This study examined the effects of an aqueous fruit extract of Solanum macrocarpum on endocrine function in rats with chronic hyperlipidemia induced by triton-X. The extract was administered at doses of 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg to hyperlipidemic rats, and endocrine markers including thyroid hormones, testosterone, estrogen, and insulin were measured at 24, 48, and 72 hours. The results showed that the extract significantly increased levels of TSH, T4, testosterone, estrogen and insulin in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting the extract may lower lipids by positively influencing endocrine function. The mechanisms by which the extract regulates lipids and potentially reduces heart disease risk require further
This slideshow gives you a information about hormone thyroid and its clinical activity and molecular mechanism. And also hormone abnormalities and drugs used to treat them .
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism is discussed along with drugs used to overcome those condition.
Mesterolone (Proviron) induces low sperm quality with reduction in sex hormon...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Anabolic-androgenic steroid compounds are one of the most widely abused drugs by athletes and muscle builders with the goal of improving performance/muscle mass. However, increasing concern has been expressed because these compounds not only offer unappreciable benefits to infertile and subfertile males, but also might have deleterious effects on both human and animal physiology including sperm quality. In addition, there is the conflicting outcome of AAS usage in the clinical settings with its attendant reduced spermatogenesis and hypopituitarism in patient management. Hence, we aim to evaluate the effects of mestorolone, an anabolic-androgenic steroid, on the histomorphometry of seminiferous tubules with serum hormonal and seminal analyses in adult male Sprague-Dawley rat. Twenty adult male Sprague dawley rats divided into two groups of 10 each. The treated group received 0.06 mg/g body weight/ day of mesterolone (proviron) by oral gavage for six weeks while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% normal saline per day. SPSS analysis of data generated with P< 0.05 considered statistically significant. The result showed significant (P< 0.05) body weight gain in all the animals. However, both the raw testicular weight and relative testicular weight per 100 g bwt was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in control than treated. The mean sperm count significantly decreased by 28% (P< 0.05) and the motility reduced significantly by 56% (P< 0.05) in the treated compared to control. In addition, both FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and T (testosterone) of the treated were significantly lowered by 73% (P< 0.05) and 63% (P< 0.05) respectively compared to the control. The use of mesterolone is with caution and short intermittent therapy is desirous for better semen quality and improved overall fertility.
Detailed information of all terms like Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, Calcitonine, growth and development , propylthiouracil, Calorigenesis, tadpole to frog, Oligomenorrhoea, snehal chakorkar, pharmacology, Cretinism, Myxoedema coma, Graves disease, Thiocynates, Perchlorate, Nitrates.
Radioactive iodine, I131
This slideshow gives you a information about hormone thyroid and its clinical activity and molecular mechanism. And also hormone abnormalities and drugs used to treat them .
hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism is discussed along with drugs used to overcome those condition.
Mesterolone (Proviron) induces low sperm quality with reduction in sex hormon...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Anabolic-androgenic steroid compounds are one of the most widely abused drugs by athletes and muscle builders with the goal of improving performance/muscle mass. However, increasing concern has been expressed because these compounds not only offer unappreciable benefits to infertile and subfertile males, but also might have deleterious effects on both human and animal physiology including sperm quality. In addition, there is the conflicting outcome of AAS usage in the clinical settings with its attendant reduced spermatogenesis and hypopituitarism in patient management. Hence, we aim to evaluate the effects of mestorolone, an anabolic-androgenic steroid, on the histomorphometry of seminiferous tubules with serum hormonal and seminal analyses in adult male Sprague-Dawley rat. Twenty adult male Sprague dawley rats divided into two groups of 10 each. The treated group received 0.06 mg/g body weight/ day of mesterolone (proviron) by oral gavage for six weeks while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% normal saline per day. SPSS analysis of data generated with P< 0.05 considered statistically significant. The result showed significant (P< 0.05) body weight gain in all the animals. However, both the raw testicular weight and relative testicular weight per 100 g bwt was significantly (P< 0.05) higher in control than treated. The mean sperm count significantly decreased by 28% (P< 0.05) and the motility reduced significantly by 56% (P< 0.05) in the treated compared to control. In addition, both FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and T (testosterone) of the treated were significantly lowered by 73% (P< 0.05) and 63% (P< 0.05) respectively compared to the control. The use of mesterolone is with caution and short intermittent therapy is desirous for better semen quality and improved overall fertility.
Detailed information of all terms like Thyroid gland, Thyroxine, Triidothyronine, Calcitonine, growth and development , propylthiouracil, Calorigenesis, tadpole to frog, Oligomenorrhoea, snehal chakorkar, pharmacology, Cretinism, Myxoedema coma, Graves disease, Thiocynates, Perchlorate, Nitrates.
Radioactive iodine, I131
Introduction.
Biosynthesis
Types of Thyroid diseases
Thyroid Drugs
Antithyroid Drugs
Mechanism of action
Structure
Adverse Drug Reactions and Uses.
Reference
Summary of thyroid and antithyroid drugs
-Introduction
-Synthesis
-Pharmacological Action
-Mechanism of action
-Drugs in Hypothyroidism
-Thyroid Inhibitors
-Drugs in Hyperthyroidism
Plant sterols and stanols as cholesterol-lowering ingredients: fact or market...Mark O'Donovan
Content: Literature review.
Overview: To research the extent of scientific support for the claim that high intakes of plant sterols and stanols lowers cholesterol; and the practicality, safety and health implications pertaining to this dietary intake.
Please Note
- This essay was improved in terms of clarity and writing in 2017 but no new sources of information have been used since the original 2014 version.
- This essay is purely academic and I will not accept legal responsibility for any information, interpretations or options contained herein.
- Feel free to utilise, critique, print or reference any of this content :)
Dynamics of Combined Oral Contraceptive: A Study of Some Haematological Param...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
ABSTRACT- Previous studies have suggested an association between vegetarian persons and non-vegetarian persons, although this relationship
positive correlation significant. The present study was designed to investigate comparative study of lipid profile levels in vegetarian and nonvegetarian
person. The lipid profile is used to determine the risk of obesity, heart disease in myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and help in deciding
treatment has borderline or high risk. the present study was undertaken to compare case and control produce effect on individuals lipid profile, the
parameters of lipid metabolism i.e. cholesterol, tri-glyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein of the age of 20-85 years and early
aged 50 years and above males and females, divided categories i.e. vegetarian and non- vegetarian persons. the study was done on 20 cases in 10
control (non-vegetarians) and 10 cases (vegetarians) diet was significantly found to reduce the values of all the parameter lipid metabolism except
HDL-Cholesterol(45.02± 9.595; p<0.0001).when><0.0001 ) from this study, it can be concluded
that along with diet, sex and age factor also influence parameters of lipid metabolism.
