Patients with plasma HDL values lower than 40 mg/dL were collected into the first group, and then age and gender matched patients with plasma HDL values of 40 mg/dL and greater were collected into the second group, and compared in between
Abstract— Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is also becoming public health impotance nowadays. So this study was aimed to determine the association of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with metabolic syndrome and Cardio-Vascular disease along with assessment of degree of severity of NAFLD with respect to number of components of metabolic syndrome. This study includes a total of 222 subjects were enrolled as per the inclusion/exclusion criteria, out of which 110 cases who had NAFLD with hepatic steatosis on ultrasonography and 112 subjects who did not have NAFLD were considered control. These cases and controls were interrogated and investigated further. Observations were recorded and association of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with metabolic syndrome and Cardio-Vascular disease along with assessment of degree of severity of NAFLD with respect to number of components of metabolic syndrome. Statistical methods used were unpaired student’s t-test for continuous variables, Fischer’s and chi-sq test for categorical variables using bivariate analysis by Graph Pad Instat Version 3.10. Risk was assessed in terms of Odd's Ratio. The patients with MS and NAFLD had a higher proportion of CVD compared with those who did not have NAFLD (29.1 vs 18.1 %). This study concludes that NAFLD is significantly associated with MS; most significant with WC, followed by TG and FBS and thus can be considered as hepatic component of MS. This needs more research with large multi-centric prospective studies to evaluate NAFLD as an independent risk factor for CVD.
In Pakistan, the overall prevalence of dyslipidemia in adolescents aged 10–18 years is 21.7~25.2%; prevalence is reported to be two times higher (53.1~56.1%) in obese adolescents. However, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between height and blood lipid concentrations in children and adolescents The recent emphasis on treatment of the dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome (hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein, and increased small, dense low-density lipoprotein particle number) has compelled practitioners to consider lipid-lowering therapy in a greater number of their patients, as one in two individuals over age 50 has the metabolic syndrome. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome typically have normal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and current lipid-lowering guidelines may underestimate their cardiovascular risk. Two subgroups of patients with the metabolic syndrome are at particularly high risk for premature CAD. One, individuals with type 2 diabetes, accounts for 20-30% of early cardiovascular disease. The second, familial combined hyperlipidemia, accounts for an additional 10-20% of premature CAD. Familial combined hyperlipidemia is characterized by the metabolic syndrome in addition to a disproportionate elevation of apolipoprotein B levels. The measurement of fasting glucose and apolipoprotein B, in addition to the fasting lipid profile, can help to estimate CAD risk in patients with the metabolic syndrome. In this research we compared allopathic medication and medicinal herb in treating hyperlipidemia.
CholesLo shows clinical significance in
helping reduce plasma cholesterol and
homocysteine levels and therefore affects
favourably the risk of subsequent development
of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our
findings suggest that the dose required to cause
such improvements in plasma lipid profile is
safe enough to be considered for use in general
population.
ABSTRACT- In today’s modern lifestyle high blood cholesterol is one of the most dreaded causes of heart diseases among the global population. Fast lifestyle, lack of exercise, obesity and improper food intake all sum up to deranged lipid profile as well as diabetes. Diabetes and high blood cholesterol goes hand in hand which leads to an increased incidence of coronary artery and cardiovascular disorders which still remains as one of the leading causes of mortality overall. In the present study there has been an effort put to draw a correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin which is a marker for level of blood glucose in diabetic patients as well as deranged lipid profile. Blood samples collected in sterile vials were first centrifuged and then put into analyzer for the computation of the lipid profile and the glycosylated hemoglobin. Results computed were made a note of and then prepared for statistical analysis. Results thus obtained showed that females showed significantly higher levels of total serum cholesterol and Non-HDL compared to males other than that their lipid parameters were a little higher than males in general. Diabetic female patients showed a significantly higher level of glycosylated hemoglobin. There was a significant difference in the HDL values of patients in pre diabetic state and worst control of glycemic hemoglobin. There were also significant differences observed in the TGL, TGL/HDL and VLDL values between Diabetic and control patients. In general there were increased correlation of HbA1c with TSC and LDL and the respective ratios as HbA1c increases while LDL/HDL showed a significant increase with HbA1c.
Key-words- Cholesterol, Diabetes mellitus, Lipid profile, HDL, LDL, Lipid ratios
Abstract— Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease is also becoming public health impotance nowadays. So this study was aimed to determine the association of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with metabolic syndrome and Cardio-Vascular disease along with assessment of degree of severity of NAFLD with respect to number of components of metabolic syndrome. This study includes a total of 222 subjects were enrolled as per the inclusion/exclusion criteria, out of which 110 cases who had NAFLD with hepatic steatosis on ultrasonography and 112 subjects who did not have NAFLD were considered control. These cases and controls were interrogated and investigated further. Observations were recorded and association of Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease with metabolic syndrome and Cardio-Vascular disease along with assessment of degree of severity of NAFLD with respect to number of components of metabolic syndrome. Statistical methods used were unpaired student’s t-test for continuous variables, Fischer’s and chi-sq test for categorical variables using bivariate analysis by Graph Pad Instat Version 3.10. Risk was assessed in terms of Odd's Ratio. The patients with MS and NAFLD had a higher proportion of CVD compared with those who did not have NAFLD (29.1 vs 18.1 %). This study concludes that NAFLD is significantly associated with MS; most significant with WC, followed by TG and FBS and thus can be considered as hepatic component of MS. This needs more research with large multi-centric prospective studies to evaluate NAFLD as an independent risk factor for CVD.
In Pakistan, the overall prevalence of dyslipidemia in adolescents aged 10–18 years is 21.7~25.2%; prevalence is reported to be two times higher (53.1~56.1%) in obese adolescents. However, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between height and blood lipid concentrations in children and adolescents The recent emphasis on treatment of the dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome (hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein, and increased small, dense low-density lipoprotein particle number) has compelled practitioners to consider lipid-lowering therapy in a greater number of their patients, as one in two individuals over age 50 has the metabolic syndrome. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome typically have normal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and current lipid-lowering guidelines may underestimate their cardiovascular risk. Two subgroups of patients with the metabolic syndrome are at particularly high risk for premature CAD. One, individuals with type 2 diabetes, accounts for 20-30% of early cardiovascular disease. The second, familial combined hyperlipidemia, accounts for an additional 10-20% of premature CAD. Familial combined hyperlipidemia is characterized by the metabolic syndrome in addition to a disproportionate elevation of apolipoprotein B levels. The measurement of fasting glucose and apolipoprotein B, in addition to the fasting lipid profile, can help to estimate CAD risk in patients with the metabolic syndrome. In this research we compared allopathic medication and medicinal herb in treating hyperlipidemia.
