Group I: Sham operated Normal (Normal Diet), Group II: Control (High fat diet), Group III: Sibutramine 10 mg/kg + HFD, Group IV: EEAN (100mg/kg) + HFD, Group V: EEAN (200mg/kg) +HFD, Group VI: EEAN
(400mg/kg) + HFD, Remaining groups have received different types of extracts at various doses. Lipid profile in serum with high triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by treatment of 0.5g/day A. nervosa. The A. nervosa markedly lowers the levels of serum cholesterol and VLDL. The present investigation shows that all triton induced rats
displayed hyperlipidemia as shown by their elevated levels of serum and liver cholesterol, triglyceride, PL, VLDL, LDL and the reduction in the HDL level. It can be concluded that 0.5g/day of A. nervosa treatment was effective in reduction of cholesterol, PL, TG, VLDL, LDL and HDL in a dose dependant manner.
ABSTRACT- Previous studies have suggested an association between vegetarian persons and non-vegetarian persons, although this relationship
positive correlation significant. The present study was designed to investigate comparative study of lipid profile levels in vegetarian and nonvegetarian
person. The lipid profile is used to determine the risk of obesity, heart disease in myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and help in deciding
treatment has borderline or high risk. the present study was undertaken to compare case and control produce effect on individuals lipid profile, the
parameters of lipid metabolism i.e. cholesterol, tri-glyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein of the age of 20-85 years and early
aged 50 years and above males and females, divided categories i.e. vegetarian and non- vegetarian persons. the study was done on 20 cases in 10
control (non-vegetarians) and 10 cases (vegetarians) diet was significantly found to reduce the values of all the parameter lipid metabolism except
HDL-Cholesterol(45.02± 9.595; p<0.0001).when><0.0001 ) from this study, it can be concluded
that along with diet, sex and age factor also influence parameters of lipid metabolism.
Key words- Vegetarian persons, non-Vegetarian, Lipid profile
The global prevalence of obesity is increasing rapidly and high dietary fat intake is major risk factor for the development of obesity. The present study was taken undertaken to evaluate the effect of Argyreia Nervosa Burn.F leaf ethanol extract on serum lipid profile in Wistar male albino rat fed with high fat diet and to compare it with a standard hyperlipidemic drug Sibutramine (10mg/kg). Fifty four health Wistar albino male rats were randomized in to 9 groups of 6 animals each. The groups were followed as follows Group I: Sham operated Normal (Normal Diet), Group II: Control (High fat diet), Group III: Sibutramine 10 mg/kg + HFD, Group IV: EEAN (100mg/kg) + HFD, Group V: EEAN (200mg/kg) +HFD, Group VI: EEAN
(400mg/kg) + HFD, Remaining groups have received different types of extracts at various doses. Lipid profile in serum with high triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels were significantly reduced by treatment of 0.5g/day A. nervosa. The A. nervosa markedly lowers the levels of serum cholesterol and VLDL. The present investigation shows that all triton induced rats
displayed hyperlipidemia as shown by their elevated levels of serum and liver cholesterol, triglyceride, PL, VLDL, LDL and the reduction in the HDL level. It can be concluded that 0.5g/day of A. nervosa treatment was effective in reduction of cholesterol, PL, TG, VLDL, LDL and HDL in a dose dependant manner.
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
Cystatin C as a marker of Cardio metabolic disorder in obese South Indian ind...iosrjce
Human obesity is strongly associated with cardio metabolic disease. Cystatin C is a
naturally occurring protease inhibitor and marker of cardiovascular disease. The main objective of present
study was to estimate the serum levels of Cystatin C in individuals with normal BMI, and obese, aged between
18-39 Yrs and to compare the levels of serum Cystatin C among these individuals and to correlate the levels of
serum Cystatin C with cardio metabolic risk factors.
Material & Methods: The study population was taken from healthy volunteers of Mysore city, aged between 18-
39 years of either sex. The study population was divided into 2 groups based on BMI. Each group contains
sample size of 45. Fasting serum sample was analyzed for Blood glucose, Total cholesterol, Total Triglycerides,
Direct HDL cholesterol, Direct LDL Cholesterol by enzymatic method and serum Cystatin-C by
immunoturbidimetric method using auto analyser.