Key words- Vegetarian persons, non-Vegetarian, Lipid profile
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
Evaluation of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitory Potential of Biofield Energy Tre...Crimsonpublishers-IGRWH
Evaluation of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitory Potential of Biofield Energy Treated DMEM by Determining cGMP Level in Human Endothelial Cell Line by Snehasis Jana
Strategies to prevent depletion of Testosterone and the resulting muscle loss (Sarcopenia ) due to Aging. Stay Young.. Strong and Lively. Andraiz T of Body Satva Essentials on www.bodysatva.com
CholesLo shows clinical significance in
helping reduce plasma cholesterol and
homocysteine levels and therefore affects
favourably the risk of subsequent development
of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our
findings suggest that the dose required to cause
such improvements in plasma lipid profile is
safe enough to be considered for use in general
population.
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
Introduction.
Biosynthesis
Types of Thyroid diseases
Thyroid Drugs
Antithyroid Drugs
Mechanism of action
Structure
Adverse Drug Reactions and Uses.
Reference
Summary of thyroid and antithyroid drugs
-Introduction
-Synthesis
-Pharmacological Action
-Mechanism of action
-Drugs in Hypothyroidism
-Thyroid Inhibitors
-Drugs in Hyperthyroidism
Plant sterols and stanols as cholesterol-lowering ingredients: fact or market...Mark O'Donovan
Content: Literature review.
Overview: To research the extent of scientific support for the claim that high intakes of plant sterols and stanols lowers cholesterol; and the practicality, safety and health implications pertaining to this dietary intake.
Please Note
- This essay was improved in terms of clarity and writing in 2017 but no new sources of information have been used since the original 2014 version.
- This essay is purely academic and I will not accept legal responsibility for any information, interpretations or options contained herein.
- Feel free to utilise, critique, print or reference any of this content :)
Dynamics of Combined Oral Contraceptive: A Study of Some Haematological Param...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
ABSTRACT- Previous studies have suggested an association between vegetarian persons and non-vegetarian persons, although this relationship
positive correlation significant. The present study was designed to investigate comparative study of lipid profile levels in vegetarian and nonvegetarian
person. The lipid profile is used to determine the risk of obesity, heart disease in myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and help in deciding
treatment has borderline or high risk. the present study was undertaken to compare case and control produce effect on individuals lipid profile, the
parameters of lipid metabolism i.e. cholesterol, tri-glyceride, high density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein of the age of 20-85 years and early
aged 50 years and above males and females, divided categories i.e. vegetarian and non- vegetarian persons. the study was done on 20 cases in 10
control (non-vegetarians) and 10 cases (vegetarians) diet was significantly found to reduce the values of all the parameter lipid metabolism except
HDL-Cholesterol(45.02± 9.595; p<0.0001).when><0.0001 ) from this study, it can be concluded
that along with diet, sex and age factor also influence parameters of lipid metabolism.
Key words- Vegetarian persons, non-Vegetarian, Lipid profile
Diabetes mellitus: The Pandemic of 21st Century!RahulGupta2015
Diabetes mellitus is a major global metabolic disorder of 21 st century. This is due to its broad spectrum of associated complications with risks, like cardiac and renal disorders. The rapid growth of diabetes is becoming a major burden upon healthcare facilities in all affected countries. Due to lack of definitive preventative measures of diabetes, we must be aware of this pandemic and follow a disciplined lifestyle to limit it. In this communication, recent advances in diabetes management and current preventative measures have been concluded.
Evaluation of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitory Potential of Biofield Energy Tre...Crimsonpublishers-IGRWH
Evaluation of Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitory Potential of Biofield Energy Treated DMEM by Determining cGMP Level in Human Endothelial Cell Line by Snehasis Jana
Strategies to prevent depletion of Testosterone and the resulting muscle loss (Sarcopenia ) due to Aging. Stay Young.. Strong and Lively. Andraiz T of Body Satva Essentials on www.bodysatva.com
CholesLo shows clinical significance in
helping reduce plasma cholesterol and
homocysteine levels and therefore affects
favourably the risk of subsequent development
of cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, our
findings suggest that the dose required to cause
such improvements in plasma lipid profile is
safe enough to be considered for use in general
population.
The Comprehensive Review on Fat Soluble Vitaminsiosrphr_editor
This review article deals with brief description of fat soluble vitamins with figures and tables
showing statistical analytical data duly quoting the references wherever necessary. The word “soluble” actually
means “able to be dissolved.” Whether a vitamin is classified as 'fat-soluble' or 'water-soluble' has to do with
how the vitamin is absorbed, stored and removed from the body. Vitamins are tiny organic compounds with a
huge impact on the health and well-being of the body. The body needs a small amount of fat soluble vitamins in
order to stay in optimal health. Fat soluble vitamins play an important role in keeping the body healthy and
functioning from immune system and muscle and heart function, easy flow and clotting of blood as well as eye
health. They are critical to health and wellness–particularly reproductive health and wellness. Low-fat, no-fat
and vegan diets are woefully lacking in fat soluble vitamins. However a diet based on traditional foods can
naturally provide these vitamins. Science is still learning about many of the functions of vitamins. "Too much
vitamin A, D, or K can lead to increased levels that are unhealthy and can cause serious health consequences.
Diseased conditions leading to decreased fat absorption leads to decreased absorption of vitamins. The fatsoluble
vitamins work most safely and effectively when obtained them from natural foods within the context of a
diet rich in all their synergistic partners. If fat soluble vitamins are stored for lengthy time they generate threat
for toxicity than water soluble vitamins and such situation even aggravated, provided they are consumed in
excess. Vitamin products, above the legal limits are not considered food supplements and must be registered as
prescription or non-prescription (over-the-counter drugs) due to their potential side effects. Vitamin A and E
supplements do not provide health benefits for healthy individuals, instead they may enhance mortality, and it is
held proved that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful to smokers
Chest sonography images in neonatal r.d.s. And proposed gradingiosrphr_editor
BACKGROUND : Lung sonography has been used to monitor the patients of R.D.S. in
N.I.C.U. in recent times.
AIMS : To Describe and Grade the changes of R.D.S. by lung sonography.
SETTING & DESIGN : Tertiary care institutional set up in a rural medical college.
STUDY DURATION : September 2014 to May 2015. Follow-up variable, upto 2 weeks.
PROSPECTIVE, ANALYTICAL STUDY.
MATERIALS AND METHODS -This was a single institute study approved by the institutional ethics
committee. Prior informed consent was obtained from the parents. 100 consecutive patients admitted in
N.I.C.U. WITH gestational age < 36 weeks with respiratory complaints were enrolled. Chest x-ray was
obtained within few hours of admission and lung sonography was performed within 24 hours. Follow – up
sonography was performed as and when necessary. Sonography image was graded and correlated with chest
xray and clinical picture
Analytical Study of Urine Samples for Epidemiology of Urinary Tract Infection...iosrphr_editor
The current study was carried out in District Abbottabad aimed to determine the common urinary
tract infections in local community to determine the epidemiology of significant diseases in asymptomatic patients
of renal disorder. In this study a total of 1000 urine samples were examined during 3rd February to 1st April 2015
from patients attending Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad by using dipstick and microscopic analysis of urine.