CholesLo shows clinical significance in
helping reduce plasma cholesterol and
homocysteine levels and therefore affects
favourably the risk of subsequent development
of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our
findings suggest that the dose required to cause
such improvements in plasma lipid profile is
safe enough to be considered for use in general
population.
ABSTRACT- In today’s modern lifestyle high blood cholesterol is one of the most dreaded causes of heart diseases among the global population. Fast lifestyle, lack of exercise, obesity and improper food intake all sum up to deranged lipid profile as well as diabetes. Diabetes and high blood cholesterol goes hand in hand which leads to an increased incidence of coronary artery and cardiovascular disorders which still remains as one of the leading causes of mortality overall. In the present study there has been an effort put to draw a correlation between glycosylated hemoglobin which is a marker for level of blood glucose in diabetic patients as well as deranged lipid profile. Blood samples collected in sterile vials were first centrifuged and then put into analyzer for the computation of the lipid profile and the glycosylated hemoglobin. Results computed were made a note of and then prepared for statistical analysis. Results thus obtained showed that females showed significantly higher levels of total serum cholesterol and Non-HDL compared to males other than that their lipid parameters were a little higher than males in general. Diabetic female patients showed a significantly higher level of glycosylated hemoglobin. There was a significant difference in the HDL values of patients in pre diabetic state and worst control of glycemic hemoglobin. There were also significant differences observed in the TGL, TGL/HDL and VLDL values between Diabetic and control patients. In general there were increased correlation of HbA1c with TSC and LDL and the respective ratios as HbA1c increases while LDL/HDL showed a significant increase with HbA1c.
Key-words- Cholesterol, Diabetes mellitus, Lipid profile, HDL, LDL, Lipid ratios
Correlations between Some Anthropometric Parameters, the Lipid Profile and Gl...inventionjournals
The study aimed to investigate the correlations between some anthropometric and lipid profile parameters, as well the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values of Bulgarian females with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 212 women of Bulgarian ethnicity with T2DM of the age groups 40-60 and 61-80 years were included in the research. The anthropometric parameters: waist and hip circumferences were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. We also studied the lipid profile parameters: total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). A comparative study of the lipid profile criteria revealed significant differences in the levels of triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and VLDL between the two age groups. Differences were found with regard to the values of glycated hemoglobin too. Correlations between the above anthropometric parameters and the lipid profile of patients with T2DM were examined. In patients of the age group 40-60 years a moderate strength correlation in opposite direction (negative or inverse correlation) was found between HbA1c and BMI (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.30-0.50, p<0.05). In the age group 61-80 years a low strength negative correlation was found between BMI and total cholesterol, as well as between BMI and LDL.
Correlations between Some Anthropometric Parameters, the Lipid Profile and Gl...inventionjournals
The study aimed to investigate the correlations between some anthropometric and lipid profile parameters, as well the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values of Bulgarian females with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 212 women of Bulgarian ethnicity with T2DM of the age groups 40-60 and 61-80 years were included in the research. The anthropometric parameters: waist and hip circumferences were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. We also studied the lipid profile parameters: total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). A comparative study of the lipid profile criteria revealed significant differences in the levels of triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and VLDL between the two age groups. Differences were found with regard to the values of glycated hemoglobin too. Correlations between the above anthropometric parameters and the lipid profile of patients with T2DM were examined. In patients of the age group 40-60 years a moderate strength correlation in opposite direction (negative or inverse correlation) was found between HbA1c and BMI (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.30-0.50, p<0.05). In the age group 61-80 years a low strength negative correlation was found between BMI and total cholesterol, as well as between BMI and LDL.
Impact of Hemodialysis on lipid profile among chronic renal failure patients ...Neeleshkumar Maurya
Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) patients are at risk of cardiovascular diseases due to the elevation of various forms of lipids. Many a time CRF patients live on hemodialysis on regular basis. Chronic renal failure (CRF) is complicated by characteristic dyslipidemias. We sought to evaluate the pattern of lipid profile in CRF patients with and without hemodialysis. Study were divided into 2 groups, Group-I: CRF patients who never undergone hemodialysis (24) and Group-II: CRF patients on hemodialysis (24). We obtained serum samples from patients in the morning after an overnight fast and were analyzed for total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), HDL, LDL and VLDL. Significant change (p<0.05) was found in Total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, VLDL-C, HDL-C(level) between first and second group.
Keywords: Chronic renal failure, cardiovascular disease, Haemodialysis, CKD stage – 5
Abstract—Subclinical Hypothyroidism is a much more common disorder with a world-wide occurrence as compared to overt Hypothyroidism. Overt Hypothyroidism is associated with abnormalities of lipid metabolism, but the significance of dyslipidemia in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) remains controversial.
Aims: To compare the lipid profile between subclinical hypothyroid patients & healthy controls (age & sex matched) so as to determine any association between lipid profile & subclinical hypothyroidism.
Materials and Methods: In a case-control study, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free T3, free T4, anti thyroperoxidase (TPO) antibodies, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, serum triglycerides were measured in 50 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and 50 age- and sex-matched Euthyroid controls after an overnight fasting.
Results: Mean serum triglycerides (TG) and very low-density cholesterol (VLDL) were significantly higher in patients with SCH than controls (P < 0.05). No association was found between serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and SCH.
Conclusions: Dyslipidemia is more common in SCH compared to controls. High serum triglycerides and VLDL were observed in patients with SCH.
Background and Aim: Many studies have found association between Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) values and hypertension, dipping pattern, and end-organ damage. RDW values are affected by blood vitamin B12, iron, and folic acid levels, parameters that were not assessed in the previous studies. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relation between RDW and hypertension, dipper pattern, and end-organ damage independently from vitamin B12, folic acid, and ferritin levels in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients.
