This cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College Srinagar Kashmir. A total of 120 Kashmiri Type 2 diabetic patients and 30 normal controls were randomly selected. Diabetic dyslipidaemia is characterized by raised triglycerides, low high density lipoprotein and raised low density lipoprotein. Determination of serum lipid levels in people with diabetes is considered a standard of care because detection and treatment of dyslipidaemia is one means of reducing cardiovascular disease risk. The lipid profiles and lipoprotein levels of 120 known diabetic patients were studied. Total cholesterol (TC), Triacylglycerol’s (TG) Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were assayed for each group using standard biochemical methods. Dyslipidaemia was defined using the national cholesterol education programme – adult treatment panel III (NCEP-AT III) criteria. BMI and waist and hip circumferences were measured.
—Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a prominent health problem and micro-albunemia is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in these CVDs in developing countries. This case control study was designed to find out burden of micro-albuminuria in non-diabetic non-hypertensive CVD patients and its associating factors. In this study, 50 Non Diabetic Non Hypertensive CVD Patients were submitted to a complete clinical and laboratory evaluation. Patients with known micro-albuminuria, UTI and congestive heart failure were excluded. These cases were compared with matched controls. It was observed that 36% of non-diabetic, non-hypertensive CVD patients had microalbuminuric by Clinitek method. There was a positive association between dyslipidaemia and micro-albuminuria was also observed in this study. The microalbuminuric CVD patients (non-diabetic, non-hypertensive) had significantly elevated levels of serum cholesterol (p<0.05), triglycerides (p<0.05) and LDL (p<0.05) as compared to normoalbuminuric patients. It can be concluded from this study that the micro-albuminuria was present in more than one third of non-diabetic non-hypertensive CVD patients. Older age group, Body Mass Index (BMI) and lipid profile had significant relationship with the presence of micro-albuminuria.
Cystatin C as a marker of Cardio metabolic disorder in obese South Indian ind...iosrjce
Human obesity is strongly associated with cardio metabolic disease. Cystatin C is a
naturally occurring protease inhibitor and marker of cardiovascular disease. The main objective of present
study was to estimate the serum levels of Cystatin C in individuals with normal BMI, and obese, aged between
18-39 Yrs and to compare the levels of serum Cystatin C among these individuals and to correlate the levels of
serum Cystatin C with cardio metabolic risk factors.
Material & Methods: The study population was taken from healthy volunteers of Mysore city, aged between 18-
39 years of either sex. The study population was divided into 2 groups based on BMI. Each group contains
sample size of 45. Fasting serum sample was analyzed for Blood glucose, Total cholesterol, Total Triglycerides,
Direct HDL cholesterol, Direct LDL Cholesterol by enzymatic method and serum Cystatin-C by
immunoturbidimetric method using auto analyser.
Results: The serum Cystatin C levels was significantly increased in obese groups, p value<0.001. The mean
serum Cystatin C levels in normal BMI group was 0.78±0.03, and in Obese group is 1.15±0.09. In the study
serum Cystatin C showed a positive correlation with serum glucose(r=0.61) serum triglycerides (r=0.7),
Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (r=0.80), TCHOL: HDL (r=0.71), HDL: LDL (r=0.70) respectively and
negative correlation with serum HDL (r=-0.52)
exercise as determinant prevention of high blood pressure in container crane ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Metabolic syndrome (Mets) is a multiple risk factor for coronary heart disease, diabetes, and several organ malfunctions that comes up from insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunctions caused of abnormal adipose deposition. One of the component criteria of metabolic syndrome is elevated blood pressure. Unhealthy lifestyle and sedentary physical activity are considered to have relationship with metabolic syndrome incidents in workers. This study aimed to analyze smoking habit, regular exercise and family’s medical history associated with blood pressure using International Diabetic Federation Criteria for Mets in a container crane operator’s population. The study was explored in a cross sectional study of 40 container crane operator. Using logistic regression for analyzing, the study found that regular exercise had significant association with blood pressure in worker adjusted with age.
High prevalence of metabolic syndrome among competitive exam appearing studen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Impact of Malnutrition on Lipid Profile in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in...Neeleshkumar Maurya
The present study was carried out to identify the role of malnutrition and its relationship for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients taking hemodialysis. We conducted an analytical study with 100 patients. It was carried out over one-year period, from February 25, 2017 to March 30, 2018. The inclusion criteria were the patients who have been on hemodialysis for at least past three months period and at least more than 18-year-old. All the patients were divided into two groups: first group of patients have both CVD and CKD and other group of patients have only CKD. Patients were subjected to biochemical and anthropometric parameters. Out of hundred patients, about 60 followed the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eight women and 52 men with the age range from 18 to 80 years with 49±10.2years as mean age. We found that higher level of cholesterol, triglyceride, low protein intake and low energy conception in CKD alone patients is directly associated with malnutrition. The association between cholesterol levels and CKD would be altered by the presence of malnutrition. Low level of protein and total energy intake also confirms the presence of malnutrition in CKD patient developed the CVD.
Keywords: Malnutrition, hemodialysis patients, chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Study of Lipid Profile in Patients of Coronary Artery Disease among Rural Pop...iosrjce
India and other developing countries in South Asia are progressively facing alarming proportions of
morbidity and mortality caused by coronary artery disease. There are a number of studies on dyslipidemia in
coronary artery disease patients in Indian subcontinent, mostly in urban population in different geographical
territories of the country. There was no such community-based study in rural population of Bihar. Hence this
case control study was undertaken to study dyslipidemia among the rural patients admitted to hospital with
coronary artery disease. 100 consecutive cases diagnosed as coronary artery disease aged 30 to 90 years were
compared to 50 ages and sex matched healthy controls. Age, gender, blood pressure, history of smoking and
diabetes mellitus, waist-hip ratio and Body Mass Index were recorded in each subject. Blood samples for
investigations of lipid profile i.e. serum cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein–
cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were collected from cases. It was found
that high prevalence of dyslipidemia i.e. elevated serum cholesterol and TG and low HDL cholesterol were
significant in all the age groups above 40 years. Interestingly our study in rural population is not associated
with increased risk of coronary artery disease with LDL levels. In order to implement preventive approach to
CAD, our findings suggest that early detection of abnormal lipid profile and modification of lifestyles are important
Results: NWO subjects (n = 283) demonstrated metabolic dysregulation compared to NWL individuals (n = 1795). After
adjusting for age, sex, and smoking, NWO individuals showed higher PWV values than NWL individuals (1474.0 ± 275.4 vs.
1380.7 ± 234.3 cm/s, p = 0.006 by ANCOVA). Compared with NWL subjects, NWO subjects had a higher prevalence of soft
plaques even after age, sex, and smoking adjustment (21.6 % vs. 14.5 %, p = 0.039 by ANCOVA). The PWV value and the
log{(number of segments with plaque) + 1} showed a positive correlation with numerous parameters such as age, systolic
blood pressure, visceral fat, fasting glucose level, serum triglyceride level, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in contrast to the
negative correlation with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level. The visceral fat was an independent determinant of
log{(number of segments with plaque) + 1} (ß = 0.027, SE = 0.011, p = 0.016) even after adjustment for other significant
factors. Most importantly, NWO was an independent risk factor for the presence of soft plaques (odds ratio 1.460, 95 %
confidence interval 1.027–2.074, p = 0.035) even after further adjustment for multiple factors associated with atherosclerosis
(blood pressure, blood glucose, lipid level, CRP, medication, smoking status, physical activity).