There were 638 females and 362 males patients examined during this period. The range of age groups is between
1.5 years to 80 years. Results of this study was reported as Pyuria 11%, Proteinuria 21.1%, Hematuria 10.4%,
Epithelial Cells 8.2%, pH 7.8 %, Granular casts 7.3%, Triple phosphate 6.6%, Calcium oxalate 6.4%, Glycosuria
6.3%, Bacteria 6.2% and mucous 4.1%. This study concludes that routing urinalysis should be performed for all
individuals to diagnose the asymptomatic diseases that will help in simple therapeutic measurements as urinalysis
is a simple step to determine the root of Urinary tract disorders.
“Hemodynamic and recovery profile with Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl in intrac...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Correlation of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptor expression in Breast Canceriosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Congenital Agenesis Of The Corpus Callosum With Intracerebral Lipoma And Fron...iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
10 Insightful Quotes On Designing A Better Customer ExperienceYuan Wang
In an ever-changing landscape of one digital disruption after another, companies and organisations are looking for new ways to understand their target markets and engage them better. Increasingly they invest in user experience (UX) and customer experience design (CX) capabilities by working with a specialist UX agency or developing their own UX lab. Some UX practitioners are touting leaner and faster ways of developing customer-centric products and services, via methodologies such as guerilla research, rapid prototyping and Agile UX. Others seek innovation and fulfilment by spending more time in research, being more inclusive, and designing for social goods.
Experience is more than just an interface. It is a relationship, as well as a series of touch points between your brand and your customer. Here are our top 10 highlights and takeaways from the recent UX Australia conference to help you transform your customer experience design.
For full article, continue reading at https://yump.com.au/10-ways-supercharge-customer-experience-design/
How to Build a Dynamic Social Media PlanPost Planner
Stop guessing and wasting your time on networks and strategies that don’t work!
Join Rebekah Radice and Katie Lance to learn how to optimize your social networks, the best kept secrets for hot content, top time management tools, and much more!
Watch the replay here: bit.ly/socialmedia-plan
http://inarocket.com
Learn BEM fundamentals as fast as possible. What is BEM (Block, element, modifier), BEM syntax, how it works with a real example, etc.
Discuss the etiologies and the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction (ED)
Describe the mechanism of action of agents used to treat ED
Recommend pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment for ED
Identify drug interactions and adverse effects of currently used medications for ED
Identify treatment related side effects.
Weight reduction with improvement of serum lipid profile and ratios of Sesamu...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
Development of novel natural dietary adjunct/agent with significant therapeutic effects on metabolic disease conditions such as obesity and heart disease raises concern in recent times. We studied chronic toxicity of the combined active ingredients present in the sesame leaves and their interaction on the fasting serum lipid profiles with their ratios in thirty adult male non-obese Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. Such that, both treated groups received 14.0 and 28.0 mg/kg body weight doses of aqueous leaves extract of Sesamum radiatum respectively on a daily basis via gastric gavage, while, the control received equal volume of normal saline daily for six weeks. Significant (P < 0.05) weight loss observed in the treated groups was associated with significant (P < 0.05) reductions in both serum cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). The effect on the serum lipoprotein cholesterol components and ratios were significant in a dose related manner, such that increase in HDL accompanied a corresponding decrease in both LDL and LDL/HDL ratio. In addition, to increased in TG/HDL ratio. However, no significant differences in the relative reduction level of VLDL and triglycerides in the treated groups were found compared to control. Thus, LDL/HDL ratio is significantly a better indicator than the TG/HDL ratio in assessing the impact of sesame treatment with evidence of weight loss and hypolipidaemia especially in hypertensive heart diseases.
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
Hypoglycaemia and improved testicular parameters in Sesamum radiatum treated ...lukeman Joseph Ade shittu
The development of a new dietary adjunct with a novel natural antioxidant impact on diabetes mellitus with prevention of its long term deleterious effect on the male fertility in general has been increasingly expressed in recent time. Hence, we aim to evaluate the effects of aqueous extract of Sesame radiatum leaves on adult male Sprague Dawley rats’ testis using unbiased stereological, biochemical and hormonal studies. Thirty adult male rats were divided into three groups of 10 rats each. The treated groups; 1 and 2 received 28.0 and 14 mg/kg bwt of aqueous extract of sesame leaves via oral garvage, respectively, while the control group received equal volume of 0.9% (w/v) normal saline per day for 6 weeks. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone and blood glucose were assayed. In addition five microns of uniformly random transverse sections of processed testicular tissues were equally analyzed using an un-biased stereological study. The result showed that the mean percentage volume fractions (Vf) of epithelial cells and lumen of the testis were 76% (P<0.05)><0.05),>0.05) higher than the control in a dose related manner. Serum testosterone and FSH were significantly higher and lower, respectively, in the high dose sesame when compared to control. Sesame leaves intake improved glucose profile and testicular parameters in a dose related manner via possible improved insulin activity on the cells with a stimulatory impact on sperm production. This also confirmed its folkloric claims.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Sulphasalazine Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis A Case Reportiosrphr_editor
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) is a rare and life threatening mucocutaneous reaction
characterized by extensive necrosis and detachment of epidermis. The Worldwide incidence of TEN is 0.9 to 1.4
per million populations per year [1]. Here we have discussed a case of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis secondary
to Sulfasalazine managed with fluid replacement, analgesics, anti-infective therapy aggressive nutritional
support and intravenous high dose steroid therapy.
Keywords- Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis, Sulfasalazine
Evaluation the efficacy of IVIgG in treatment of Hemolytic Disease of Newborniosrphr_editor
Hemolytic disease of newborn (HDN) is an important cause of hyperbilirubinemia in the
neonatal period,and delayed diagnosis and treatment may lead to permanent brain damage. Traditional
neonatal treatment of HDN is intensive phototherapy and exchange transfusion.Intravenous
immunoglobulin(IVIgG) has been introduced as an alternative therapy to exchange transfusion. This study was
conducted to assess the effect of IVIG in HDN .
FIBROLIPOMATOUS HAMARTOMA OF ULNAR NERVE: A RARE CASE REPORT.iosrphr_editor
Nervous fibrolipomatous hamartoma is said to be a rare tumor-like condition involving the peripheral
nerves,in which the epineurium and perineurium are enlarged and distorted by excess of fatty and fibrous tissue
s that infiltrate between and around nerve boundaries. The median nerve is more likely to develop a hamartoma
than other nerves with a predilection for the carpal tunnel.
A fibrolipomatous hamartoma – is a rare, benign, congenital lesion most commonly found in the median nerve,
usually at the level of the wrist or hand.
We report a case of this rare condition in ulnar nerve.
SELF MEDICATION PRACTICES FOR ORAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG DENTAL PATIENTS IN B...iosrphr_editor
Introduction: Self‑ medication is commonly practiced all over the world. Self-medication is defined as the use
of medication by a patient on his own initiative or on the advice of a pharmacist or a lay person instead of
consulting a medical practitioner. The present study was aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-medication for
oral health problems among dental patients in Bengaluru city; to identify triggering factors that could influence
self-medication practices; to identify sources of medications used; to identify sources of information about
medications used; and to identify reasons for self-medication.Study Design: A Cross sectional Study.Methods:A
survey was conducted among 175 subjects among dental patients in Bengaluru city. Data were collected
through a specially designed proforma using a closed‑ ended, self‑ administered questionnaire containing 15
questions, in five sections.