Results: The serum Cystatin C levels was significantly increased in obese groups, p value<0.001. The mean
serum Cystatin C levels in normal BMI group was 0.78±0.03, and in Obese group is 1.15±0.09. In the study
serum Cystatin C showed a positive correlation with serum glucose(r=0.61) serum triglycerides (r=0.7),
Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (r=0.80), TCHOL: HDL (r=0.71), HDL: LDL (r=0.70) respectively and
negative correlation with serum HDL (r=-0.52)
Hypertrophic obesity is associated with type 2 diabetes and impaired adipogen...My Healthy Waist
By Ulf Smith, MD, PhD, Professor of Internal Medicine, The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
Alterations of Mitochondrial Functions and DNA in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy of ...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Alterations of Mitochondrial Functions and DNA in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy of CCK1 Receptors-Deficient Rats by Abdelbary Prince, Magdy A Ghoneim, Abdallah M El-Ebidi, Hala A Mousa and Jin Han in Interventions in Obesity & Diabetes
The Ameliorative Potential of Dexmedetomidine and Benincasa Cerifera Extract ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) represents the main reason for acute kidney injury (AKI). Dexmedetomidine (Dex) and Benincasa cerifera (BC) have wide benefits due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aims to illustrate the protective effects of BC and Dex on renal IRI in a diabetic model. Sixty adult male albino rats (Wistar strain), weighing 250–300 g, were included in the study. The rats were divided into four groups, as follows: sham group: (non-diabetic); diabetes mellitus (DM) + IRI group: streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats exposed to renal IRI on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes; DM + IRI + BC group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with BC (500 mg/kg) for 30 days after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI; and DM + IRI + Dex group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with Dex (100 µg/kg intraperitoneally) 5 min before induction of ischemia on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI. Biochemical parameters, histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical markers were evaluated. A significant improvement in the biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical parameters were observed in the DM + IRI + BC group, while the DM + IRI + Dex group showed improvements in renal IRI and dyslipidemia. The present study demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a chief role in renal IRI in the STZ-induced diabetic model. Treatment with BC achieved excellent ameliorative effects, while treatment with DEX improved renal IRI.
Keywords:
Diabetes; Dexmedetomidine; Ischemia/Reperfusion; Oxidative Stress
Metabolic dysfunctions become manifest in various tissues and organs that have complex, interrelated relationships. Crown Bioscience supports in vivo discovery research for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease with drug evaluation services in a wide range of models.
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and its occurrence is increasing fast in most of the countries. Herbal medicine derived from plant extracts have been utilized increasingly for the treatment of various disorders like diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti diabetic activity of ‘Herbamed’, a herbal formulation composed of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats model.
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
Cystatin C as a marker of Cardio metabolic disorder in obese South Indian ind...iosrjce
Human obesity is strongly associated with cardio metabolic disease. Cystatin C is a
naturally occurring protease inhibitor and marker of cardiovascular disease. The main objective of present
study was to estimate the serum levels of Cystatin C in individuals with normal BMI, and obese, aged between
18-39 Yrs and to compare the levels of serum Cystatin C among these individuals and to correlate the levels of
serum Cystatin C with cardio metabolic risk factors.
Material & Methods: The study population was taken from healthy volunteers of Mysore city, aged between 18-
39 years of either sex. The study population was divided into 2 groups based on BMI. Each group contains
sample size of 45. Fasting serum sample was analyzed for Blood glucose, Total cholesterol, Total Triglycerides,
Direct HDL cholesterol, Direct LDL Cholesterol by enzymatic method and serum Cystatin-C by
immunoturbidimetric method using auto analyser.
Results: The serum Cystatin C levels was significantly increased in obese groups, p value<0.001. The mean
serum Cystatin C levels in normal BMI group was 0.78±0.03, and in Obese group is 1.15±0.09. In the study
serum Cystatin C showed a positive correlation with serum glucose(r=0.61) serum triglycerides (r=0.7),
Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (r=0.80), TCHOL: HDL (r=0.71), HDL: LDL (r=0.70) respectively and
negative correlation with serum HDL (r=-0.52)
Hypertrophic obesity is associated with type 2 diabetes and impaired adipogen...My Healthy Waist
By Ulf Smith, MD, PhD, Professor of Internal Medicine, The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, Center of Excellence for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
Alterations of Mitochondrial Functions and DNA in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy of ...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Alterations of Mitochondrial Functions and DNA in Diabetic Cardiomyopathy of CCK1 Receptors-Deficient Rats by Abdelbary Prince, Magdy A Ghoneim, Abdallah M El-Ebidi, Hala A Mousa and Jin Han in Interventions in Obesity & Diabetes
The Ameliorative Potential of Dexmedetomidine and Benincasa Cerifera Extract ...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) represents the main reason for acute kidney injury (AKI). Dexmedetomidine (Dex) and Benincasa cerifera (BC) have wide benefits due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This study aims to illustrate the protective effects of BC and Dex on renal IRI in a diabetic model. Sixty adult male albino rats (Wistar strain), weighing 250–300 g, were included in the study. The rats were divided into four groups, as follows: sham group: (non-diabetic); diabetes mellitus (DM) + IRI group: streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats exposed to renal IRI on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes; DM + IRI + BC group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with BC (500 mg/kg) for 30 days after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI; and DM + IRI + Dex group: STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with Dex (100 µg/kg intraperitoneally) 5 min before induction of ischemia on day 30 after diagnosis of diabetes, then exposed to renal IRI. Biochemical parameters, histopathological examination, and immunohistochemical markers were evaluated. A significant improvement in the biochemical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical parameters were observed in the DM + IRI + BC group, while the DM + IRI + Dex group showed improvements in renal IRI and dyslipidemia. The present study demonstrated that oxidative stress plays a chief role in renal IRI in the STZ-induced diabetic model. Treatment with BC achieved excellent ameliorative effects, while treatment with DEX improved renal IRI.