Normal-Weight Obesity Is Associated With
Increased Risk of Subclinical Atherosclerosis.
Conclusions: NWO individuals carry a higher incidence of subclinical atherosclerosis compared with NWL individuals,
regardless of other clinical risk factors for atherosclerosis.
—Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a prominent health problem and micro-albunemia is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in these CVDs in developing countries. This case control study was designed to find out burden of micro-albuminuria in non-diabetic non-hypertensive CVD patients and its associating factors. In this study, 50 Non Diabetic Non Hypertensive CVD Patients were submitted to a complete clinical and laboratory evaluation. Patients with known micro-albuminuria, UTI and congestive heart failure were excluded. These cases were compared with matched controls. It was observed that 36% of non-diabetic, non-hypertensive CVD patients had microalbuminuric by Clinitek method. There was a positive association between dyslipidaemia and micro-albuminuria was also observed in this study. The microalbuminuric CVD patients (non-diabetic, non-hypertensive) had significantly elevated levels of serum cholesterol (p<0.05), triglycerides (p<0.05) and LDL (p<0.05) as compared to normoalbuminuric patients. It can be concluded from this study that the micro-albuminuria was present in more than one third of non-diabetic non-hypertensive CVD patients. Older age group, Body Mass Index (BMI) and lipid profile had significant relationship with the presence of micro-albuminuria.
Cystatin C as a marker of Cardio metabolic disorder in obese South Indian ind...iosrjce
Human obesity is strongly associated with cardio metabolic disease. Cystatin C is a
naturally occurring protease inhibitor and marker of cardiovascular disease. The main objective of present
study was to estimate the serum levels of Cystatin C in individuals with normal BMI, and obese, aged between
18-39 Yrs and to compare the levels of serum Cystatin C among these individuals and to correlate the levels of
serum Cystatin C with cardio metabolic risk factors.
Material & Methods: The study population was taken from healthy volunteers of Mysore city, aged between 18-
39 years of either sex. The study population was divided into 2 groups based on BMI. Each group contains
sample size of 45. Fasting serum sample was analyzed for Blood glucose, Total cholesterol, Total Triglycerides,
Direct HDL cholesterol, Direct LDL Cholesterol by enzymatic method and serum Cystatin-C by
immunoturbidimetric method using auto analyser.
Results: The serum Cystatin C levels was significantly increased in obese groups, p value<0.001. The mean
serum Cystatin C levels in normal BMI group was 0.78±0.03, and in Obese group is 1.15±0.09. In the study
serum Cystatin C showed a positive correlation with serum glucose(r=0.61) serum triglycerides (r=0.7),
Atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (r=0.80), TCHOL: HDL (r=0.71), HDL: LDL (r=0.70) respectively and
negative correlation with serum HDL (r=-0.52)
exercise as determinant prevention of high blood pressure in container crane ...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Metabolic syndrome (Mets) is a multiple risk factor for coronary heart disease, diabetes, and several organ malfunctions that comes up from insulin resistance and metabolic dysfunctions caused of abnormal adipose deposition. One of the component criteria of metabolic syndrome is elevated blood pressure. Unhealthy lifestyle and sedentary physical activity are considered to have relationship with metabolic syndrome incidents in workers. This study aimed to analyze smoking habit, regular exercise and family’s medical history associated with blood pressure using International Diabetic Federation Criteria for Mets in a container crane operator’s population. The study was explored in a cross sectional study of 40 container crane operator. Using logistic regression for analyzing, the study found that regular exercise had significant association with blood pressure in worker adjusted with age.
High prevalence of metabolic syndrome among competitive exam appearing studen...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Biotechnology and Biochemistry (IOSR-JBB) covers studies of the chemical processes in living organisms, structure and function of cellular components such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids and other biomolecules, chemical properties of important biological molecules, like proteins, in particular the chemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, genetic code (DNA, RNA), protein synthesis, cell membrane transport, and signal transduction. IOSR-JBB is privileged to focus on a wide range of biotechnology as well as high quality articles on genetic engineering, cell and tissue culture technologies, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology, chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology, biorobotics.
Impact of Malnutrition on Lipid Profile in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in...Neeleshkumar Maurya
The present study was carried out to identify the role of malnutrition and its relationship for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients taking hemodialysis. We conducted an analytical study with 100 patients. It was carried out over one-year period, from February 25, 2017 to March 30, 2018. The inclusion criteria were the patients who have been on hemodialysis for at least past three months period and at least more than 18-year-old. All the patients were divided into two groups: first group of patients have both CVD and CKD and other group of patients have only CKD. Patients were subjected to biochemical and anthropometric parameters. Out of hundred patients, about 60 followed the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Eight women and 52 men with the age range from 18 to 80 years with 49±10.2years as mean age. We found that higher level of cholesterol, triglyceride, low protein intake and low energy conception in CKD alone patients is directly associated with malnutrition. The association between cholesterol levels and CKD would be altered by the presence of malnutrition. Low level of protein and total energy intake also confirms the presence of malnutrition in CKD patient developed the CVD.
Keywords: Malnutrition, hemodialysis patients, chronic kidney disease (CKD), cardiovascular disease (CVD)
Study of Lipid Profile in Patients of Coronary Artery Disease among Rural Pop...iosrjce
India and other developing countries in South Asia are progressively facing alarming proportions of
morbidity and mortality caused by coronary artery disease. There are a number of studies on dyslipidemia in
coronary artery disease patients in Indian subcontinent, mostly in urban population in different geographical
territories of the country. There was no such community-based study in rural population of Bihar. Hence this
case control study was undertaken to study dyslipidemia among the rural patients admitted to hospital with
coronary artery disease. 100 consecutive cases diagnosed as coronary artery disease aged 30 to 90 years were
compared to 50 ages and sex matched healthy controls. Age, gender, blood pressure, history of smoking and
diabetes mellitus, waist-hip ratio and Body Mass Index were recorded in each subject. Blood samples for
investigations of lipid profile i.e. serum cholesterol (CHO), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein–
cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were collected from cases. It was found
that high prevalence of dyslipidemia i.e. elevated serum cholesterol and TG and low HDL cholesterol were
significant in all the age groups above 40 years. Interestingly our study in rural population is not associated
with increased risk of coronary artery disease with LDL levels. In order to implement preventive approach to
CAD, our findings suggest that early detection of abnormal lipid profile and modification of lifestyles are important
Results: NWO subjects (n = 283) demonstrated metabolic dysregulation compared to NWL individuals (n = 1795). After
adjusting for age, sex, and smoking, NWO individuals showed higher PWV values than NWL individuals (1474.0 ± 275.4 vs.