Results: The prevalence of
Clinico-haematological Profile of Falciparum Malaria in a Rural Hospital of T...iosrphr_editor
Aim: To study the clinico-haematological profile malaria in a rural hospital of Tripura.
Material and methods: A cross-sectional hospital-based study was done from at Kulai District
Hospital,Tripura. This hospital based cross sectional study was done on 60 confirmed cases of falciparum
malaria (either by peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic test) admitted in Kulai District Hospital. A case sheet
proforma was prepared and data (demographic profile,clinical feature, investigation, treatment, and
complication) from all indoor patients was collected and analyzed.
Result: Out of 60 patients, 40(66.6%) were males and 20 (33.4%) were females. Most of the patients were
between the age group 21-40 years with the highest prevalence between the age group of 21-30. Fever was the
most common symptom. Anemia was present in 42(70%) patients, out of which 6(10%) patients had severe
anemia. Thrombocytopenia was present in 36(60%) patients.Abnormal liver function tests were observed in
26(43.3%) subjects while abnormal kidney function tests were observed in16(26.6%) patients. All the 60
patients received Artemisinin based antimalarial drugs.
Conclusion: Early detection, prompt management, and adequate supportive therapy may reduce mortality due
to falciparum cerebral malaria.
Indonesian Wild Ginger (Zingiber sp) Extract: Antibacterial Activity against ...iosrphr_editor
Lempuyang gajah (Zingiber zerumbet (L.) Smith), lempuyang pahit (Zingiber amaricans BL.), and
lempuyang wangi (Zingiber aromaticum Vahl.) are used as traditional medicine (jamu) in Indonesia. It is also
used for treatment of microbial infections, helps to increase appetite and stimulate digestion in chickens.
Information on their uses are available, but only limited in the scientific data on their bioactivity. The study was
conducted on the antibacterial effect of organic extracts of these plants with Mycoplasma gallisepticum as the
agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens. Juice and extracts of fresh and dried rhizome are evaluated
through the disc diffusion assay and minimum inhibitory concentration. Oxytetracyclin (30 µg) are used as
standards. All extracts are individually exhibited as antibacterial activity against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (7
± 0.11 mm to 21 ± 0.86 mm). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination of plants extracts are
ranged from 7.8 mg/ml to 31.2 mg/ml. The preliminary results suggested promising antibacterial properties of
wild ginger from Indonesia, and probably could be used in management of chronic respiratory disease in
chickens.
A case of allergy and food sensitivity: the nasunin, natural color of eggplantiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Allergies and food sensitivities can both be considered as "adverse reactions individualistic" to food.
Are pathological and individual forms because they affect a few individuals in way rather serious; immediate
or delayed reactions occur instead with simple effects histamine, or, in severe cases with respiratory and
anaphylactic shock
The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is known to cause food allergies in some Asian countries, but detailed
studies on allergies caused by eggplant are lacking, however, it was highlighted the presence of allergens in
edible parts of eggplant with preponderance in the peel .
The purpose of this study was to propose an extraction method rapid, efficient and cost of natural dye from
waste products from the food industry, such as the peels of eggplant, from which it was extracted, isolated and
purified the nasunin,a colored molecule in red-fuchsia.
Nasusin was tested on 58 patients to evaluate the potential sensitizing effect on the skin. The results demonstrate
that allergenic effects are negligible and therefore the nasunin can be used as a colorant in various industrial
sectors with a certain safety margin
Complete NMR Assignment of MogrosidesII A2, II E andIII A1Isolated from Luo H...iosrphr_editor
NMR analysis allowed complete assignments of three known mogrol glycosides, Mogroside IIA2 (1),
II E (2)and IIIA1 (3), isolated from the extracts of Luo Han Guo. Herein, complete 1H and 13C NMR
assignmentsof all threemogrosidesare described based on NMR experiments (1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY,
HSQC-DEPT, HMBC, NOESY and 1DTOCSY) and mass spectral data.
Nanoemulsion and Nanoemulgel as a Topical Formulationiosrphr_editor
: Nanoemulsion is referred type of emulsion with uniform and extremely small droplet size in the range
of 20-200 nm. Nanoemulsion provides numerous advantages over other carrier such as polymeric nanoparticle
and liposomes, including low cost preparation procedure, high hydrophilic and lipophilic drug loading system
to enhance the longer shelf live upon preserving the therapeutic agents. Incorporating the preparation of
nanoemulsion with hydrogel matrix to produce nanoemulgel exhibited by the two separate systems that forming
it. Nanoemulgel possesses the properties of thixotropic, non-greasy, effortlessly spreadable, easily be removed,
emollient, not staining, soluble in water, longer shelf life, bio-friendly, translucent and agreeable appearance.
Pharmacokinetics of High-Dose Methotrexate in Egyptian Children with Acute Ly...iosrphr_editor
Aim:Since several factors have been shown to influence the clearance of methotrexate, the purpose of this study
was to identify potential relationships between patient covariates and the methotrexate clearance estimates and
deduce a pharmacokinetic model for the estimation of methotrexate clearance in Egyptian pediatric ALL
patients that may help dosage adjustment and achieve target steady-state plasma concentrations in a similar
sittings.
Patients and methods: A total of 94 pediatric patients with B-cell ALL, of whom 70 were the studied population
and 24 were the test population, were treated with four courses of HDMTX doses 2.5 gm/m2
(low-risk arm) or 5
gm/m2
(standard-/high-risk arm) given every other week by intermittent intravenous infusions over 24 hours as
a part of their treatment protocol. Patients were monitored for the 24 hour MTX concentration and the systemic
methotrexate clearance was calculated for each methotrexate dose
Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (TB) in Albania 1998-2009iosrphr_editor
Abstract : In Albania, many people erroneously think that tuberculosis (TB) is a disease of the past-an illness
that no longer constitutes a public health threat. Surveillance is an integral part of tuberculosis (TB) control.
Albania has a highTB notification rate and there are doubts about underreporting. The evolution of the
incidence of tuberculosis is presented, together with more detailed figures over the period 1998-2009. These
figures were obtained by the monthly forms (called 14/Sh) compared with the individual notification data.
Objective: To examine the distribution and sources of increased tuberculosis (TB) morbidity and reporting
system deficiencies in the Albania from 1998 through 2009. Metodology: The study is descriptive one conductet
during the period 1998-2009. The statistical analysis is based on data reported from regional level (regional
epidemiological departments) to the central level (Public Health Institute). Results: The main findings were:
discordance between the collected data (individual form) and reported data (monthly form); tuberculosis
incidence rate shows little oscillations which ranges from 6.67 to 9.2 cases/100.000 population; 50% of the
regions show a lack of information on the confirmation of diagnosis and laboratory examination type used for
confirmation. Conclusion: TB disease in high-risk populations where it is difficult to detect, diagnose, and treat;
limitations of current control measures and the need for new tests and treatments, including an effective
vaccine; improving information system, regulation of individual form and personnel training.