Keywords:
Diabetes; Dexmedetomidine; Ischemia/Reperfusion; Oxidative Stress
Metabolic dysfunctions become manifest in various tissues and organs that have complex, interrelated relationships. Crown Bioscience supports in vivo discovery research for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease with drug evaluation services in a wide range of models.
Antihyperglycemic and Anti-hyperlipidemic Effect of Herbamed, A Herbal Formul...CrimsonPublishersIOD
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and its occurrence is increasing fast in most of the countries. Herbal medicine derived from plant extracts have been utilized increasingly for the treatment of various disorders like diabetes mellitus. The present study was designed to evaluate the anti diabetic activity of ‘Herbamed’, a herbal formulation composed of Vernonia amygdalina, Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale and Allium sativum in alloxan-induced diabetic rats model.
Introduction to pre clinical screening of drugsKanthlal SK
Various Techniques and Methods for screening of new chemical entities in preclinical aspects (both invitro & invivo) for effective and safe clinical usage.
Antihyperlipidemic Activity of Torbangun Extract (Coleus amboinicus Lour) on ...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Heart diseases due to hyperlipidemia (primary or secondary) can lead to cause chest pain, heart attacks,
strokes, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac failure. Because of these risks, treatment is often recommended for people with
hyperlipidemia, because it is well known factor to increase incidence of heart diseases. This may lead to
development of atherosclerotic plaques which is major etiological factor for establishing coronary artery disease
(CAD). Hypolipidemic drugs used in allopathy include Statins, Fibric acids, Niacin, and Resins but all have their
low compliance due to frequent side effects. Medicinal herbs like Onion and Ginger are hypolipidemic agents
commonly used as flavoring agents and making foods spicy and tasty. We have compared hypolipidemic potential
between these two medicinal herbs. The study was conducted at Ghurki Trust teaching hospital, Lahore from
January to June 2018. Eighty secondary hyperlipidemic patients were enrolled after getting written consent which
was approved by Ethics committee of the hospital. They were divided in two equal groups comprising 40 patients in
each group. Group-I was treated by Ginger 10 grams daily in three divided doses for 2 months. Group-II was
advised to take Onion 200 grams daily in divided amount with each meal i.e.; breakfast, lunch, and dinner for two
months. After two months therapy it was observed by statistical analysis that 10 grams ginger reduced TC (total
cholesterol) of 38 hyperlipidemic patients 12.4 gm/dl and LDL-C (low density lipoprotein cholesterol) 27.3 mg/dl.