1380.7 ± 234.3 cm/s, p = 0.006 by ANCOVA). Compared with NWL subjects, NWO subjects had a higher prevalence of soft
plaques even after age, sex, and smoking adjustment (21.6 % vs. 14.5 %, p = 0.039 by ANCOVA). The PWV value and the
log{(number of segments with plaque) + 1} showed a positive correlation with numerous parameters such as age, systolic
blood pressure, visceral fat, fasting glucose level, serum triglyceride level, and C-reactive protein (CRP) in contrast to the
negative correlation with high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol level. The visceral fat was an independent determinant of
log{(number of segments with plaque) + 1} (ß = 0.027, SE = 0.011, p = 0.016) even after adjustment for other significant
factors. Most importantly, NWO was an independent risk factor for the presence of soft plaques (odds ratio 1.460, 95 %
confidence interval 1.027–2.074, p = 0.035) even after further adjustment for multiple factors associated with atherosclerosis
(blood pressure, blood glucose, lipid level, CRP, medication, smoking status, physical activity).
Normal-Weight Obesity Is Associated With
Increased Risk of Subclinical Atherosclerosis.
Conclusions: NWO individuals carry a higher incidence of subclinical atherosclerosis compared with NWL individuals,
regardless of other clinical risk factors for atherosclerosis.
Association of cardio metabolic risk factors, serum nitric oxide metabolite a...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Knowledge, attitude and practice about hypertension among adultMd.Nahian Rahman
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
Comparative study of lipid profile in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus and obes...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Abstract—Subclinical Hypothyroidism is a much more common disorder with a world-wide occurrence as compared to overt Hypothyroidism. Overt Hypothyroidism is associated with abnormalities of lipid metabolism, but the significance of dyslipidemia in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) remains controversial.
Aims: To compare the lipid profile between subclinical hypothyroid patients & healthy controls (age & sex matched) so as to determine any association between lipid profile & subclinical hypothyroidism.
Materials and Methods: In a case-control study, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free T3, free T4, anti thyroperoxidase (TPO) antibodies, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, serum triglycerides were measured in 50 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and 50 age- and sex-matched Euthyroid controls after an overnight fasting.
Results: Mean serum triglycerides (TG) and very low-density cholesterol (VLDL) were significantly higher in patients with SCH than controls (P < 0.05). No association was found between serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and SCH.
Conclusions: Dyslipidemia is more common in SCH compared to controls. High serum triglycerides and VLDL were observed in patients with SCH.
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in S...asclepiuspdfs
Background and Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is an increasingly important clinical and public health issue is associated with cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies have also linked metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of incident CKD. Therefore, the present study was designed retrospectively to find the prevalence and potential risk factors of CKD in patients with MetS in Saudi Arabia.
Correlations between Some Anthropometric Parameters, the Lipid Profile and Gl...inventionjournals
The study aimed to investigate the correlations between some anthropometric and lipid profile parameters, as well the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values of Bulgarian females with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 212 women of Bulgarian ethnicity with T2DM of the age groups 40-60 and 61-80 years were included in the research. The anthropometric parameters: waist and hip circumferences were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. We also studied the lipid profile parameters: total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). A comparative study of the lipid profile criteria revealed significant differences in the levels of triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and VLDL between the two age groups. Differences were found with regard to the values of glycated hemoglobin too. Correlations between the above anthropometric parameters and the lipid profile of patients with T2DM were examined. In patients of the age group 40-60 years a moderate strength correlation in opposite direction (negative or inverse correlation) was found between HbA1c and BMI (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.30-0.50, p<0.05). In the age group 61-80 years a low strength negative correlation was found between BMI and total cholesterol, as well as between BMI and LDL.
Albuminuria has been recognized as a marker for prognosis of renal and cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients. Role of microalbuminuria in cardiac disease and nephropathy has not been surveyed in Pakistani population and its foretelling importance in diabetic individuals is undetermined. In this study we examined the relation between microalbuminuria, HbA1c and serum albumin levels in association with diabetes in population of Pakistan based on equal number of male and female subjects with and without prevalent baseline diabetes. We found that increased levels of micro albuminuria are associated with cardiovascular disease, HbA1c with nephropathy and serum albumin with cardiovascular disease, nephropathy and hypertension in the diabetic patient.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.22
ABSTRACT- Diabetes mellitus, an impaired blood glucose status is a major cause for loss of valuable human life. The
important risk factors include: High familial aggregation, insulin resistance, lifestyle changes due to rapid urbanization
and obesity specially central one. This study was carried out in diabetics (study group) & non-diabetic (control group)
women of 30-50 years age. They were subjected to anthropometric measurement and body composition assessment by
bioelectrical impedance analysis. This include waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist hip ratio (WHR),
body mass index (BMI), body fat % (BF %) and lean body mass % (LBM %). It was found that the BMI of study group
was significantly higher as compared to that of controls. Values of WC and WHR were significantly higher in Type 2 DM
women than control. This shows that there is association of abdominal obesity (WC and WHR) with Type 2 DM. BF %
gives the relative percentage of fat in human body. BF% was significantly high in diabetic women than in control. Mean
value of body fat % in study group was 35.67±3.03% while that of controls was 28.29±2.66%. This shows that Asians
having higher BF % at low BMI values and also individuals with a similar BMI can vary considerably in their abdominal
fat mass. In such a situation, body fat would constitute the only true measure of obesity. Key-words- Body Composition, Bioelectrical impedance, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Study of serum magnesium and fasting blood glucose in hypertensioniosrjce
A study was carried out to determine the fasting blood glucose and serum magnesium levels in
patients with hypertension. A total of 80 hypertensive patients were evaluated, of which, 58 were males and 22
were females. The mean ages of male and female hypertensive subjects were 48.06±6.53 and 50.83±7.62
respectively. Hypomagnesemia was observed in 61.25% subjects and raised fasting blood glucose was identified
in 55.1% of individuals. Therefore occurrence of low serum magnesium and raised blood sugar level in patients
with hypertension was observed
Investigation of the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and...Sports Journal
The rationale of the study is to investigate the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and
anaerobic training among type 2 diabetic patients. To achieve the purpose of the study 45 male type 2
diabetic patients from Ongole, in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, India, were selected as subjects.
The subjects were selected in the age group of 45 to 50 years and they were randomly assigned into three
equal groups of 15 each. Experimental group-I performed aerobic training, experimental group-II
performed anaerobic training and group III acted as control. The muscular endurance was selected as
dependent variable. The data collected from the three groups prior to and post experimentation on
selected dependent variable was statistically analyzed to find out the significant difference if any, by
applying the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Whenever the obtained ‘F’ ratio value was found to be
significant for adjusted post-test means, the Scheffe’s test was applied as post hoc test. In all the cases the
level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 level for significance. The result of the study produced 20.48%
percentage of improvement due to aerobic training and 15.32% of improvement due to anaerobic training
in muscular endurance of the diabetic patients
The paper highlights the role that speculation plays in making stock price fluctuation chaotic. The positive feedback produce by speculative behavior determines the general dynamics of stock prices. The price dynamics is described by a logistic equation. This logistic equation is also known as Verhulst equation. This equation was originally developed to describe the dynamic behavior of population of an organism. A discrete form of the Verhulst equation called as Ricker model is done to simulate the price dynamics. The simulation of the iterative process in the Ricker model demonstrates that speculation can produce chaos. By varying the value of the parameter describing speculation, the price dynamics becomes chaotic for sufficiently high degree of speculation. The extreme sensitivity to initial condition of a chaotic system produced the so-called “butterfly effect”. A simulation of the butterfly effect is done using two exactly identical discrete logistic equations. The equations differed only in their initial values by a very minute amount. It shows how two exactly identical dynamical systems quickly behave very differently even if the difference in their initial conditions is so infinitesimally small. The implication of the butterfly effect in doing experiments in the physical world is analyzed. The presence of butterfly effect in a chaotic system raises the issue of measurement errors in the conduct of physical experiments. No matter how accurate the scientific device used in the experiment, it is still subject to measurement errors. Butterfly effect tremendously magnifies the measurement errors over a short span of time. This implies that long-term prediction in a chaotic system is impossible
This paper gives an illustration and demonstration of mathematical model of new key management scheme which overcomes the limitation of Pre-Shared key scheme in terms of energy consumption using various key management operations in WSNs. Various key management operations were recorded and evaluate based on energy consumption at each step of authentication in wireless sensor network which improves that NchooseK Scheme is more scalable and secure than PSK in terms of energy consumption in WSNs.