Total Phenol and Antioxidant from Seed and Peel of Ripe and Unripe of Indones...iosrphr_editor
Study on total phenol and antioxidantactivity ofsugar apple fruits of various solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripening. Solvent extraction used were 80% (v/v) methanol, 50% (v/v) acetone, boiling water, and 50% (v/v) ethanol. Part of fruits thatbeen used for samples were seed and peel which are normally by products of sugar apple processing, level of ripening were unripe, and ripe sugar apple fruits. Total phenol was determined by Folin-ciocalteau method. Total antioxidant was quantified by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) method.Therewas a difference in type of solvent, part of fruits, and level of ripeningon total phenol and antioxidant concentration of sugar apple fruits. Seeds have higher total phenol concentration than peels of this fruits. Unripe sugar apple fruits have higher total phenol and antioxidant than ripe fruit. The best solvent for phenol extraction was ethanol 50%butthe best solvent for antioxidant extraction was acetone 50%.
A Review on Step-by-Step Analytical Method Validationiosrphr_editor
When analytical method is utilized to generate results about the characteristics of drug related samples it is essential that the results are trustworthy. They may be utilized as the basis for decisions relating to administering the drug to patients. Analytical method validation required during drug development and manufacturing and these analytical methods are fit for their intended purpose. To comply with the requirements of GMP pharmaceutical industries should have an overall validation policy which documents how validation will be performed. The purpose of this validation is to show that processes involved in the development and manufacture of drug, production and analytical testing can be performed in an effective and reproducible manner. This review article provides guidance on how to perform validation characteristics for the analytical method which are utilized in pharmaceutical analysis.
A Cross Sectional Study of Ethnic Differences in Occurrence and Severity of A...iosrphr_editor
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are the most widely used "over the counter" medication all over the world despite their complications in different major organs. Present studies envisaged for knowing the occurrence and severity of adverse drug reactions from NSAIDs in different ethnic communities of Sikkim. A cross sectional study was undertaken in the medicine outpatients department of a secondary and tertiary care hospital. The patients belonging to Nepalese, Bhutias, Lepchas ethnic communities and others community (settlers from other parts of India) were included to analyzed the data based on the age and gender, ethnicity and ADRs, drugs and ADRs. Severity assessment was done using Hartwing and Siegel scale and causality assessment by Naranjo scale. Total 109 cases of ADRs, predominating in female were detected. Nepalese were the most affected and Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) being the most affected organ in them. Diclofenac showed maximum number of ADRs in all the communities. Maximum number of cases occurred on single day use (40.36%) of drugs. All the cases were belonging to the "possible category" and the maximum being the mild (72.48%) in nature. It is advisable to consider the ethnic/racial differences equally with other factors, to improve the safety and efficacy of a drug.
Hematological and biochemical alterations in malaria and their correlation wi...iosrphr_editor
Malaria is a major health problem in India with 1.04 million cases reported in 2012 leading to 504 deaths. The clinical spectrum depends on the infecting species, level of parasitemia and the immune status of the host. Malaria pathogenesis is based on extensive changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. The objective of this study was to study the clinical features, hematological and biochemical parameters in malaria patients and correlate them with the parasitic index (PI). Material and methods: We conducted a study on 300 malaria patients. The frequency of various symptoms and signs of malaria caused by various plasmodium species were determined. The degree of anemia, WBC count, platelet count serum bilirubin, liver enzymes and serum creatinine levels were studied and their variation depending on the parasitic index was documented. Results: 197 patients had vivax malaria, 76 patients had falciparum malaria and 27 patients had mixed infection. 171 patients had a PI of less than 2%, 100 patients had PI between 2 to 5%, 23 patients had PI between 5 to 10% and only 6 patients had PI of more than 10%. 72.3% of patients had thrombocytopenia, 46.66% had anaemia, 25% had increased bilirubin 29.66% showed increased liver enzymes and 7.66% had increased creatinine levels. Conclusion: There was a correlation between degree of parasitemia and severity of malaria in majority of cases. Derangements in hematological and biochemical parameters were more frequently seen in patients with higher PI. Hence PI can be used as an indicator by the clinician to know the severity of infection and plan appropriate treatment.
Treatment of Uthiravatha Suronitham (Rheumatoid Arthritis) with a Siddha Comp...iosrphr_editor
Uthiravathasuronitham, a vatha disease described by Sage Yugi can be correlated to Rheumatoid arthritis. A 53 year old lady diagnosed as Uthiravathasuronitham was treated with Siddha medicines Karpoora Chindhamani Mathirai and MannennaiKalavaiThylam. A single case study of Uthiravathasuronitham is detailed in this article.The patient presented with pain and swelling in minor joints of hand, wrist, ankle, shoulder joints and morning stiffness. The RA factor, CRP was positive at the time of enrollment. She was admitted in the IPD of Sirappu Maruthuvam Department of National Institute of Siddha for 45 days. The treatment outcome was encouraging. Hence further clinical studies can be carried out.
An analysis of the incidence and causes of road traffic accident in Kisii, Ce...iosrphr_editor
Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are an emerging public health problem. It is estimated that more than 5 million people between 17-40 years of age die annually as a result of RTAs worldwide. Currently, RTA is the tenth leading cause of disease burden in the developing countries, especially in the Sub-Saharan African countries. The objective of the study was to analyze the proportion of accidents by vehicle, as well as investigate group of people vulnerable to RTA.
D-002 treatment attenuates esophagitis in a model of chronic gastro-esophagea...iosrphr_editor
To investigate the effects of D-002 (beeswax alcohols) on esophagitis induced by chronic gastroesophageal reflux (c-GER) in rats. Rats were randomized into a sham and five groups subjected to c-GER: a positive vehicle control, three D-002 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg), and one omeprazole (20 mg/kg) group, all treated orally for seven days. cGER was induced by ligation of the junction between the forestomach and the duodenal side of the pylorus. Esophageal lesions index (ELI), esophageal malondialdehyde (MDA) and sulfhydril groups (SHG) concentrations were assessed. The positive control group exhibited macroscopically signs of esophageal injury assessed in term of ELI, which was significantly higher than in the negative control. D-002 (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) reduced the ELI, showing 30.5, 72.9 and 76.4% protection, respectively; and also significantly attenuated the increased MDA (37.4, 63.6 and 94.2%, respectively) and SHG (16.6, 41.6 and 72.9%, respectively) esophageal concentrations versus the positive control. Omeprazole decreased the ELI (80.2%), MDA (99.3%) and SH (85.4%) esophageal concentrations. As conclusions, this study suggest that repeated oral administration with D-002 protects against reflux esophagitis and decreases esophageal lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation markers in rats with c-GER.