Comparative study of lipid profile in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus and obes...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Abstract—Abnormalities that characterizes lipoprotein metabolism in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients, fasting concentration of triglyceride rich lipoprotein especially very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) are higher and those of HDL, commonly measured as HDL-c, are lower than among people without diabetes, which leads to increased triglyceride HDL-c ratio and insulin resistance. This type of diabetic dyslipidemia is a major cause of oxidative stress which promote and accelerate atherosclerosis and thus, end organ damage AMI. This present study was carried at the Central Clinical Laboratory MIMSR Medical College Latur, with the aim to find out the role of lipoprotein-triglyceride in myocardial infarction in NIDDM. For this study, patient with myocardial infarction with NIDDM were selected after admitting in MIMSR Medical College Latur. These 25 cases were included in study group and age-matched to these cases 50 healthy subjects were selected as Control group. The lipid profile and total serum lipid peroxides (malondialdehyde) of study and control groups were assessed & compared. It was found that in the control group mean values of total cholesterol was 180.21 ± 18.13 mg % whereas it was 229.21± 23.58 in study group, which was significantly higher in study group. Likewise, mean Serum Triglycerides and Serum Lipid Peroxides (MDA) of study group were also found significantly (p<0.001) higher that of control group (228.14 v/s 99.9 and 410.22 v/s 180.96 respectively). It was also revealed in this study that mean Serum HDL-Cholesterol was found significantly lower in study group whereas LDL-Cholesterol (28.72 v/s 53.83) and VLDL-Cholesterol were found significantly higher in study group that control group (150.61 v/s 106.60 and 46.30 v/s 19.8). So it can be concluded that AMI patients with NIDDM have higher Total Serum Cholesterol, Serum Triglycerides, Serum Lipid Peroxides (MDA), LDL- Cholesterol and VLDL- Cholesterol with lower HDL- Cholesterol.
Introduction Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory & most common dermatologic diseases. It is related to several diseases but most common is cardiovascular disease. Lipid abnormalities are observed in psoriasis patients at the earliest stages of the disease and so it may be genetically determined.Hence there is a great need to study lipid abnormalities in psoriatic patients, which will help us to evaluate the level of risk individuals may experience for developing atherosclerosis and vascular obstructive disorders, as well as associated morbidity and mortality. Aim: To estimate lipoproteins levels & related risk of cardiovascular diseases in psoriasis patients Materials and Methods: This is a community-based cross sectional analytical study. The study population was derived from the healthy ambulatory person in and around Pimpri area & was conducted in Dr. D.Y.Patil Medical College & Hospital, Pimpri Pune. Study group consist of 40 psoriatic patients with mean age of 50.68 ± 8.86 years and control group consisted of 40 healthy individual of either sex with mean age of 50.15 ± 9.6 years. 55 % males & 45 % females were present in control group while test group comprises of 59 % males & 41 % females. estimation of Serum total cholesterol, Serum triglyceride, Serum High-Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol & Serum Low density Lipoprotein levels were done the same day. Estimation of lipoproteins levels done by Enzymatic End Point Method. Tha data was analysed by calculating mean, standard deviation, p-value and Chi-square test. Results : Findings of this show that, total cholesterol ,VLDL was significantly increased in psoriasis compared to control(p<0.05).Difference between psoriasis cases(6.8 ± 1.49) and control (3.08 ± 1.3) in findings of serum TGs were highly significant(p<0.001).However, difference in between serum LDL level in psoriasis cases and control was not significant. There were no significant changes shown in serum HDL level in both psoriasis cases and control . LDL/HDL ration has not shown any significant changes in both psoriasis case and control, while in TC/HDL ratio, difference was statistically significant(p<0.05). Conclusion: Present study suggests that patients with psoriasis were associated with hyperlipidaemia. So have high risk of developing the cardiovascular diseases. We suggest that screening of serum lipid profile in psoriatic patients will help in evaluating risk at early stage. Impromptu treatment in these patients will prevent the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Dyslipidemia, specially high LDL cholesterol is the key risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The presentation discusses metabolism and structure of lipoproteins, their screening and interpretation, risk assessment methods, targets for various lipoproteins and its step by step treatment.
Anemia is a common condition of cancer patients. This is because cancers cause inflammation that decrease red blood cell production. In addition, many chemotherapies are myelosuppressive, meaning they slow down the production of new blood cells by the bone marrow.
Drug Repurposing: Recent Advancements, Challenges, and Future Therapeutics fo...JohnJulie1
Cancer is a prime public health burden that accounts for approximately 9.9 million deaths worldwide. Despite recent advances in treatment regimen and huge capital investment in the pharmaceutical sector, there has been little success in improving the chances of survival of cancer patients.
More Related Content
Similar to High Density Lipoproteins May Actually be Some Negative Acute Phase Proteins in the Plasma
Correlations between Some Anthropometric Parameters, the Lipid Profile and Gl...inventionjournals
The study aimed to investigate the correlations between some anthropometric and lipid profile parameters, as well the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values of Bulgarian females with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 212 women of Bulgarian ethnicity with T2DM of the age groups 40-60 and 61-80 years were included in the research. The anthropometric parameters: waist and hip circumferences were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. We also studied the lipid profile parameters: total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). A comparative study of the lipid profile criteria revealed significant differences in the levels of triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and VLDL between the two age groups. Differences were found with regard to the values of glycated hemoglobin too. Correlations between the above anthropometric parameters and the lipid profile of patients with T2DM were examined. In patients of the age group 40-60 years a moderate strength correlation in opposite direction (negative or inverse correlation) was found between HbA1c and BMI (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.30-0.50, p<0.05). In the age group 61-80 years a low strength negative correlation was found between BMI and total cholesterol, as well as between BMI and LDL.
Correlations between Some Anthropometric Parameters, the Lipid Profile and Gl...inventionjournals
The study aimed to investigate the correlations between some anthropometric and lipid profile parameters, as well the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values of Bulgarian females with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 212 women of Bulgarian ethnicity with T2DM of the age groups 40-60 and 61-80 years were included in the research. The anthropometric parameters: waist and hip circumferences were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. We also studied the lipid profile parameters: total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). A comparative study of the lipid profile criteria revealed significant differences in the levels of triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and VLDL between the two age groups. Differences were found with regard to the values of glycated hemoglobin too. Correlations between the above anthropometric parameters and the lipid profile of patients with T2DM were examined. In patients of the age group 40-60 years a moderate strength correlation in opposite direction (negative or inverse correlation) was found between HbA1c and BMI (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.30-0.50, p<0.05). In the age group 61-80 years a low strength negative correlation was found between BMI and total cholesterol, as well as between BMI and LDL.