Association of cardio metabolic risk factors, serum nitric oxide metabolite a...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Knowledge, attitude and practice about hypertension among adultMd.Nahian Rahman
Hypertension (HTN or HT), also known as high blood pressure (HBP), is a long-term medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is persistently elevated.
Comparative study of lipid profile in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus and obes...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences is one of the speciality Journal in Dental Science and Medical Science published by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR). The Journal publishes papers of the highest scientific merit and widest possible scope work in all areas related to medical and dental science. The Journal welcome review articles, leading medical and clinical research articles, technical notes, case reports and others.
Abstract—Subclinical Hypothyroidism is a much more common disorder with a world-wide occurrence as compared to overt Hypothyroidism. Overt Hypothyroidism is associated with abnormalities of lipid metabolism, but the significance of dyslipidemia in subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) remains controversial.
Aims: To compare the lipid profile between subclinical hypothyroid patients & healthy controls (age & sex matched) so as to determine any association between lipid profile & subclinical hypothyroidism.
Materials and Methods: In a case-control study, Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free T3, free T4, anti thyroperoxidase (TPO) antibodies, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein(HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, Very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, serum triglycerides were measured in 50 patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and 50 age- and sex-matched Euthyroid controls after an overnight fasting.
Results: Mean serum triglycerides (TG) and very low-density cholesterol (VLDL) were significantly higher in patients with SCH than controls (P < 0.05). No association was found between serum total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and SCH.
Conclusions: Dyslipidemia is more common in SCH compared to controls. High serum triglycerides and VLDL were observed in patients with SCH.
Prevalence of Chronic Kidney disease in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in S...asclepiuspdfs
Background and Objective: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) which is an increasingly important clinical and public health issue is associated with cardiovascular disease. Epidemiologic studies have also linked metabolic syndrome (MetS) with an increased risk of incident CKD. Therefore, the present study was designed retrospectively to find the prevalence and potential risk factors of CKD in patients with MetS in Saudi Arabia.
Correlations between Some Anthropometric Parameters, the Lipid Profile and Gl...inventionjournals
The study aimed to investigate the correlations between some anthropometric and lipid profile parameters, as well the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values of Bulgarian females with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 212 women of Bulgarian ethnicity with T2DM of the age groups 40-60 and 61-80 years were included in the research. The anthropometric parameters: waist and hip circumferences were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. We also studied the lipid profile parameters: total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). A comparative study of the lipid profile criteria revealed significant differences in the levels of triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and VLDL between the two age groups. Differences were found with regard to the values of glycated hemoglobin too. Correlations between the above anthropometric parameters and the lipid profile of patients with T2DM were examined. In patients of the age group 40-60 years a moderate strength correlation in opposite direction (negative or inverse correlation) was found between HbA1c and BMI (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.30-0.50, p<0.05). In the age group 61-80 years a low strength negative correlation was found between BMI and total cholesterol, as well as between BMI and LDL.
Albuminuria has been recognized as a marker for prognosis of renal and cardiovascular risk in diabetic patients. Role of microalbuminuria in cardiac disease and nephropathy has not been surveyed in Pakistani population and its foretelling importance in diabetic individuals is undetermined. In this study we examined the relation between microalbuminuria, HbA1c and serum albumin levels in association with diabetes in population of Pakistan based on equal number of male and female subjects with and without prevalent baseline diabetes. We found that increased levels of micro albuminuria are associated with cardiovascular disease, HbA1c with nephropathy and serum albumin with cardiovascular disease, nephropathy and hypertension in the diabetic patient.
DOI:10.21276/ijlssr.2016.2.4.22
ABSTRACT- Diabetes mellitus, an impaired blood glucose status is a major cause for loss of valuable human life. The
important risk factors include: High familial aggregation, insulin resistance, lifestyle changes due to rapid urbanization
and obesity specially central one. This study was carried out in diabetics (study group) & non-diabetic (control group)
women of 30-50 years age. They were subjected to anthropometric measurement and body composition assessment by
bioelectrical impedance analysis. This include waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist hip ratio (WHR),
body mass index (BMI), body fat % (BF %) and lean body mass % (LBM %). It was found that the BMI of study group
was significantly higher as compared to that of controls. Values of WC and WHR were significantly higher in Type 2 DM
women than control. This shows that there is association of abdominal obesity (WC and WHR) with Type 2 DM. BF %
gives the relative percentage of fat in human body. BF% was significantly high in diabetic women than in control. Mean
value of body fat % in study group was 35.67±3.03% while that of controls was 28.29±2.66%. This shows that Asians
having higher BF % at low BMI values and also individuals with a similar BMI can vary considerably in their abdominal
fat mass. In such a situation, body fat would constitute the only true measure of obesity. Key-words- Body Composition, Bioelectrical impedance, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Study of serum magnesium and fasting blood glucose in hypertensioniosrjce
A study was carried out to determine the fasting blood glucose and serum magnesium levels in
patients with hypertension. A total of 80 hypertensive patients were evaluated, of which, 58 were males and 22
were females. The mean ages of male and female hypertensive subjects were 48.06±6.53 and 50.83±7.62
respectively. Hypomagnesemia was observed in 61.25% subjects and raised fasting blood glucose was identified
in 55.1% of individuals. Therefore occurrence of low serum magnesium and raised blood sugar level in patients
with hypertension was observed
Investigation of the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and...Sports Journal
The rationale of the study is to investigate the changes on muscular endurance in response to aerobic and
anaerobic training among type 2 diabetic patients. To achieve the purpose of the study 45 male type 2
diabetic patients from Ongole, in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh, India, were selected as subjects.