Reducing Uveitic Glaucoma: therapeutic judgement is the keyiosrphr_editor
Abstract: Background: Uveitic glaucoma (UG) due to disease and /or therapeutics is an important reason for reduced vision. Different therapeutic regimen employed in uveitis can alter the course of UG. Purpose: Evaluation of prevalence of UG with different commonly used therapy. Study design: Randomised prospective hospital based study Study Period: 2007-2012 Methods: Baseline IOP; Field and optic nerve head photographs were recorded. Three groups were randomised: 1.topical steroid 2.Systemic steroid +gr 1, 3.Topical synthetic steroids, cycloplegic and periorbital triamcinolone injection. Outcome measure: IOP more than 22 mm/4 mm increase from baseline is marker.
Studying the Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory and Antipyretic Properties of The A...iosrphr_editor
The aqueous extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) were investigated for anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity at the doses of 2 , 5 , and 10 g/kg, of body weight. The experimental paradigms used were carrageenan, dextran, histamine induced pedal edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma for anti-inflammatory activity, while hot plate and acetic acid induced writhing methods were used to assess analgesic activity. Yeast-induced hyperpyrexia was used to evaluate the antipyretic activity. In acute phase inflammation, a maximum inhibition 50.6% (P < 0.05), 51.1% (P < 0.05) and 52.3% (P < 0.05) were noted at the dose of 10 g/kg after 3 h of treatment with methanol extract of Parsley ( Petroselinum crispum ) in carrageenan, dextran and histamine induced pedal edema , respectively. In the chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma) , the parsley (10 g/kg) and standard drug (Indomethacin 10 mg/kg) showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 51.8% (P < 0.05) and 56.6% (P < 0.05) , respectively. The extract also produced significant (P < 0.01) analgesic activity in both paradigms. In addition, the aqueous extract of parsley potentiated the morphine and aspirin induced analgesia. A significant (P < 0.01) reduction in hyperpyrexia in rat was also produced by the extract. This study exhibits that methanol extracts of leaves of parsley possess anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Hemodialysis: Chapter 3, Dialysis Water Unit - Dr.Gawad
IOSRPHR(www.iosrphr.org) IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
1. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-June, 2012, pp.464-474
Endocrine Function with Aqueous Fruit Extract of Solanum
macrocarpum Linn. In Albino Rats Chronically Administered
Triton-X to Induce Hyperlipidemia
O. A. Sodipo*1, F.I. Abdulrahman2, U.K. Sandabe3 and B. Wampana3
1*
Deaprtment of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medical Sciences,
University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri.
2
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maiduguri
3
Department of Veterinary Physiology Pharmacology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Maiduguri, P.M.B. 1069, Maiduguri.
ABSTRACT
Studies were conducted on the effect of the aqueous fruit extract of Solanum macrocarpum Linn. in chronic triton-induced
hyperlipidemic rats. The plant was Soxhlet-extracted with distilled water and the extract concentrated in vacuo with a yield
of 15.34 % w/w. The extract was stored in a specimen bottle in a desiccator at room temperature until when required. The
endocrine function parameters: thyroid hormones (thyroxine ie. T 4, 3, 5, 3′ triiodothyronine i.e. T3 and thyroid stimulating
hormone ie. TSH), testosterone, 17β – oestradiol and insulin were determined. The results showed that with increase in
extract dose there was a significant (p<0.05) increase in TSH and T 4 at 72 hrs whilst there was no change for T 3 (p>0.05)
throughout the period of study. Oestradiol levels increased significantly (p<0.05) at 24 hrs and 72 hrs when compared to the
negative control (Group one), but the levels of the oestradiol level in the negative control was however higher than that of the
rats not administered the extract (positive control or Group two). The positive control had an oestradiol level of (15.00±4.24)
pg/ml, (12.00±1.49) pg/ml and (13.50±2.54) pg/ml at 24 hrs, 48hrs and 72 hrs respectively whilst the values of the oestradiol
in the negative control rats (group one) are (36.50±2.12) pg/ml, (20.00±4.24) pg/mol and (24.50±2.12) pg/mol at 24 hrs, 48
hrs and 72 hrs respectively. The increase in the testosterone level with increase in extract dose was significant (p<0.05) at 48
hrs whilst the insulin levels increased significantly (p<0.05) at 48 hrs and 72 hrs when compared to the negative control. The
aqueous fruit extract of S. macrocarpum by increasing the level of the thyroid homones, testosterone, 17β oestratdiol and
insulin in hyperlipidemic rats in this study probably imply a lipid lowering effect.
Keywords: Solanum macrocarpum Linn, aqueous extract, triton–X endocrine function, chronic hyperlipidemic rats.
INTRODUCTION
The control of metabolism, growth and reproduction is mediated by a combination of neural and endocrine systems
located in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland (Katzung, 2004). Some of the endocrine hormones are thyroid hormones
(thyroxine ie. T4, triiodothyronine i.e. T3 and thyrotrophin ie. TSH), reproductive hormones (testosterone and oestrogens)
and the pancreatic hormone, insulin (Anthony, 2003).
The thyroid gland consists of two types of cells, the follicular and parafollicular cells (Gali, 2007). The follicular
cells are responsible for the production of thyroxine also called 3, 5, 3', 5' tetraiodothyronine or T4 and 3, 5, 3'
triiodothyronine or T3). T4 can be considered a pro-hormone and T3 is produced by extrathyroidal deiodination of T4 by the
Type 1 deiodinase enzyme. T4 is biologically inactive and must be converted to T3 before biological activity is exerted
(Oppenheimer, 1972). Thus, it is not surprising that the thyroid produces 100% of circulating thyroxine (T4) but only about
(5–10%) of circulating T3 (Gali, 2007).
Thyroid hormones are indispensable for growth, mental development and sexual maturation in mammals.
Conversely, excess thyroid secretion leads to body wasting, nervousness, tachycardia, tremor and excess heat production.
Thyroid hormone absence leads to mental and physical slowing, poor resistance to cold and in children, mental retardation
and dwarfism (Braverman, 1996; Gali, 2007). Thyroid hormone is required for the normal functions of nearly all tissues, with
major effect on oxygen consumption and metabolic rate (Oppenheimer et al.,1987). These hormones also stimulate protein,
carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (Gali, 2007).
ISSN: 2250-3013 www.iosrphr.org 464 | P a g e
2. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-June, 2012, pp.464-474
Thyroid function is controlled by the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) or thryotrophin of the anterior pituitary
(Jackson, 1982; Gali, 2007). Thyroid hormones increase the expression of LDL receptors on the hepatocytes and increase the
activity of lipid lowering liver enzymes, resulting in a reduction in LDL (Ness and Lopez, 1995; Ness et al.,1998; Shin and
Timothy, 2003; Gali, 2007). Thyroid hormones also increase the expression of apolipoprotein A 1, a major component of HDL
(Taylor et al.,1996; Gali, 2007). T 3 also regulates post-transcriptional editing of apolipoprotein mRA (Davidson et al.,1998).