Impact of Hemodialysis on lipid profile among chronic renal failure patients ...Neeleshkumar Maurya
Chronic Renal Failure (CRF) patients are at risk of cardiovascular diseases due to the elevation of various forms of lipids. Many a time CRF patients live on hemodialysis on regular basis. Chronic renal failure (CRF) is complicated by characteristic dyslipidemias. We sought to evaluate the pattern of lipid profile in CRF patients with and without hemodialysis. Study were divided into 2 groups, Group-I: CRF patients who never undergone hemodialysis (24) and Group-II: CRF patients on hemodialysis (24). We obtained serum samples from patients in the morning after an overnight fast and were analyzed for total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TGs), HDL, LDL and VLDL. Significant change (p<0.05) was found in Total cholesterol (TC), HDL-C, VLDL-C, HDL-C(level) between first and second group.
Keywords: Chronic renal failure, cardiovascular disease, Haemodialysis, CKD stage – 5
Abstract—Subclinical Hypothyroidism is a much more common disorder with a world-wide occurrence as compared to overt Hypothyroidism. Overt Hypothyroidism is associated with abnormalities of lipid metabolism, but the significance of dyslipidemia in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) remains controversial.
Aims: To compare the lipid profile between subclinical hypothyroid patients & healthy controls (age & sex matched) so as to determine any association between lipid profile & subclinical hypothyroidism.
Materials and Methods: In a case-control study, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free T3, free T4, anti thyroperoxidase (TPO) antibodies, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, serum triglycerides were measured in 50 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and 50 age- and sex-matched Euthyroid controls after an overnight fasting.
Results: Mean serum triglycerides (TG) and very low-density cholesterol (VLDL) were significantly higher in patients with SCH than controls (P < 0.05). No association was found between serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and SCH.
Conclusions: Dyslipidemia is more common in SCH compared to controls. High serum triglycerides and VLDL were observed in patients with SCH.
Background and Aim: Many studies have found association between Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW) values and hypertension, dipping pattern, and end-organ damage. RDW values are affected by blood vitamin B12, iron, and folic acid levels, parameters that were not assessed in the previous studies. The aim of our study was to evaluate the relation between RDW and hypertension, dipper pattern, and end-organ damage independently from vitamin B12, folic acid, and ferritin levels in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients.
Comparative study of lipid profile in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus and obes...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Abstract—Abnormalities that characterizes lipoprotein metabolism in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) patients, fasting concentration of triglyceride rich lipoprotein especially very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) are higher and those of HDL, commonly measured as HDL-c, are lower than among people without diabetes, which leads to increased triglyceride HDL-c ratio and insulin resistance. This type of diabetic dyslipidemia is a major cause of oxidative stress which promote and accelerate atherosclerosis and thus, end organ damage AMI. This present study was carried at the Central Clinical Laboratory MIMSR Medical College Latur, with the aim to find out the role of lipoprotein-triglyceride in myocardial infarction in NIDDM. For this study, patient with myocardial infarction with NIDDM were selected after admitting in MIMSR Medical College Latur. These 25 cases were included in study group and age-matched to these cases 50 healthy subjects were selected as Control group. The lipid profile and total serum lipid peroxides (malondialdehyde) of study and control groups were assessed & compared. It was found that in the control group mean values of total cholesterol was 180.21 ± 18.13 mg % whereas it was 229.21± 23.58 in study group, which was significantly higher in study group. Likewise, mean Serum Triglycerides and Serum Lipid Peroxides (MDA) of study group were also found significantly (p<0.001) higher that of control group (228.14 v/s 99.9 and 410.22 v/s 180.96 respectively). It was also revealed in this study that mean Serum HDL-Cholesterol was found significantly lower in study group whereas LDL-Cholesterol (28.72 v/s 53.83) and VLDL-Cholesterol were found significantly higher in study group that control group (150.61 v/s 106.60 and 46.30 v/s 19.8). So it can be concluded that AMI patients with NIDDM have higher Total Serum Cholesterol, Serum Triglycerides, Serum Lipid Peroxides (MDA), LDL- Cholesterol and VLDL- Cholesterol with lower HDL- Cholesterol.
Introduction Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory & most common dermatologic diseases. It is related to several diseases but most common is cardiovascular disease. Lipid abnormalities are observed in psoriasis patients at the earliest stages of the disease and so it may be genetically determined.Hence there is a great need to study lipid abnormalities in psoriatic patients, which will help us to evaluate the level of risk individuals may experience for developing atherosclerosis and vascular obstructive disorders, as well as associated morbidity and mortality. Aim: To estimate lipoproteins levels & related risk of cardiovascular diseases in psoriasis patients Materials and Methods: This is a community-based cross sectional analytical study. The study population was derived from the healthy ambulatory person in and around Pimpri area & was conducted in Dr. D.Y.Patil Medical College & Hospital, Pimpri Pune. Study group consist of 40 psoriatic patients with mean age of 50.68 ± 8.86 years and control group consisted of 40 healthy individual of either sex with mean age of 50.15 ± 9.6 years. 55 % males & 45 % females were present in control group while test group comprises of 59 % males & 41 % females. estimation of Serum total cholesterol, Serum triglyceride, Serum High-Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol & Serum Low density Lipoprotein levels were done the same day. Estimation of lipoproteins levels done by Enzymatic End Point Method. Tha data was analysed by calculating mean, standard deviation, p-value and Chi-square test. Results : Findings of this show that, total cholesterol ,VLDL was significantly increased in psoriasis compared to control(p<0.05).Difference between psoriasis cases(6.8 ± 1.49) and control (3.08 ± 1.3) in findings of serum TGs were highly significant(p<0.001).However, difference in between serum LDL level in psoriasis cases and control was not significant. There were no significant changes shown in serum HDL level in both psoriasis cases and control . LDL/HDL ration has not shown any significant changes in both psoriasis case and control, while in TC/HDL ratio, difference was statistically significant(p<0.05). Conclusion: Present study suggests that patients with psoriasis were associated with hyperlipidaemia. So have high risk of developing the cardiovascular diseases. We suggest that screening of serum lipid profile in psoriatic patients will help in evaluating risk at early stage. Impromptu treatment in these patients will prevent the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
Dyslipidemia, specially high LDL cholesterol is the key risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The presentation discusses metabolism and structure of lipoproteins, their screening and interpretation, risk assessment methods, targets for various lipoproteins and its step by step treatment.
Similar to High Density Lipoproteins May Actually be Some Negative Acute Phase Proteins in the Plasma (20)
Anemia is a common condition of cancer patients. This is because cancers cause inflammation that decrease red blood cell production. In addition, many chemotherapies are myelosuppressive, meaning they slow down the production of new blood cells by the bone marrow.