In group-II, onion reduced TC in 35 patients 17.9 mg/dl and LDL-C 14.8 mg/dl. Changes in tested parameters are
significant biostatistically with p-values <0.01 to <0.001. We concluded from this research work that Onion and
Ginger reduces risk of CAD by decreasing plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy and Biological Sciences(IOSR-JPBS) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of Pharmacy and Biological Science. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in Pharmacy and Biological Science. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
SCREENING MODELS OF ANTIDYSLIPIDEMIC AGENT.docxTUSHARUNDHAD3
SCREENING MODELS OF ANTIDYSLIPIDEMIC AGENT.docx
1.INTRODUCTION
2.LIPOPROTEIN
3.RISK FACTORS
4.DIETARY SOURCE OF 5.CHOLESTEROL
6.CLASSIFICATION OF ANTIHYPERLIPIDEMIC AGENT
7.SCREENING MODELS OF ANTIDYSLIPIDEMIC AGENT
(A) In Vivo Models:
1.Triton induced hyperlipidemia in Wistar rat
2.Cholesterol diet induced atherosclerosis in rabbits (High fat diet)
3.Hereditary hyperlipidemia in rabbits
4.Hypolipidemic activity in Syrian hamsters
5.Transgenic animal model
6.Hereditary hypercholesteremia in rats
7. IV lipid tolerance test in rat
8.Efect of HMG COA reduction inhibition in vivo
9.Fructose induce hyperglycemia in rat
10.Cholestylamine binding
(B) In Vitro Models:
1.Inhibition of isolated HMG COA reductase inhibitors
2.ACAT inhibitory model
THERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF SOYA BEAN CHUNKS SUPPLEMENTION DURING HEMODIALYSISNeeleshkumar Maurya
The present study was conducted during the year 2016-17 on 30 ckd-5 patients on hemodialysis admitted in various medical wards of the MLB, Medical College, Jhansi (U.P.) India. The primary data were obtained from all CKD patients 30 days intervals and three times first time proper medication with hemodialysis therapy and second time same condition patients with additional dietary counseling. The data was collected in all the patients, thorough anthropometric measurement, dietary history and blood are collected for analysis of Hb, serum albumin, blood urea, cholesterol and cretonne. The Proper dietary counseling along with high biological protein (20 gm) given during hemodialysis superior the nutritional value of undernourished chronic kidney disease patient. About proper diet counseling of the patients showed significant statistical positive (<0.005) response in a various nutritional factor like BMI, MUAC, Serum Albumin, hemoglobin, total calorie intake while the only medication and dialysis therapy showed an undergoing undernourished in their nutritional value. The patients undergoing hemodialysis often develop protein-energy malnutrition which is related to mortality and morbidity rate increases. Special nutritional care is required for the dialysis patient to improve the net protein anabolism. The nutritional value of soya bean chunks in patients on HD requirements more attention providing one-to-one nutrition psychotherapy could be improvements in the patients. Key words : Dialysis, malnutrition, soybean chunks, high biological protein.
CholesLo shows clinical significance in
helping reduce plasma cholesterol and
homocysteine levels and therefore affects
favourably the risk of subsequent development
of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our
findings suggest that the dose required to cause
such improvements in plasma lipid profile is
safe enough to be considered for use in general
population.
The role of curcumin in streptozotocin induced hepatic damage and the trans-d...Prof. Hesham N. Mustafa
Diabetic patients frequently suffer from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. The current study aimed to investigate the role of curcumin and the response of hepatic stellate cells in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hepatic damage. Sixty male rats were divided into three groups. The normal control injected with a citrate buffer vehicle and the diabetic control group which was injected intraperitoneally (IP) with a single-dose of streptozotocin (50mg/kg body weight) and a diabetic group was treated with an oral dose of curcumin at 80 mg/kg body weight daily for 60 days. Curcumin effectively counteracts oxidative stress-mediated hepatic damage and improves biochemical parameters. Alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) was significantly reduced, and insulin antibodies showed strong positive immunoreactivity with curcumin administration. These results optimistically demonstrate the potential use of curcumin, which is attributed to its antiradical/antioxidant activities and its potential β-cell regenerative properties. Also, it has the capability to encourage the trans-differentiation of hepatic stellate cells into insulin-producing cells for a period of time. In addition, as it is an anti-fibrotic mediator that inhibits hepatic stellate cell activation and the transition to myofibroblast-like cells, this suggests the possibility of considering curcumin's novel therapeutic effects in reducing hepatic dysfunction in diabetic patients.
Effect of Piper crocatum Extract Against Weight Loss and Liver Enzyme Levels ...iosrphr_editor
Piper crocatum is one of Indonesian medicinal plant that contain flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins. Aims of this study were to evaluate the effect of Piper crocatum aqueous extract against a decrease in body weight (BW) and the activity of enzymes involved in lipid metabolism (AMPK, ACC, FAS) in liver obese rats. This study used four groups of Sprague dawley rat (n = 6), including normal group (N), obese controls (OC), Piper crocatum extract dose 1260 mg/kgBW (PcA), and Piper crocatum extract dose of 1890 mg/kgBW (PcB). Measurement of metabolic liver enzyme levels (AMPK, ACC, FAS) are using ELISA kit (CusabioTM). Results of this study showed that the PcA group produce the highest reduction in body weight (4.52%), and the lowest levels of ACC (9.13 ng/g) and FAS (360.68 ng/g) which was significantly different from obese control group (95% CI). Piper crocatum extract can't activate AMPK. The highest levels in rat liver AMPK is in N group with 8.42 ng/g, but this value is not significantly different from other groups.