The subjects were selected in the age group of 45 to 50 years and they were randomly assigned into three
equal groups of 15 each. Experimental group-I performed aerobic training, experimental group-II
performed anaerobic training and group III acted as control. The muscular endurance was selected as
dependent variable. The data collected from the three groups prior to and post experimentation on
selected dependent variable was statistically analyzed to find out the significant difference if any, by
applying the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Whenever the obtained ‘F’ ratio value was found to be
significant for adjusted post-test means, the Scheffe’s test was applied as post hoc test. In all the cases the
level of confidence was fixed at 0.05 level for significance. The result of the study produced 20.48%
percentage of improvement due to aerobic training and 15.32% of improvement due to anaerobic training
in muscular endurance of the diabetic patients
The paper highlights the role that speculation plays in making stock price fluctuation chaotic. The positive feedback produce by speculative behavior determines the general dynamics of stock prices. The price dynamics is described by a logistic equation. This logistic equation is also known as Verhulst equation. This equation was originally developed to describe the dynamic behavior of population of an organism. A discrete form of the Verhulst equation called as Ricker model is done to simulate the price dynamics. The simulation of the iterative process in the Ricker model demonstrates that speculation can produce chaos. By varying the value of the parameter describing speculation, the price dynamics becomes chaotic for sufficiently high degree of speculation. The extreme sensitivity to initial condition of a chaotic system produced the so-called “butterfly effect”. A simulation of the butterfly effect is done using two exactly identical discrete logistic equations. The equations differed only in their initial values by a very minute amount. It shows how two exactly identical dynamical systems quickly behave very differently even if the difference in their initial conditions is so infinitesimally small. The implication of the butterfly effect in doing experiments in the physical world is analyzed. The presence of butterfly effect in a chaotic system raises the issue of measurement errors in the conduct of physical experiments. No matter how accurate the scientific device used in the experiment, it is still subject to measurement errors. Butterfly effect tremendously magnifies the measurement errors over a short span of time. This implies that long-term prediction in a chaotic system is impossible
This paper gives an illustration and demonstration of mathematical model of new key management scheme which overcomes the limitation of Pre-Shared key scheme in terms of energy consumption using various key management operations in WSNs. Various key management operations were recorded and evaluate based on energy consumption at each step of authentication in wireless sensor network which improves that NchooseK Scheme is more scalable and secure than PSK in terms of energy consumption in WSNs.
Present new mechanisms for modelling multiple interfaces on a node, support for interference-limited links and a frame-work for modelling complex applications running on the nodes. Furthermore, provide an overview of concrete use cases where the simulator has been successfully exploited to study a variety of aspects related to opportunistic, message-based communications. Node movement is implemented by movement models. These are either synthetic models or existing movement traces. Connectivity between the nodes is based on their location, communication range and the bit-rate. The routing function is implemented by routing modules that decide which messages to forward over existing contacts. Finally, the messages themselves are generated either through event generators that generate random traffic between the nodes, or through applications that generate traffic based on application interactions. The main functions of the simulator are the modelling of node movement, inter-node contacts using various interfaces, routing, message handling and application interactions. Result collection and analysis are done through visualization, reports and post-processing tools.
nternational Journal of Engineering Research and Development is an international premier peer reviewed open access engineering and technology journal promoting the discovery, innovation, advancement and dissemination of basic and transitional knowledge in engineering, technology and related disciplines.
Filipinos getting infected with HIV-AIDS continued to balloon notwithstanding the intervention through comprehensive prevention, dissemination and control programs. In Eastern Visayas there were 69 cases coming from most risk population primarily Men Having Sex with Men (MSM) either homosexual, heterosexual and bisexual modes of transmissions. Bearing this epidemic, sexual networking, using the internet for sex served as cruising sites for casual sex and promiscuity maybe accounted for this surge. This study made use of descriptive cross sectional method with 214 active users from different social sites using time- location sampling through interviews, group discussions and questionnaires. Results showed that most of the respondents joined the site for sex and had an average of 1-5 different sexual intercourse for the past three months. Sexual practices were oral, anal and oral-anal. Respondents were aware on the different modes of transmission but fully unaware of existing services of the DOH and were willing to be screened for HIV.
In this paper, linear graphical method, moment method and inverse function method are first applied in the laboratory test of one dimensional sand column device, determining the longitudinal dispersion coefficient. The longitudinal dispersions for five groups of sand taken from 20cm below the ground surface in the Oil Refinery of China Petroleum Ningxia Filial are obtained. On this basis, the problems within the calculation process when the three kinds of methods are applied into actual data were discussed. It can be readily concluded that the three values of dispersion coefficients are approximate, and the errors caused by the subjective factors of artificial mapping and numerical reading were avoided. The inverse function method is recommended to apply for the high accuracy, sample calculation process, less known conditions and better linearity.
‘Erules’ [3] is an integrated algorithm that is used to mine any data warehouse to extract useful and reliable rule sets effectively. It is used to generate positive &negative; conjunctive & disjunctive rules with the help of genetic algorithm and modified FP growth & Apriori Algorithms accordingly. It is an integrated algorithm for useful and effective association rule mining to capture even useful rare items; Lift Factor is also used to analyze the strength of derived rules. However redundant rules were one of the major challenges which were not addressed. This paper concisely deals the elimination of rule sets with the appropriate modification with the existing algorithm so that it can generate positive and negative rule sets for the non redundant rules with less cost. Besides a voluminous Pharmacy data set has been taken and the effectiveness /performance of ‘Erules’ got measured on it.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay
Diabetic is a well known public health problem of today. There are many risk factors of it, which can be identified in pre-diabetic state. So the present study was conducted with the aim to know the status of anthropometric and haematological parameters in pre-diabetic states. For this hospital based study pre-diabetic subjects were identified from first degree relatives of type 2 DM Patients, enrolled in diabetic research centre P.B.M. hospital Bikaner. Relevant investigations were done. Data thus collected on semi-structured questionnaire and analysed using content analysis. Data analysis revealed that although mean Body Mass Index (BMI) was within normal range but Waist circumference (WC), West Hip (W/H) Ratio, Systolic blood pressure were higher than the normal range accepted for that parameter. But mean value of all the studied haematological parameter were within the normal range accepted for that parameter. So it can be conclude that anthropology of an individual may be associated with the pre-diabetic state. Hypertension was found in 25.35% of pre-diabetics. Further researches are necessary to find out this possible association of anthropologic parameter and pre-diabetic state.
A comparative analysis of biochemical and hematological parameters in diabeti...amsjournal
This study evaluated the biochemical and the hematological parameters in diabetic and non- diabetic patients. The measured biochemical parameters were fasting blood sugar, serum alanine aminotransferase (SGPT/ALT), total cholesterol, urea, creatinine and hematological parameters were hemoglobin, total white blood cell, neutrophil, lymphocyte,monocyte, eosinophil and ESR. There were 403 diabetic and 320 non-diabetic subjects included in this study and the study was carried out in BIRDEM (Bangladesh Institute of Research & Rehabilitation in Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders) General Hospital). It was observed that the mean values of SGPT/ALT (p<0.001),><0.001)><0.001)><0.001),><0.004),><0.001) of hematological parameters were significantly higher in diabetic patients than in the non-diabetic patients. In univariate analysis, all biochemical parameters and only four hematological parameters were found significantly associated with fasting blood sugar after adjusted with age and sex. The fasting blood sugar correlates highly with the other biochemical parameters but less or none with the hematological parameters. Our findings demonstrated that control of increased biochemical parameters and abnormal hematological levels in the early stage of diabetes mellitus may help the patients to raise quality of life.