Drug Repurposing: Recent Advancements, Challenges, and Future Therapeutics fo...JohnJulie1
Cancer is a prime public health burden that accounts for approximately 9.9 million deaths worldwide. Despite recent advances in treatment regimen and huge capital investment in the pharmaceutical sector, there has been little success in improving the chances of survival of cancer patients.
Abnormal Sodium and Chlorine Level Is Associated With Prognosis of Lung Cance...JohnJulie1
The imbalance of sodium and chloride ions occurs frequently in patients with lung cancer. However, the correlation between ion concentration change and patients prognosis have not been studied thoroughly. Our research will fill the gap, especially for high ion concentration.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Raised Platelet to Lymphocyte Ratio in Predicting Heli...JohnJulie1
Helicobacter Pylori (HP) infection is prevalent among patients with dyspepsia in developing countries with low socioeconomic status. The gold standard investigation is invasive method gastric biopsy through upper GI endoscopy, however non-invasive methods (stool for HP antigen) are not reliable up to the mark also need to wait for two weeks without symptomatic treatment. It is important to have a reliable, cost effective and easily accessible non-invasive marker to diagnose patients with H. pylori infection. Several non-invasive laboratory have been predicted in having the role in diagnosis of H.pylori infection. Therefore, the aim of our study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of platelet to lymphocyte ratio in predicting H.Pylori infection in patients with dyspepsia.
IRF5 Promotes the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and is Regulated by...JohnJulie1
The IRF family of proteins involves in the tumor progression. However, but the functions of IRF5 in the tumorigenesis are largely unknown. Here, IRF5 was found to be up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Interfering with IRF5 inhibited the growth and tumorigenic ability of HCC cells.
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Fibrous
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Fibro glandular
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Adipose (Fatty)
What is Tomosynthesis?
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Is a 3 dimensional projection
•
Reduces overlapping tissue seen with 2D only
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15 projections are taken with each combo exposure (7.5) (-7.5)
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With an average breast (18*24) 3D dose is 1.34, combo is 2.56 Milligrey. (3 Milligrey FDA) (2D is 1.2
Alterations of Gut Microbiota From Colorectal Adenoma to CarcinomaJohnJulie1
Gut microbiota has been implicated as a critical role in the development of colorectal cancer (CRC) and colorectal adenoma (CRA). However, few basic research has revealed the association between gut microbiota and the development of CRA and CRC. We aim to compare the diversity and composition of intestinal flora in CRA and CRC patients, to reveal the changes of intestinal microorganism in the evolution of normal intestinal mucosa-CRA-CRC axis, and to explore potential biomarkers.
Prognosis of Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma of the Breast Analyzed by Usin...JohnJulie1
Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is a rare type of breast cancer with high frequency of regional lymph node metastasis. However, the prognosis of IMPC has remained controversial for decades. We aimed to compare the differences of prognosis between IMPC and Invasive ductal carcinoma(IDC) of the breast by utilizing Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.
Uretero-Enteric Anastomosis Stricture after Urinary Diversion; Detailed Analy...JohnJulie1
To report the lessons we have learned in the management of uretero-enteric anastomosis stricture (UEAS) in a tertiary urology center over a decade of experience.
Clinic Correlation and Prognostic Value of P4HB and GRP78 Expression in Gastr...JohnJulie1
Prolyl 4-hydroxylase, beta polypeptide (P4HB) and Glucose‑regulated protein 78 (GRP78) represent for poor prognosis of various cancers, while rare research investigate correlation of them. This study aimed to explore correlation and prognostic value of them in gastric cancer (GC).
Combined Analysis of Micro RNA and Proteomic Profiles and Interactions in Pat...JohnJulie1
Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry
The Liquid Mass System(LMS) includes an Easy nLC1000 (Thermo Fisher) coupled ultra-high resolution mass spectrometer Orbitrap Fusion Lumos (Thermo Fisher) with a Thermo Fisher electrospray source. Each injection is sent to a preset column (Acclaim PepMap C18, 100 μm x 2 cm, Thermo Scientific) for adsorption at a flow rate of 3 L/min. The sample is then sent to the analyzer column (Acclaim PepMap C18, 75 μm x 15 cm, Thermo Scientific) for separation.
Skeletal muscle channelopathy are rare heterogeneous episodic disorders with marked genotypic and phenotypic variability resulting in periodic paralysis, and falls in young people which often misdiagnosed or undiagnosed due to its rarity, often the symptoms are miscommunicated to the treating phycision due to its episodic nature and not uncommonly physical examination by the time patient attend the clinic or hospital will be unremarkable apart from periodic muscle paralysis where patient will presented to ED with flaccid weakness,
Upper Rectal Cancer: Benefit After Preoperative Chemoradiation Versus Upfront...JohnJulie1
Upper rectal cancer management is controversial. The present series reports the outcomes of treatment comparing neoadjuvant chemoradiation (NCRT) versus upfront surgery.
Follow-Up Strategies in Focal Liver Lesions And Treatment MethodsJohnJulie1
Today, advances in cross-sectional imaging have led to the detection and early recognition of incidental/focal liver lesions (FCL). In approximately 17,000 cases of chest CT, incidental liver lesions were found in 6% [1]. In general, FCL consists of hepatocytes, biliary epithelium, mesenchymal tissue, connective tissue, or metastasized cells from distant sites. Most incidental lesions are benign, some may require careful management and treatment.
Contextual Factors Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Ad...JohnJulie1
The purpose of this study was to examine contextual factors associated with physical and mental health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in older adult cancer survivors.
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma with Isolated Venous Involvement: Is Neoadjuvant Tr...JohnJulie1
Neoadjuvant Treatment (NAT) is indicated in locally advanced tumors and improves the results of subsequent surgery. In borderline tumors, the place of this preoperative treatment is more controversial, probably because borderline tumors are a heterogeneous group. We focused on the tumors with venous involvement without any arterial involvement and studied the results of neoadjuvant treatment in this particular group.