Intake of Black Vinegar on Anthropometric Measures, Cardiometabolic Profiles,...mahendrareddychirra
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are the most important chronic diseases around the world. They are associated with huge medical expenditure and with increasing morbidity and mortality among related cardio-metabolic diseases in developing and developed countries [1,2].
Vinegar was first reported to have anti-glycemic effects since 1988 in animal and human studies [3]. Vinegar may be associated with improved insulin sensitivity and delayed gastric emptying that accompanied improved glycemic control and reduced body weight [4,5].
Therapeutic Properties and Nutritive Values of Some Fruit Bearing Medicinal P...Ram Sahu
The medicinal plants imparts chief role in protecting our health from various disease. It is nature’s gift to human being to live healthy life. Medicinal plants are believed to be much safer and proved as elixir in the treatment of various ailments. Medicinal plants used in Indian system of medicine from Rajasthan state have been surveyed and categorized systematically. The manuscript incorporated the therapeutic properties and nutritive values of medicinal plants of Rajasthan. The paper deals with 11 medicinal plants, thoroughly indexed along with their important traditional application for the cure of various ailments. This study also incorporates the ethno-botany and biological activities of these important plants
Catharanthus roseus Combination Therapy with Orthodox Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs...Ram Sahu
Most of the chronic diseases including diabetes mellitus are difficult to treat successfully with orthodox drugs. Investigation in complementary and alternative medicines is now being intensified to proffer lasting solution. Natural products and their derivatives may be considered as a potential source of novel compounds which can combine with orthodox drugs to enhance their hypoglycemic effect. To investigate the complementary and synergistic effect of Catharanthus roseus (C. roseus) leaves extract with oral hypoglycemic synthetic drugs sulphonylurea (glibenclamide) and biguanide (metformin). Experimental induction of diabetes in rats using alloxan model was employed. Five rats each of six groups were used. Group I received distilled water only. Groups II, III and IV received 250 mg/kg of methanol extract, 100 mg/kg of biguanide (metformin) and 1 mg/kg of sulphonylurea (glibenclamide), respectively. Groups V and VI received extract-metformin and extract-glibenclamide combination at doses as above, respectively. Administration of the six groups was carried out once daily for seven days. At 2, 12, 24, 72 and 168 h, fasting blood glucose was determined using a glucometer. When compared with control alone, all medicaments significantly (p<0.05) lowered blood glucose levels. The highest percentage reduction in blood glucose (64.9%) occurred with extract-biguanide (metformin) combination. The leaves extract of C. roseus – biguanide (metformin) combination offered a promising novel approach to diabetes mellitus treatment.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Home assignment II on Spectroscopy 2024 Answers.pdf
Evaluation of anti atherosclerotic activity of virgin coconut oil
1. UK Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences Vol. 3(2), 10-14, 2015 RESEARCH ARTICLE
Evaluation of Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil in Male Wistar Rats
Against High Lipid and High Carbohydrate Diet Induced Atherosclerosis
Shariq B*, Zulhabri O, Hamid K, Sundus B, Mehwish H, Sakina R, Jiyauddin K, Kaleemullah M, Samer
AD, Rasha S
Managemant and Science University, 40100 Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Article Information
Received 9 January 2015
Received in revised form 8 April 2015
Accepted 10 April 2015
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on high lipid diet (HLD)
and high carbohydrate diet (HCD) induced atherosclerosis in male Wistar rats.
Spectrophotometer was used to determine the lipid parameters by enzymatic endpoint method.
The plasma total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels
were measured using commercial enzymatic kits. The results showed that feeding with normal
and VCO diet significantly decrease (p<0.05) body weight when compared to the control group
rats. Body weight and lipid profile were estimated after 8 weeks of treatment. VCO showed a
significant (p<0.05) reduction in TC, TG, Low density lipoprotein (LDL), Very low density
lipoprotein (VLDL) levels and significant (p<0.05) increase in HDL in HCD /HLD group rats. There
was significant decrease in atherogenic index (AI) (p<0.05) of all VCO treated groups when
compared to the Control group. Hence, there was increase in the percentage of protection in
VCO treated animals after 8 weeks.The decrease of lipid profiles in the experimental rats showed
that VCO possesses anti-atherosclerotic activity.