In addition, T3 is important in hepatic degradation of cholesterol into bile acids by increasing the transcription of the rate-
limiting enzyme in the process, the cholesterol – 7α – hydroxylase (Ness et al.,1990; Pandak et al.,1997; Gali, 2007). The
above effect of the thyroid hormones could be beneficial in reducing the onset of atherosclerosis, if they were elicited without
deleterious effects, particularly the cardiac effect (Dillman, 1990; Woeber, 1992; Gali, 2007).
Oestrogens are C18 steroids with aromatic configuration in the A ring. 17β oestradiol, oestrone and oestradiol are the
three naturally occurring oestrogens found in the matured female body (Katzung, 2004; Aliu, 2007). Oestrodiol is the most
potent naturally occurring oestrogen. Besides human ovary, oestrogens are also secreted by the placenta and to a lesser
extent by the adrenal cortex and the testis (Katzung, 2004). Oestrodiol levels have been shown to be decreased in patients
with myocardial infarction (Odutola, 1992; Williamson et al.,1996). Oestrogens have also been shown to decrease low
density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) by 5 – 10%. This lipid effect accounts for 25 – 40 % in the reduction of coronary
heart disease after oetestrogen therapy (ANON, 2008). Oestrogens also give a favourable lipid profile ie. increase high
density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), decrease low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and reduce in total
cholesterol (Katzung, 2004) which in turn may contribute to retardation of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Insulin is produced by the β-cells of the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas. Absolute or relative lack of insulin
leads to diabetes mellitus (Katzung, 2004). Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic and endocrine disorders characterized
by chronic hyperglyaemia and eventual glycosuria. It is caused by the inability of tissues to carry out normal metabolism of
carbohydrates, fats and protein. Insulin is a small protein with a molecular weight in humans of 5, 808. It contains 51 amino
acids arranged in 2 chains (A and B) and linked by disulphide bridges. There are specie differences in the amino acids of
both chains (Katzung, 2004). In diabetes mellitus, insufficiency or deficiency of insulin leads to decreased synthesis of
protein, lipids and glycogen. Increased mobilization of fat from adipose tissue leads to increased levels of cholesterol, lipids,
free fatty acids and triglycerides ie. hyperlipidaemia (Katzung, 2004; Aliu, 2007). Also there is decreased high density
lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in diabetes mellitus patients (Cabezes et al.,1993; Syvanne and Taskinen, 1997; Sodipo,
2009). At this same time, there seems to be few studies relating diabetes to hyperlipidemia (Sjoholm, 1998a; Sodipo, 2009).
Testosterone is the most important androgen secreted by the testis. It is synthesized from cholesterol in the leydig
cells (95%) and only 5% by the adrenal cortex. In men, approximately 8 mg testosterone is produced daily (Katzung, 2004).
Plasma levels of testosterone in males daily drops to approximately 0.6µg/dl after 50 years. Testosterone is also present in
the plasma of women and is approximately 0.03µg/dl (i.e. about 1/20 times less) and is derived from the ovaries, the adrenal
cortex and the peripheral conversion of other hormones (Katzung, 2004). It is reduced in males with myocardial infarction
(Wiliamson et al.,1996; Katzung, 2004). The active form of the enzyme is dihydrotestosterone and this is achieved using the
enzyme 5α-reductase (Katzung 2004; Sodipo, 2009). Also testosterone has been found at lower levels with a high fat diet
(Williamson et al.,1996. Sodipo, 2009) and this is of note because high fat diet may eventually lead to hyperlipidaemia. In
other words, it may be possible for hyperlipidemia to lower testosterone level which in turn may probably facilitate
myocardial infarction.
In the traditional North East Arid zone of Nigeria, the unripe fruit of S. macrocarpum (synonyms: S. macrocarpum
L. sensu stricto and S. daysphyllum Schumach and Thonn) [Grubben and Denton, 2004] called “Gorongo” in Kanuri is
known for its laxative, antihypertensive and hypolipideamic effects. Importantly, S. macrocarpum had been shown to display
a wide spectrum of biological activities with experimental support for the empiric ethnopharmacological use of this plant in
folk medicine (Sodipo et al., 2008a,b; 2009a; 2012a).
Recently, we have demonstrated hepatoprotective effects of aqueous fruit extract of S. macrocarpum in diet–induced
hypercholesterolaemic rats (Sodipo et al., 2009b), acute and chronic triton–induced hyperlipidemic rats respectively (Sodipo
et al.,2011b, 2012a). However, the mechanism of hypolipidemia had not been extensively studied. Sodipo et al., (2009c;
2011a, 2012a) observed a favourable lipid profile in diet-induced hypercholesterolaemic acute and chronic-triton-induced
hyperlipidaemic rats administered with the aqueous fruit extract, the exact mechanism of cholesterol lowering and
hypolipidemia was not known. Taking into account these data, we have conducted our research on endocrine function tests
(T3, T4, TSH, 17β-oestradiol, testosterone, insulin) after oral administration of triton-X 100 (a non-ionic surfactant that
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interferes with uptake of lipids) for 90 days to induce chronic hyperlipidaemia/ atherosclerosis in rats in order to find out if
the fruit of S. macrocarpum can indeed lower hyperlipidaemia, as an increase in endocrine hormones corresponds to a
decrease in LDL – C and increase in HDL-C (Odutola 1992; Williamson et al, 1996; Katzung, 2004; Gali, 2007; ANON,
2008; Sodipo, 2009). Also a plausible mechanism of the hypolipideamic action of the plant, if there is any could probably be
fashioned out. At the same time, we will also try to find out if the extract has the potential to reduce development of
coronary heart disease and atherosclerosis as increase in thyroid hormones, oestrogen, testosterone and insulin have been
shown to be beneficial and indicative of a lower risk of coronary heart diseases (Odutola, 1992; Wiliamson et al., 1996;
Katzung, 2004; Gali, 2007; ANON 2008; Sodipo, 2009).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Plant collection and identification
The plant material (Solanum macrocarpum Linn.) used in this study was obtained from Alau in Konduga Local
Government, Borno State, Nigeria, between October and November, 2007. The plant was identified and authenticated by
Prof. S.S. Sanusi of the Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria. Specimen voucher
No. 548 was deposited at the Research Laboratory of the Department of Chemistry.
Extraction
The fruit of S. macrocarpum with the calyx removed was air-dried and pulverized by grinding using pestle and mortar. The
2.2 kg of the ground fruit was subjected to exhaustive Soxhlet-extraction in distilled water at 100 °C to give the extract yield
of 15.3 % w/w (Mittal et al.,1981, Fernando et al.,1991; Lin et al.,1999). The resultant solution was concentrated in vacuo and
it was stored in a specimen bottle and kept in a desiccators at room temperature until when required.
Animals
Thirty six (36) male albino rats of Wistar strain weighing 160-200g were used in this study. The animals were obtained from
the Animal House Unit of the Department of Veterinary Physiology, Pharmacology and Biochemistry, University of
Maiduguri. They were housed under standard laboratory condition in plastic cages. They were fed commercial growers‟ mash
feed (ECWA, Feeds, Jos, Nigeria) and water was provided ad libitum. All the animals were handled according to the
International Guiding Principles for Biomedical Research Involving Animals (CIOMS, 1985) as certified by the Animal
Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri (Approved on October 15 th 2008 at its 12th
Ethical Committee meeting).