Predictive Value of Biomarkers Fibrinogen Like Protein-2 and A-Fetoprotein fo...JohnJulie1
Data concerning the utility of biomarkers for accurate early HCC detection in cirrhotic patients are lacking. 1.2. Methods: We evaluated 112 consecutive Caucasian cirrhotic patients with (n=28) or without (n=84) concomitant HCC at baseline for serum AFP and plasma fibrinogen like protein-2 (FGL-2) levels. Patients without confirmed HCC at baseline were further followed up every six months with ultrasound and serum AFP levels, according to HCC surveillance program. Imaging as well as histological confirmation of HCC was established in patients with new lesions.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
2. they lose their elastic natures, all of those reduce blood supply to
the end-organs, and increase systolic BP further. Some of the well-
known underlying causes and/or indicators of the inflammatory
process are physical inactivity, animal-rich diet, overweight, smoking,
alcohol, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperbetalipoproteinemia, impaired
fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, White Coat Hypertension
(WCH), cancers, prolonged infections, and chronic inflammations
[5, 6]. Some of the consequences of the chronic low-grade
inflammatory process include obesity, Hyper Tension (HT), Diabetes
Mellitus (DM), cirrhosis, Peripheric Artery Disease (PAD), Chronic
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Chronic Renal Disease
(CRD), Coronary Heart Disease (CHD), mesenteric ischemia,
osteoporosis, stroke, end-organ insufficiencies, early aging, and
premature death [7-9]. Although early withdrawal of the underlying
causes may delay terminal consequences, after development of
cirrhosis, COPD, CRD, CHD, PAD, stroke, or early aging, endothelial
destructions can not be reversed effectively due to their fibrotic
natures. The triggering etiologies and terminal consequences of
the chronic low-grade inflammatory process are researched under
the titles of metabolic syndrome, aging syndrome, or accelerated
endothelial damage syndrome in the literature, extensively [10-13].
Similarly, plasma lipoprotein levels may be under dynamic control,
and they may actually be some Acute Phase Proteins (APP) indicating
inflammations anywhere of the body. Although their normal limit
could not been determined clearly yet, high plasma triglycerides
may be significant indicators of the metabolic syndrome [14]. Due
to the significant association between high plasma triglycerides
levels and CHD, Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III adopts lower
cutpoints for triglycerides than did ATP II [15, 16]. Although ATP II
determined the normal upper limit of triglycerides as 200 mg/dL in
1994, World Health Organisation in 1999 [17] and ATP III in 2001
reduced the normal upper limit as 150 mg/dL [16]. Although these
cutpoints, there are several reports about the lower and safer limits
of the triglycerides in the literature [18-20]. Although the absolute
significance of plasma triglycerides in the metabolic syndrome, role
of High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) is suspicious [19]. We tried to
understand whether or not HDL may actually be some APP in the
plasma in the present study.
4. Material and Methods
The study was performed in the Internal Medicine Polyclinic of
the Dumlupinar University between August 2005 and March 2007.
Consecutive patients above the age of 15 year were studied. Their
medical histories were learnt, and a routine check up procedure
including Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG), serum creatinine, liver
function tests, markers of hepatitis viruses A, B, C and human
immunodeficiencyvirus,triglycerides,lowdensitylipoproteins(LDL),
HDL, an electrocardiogram, and an abdominal ultrasonography
was performed. A Doppler echocardiogram was performed just
in required cases. Current daily smokers with six pack-months and
cases with a history of three pack-years were accepted as smokers.
Patients with devastating illnesses including type 1 DM, malignancies,
hemodialysis, ascites, hyper- or hypothyroidism, and heart failure
were excluded to avoid their possible effects on weight. Additionally,
anti-hyperlipidemic drugs, metformin, and/or acarbose users were
excluded to avoid their possible effects on blood lipid profiles and/
or body weight [21, 22]. Body Mass İndex (BMI) of each case was
calculated by the measurements of the Same Physician instead of
verbal expressions. Weight in kilograms is divided by height in meters
squared [16]. Cases with an overnight FPG level of 126 mg/dL or
greater on two occasions or already using antidiabetic medications
were defined as diabetics [16]. An oral glucose tolerance test with 75-
gram glucose was performed in cases with a FPG level between 110
and 126 mg/dL, and diagnosis of cases with a 2-hour plasma glucose
level of 200 mg/dL or greater is DM [16]. Additionally, Office
Blood Pressure (OBP) was checked after a 5-minute of rest in seated
position with a mercury sphygmomanometer on three visits, and no
smoking was permitted during the previous 2-hour. A 10-day twice
daily measurement of blood pressure at home (HBP) was obtained in
all cases after a 10-minute education about proper BP measurement
techniques [23]. An additional 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure
monitoring was not required due to its similar effectivity with the
HBP measurements [3]. Eventually, HT is defined as a mean BP of
135/85 mmHg or higher on HBP measurements, and WCH as an
OBP of 140/90 mmHg or higher but a mean HBP measurement
of lower than 135/85 mmHg [23]. An exercise electrocardiogram is
performed just in cases with an abnormal electrocardiogram and/or
angina pectoris. Coronary angiography is taken just for the exercise
electrocardiogram positive cases. So CHD is diagnosed either
angiographically or with the Doppler echocardiographic findings as
the already developed movement disorders in the cardiac walls. The
spirometric pulmonary function tests were performed in required
cases and the criterion for diagnosis of COPD is post-bronchodilator
forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity of less
than 70% [24]. Eventually, patients with plasma HDL values of lower
than 40 mg/dL were collected into the first group, and then age and
gender matched patients with plasma HDL values of 40 mg/dL and
greater were collected into the second group, respectively. Smoking,
BMI, FPG, triglycerides, LDL, HDL, WCH, HT, DM, COPD, and
CHD were detected in each group, and compared in between. Mann-
Whitney U test, Independent-Samples T test, and comparison of
proportions were used as the methods of statistical analyses.
Citation: Helvaci MR High Density Lipoproteins May Actually be Some Negative Acute Phase
Proteins in the Plasma Japanese Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2019;v2(7):1-7
2019; v2(7): 1-9.
3. 5. Results
There were 75 patients in the first and 118 patients in the second
groups. The mean age (45.4 versus 47.9 years) and male ratio (53.3
versus 53.3%) were similar in both groups (p>0.05 for both).
Smoking (34.6 versus 31.3%), BMI (27.2 versus 26.7 kg/m2
), FPG
(119.4 versus 113.0 mg/dL), WCH (25.3 versus 32.2%), HT (10.6
versus 16.1%), and COPD (14.6 versus 18.6%) were similar in both
groups, too (p>0.05 for all). Although the mean triglycerides (162.7
versus 125.4 mg/dL, p<0.001), DM (21.3 versus 12.7%, p<0.05),
and CHD (20.0 versus 11.0%, p<0.05) were higher, LDL (105.3
versus 126.2 mg/dL) and HDL (34.1 versus 50.0 mg/dL) were
lower in patients with plasma HDL values of lower than 40 mg/dL,
significantly (p<0.000 for both) (Table 1).