Keywords:
Virgin coconut oil,
Atherosclerosis,
Diet,
Atherogenic index
*
Corresponding Author:
E-mail: hmshariqbaber@gmail.com
Tel.: 0060-1126270763
1 Introduction
Atherosclerosis is an arterial disease caused by chronic
inflammatory response of white blood cells. The atheroma contains
remnants of cellular debris in the form of dead cells, triglycerides,
cholesterol and calcium in the crystallized form. LDL carrying
triglycerides and cholesterol promote the atherogenesis, while the
functional HDL prevents the hardening of arteries by reducing the
formation of arterial atheromatous plaques. Atherosclerosis remains
asymptomatic for many decades; hence, it is called clinically silent
disease, as the person suffering from this arterial disorder does not
know about any drastic changes in arteries. Atherosclerosis is the
leading cause of myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure and
coronary artery disease (CAD) 1
. CAD and atherosclerosis causes
many deaths in developed countries2
. Atherosclerosis develops
progressively in elastic and muscular arteries3
, of medium and large
sized characterized by focal intimal lesions called atheromas or
atherosclerotic plaques that protrude into vessel lumen and
eventually leading to various complications4
.There are a number of
environmental, genetic and metabolic factors involved in the
formation and evolution of the atherosclerotic plaque5
.
Practicing regular exercise and stopping smoking alleviates
cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis. Diet change helps
to prevent the development of atherosclerosis. It is suggested that
Mediterranean diet containing fiber food and unsaturated oils
improves cardiovascular outcomes and is better than a low fat diet.
Studies show that herbs, spices and diets rich in fruits and
vegetables result in less number of cardiovascular diseases and
deaths6
.
Virgin coconut oil consists of 92% of saturated, 6% of
monounsaturated and 2% of polyunsaturated fatty acids. 10% long
chain and 90% medium chain saturated fatty acids constitute the
virgin coconut oil7
. These fatty acids are easily absorbed and used
as energy for metabolism, thus increasing the metabolic activity,
hence, it can help protect the body from disease and accelerate
healing8
.
UK Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biosciences
Available at www.ukjpb.com
ISSN: 2347-9442
2. Shariq et al. Evaluation of Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2015: 3(2); 11
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of
VCO, and to analyze its protective effect against the risk factors of
atherosclerosis i.e., TC, HDL, LDL, VLDL, TG in rats, fed with HCD
and HLD.
2 Material and Methods
2.1 Experimental animal
The study was approved by animal ethics committee of the
management and science university (MSU), Shah Alam, Malaysia.
VCO was purchased from Organic Gain Sdn. Bhd., Bandar Baru
Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia. The pellets BR-II were used as the
animal food. Sixty male Wistar rats weighing 200-220 g of 2 months
old were obtained from the Laboratory Animal House of the
University. Animals were randomly divided equally into Six
experimental groups comprising of ten animals each (n =10 per
group). After 2 weeks of acclimatization, each group of rats was fed
on the following diets: Group 1 was fed the normal pellet diet
(control), Group 2 was administered normal diet with VCO (1
ml/day), Group 3 named as HCD received bread with pellet, Group 4
animals received HCD bread and pellet with VCO (1 ml/day), Group
5 called as HLD animals received cheese with pellet, Group 6 named
HLD animals received cheese and pellet with VCO (1 ml/day). All
groups had free access to diets and water ad libitum for 10 weeks.
2.2 Determination of dosage and VCO delivery
VCO was administered by oral gavage at a dose of 1.42 ml/kg
according to the minimal recommended dose of 10ml/per day in
humans9
. VCO given to human therapy is 3 tablespoons or equal to
45 ml/day10
. When converted to rat, it was 0.018 X 45 = 0.81 ml/200
g BW/day or equal to 1.09 ml/270 g BW/day. In this study dose was
1 ml/day/270 g BW.
2.3 Plasma lipid analyses
Spectrophotometer was used to measure the blood cholesterol
levels by Enzymatic Endpoint Method11
. The plasma TC, TGand HDL
levels were measured using commercial enzymatic kits (Human
Gesellschaft fur biochemical und Diagnostic ambh, Germany). LDL
was estimated by Friedewald equation:
LDL (mg/dl) = TC−HDL−TG/512
VLDL level was calculated using the following equation:
VLDL (mg/dl) = TG/5
Atherogenic Index was calculated by using the formula13
.
Atherogenic Index (AI) = Total Cholesterol – HDL/HDL
Percentage of protection was calculated based on Dhandapani R14
.