In Pakistan, the overall prevalence of dyslipidemia in adolescents aged 10–18 years is 21.7~25.2%; prevalence is reported to be two times higher (53.1~56.1%) in obese adolescents. However, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between height and blood lipid concentrations in children and adolescents The recent emphasis on treatment of the dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome (hypertriglyceridemia, reduced high-density lipoprotein, and increased small, dense low-density lipoprotein particle number) has compelled practitioners to consider lipid-lowering therapy in a greater number of their patients, as one in two individuals over age 50 has the metabolic syndrome. Individuals with the metabolic syndrome typically have normal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and current lipid-lowering guidelines may underestimate their cardiovascular risk. Two subgroups of patients with the metabolic syndrome are at particularly high risk for premature CAD. One, individuals with type 2 diabetes, accounts for 20-30% of early cardiovascular disease. The second, familial combined hyperlipidemia, accounts for an additional 10-20% of premature CAD. Familial combined hyperlipidemia is characterized by the metabolic syndrome in addition to a disproportionate elevation of apolipoprotein B levels. The measurement of fasting glucose and apolipoprotein B, in addition to the fasting lipid profile, can help to estimate CAD risk in patients with the metabolic syndrome. In this research we compared allopathic medication and medicinal herb in treating hyperlipidemia.
Correlations between Some Anthropometric Parameters, the Lipid Profile and Gl...inventionjournals
The study aimed to investigate the correlations between some anthropometric and lipid profile parameters, as well the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) values of Bulgarian females with type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM). 212 women of Bulgarian ethnicity with T2DM of the age groups 40-60 and 61-80 years were included in the research. The anthropometric parameters: waist and hip circumferences were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio (WHR) were calculated. We also studied the lipid profile parameters: total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). A comparative study of the lipid profile criteria revealed significant differences in the levels of triglycerides, HDL-cholesterol and VLDL between the two age groups. Differences were found with regard to the values of glycated hemoglobin too. Correlations between the above anthropometric parameters and the lipid profile of patients with T2DM were examined. In patients of the age group 40-60 years a moderate strength correlation in opposite direction (negative or inverse correlation) was found between HbA1c and BMI (Pearson correlation coefficient 0.30-0.50, p<0.05). In the age group 61-80 years a low strength negative correlation was found between BMI and total cholesterol, as well as between BMI and LDL.
Abstract— Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic and progressive condition with a hereditary predisposition which is further induced by unhealthy lifestyle. It is a silent killer with cardiovascular complications being most common cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with T2DM.
Objective: To find out association of socio demographic and clinical parameters of diabetes type 2 with hypertension and dyslipidemia among Diabetes Mellitus type 2 cases aged 18 to 70 years. Methodology: A cross sectional hospital based study was conducted on 272 type 2 DM patients attending Department of Medicine in a secondary care referral hospital after taking consent.
Results: Hypertension was present in 192 (70.59%) and dyslipidemia was present in 93 (34.19%) of type 2 diabetes patients. Age, family income, presence of family history, duration of illness, type of treatment, consumption of alcohol , BMI, Hba1c level were found to be associated significantly with both hypertension and dyslipidemia in type 2 DM patients.
ABSTRACT- Diabetes mellitus is associated with hyperglycemia and patients are at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The present study
was carried out to evaluate the diagnostic value of Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in predicting risk of development of diabetic dyslipidemia. 70 clinically
diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus with the age range 30-75 years were included in the study group. Out of which 35 diabetic patients
with good glycemic control were included under Group A and 35 diabetic patients with poor glycemic control were included under Group B. 70 age
and sex matched healthy individuals served as controls. HbA1c demonstrated positive and significant correlation with total cholesterol (TC), low
density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL/HDL-C, non-HDL-C and TC/HDL-C ratio. Patients
with HbA1c value > 7.0% had significantly higher value of TC, Triacylglycerol (TAG), LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, non-HDL-C and TC/HDL-C
ratio as compared to the patients with HbA1c ≤ 7.0%. However, there was no significant difference in value of HDL-C between two groups. Thus
HbA1c can be used as a potential dual marker of glycemic control and dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Keywords: - Type2 Diabetes Mellitus, Glycated hemoglobin, Dyslipidemia, Cardiovascular disease, Lipid Profile panel
Background: One of the commonest complications of poorly controlled Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is Diabetic nephropathy (DN), which occurs in 30-40% of DM cases. It is important to identify the high-risk group who are likely to develop DN with the modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. This study had the objectives to estimate and correlate the levels of the urine albumin creatinine ratio (UACR) with age, anthropometric measures, glycaemic control markers, lipids, and renal function. To estimate each variable as independent and multivariate risk factors.
Materials and Methods: It was an observational and cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care center in Eastern India. Totally, 221 consecutive ambulatory T2DM subjects were recruited after obtaining their written consent.
Results: The diabetics were classified as having diabetic nephropathy by the urine albumin creatinine ratio (ACR) of >30 mg/gm. 53.4% of our study group had DN. There was a significant risk associated with PPBS with p=0.043 (<0.05), serum creatinine with p=0.032 (<0.05), and urine albumin with p=0.0001 (<0.001). In the multivariate regression analysis of all these variables, there was a highly significant likelihood ratio for predicting DN with p=0.0001 (<0.001) with a predictive value of 74.5% in females and 75% in males.
Conclusion: The additive factors contributed by the risk factors in the prediction of DN will benefit the DM in the prevention of DN.
Keywords: diabetic nephropathy, risk factors, diabetic kidney disease, Asian Indian
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
CholesLo shows clinical significance in
helping reduce plasma cholesterol and
homocysteine levels and therefore affects
favourably the risk of subsequent development
of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our
findings suggest that the dose required to cause
such improvements in plasma lipid profile is
safe enough to be considered for use in general
population.
Introduction Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory & most common dermatologic diseases. It is related to several diseases but most common is cardiovascular disease. Lipid abnormalities are observed in psoriasis patients at the earliest stages of the disease and so it may be genetically determined.Hence there is a great need to study lipid abnormalities in psoriatic patients, which will help us to evaluate the level of risk individuals may experience for developing atherosclerosis and vascular obstructive disorders, as well as associated morbidity and mortality. Aim: To estimate lipoproteins levels & related risk of cardiovascular diseases in psoriasis patients Materials and Methods: This is a community-based cross sectional analytical study. The study population was derived from the healthy ambulatory person in and around Pimpri area & was conducted in Dr. D.Y.Patil Medical College & Hospital, Pimpri Pune. Study group consist of 40 psoriatic patients with mean age of 50.68 ± 8.86 years and control group consisted of 40 healthy individual of either sex with mean age of 50.15 ± 9.6 years. 55 % males & 45 % females were present in control group while test group comprises of 59 % males & 41 % females. estimation of Serum total cholesterol, Serum triglyceride, Serum High-Density Lipoprotein-cholesterol & Serum Low density Lipoprotein levels were done the same day. Estimation of lipoproteins levels done by Enzymatic End Point Method. Tha data was analysed by calculating mean, standard deviation, p-value and Chi-square test. Results : Findings of this show that, total cholesterol ,VLDL was significantly increased in psoriasis compared to control(p<0.05).Difference between psoriasis cases(6.8 ± 1.49) and control (3.08 ± 1.3) in findings of serum TGs were highly significant(p<0.001).However, difference in between serum LDL level in psoriasis cases and control was not significant. There were no significant changes shown in serum HDL level in both psoriasis cases and control . LDL/HDL ration has not shown any significant changes in both psoriasis case and control, while in TC/HDL ratio, difference was statistically significant(p<0.05). Conclusion: Present study suggests that patients with psoriasis were associated with hyperlipidaemia. So have high risk of developing the cardiovascular diseases. We suggest that screening of serum lipid profile in psoriatic patients will help in evaluating risk at early stage. Impromptu treatment in these patients will prevent the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
"Heart failure is a typical clinical accompanied by symptoms syndrome (e.g. shortness of breath, ankle swelling and fatigue) that lead to structural or functional abnormalities of the heart (e.g. high venous pressure, pulmonary edema and peripheral edema).