6. Discussion
Excess weight may be the most common cause of vasculitis
worldwide since nearly three-fourths of cases above the age of 30
years have excess weight, nowadays [25]. Excess weight causes a
chronic low-grade vascular endothelial inflammation, terminating
with an accelerated atherosclerosis in whole body [26]. Adipose tissue
produces leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, plasminogen activator
inhibitor-1, and adiponectin-like cytokines, all of those behave as
APP in the plasma [27]. Beside that excess weight may cause an
increased blood volume as well as an increased cardiac output due to
the excessive fat tissue. The prolonged increase in the blood volume
may lead to the myocardial hypertrophy and decreased cardiac
compliance. Additionally, FPG and Total Cholesterol (TC) increased,
parallel to the increased BMI values [28]. Combination of these
cardiovascular risk factors will eventually terminate with an increase
in left ventricular stroke work and higher risks of arrhythmias,
cardiac failure, and sudden cardiac death. Similarly, the prevalences
of CHD and stroke increased parallel to the increased BMI in the
other study [29], and risk of death from all causes including cancers
increased throughout the range of moderate to severe weight excess
in all age groups [30]. The relationships between excess weight,
increased BP, and higher plasma triglycerides values are well-known
in the metabolic syndrome [14]. Similarly, prevalences of smoking
(42.2 versus 28.4%, and higher plasma triglycerides and higher and
higher plasma triglycerides values are well-known in the metabolic
syndrome [14]. Similarly, prevalences of smoking (42.2 versus 28.4%,
p<0.01), excess weight (83.6 versus 70.6%, p<0.01), DM (16.3 versus
10.3%, p<0.05), and HT (23.2 versus 11.2%, p<0.001) were all
Variable Lower than 40 mg/dL p-value 40 mg/dL and higher
Number of cases 75 118
Mean age (year) 45.4 ± 15.2 (16-79) Ns* 47.9 ± 14.6 (19-77)
Male ratio 53.30% Ns 53.30%
Smoking 34.60% Ns 31.30%
BMI† (kg/m2
) 27.2 ± 4.5 (18.4-39.9) Ns 26.7 ± 5.0 (17.8-42.4)
FPG‡ (mg/dL) 119.4 ± 48.4 (76-287) Ns 113.0 ± 54.2 (63-400)
Triglycerides (mg/dL) 162.7 ± 92.8 (43-470) <0.001 125.4 ± 73.2 (27-410)
LDL§ (mg/dL) 105.3 ± 33.1 (10-211) <0.000 126.2 ± 29.5 (54-202)
HDL║ (mg/dL) 34.1 ± 3.8 (22-39) <0.000 50.0 ± 9.1 (40-91)
WCH** 25.30% Ns 32.20%
HT*** 10.60% Ns 16.10%
DM**** 21.30% <0.05 12.70%
COPD***** 14.60% Ns 18.60%
CHD****** 20.00% <0.05 11.00%
Table 1: Characteristics features of the study cases according
to the plasma high density lipoproteins values
*Nonsignificant (p>0.05) †Body mass index ‡Fasting plasma glucose §Low density lipoproteins ║High density
lipoproteins **White coat hypertension ***Hypertension ****Diabetes mellitus *****Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease ******Coronary heart disease
2019; v2(7): 1-9.
4. higher in the hypertriglyceridemia patients in the other study [31].
On the other hand, the prevalences of hyperbetalipoproteinemia
were similar both in the hypertriglyceridemia (200 mg/dL and
greater) and control groups (18.9 versus 16.3%, p>0.05, respectively)
[31]. Similarly, plasma LDL values increased just up to the plasma
triglycerides value of 200 mg/dL in the above study [20]. Beside that,
the mean BMI values increased just up to the plasma triglycerides
value of 150 mg/dL, significantly (p<0.05 for each step) [20].
According to our opinion, overweight, obesity, severe obesity, and
morbid obesity histories of years should be added into the calendar
age with various degrees during calculation of physiological age.
Smoking and alcohol may be the second and third most common
causes of vasculitis, respectively. According to our experiences,
both of them should be included into the major components of the
metabolic syndrome since they cause chronic inflammation on the
vascular endothelium, terminating with an accelerated atherosclerosis
in whole body. Tobacco’s destructive effects are particularly
prominent in the respiratory tract and lungs, probably due to the
highest concentrations of toxic substances found in the cigarette
smoke there. The strong and irreversible atherosclerotic effects of
tobacco are the most clearly detected in the Buerger’s disease. It is
an obliterative vasculitis characterized by inflammatory changes in
the small and medium-sized arteries and veins, and it has never been
reported in the absence of smoking in the literature. Eventually,
the atherosclerotic effects terminate with early aging, end-organ
insufficiencies, and premature death [32]. According to our clinical
observations, the smoking history of pack-years should be added into
the calendar age during calculation of physiological age. Probably,
alcohol gives harm to vascular endothelium by means of the similar
ways with smoking but alcohol’s main targets are the gastrointestinal
tract and liver due to the highest concentrations of alcohol and its
products there. Thus the drinking history of drink-years should also
be added into the calendar age during calculation of physiological
age. Due to the very low prevalence of alcoholism in Turkey [33],
we did not include regular alcohol intake into the present study. On
the other hand, although alcoholic drinks provide extra calories for
body, smoking in human and nicotine administration in animals
may be associated with a decreased BMI [34]. Evidence revealed an
increased energy expenditure during smoking both on rest and light
physical activity [35], and nicotine supplied by patch after smoking
cessation decreased caloric intake in a dose-related manner [36].
According to an animal study, nicotine may lengthen intermeal time,
and simultaneously decrease amount of meal eaten [37]. Additionally,
BMI seems to be the highest in former and lowest in current smokers
[38]. Smoking may be associated with a postcessation weight gain
[39]. Similarly, although CHD was detected with similar prevalences
in both genders, prevalences of smoking and COPD were higher in
males against the higher BMI, LDL, triglycerides, WCH, HT, and DM
in females in the previous study [40]. Additionally, the incidence of
myocardial infarction is increased six-fold in women and three-fold
in men who smoke 20 cigarettes per day [41]. In another definition,
smoking may be more dangerous for women probably due to the
higher BMI and its consequences in them. So smoking is probably a
powerful atherosclerotic risk factor with some suppressor effects on
appetite [42]. Smoking-induced appetite loss may be related with the
smoking-induced vascular endothelial inflammation in whole body,
since loss of appetite is one of the major symptoms of disseminated
inflammation in the body. Physicians can even understand healing
of patients by means of their normalizing appetite. Several toxic
substances found in the cigarette smoke get into the circulation
by means of the respiratory tract and lungs, and cause a vascular
endothelial inflammation in whole body until the clearence from the
circulation. But due to the repeated smoking habit of the individuals,
the clearence never terminates. So the patients become ill with loss
of appetite, permanently. In another explanation, smoking-induced
weight loss is an indicator of being ill instead of being healthy [36-
38]. After smoking cessation, appetite normalizes with a prominent
weight gain but the returned weights are the patients’ physiological
weights, actually.