2.4 Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS for Windows version
21. Mean values of the findings were compared among and between
groups. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and unpaired„t‟ test was
performed to assess the significance among the groups and between
groups respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient test was
performed to evaluate the correlation of biochemical parameters with
the severity of atherosclerosis. „p‟ value <0.05 was considered
significant.
3 Results
3.1 Body weight in albino Wistar rats
There was significant decrease in body weight of the (Normal +VCO)
treated group (188.32 g±12.08) when compared to the normal
control group (266.80 g ± 18.51) at week 8 (Table 1).
Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein
(HDL), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and low density
lipoprotein (LDL), N-normal, VCO-virgin coconut oil, HCD-high
carbohydrate diet, HLD-high lipid diet.
Table 1: The effect of virgin coconut oil on Body Weight (WT),
Atherogenic index (AI) and percentage of protection in diet-
induced atherogenic albino wistar rats after 8 weeks
Groups Wt (g) Week 8 (AI) Week 8 Protection (%)
Control (N) 266.55±11.34 3.19±0.05 --
N+VCO 187.45±7.33* 0.50±0.15* 84.32%
HCD 274.61±2.87 2.54±0.26 --
HCD+VCO 218.43±4.38 0.63±0.15* 59.87%
HLD 285.50±2.84 3.13±0.15 --
HLD+VCO 196.16±34.48 1.17±0.14* 64.26%
F 7.759 56.067
P <0.000 <0.000
Atherogenic index in ratio
3.2 Lipid profile
Plasma TC, TG, VLDL and LDLlevels were found to be significantly
increased in rats fed with normal diet, HCD and HLD at the end of
8weeks.A significant reduction in TC, TG, VLDL and LDL levels was
observed with all treated VCO (1mg/day) used groups i.e. N+VCO,
HCD+VCO and HLD+VCO.Data also show that rats fed with N, HCD
and HLD diet had significant decrease in plasma level of HDL at
3. Shariq et al. Evaluation of Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2015: 3(2); 12
p<0.05 as compared to the rats fed with N+VCO, HCD+VCO and
HLD+VCO (Table 2).
3.4 Atherogenic index (AI)
Tabulated results demonstrated that the VCO treated all animal
groups showed the significantly decrease (p<0.05) in the AI when
compared to the control groups and increase in the percentage of
protection in all VCO treated groups after week 8 (Table 2).
4 Discussions
So far there had been no solid foundation and scientific evidence
suggesting that VCO possessed any anti-atherosclerotic activity. In
present study, the anti-atherosclerotic activity of VCO was evaluated
in rats receiving HLD and HCD. Determination of body weight in
experimentally induced atherosclerosis is considered to be a positive
factor to find out the prognosis of disease15
. Results indicated
increase in body weight of animals from the beginning to the end of
the experiment in all six groups, but at the end, increase in body
weight is low in VCO treated groups as compared to control group. In
this study, it was found that food intake in the VCO diet was lower
compared to the control group. However, we observed that there
was no significant difference in body weight between the HCD, HLD
diet and the normal control group at 8 weeks. Leong et al showed
the same result16
, although the food intake of VCO and control diet
was same, yet, the VCO diet group was found to have decreased
body weight compared to the control group at 8 weeks. HLD+VCO
diet group experienced reduced body weight compared to the control
group at 8 weeks. This illustrates that VCO administration decreases
the body weight. Studies show that VCO reduces the abdominal
obesity in human beings17, 18
.
Table 2: Effect of Virgin coconut oil on plasma lipid profile in diet-induced atherogenic albino Wistar rats after 8 weeks
Groups TC (mg/dl) week 8 TG (mg/dl) week 8 HDL(mg/dl) week 8 VLDL(mg/dl) week 8 LDL(mg/dl) week 8
Control (N) 80.25±1.30 213.40±43.56 11.02±0.40 42.67±8.71 11.86±1.87
N+VCO 53.99±7.96 78.85±13.06 36.51±3.76 15.76±2.61 2.40±0.03
HCD 103.34±1.16* 212.08±8.58 29.16±0.31* 44.61±0.64 42.99±1.35*
HCD+VCO 75.41±3.07 115.44±4.30 46.08±3.61* 23.08±0.86 11.07±5.52
HLD 110.41±26.83 223.97±69.40 22.82±1.18* 44.79±13.88 51.74±3.90*
HLD+VCO 75.78±4.56 109.75±28.67 36.30±1.72* 21.94±5.73 32.07±9.29
F 3.119 3.191 28.300 3.415 17.157
P <0.049 <0.046 <0.000 <0.038 <0.000
Values are expressed as MEAN ± SEM; n=5 P < 0.05, * Significant difference from control group at P< 0.05
Results in the present study revealed that rats on HCD and HLD diet
showed a significant increase in plasma TC, TG, LDL, VLDL and a
significant decrease in HDL compared with normal rats(p < 0.05).