In recent years, the significant role of B-type natriuretic peptide has been revealed in the pathogenesis of heart disease and the use of the drug sacubitril/valsartan has started. It has a positive effect on the regulation of the level of B-type natriuretic peptide in the body. It is obviously seen from the the world literature that natriuretic peptides play an important role in the pathophysiology of heart failure. For this reason, many studies suggest that the importance of natriuretic peptides in the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure is recommended.
Due to this, we tried to investigate the effects of a comprehensive medication therapy with a combination of sacubitril/valsartan in the patients with chronic heart failure."
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Lipid Profile of Kashmiri Type 2 Diabetic Patients
1. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 2 Issue 8, August 2013
www.ijsr.net
Lipid Profile of Kashmiri Type 2 Diabetic Patients
1
Mohd Urfan Wani, 2
Imran Shafi, 3
Tabasum Rashid
1
Causality Medical Officer, Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, Karan Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
2, 3
Department of Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College, Srinagar, Karan Nagar, Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir, India
Abstract: This cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College Srinagar Kashmir. A total
of 120 Kashmiri Type 2 diabetic patients and 30 normal controls were randomly selected. Diabetic dyslipidaemia is characterized by
raised triglycerides, low high density lipoprotein and raised low density lipoprotein. Determination of serum lipid levels in people with
diabetes is considered a standard of care because detection and treatment of dyslipidaemia is one means of reducing cardiovascular
disease risk. The lipid profiles and lipoprotein levels of 120 known diabetic patients were studied. Total cholesterol (TC),
Triacylglycerol’s (TG) Low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were
assayed for each group using standard biochemical methods. Dyslipidaemia was defined using the national cholesterol education
programme – adult treatment panel III (NCEP-AT III) criteria. BMI and waist and hip circumferences were measured.
Keywords: Dyslipidemia, Atherogenesis, Diabetes Mellitus, Kashmir.
1. Introduction
Diabetes is a common endocrine disease and its
complications are major stimuli for the enhancement of
efforts towards its control. There are currently 119.2 million
people with type 2 diabetes worldwide, and the number is
expected to increase to 212.9 million, in the year 2011 [1].
Diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for morbidity and
mortality due to coronary heart disease (CHD),
cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral vascular disease.
Metabolic control and duration of type 2 diabetes are
important predictors of coronary heart disease (ischemic
heart disease) in elderly subjects, particularly in women [2].
Certain racial and ethnic groups have a greater risk of
developing diabetes. Majority of those that suffer from this
disease are from Africa and Asia (3). This may be due to
genetic disposition and life style of people in these areas.
The disease is accompanied in many cases by secondary
alterations of protein and fat metabolisms resulting in an
array of physical disorders [4] Lipids and lipoproteins
abnormalities are well known risk factors for heart disease.
Elevated levels of triacylglycerol’s (TG), cholesterol, and
low density lipoprotein-cholesterol(LDL-C) are documented
as risk factors for atherogenesis [5] .The blood level of high
density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDLC) in contrast bears an
inverse relationship to the risk of atherosclerosis and
coronary heart disease. The higher the level, the smaller the
risk [(6] [7). Lipid abnormalities play an important role in the
causation of Diabetic atherosclerosis [8] [9] but the
pathophysiology is complex [10] and clearly multifactorial,
with dysfunction of the fibrinolytic system [11] pro-oxidative
state [12], hyperglycemia [13] [14] and possibly
Hyperinsulineamia [15] also explaining part of the increased
susceptibility of people with diabetes to atherosclerotic
complications.
Abnormal lipid profiles and lipoprotein oxidation (especially
LDL-C) are more common in diabetics and are aggravated
with poor glycaemia control. As diabetic patients constitute a
unique group with different lifestyles and genetic
disposetions, the measurement of their lipid profile is needed
to investigate how their lipid metabolism is affected by
diabetes. Considering the probable disorders of lipid profile
and acceleration of atherosclerotic process, this work
assessed the lipid profile of a randomly selected group of
adult Kashmiri diabetics and compared them with controls.
2. Material and Methods
2.1 Patient Selection
The subjects used in the study were diabetic patients who
attend the investigative laboratory of Department of
Biochemistry, Govt. Medical College Srinagar. A total of
120 diabetic patients and 30 healthy controls were randomly
selected. Patients with other ailments and metabolic disorders
were excluded from the study. Diabetes was ruled out in the
control group by asking questions about the signs of diabetes
such as polyuria, polydipsia and recent weight loss.
Laboratory tests were also used to confirm the absence of
diabetes in the control group. Ethical clearance was sought
and obtained for the study from the hospital. The aim of the
study was explained to the subjects by the physician and
those who gave informed consent were included in the study
by the researchers.
In both subjects, venous blood samples were obtained after
overnight fast into tubes containing lithium heparin (for lipid
profile) and EDTA (for blood glucose) as anticoagulants.
The samples were centrifuged at 1500 rpm for 5 min to
obtain the plasma. The Plasma was used for the analysis of
cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol’s (TG), high density
lipoprotein (HDL-C), and glucose were assayed using test
strips manufactured. Blood pressure was measured on left
arm by auscultatory method using mercury
sphygmomanometer. The individuals were made comfortable
and seated at least for five minutes on the chair before
measurement. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood
pressure (sbp) > 140 mmhg and/or diastolic blood pressure
(DBP) > 90 mmHg as per US seventh joint national
committee on detection, evaluation and treatment of
hypertension [16] criteria [17].
469
2. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), India Online ISSN: 2319-7064
Volume 2 Issue 8, August 2013
www.ijsr.net
Body weight was measured (to the nearest 0.1 kg) with
subject standing motionless on the bathroom weighing scale
[18]. Each weighing scale was standardized every day with a
weight of 50 kg. Height was measured (to the nearest 0.1 cm)
with the subject standing in an erect position against a
vertical scale of portable stadiometer and with the head
positioned so that the top of the external auditory meatus was
in level with the inferior margin of the bony orbit. BMI was
calculated as weight in kilograms divided by squared height
in meter. Conventional BMI cut off points were applied to
classify the study populations into underweight (BMI < 18.5
kg/m), normal BMI (18.5 BMI < 25 kg/m) and overweight
(BMI 25 kg/m). Waist and hip circumferences were
measured twice to the, nearest centimeter and the mean was
used for subsequent analysis. Waist circumference (WC) was
measured half way and between the xiphisternum and the
umbilicus while Hip Circumference (HC) was measured at
the level of the greater trochanters. The waist hip ratio
(WHR) and the waist to height ratio (WHtR) were then
computed for each patient. Elevated WC was defined as WC
= 102 cm for men and 88 cm for women (Lean et al., 1995),
while elevated WHR was defined as WHR = 0.95 for men
and 0.88 for women [19).