The prevalence of excess weight increased by decades, particularly
after the third decade, up to the eight decade of life [25]. So 30th
and
70th
years of age may be the breaking points of life for body weight,
and aging may be the major determiner factor of excess weight.
Probably, partially decreased physical and mental stresses after
the age of 30 years, and debility and comorbid disorders-induced
restrictions after the age of 70 years may be the major causes of the
changes of BMI at these ages. Interestingly, the mean age and BMI
increased just up to the plasma triglycerides values of 200 mg/dL
and 150 mg/dL in the above study, respectively [20]. So smoking
was remained as the major causative factor of hypertriglyceridemia
above the plasma triglycerides value of 200 mg/dL. Beside that, only
cases with the plasma triglycerides values lower than 60 mg/dL had
a normal mean BMI [20]. On the other hand, the triglycerides values
increased about 8.1 mg/dL for each year of aging up to 200 mg/dL
in the plasma [20] indicating that aging alone may be another risk
factor for chronic low-grade inflammation on vascular endothelium
2019; v2(7): 1-9.
5. in whole body. Although ATP III reduced the normal upper limit
of plasma triglycerides as 150 mg/dL in 2001 [16], the above study
indicated that lower limits provide additional benefits for human
health [20]. Similar to the recent study [43], prevalence of smoking
was the highest in the highest triglycerides having group in the above
study [20] that may also indicate inflammatory role of smoking in the
metabolic syndrome, since triglycerides may actually be some APP
in the plasma. FPG, BMI, HT, DM, and COPD increased parallel
to the increased plasma triglycerides in the above study, gradually
[20]. As one of our opinions, significantly increased mean age by
the increased plasma triglycerides values may be secondary to aging-
induced decreased physical and mental stresses, which eventually
terminates with excess weight and its consequences. Interestingly,
although the mean age increased from the lowest triglycerides having
group up to the triglycerides value of 200 mg/dL, then it decreased.
The similar trend was also seen with the mean LDL values. These
trends may be due to the fact that although the borderline high
triglycerides values (150-199 mg/dL) is seen together with physical
inactivity and overweight, the high (200-499 mg/dL) and very high
triglycerides values (500 mg/dL and greater) may be secondary to
smoking, genetic factors, and terminal consequences of the metabolic
syndrome including obesity, DM, HT, COPD, cirrhosis, CRD, PAD,
CHD, and stroke [16]. But although the underlying causes of the high
and very high plasma triglycerides values may be a little bit different,
probably risks of the terminal endpoints of the metabolic syndrome
do not change in them. For example, prevalences of HT, DM, and
COPD were the highest in the highest triglycerides having group in
the above study [20]. Eventually, although some authors reported
that lipid assessment can be simplified by measurements of TC
[44], the present study and most of the others indicated significant
relationships between LDL, HDL, and triglycerides and terminal
consequences of the metabolic syndrome [19, 20, 45]. Similar to
the present study, the mean age, FPG, systolic and diastolic BP, TC,
triglycerides, and HDL values increased gradually from the normal
weight towards the overweight and obesity groups in the previous
study [19] that may also indicate some bad prognostic roles of HDL
in the metabolic syndrome.
HDL are one of the five major lipoproteins whose role is transport
of cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood. HDL transport
cholesterol from arteries back to the liver to be eliminated and/
or transformed into other substances. These carrier lipoproteins
in the plasma are under metabolic control, and are readily affected
by diet, illnesses, drugs, and BMI. Thus lipid analysis should be
performed during a steady state. But the metabolic syndrome itself
is an abnormal condition with a low grade inflammatory process
on vascular endothelium all over the body. Thus the metabolic
syndrome alone may be a cause of abnormal lipoproteins levels
in the plasma. Although HDL are commonly called as ‘the good
cholesterol’ due to their roles in removing excess cholesterol from
the blood and protecting the arterial walls against atherosclerosis,
recent studies did not show similar results, and low plasma HDL
levels may alert searching of additional metabolic and inflammatory
pathologies in the body [46-48]. Normally, HDL may show various
anti-atherogenic properties including reverse cholesterol transport
and anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory features [46]. However,
HDL may become ‘dysfunctional’ in pathological conditions which
means that relative composition of lipids and proteins, as well as the
enzymatic activities of HDL are altered [46]. For example, properties
of HDL are compromised in patients with DM due to the oxidative
modification and glycation of HDL, as well as the transformation of
HDL proteomes into proinflammatory proteins. Similarly, although
the similar mean age, gender distribution, and smoking in both
groups, DM was significantly higher in patients with plasma HDL
values of lower than 40 mg/dL in the present study.
APP are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase
(positive APP) or decrease (negative APP) as a response to
inflammation [49-51]. In response to injury, local inflammatory cells
(neutrophils and macrophages) secrete a number of cytokines into
the bloodstream, most notable of which are the interleukins. The liver
responds by producing many APP. At the same time, production of
many proteins is reduced. Thus these proteins are called as negative
APP. Some of the well-known negative APP are albumin, transferrin,
retinol-binding protein, antithrombin, and transcortin. The decrease
of such proteins is also used as an indicator of inflammation. The
physiological role of decreased synthesis of such proteins is generally
to save amino acids for producing positive APP more effectively.
Due to the decreased production of some proteins in liver during
severe inflammatory conditions, production of HDL may also be
suppressed. By this way, although the similar mean age, gender
distribution, and smoking in both groups, the higher triglycerides,
DM, and CHD in patients with plasma HDL values of lower than 40
mg/dL can be explained in the present study.
As a conclusion, although the similar mean age, gender distribution,
and smoking in both groups, triglycerides, DM, and CHD were
higher whereas LDL and HDL were lower in patients with plasma
2019; v2(7): 1-9.
6. HDL values of lower than 40 mg/dL, significantly. So HDL may
actually be some negative APP in the plasma.
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