Our observation was consistent with the reports of Azonov et al19
,
and Sunder et al20
. Elevated serum cholesterol, TG and VLDL, LDL
and decreased HDL have been implicated in the etiology of
cardiovascular diseases (CHD) 21
. High serum lipids (TG, and VLDL,
LDL) contributed to the development of cardiovascular diseases in
various ways. According to Gokkusu and Mostafazadeh22
Standard
VCO dose of 1 mg/day administered along with normal pellet diet,
showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all the lipid parameters
while there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in HDL level. It was
also seen that VCO along with HCD and HLD fed animals, showed a
significant decrease in all the lipid parameters (p < 0.05) with a
significant rise in HDL (p < 0.05) level as compared to HCD and HLD
control animals. According to Shah23
, lauric acid is the main medium
chain fatty acid present in the VCO. Small sized medium chain fatty
acids are easily absorbed through small intestine without enzymatic
process. These fatty acids are carried to the liver blood flow to be
metabolized and transported to the mitochondria without carnitine to
produce energy quickly and efficiently, so they are not deposited as
fat in the tissue. A total cholesterol /HDL ratio of ≤ 3 connotes a low
risk, a ratio of around 4.5 an average risk and ratio of ≥8 a high risk
of developing coronary artery disease24
. In our study, atherogenic
index is decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in all VCO treated groups
when compared with HLD and HCD group animals. A 1% decrease
in HDL is associated with a 3-4% increase in the risk of heart
disease14
. Our study showed that HDL increase in plasma results in
equivalent increase in percentage of protection in atherogenesis.
Previous studies also revealed decreased levels of lipids in rats fed
with VCO than Copra oil (CO)25
, olive oil and sunflower oil26
. Total
polyphenol content of VCO (84 mg/100 g oil) and CO (64.4 mg/100 g
oil) were estimated27
.VCO supplementation prevents the blood-
4. Shariq et al. Evaluation of Anti-Atherosclerotic Activity of Virgin Coconut Oil
UK J Pharm & Biosci, 2015: 3(2); 13
pressure raising effect of five-time heated palm oil (5HPO). The
blood-pressure lowering effect of VCO may be attributable to its high
polyphenol component28, 25
. Furthermore, another study revealed that
phenolic fraction of VCO contains higher levels of caffeic acid, P-
coumaric acid, ferulic acid and catechin than CO29
. In addition, we
reported previously that VCO contains significantly higher amounts
of vitamin E (30.87 µg/100 g oil) than CO (12.76 µg/100 g oil) 30
.
There is presence of total tocopherols and tocotrienols31
including B
carotene in VCO32
. Studies show that increased concentration of B
carotene increase the fecal secretion of bile acids and decreases the
concentration of lipids33
.In addition, we reported previously that VCO
contains increased levels of phytosterols30
. It is clear that the
phytosterols competitively blocks the absorption of cholesterol and
increases fecal excretion of bile acids and neutral sterols for
improving circulating lipid profiles to reduce the risk for CHD34
. All
these biologically active micronutrients present in VCO act
synergistically and results in beneficial alteration in lipid levels.
5 Conclusions
Our study shows that VCO decreases body weight, TC and LDL,
hence it prevents atherosclerosis in HCD and HLD fed male rats.The
VCO had anti-obesity potential, although its effect varied among
diets as its effect might be relatively lower in HCD induced obesity
than in HFD induced obesity.This study indicates dietary VCO
beneficially modulates the hepatic lipid metabolism, by regulating the
synthesis and degradation of lipids, may be due to the difference in
absorption, transport and catabolism of its constituent fatty acids as
well as the higher amounts of biologically active un saponifiable
minor components present in VCO. Our preliminary data strongly
suggests that VCO with its high polyphenol content is capable of
maintaining the normal levels of cholesterol and other lipid
parameters in plasma and also increased the concentration of HDL
cholesterol in male Wistar rats fed HCD and HLD.
6 Competing interests
There is no conflict of interest.
7 Author’s contributions
SB is the research student of masters in biomedicine. ZO and SR
are supervisor and the co-supervisor respectively. HK helped in the
animal handling. JK helped in dosage preparation. MH helped in
biochemical analysis. Sundus helped in sample analysis. SAD and
KM helped in the statistical analysis.
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