2.2 Statistical Analysis
The statistical software SPSS (version 15) was used for data
analysis. The mean values of WC, HC, BMI, WHR, WHtR
and BP was determined. The Mann-Whitney U Test was used
to compare between the variables. Statistical Significance
was taken as p<0.05.Correlations was examined using the
Spearman Rho correlation coefficients. Multivariate
regression analysis was use to investigate the correlations
between the lipid variables and gender.
3. Results
The clinical and biochemical characteristics of the subjects in
this study are shown in [Table 1]. Of the 120, 70 were female
while 50 were male giving a male to female ratio of 1:1.4.
The mean age, duration of DM and BMI were similar in both
sexes waist circumference, hip circumference and waist to
height ratio were significantly higher among the female
diabetics The mean TC (4.07 ± 1.3 vs 4.6 ± 0.8, p = 0.001),
high density lipoprotein C (HDL-C) (1.26 ± 0.4 vs 1.45 ±
0.35, p = 0.047), low density lipoprotein C (LDL-C) (2.38 ±
1.1 vs 2.93 ± 0.7, p = 0.005) were significantly higher among
the female subjects, while triglyceride was higher among the
male subjects but was not statistically different from the
female (1.23 ± 0.4 vs 0.82 ± 0.6, p = 0.068). There was no
statistical difference in the FBS of both subjects. The
frequency pattern of lipid profile in type 2 diabetics with
dyslipidemia is shown [Table 2]. None of the patients have
all the four lipid values outside the clinical target. The most
frequent lipid combination was TC+HDLC.
Table 1: Clinical and Biochemical Characteristics of the
Subjects
Characteristics Men
(Mean ±SD)
Women
(Mean ±SD)
p Value
Number of Subjects 50 70
Age (years) 62.1 ± 12.2 60 ± 11.5 0.36
Duration of DM (years) 3.71 ± 2.3 3.92 ± 3.6 0.73
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) 26 ± 6.1 27.32 ± 5.7 0.25
Waist Circumference (cm) 94.3 ± 13.1 101.5 ± 13.1 0.005
Hip Circumference (cm) 99.3 ± 13.5 106 ± 13.7 0.003
Waist Height Ratio 0.95 ± 0.005 0.95 ± 0.005 0.8
Total Cholesterol (mmol/l) 4.07 ± 1.3 4.8 ± 0.8 0.0001
LDL-C (mmol/l) 2.38 ± 1.1 2.93 ± 0.7 0.005
HDL-C (mmol/l) 1.26 ± 0.4 1.45 ± 0.35 0.047
TG (mmol/l) 1.23 ± 0.4 0.82 ± 0.6 0.068
FBS (mmol/l) 7.94 ± 3.5 8.23 ± 3.5 0.707
Table 2: Distribution of lipid profile among Dyslipidemic
type 2 DM
Male Female Combined
Frequency % Frequency % Frequency %
TC+↓HDLC+LDL 2 10.5 2 5.3 4 7
TC+↓HDLC 0 0 0 0 0 0
LDLC+ 2 10.5 2 5.3 4 7
TG⁺ ↓HDLC 2 10.5 0 0 2 3.5
TG only 2 10.5 4 10.5 6 10.5
↓HDLC only 4 21.1 12 31.6 16 28.1
LDLC only 0 0 0 0 0 0
TC only 1 5.3 6 15.7 7 12.3
Total 19 100 38 100 57 100
4. Discussion
Patients with Diabetes Mellitus have a high prevalence of
coronary artery disease (CAD).The major risk factors in DM
are hyperglycaemia dyslipidaemias and hypertension.
Diabetic dyslipidaemia is characterized by elevated levels of
very low density lipoproteins cholesterol (VLDL-C), low
density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and lower levels of
high density lipoproteins (HDL-C), often referred to as the
lipid triad. Lipid abnormalities in diabetic patients are likely
to play an important role in the development of atherogenesis
and so are called atherogenic dyslipidaemia. An issue of
considerable interest is the relative contribution of each
component of atherogenic dyslipidaemia to CAD risk.
Growing evidence suggests that all the components of lipid
triad are independently atherogenic. The major risk factors in
DM are glycaemic status, dyslipidaemia and hypertension.
The present study was an effort to provide an insight into
some of the risk factors in DM. In this study we observed that
a high percentage of type 2 diabetic patients have moderate
to high risk levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, HDL-C. This
percentage is quite higher for TC and LDL-C. Diabetes
mellitus has been associated with abnormal lipid profiles (20-
22). Hypertriglyceridemia is associated with increased
postprandial lipidemia and accumulation of atherogenic
remnant particles (23).
Although, concentrations of total and LDL cholesterol in
diabetic individuals are reportedly comparable with level
found in people without diabetes, low levels HDL cholesterol
and elevated TG levels, both probable contributors to CVD,
have been reported in Type 2 diabetes (24-27).The value of
total cholesterol, LDL-C and Triglyceride were found to be
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lower; while that of the HDL -C was higher to those of
diabetic patients studied by (28) in Lagos an urban area of
the country. This same pattern was also the case among
African-American diabetics studied in USA though the ADA
criteria were use in their own study (29) .The life style,
environment, occupation and level of education may account
for these differences. The female subjects in this study had
significantly higher HDL and LDL cholesterol but lower
triglyceride level than their male counterpart. This is
consistent with previous studies in African Americans (29).
Race and sex differences in patterns of serum lipids have
been noted in diabetes (30, 31).
5. Conclusion
It is concluded that type 2 diabetic patients have a high
frequency of atherogenic dyslipidemia especially for TC and
LDL-C. It is suggested that along with glycemic control
physicians should focus more on lipid profiles also. It is
important to realize that hyperlipidaemia and the resultant
macro vascular disease can develop even in the 'prediabetic
phase' of Type 2 DM. Proper management of Diabetes
mellitus in terms of adequate access to information and
making necessary lifestyle changes will help in maintaining a
normal lipid profile and reduce the risk of cardiovascular
diseases. Networking among people suffering from this
ailment should be encouraged and the general populace
should also be well educated on the need to check their lipid
profile regularly. Efforts should therefore be made to
continuously educate the populace on diabetes, its
management, feeding and life styles. Hence, early detection
and correction of dyslipidaemic state is essential in the
management of diabetic patients.
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Author Profile
Dr. Mohd Urfan Wani received his MBBS from ASCOMS Jammu
2007. The Author worked as Resident in Department of Internal
Medicine, Sheikh ul Alam Hospital, Srinagar from 2010-2011. The
Author worked as Demonstrator in Department of Biochemistry.
Govt. Medical College, Srinagar from 2011-2012.The Author is
presently holding the position of Causality Medical officer in
SMHS Srinagar.
Dr. Imran Shafi received his MBBS from Moulana Azad Medical
College, New Delhi in 2010.The Author is presently working as
resident in department of Biochemistry, Government Medical
College Srinagar.
Dr. Tabassum Rashid received her PhD from Kashmir University
in 2009. The Author is presently holding the position of consultant
Biochemist in department of clinical Biochemistry in Government
Medical College Srinagar.
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