Administration of triton and extract
Thirty (30) albino rats were made hyperlipidemic by feeding them orally (p.o) for 90 days with normal feed diet and triton-X
(Sigma Chemical Co. St. Louis, M.O. USA) at a dose of 400 mg/kg in saline suspension from the stock concentration of 535
g/ml. The thirty six (36) rats for the experiment were divided into 6 groups of 6 animals each. After ninety (90) days, 24 of
the 30 hyperlipidemic rats were administered with graded doses of the fruit extract. Group I was the negative control and it
was given normal feed and distilled water only. Group two was the positive control and it was given normal feed and triton-X
with distilled water only and normal feed. Groups 3, 4, 5, and 6 were administered with geometrical doses (25, 50, 100 and
200 mg/kg) of the fruit extract intraperitoneally (i.p.) from a stock concentration of 200 mg/ml. After 24, 48 and 72 hrs,
respectively of the effect of the extract on the hyperlipidemic rats, the endocrine function tests were determined. Before the
rats were fed with triton –X, their weights were taken. The weights were subsequently taken after 30, 60 and 90 days of
triton administration (adapted from Williamson, et al.,1996).
Endocrine function tests
Two rats from each of the groups were humanely sacrificed after 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs respectively of the effect
of the extract on chronic hyperlipidaemic rats by cutting their throat with a sterile blade. Blood was collected into clean,
sterile labelled centrifuge tubes without an anticoagulant and centrifuged at a rate of 12,000 revolutions per minute (rpm) for
10 minutes. The clear, yellow serum was then separated from settled cellular elements and subjected to determination of
endocrine function tests.
The endocrine function tests estimated from the serum were thyroid hormones (which included 3, 5, 3'
triiodothyronine or T3, 3, 5, 3', 5' tetraiodothyronine or T4, thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH) reproductive hormones (which
include testosterone and 17β-oestradiol) and insulin.
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T3 was determined by the Enzyme Link Immunosorbent Assay (Microwell Elisa) using competitive enzyme
immunoassay reaction as described by Chopra et al.,(1971b). T4 also called thyroxine was also determined by Enzyme
Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Microwell Elisa) method using monoclonal antibodies specific for T4 as described by Chopra
et al., (1971a). TSH called thyrotrophin was determined by the enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (Elisa) method for the
quantitative determination in serum as described by Hopton and Harrap, (1986); Bravermann (1996); Fisher (1996). The
direct imunoenzymatic assay (Elisa method) described by Sood, (2006) was used for the determination of testosterone and
that described by Tsang et al., (1980) was used for oestrogen determination. Insulin determination was carried out by the
immunoenzymometric assay described by Sood, (2006).
Determination of total cholesterol
Two rats in each group were humanely sacrificed by cutting the throat with a sterile blade. Blood was collected from
the vena cava into clean, labelled centrifuge tubes without anticoagulant after the extract had been allowed to act for 24, 48,
72 hrs respectively. The blood was centrifuged at a rate of 12,000 rotations per minute (rpm) for 10 minutes. The clear,
yellow serum was then separated from settled cellular elements. Cholesterol was assayed by Tindar‟s reaction (Evans and
Stein, 1986; NIH, 1990) using commercial kits, from Fortress Diagnostic Ltd, Antrirn.
Statistical analysis
Test of significance between control and treatment means were carried out by Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using
Graph Pad Software, (1998).
RESULTS
Change in mean body weight of male albino rats (Wistar strain) after being administered orally with Triton-X for 90
days
The effect of triton-X on mean body weight of albino rats fed orally with triton-X is shown in Table 1. The increase
in body weight observed in the rats was statistically significant (p < 0.05) when compared to day zero in all the groups except
in Group one. Group one was not administered with triton-X throughout the period of study. Also, there was a significant
percentage weight gain (p < 0.05) in the hyperlipidaemic rats (Groups two-six) when compared with Group one which
received standard diet and water ad libitum.
Effect on Thyroid Hormones
The results of the effect of the aqueous fruit extract of Solanum macrocarpum on thyroid hormones are shown in
Table 2. The TSH and T4 increased with increase in extract dose. The increase in TSH and T 4 were significant (p<0.05) at
72 hrs, whilst there was no change for T3 (p>0.05) throughout the period of study.
Effect on Testosterone, Oestradiol and Insulin
The effect of the aqueous fruit extract of Solanum macrocarpum on testosterone, oestradiol and insulin are shown in
Table 3. Oestradiol levels increased significantly (p<0.05) at 24 hrs and 72 hrs when compared to the negative control (Group
one), but the levels of the oestradiol level in the negative control (Group one) were however higher than that of the rats not
administered the extract (positive control or Group two). The positive control had an oestradiol level of (15.00 ± 4.24) pg/ml,
(12.00 ± 1.49) pg/ml and (13.50 ± 2.54) pg/ml at 24 hrs, 48 hrs and 72 hrs respectively whilst the values of the oestradiol in
the negative control rats (Group one) are (36.50 ± 2.12) pg/ml, (20.00 ± 4.24) pg/ml and (24.50 + 2.12) pg/ml at 24 hrs, 48
hrs and 72 hrs respectively.
The increase in the testosterone level with increase in extract dose was significant at 24 hrs and 48 hrs of study (p <
0.05). The testosterone levels of the positive control (Group two) however remained below 0.20 mg/ml (i.e. very low)
throughout the period of study.
Insulin levels increased significantly (p <0.05) at 48 hrs and 72 hrs when compared to the negative control (Group
one). The levels of insulin in the negative control (Group one) were higher than that of the rats not administered the extract
(positive control or Group two).
Effect of extract on total cholesterol
The effect of the aqueous fruit extract of Solanum macrocarpum on total cholesterol of hyperlipidaemic rats
administered orally with triton-X for 90 days is shown in Table 4. There was a non-significant (P>0.05) increase in total
cholesterol when compared to the positive control with increase in extract dose at 24, 48 and 72 hrs respectively. The oral
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administration of triton-X resulted in a rise in serum cholesterol of rats in the positive control group (i.e. those administered
only Triton-X).
DISCUSSION
The increase in mean body weight of the rats after triton-X administration for 90 days was significant (p <0.05)
[Groups two to six], whilst Group one fed with normal diet was not significant (p> 0.05). The percentage weight gain in the
hyperlipidaernic rats (Groups two to six) was significantly high (p < 0.05) when compared to Group one. Excessive weight
gain (obesity) has been implicated in hypertension and ischaemic heart disease (Nwanjo et al., 2006). It probably suggests
that the triton-X had induced atherosclerosis as atherosclerosis takes three to six months to be induced in rats (Williamson et
al., 1996).
The hyperlipidaenlic rats fed with graded doses of the aqueous fruit extract of S. macrocarpurn had significant
increase (p < 0.05) in the level of the thyroid hormones TSH and T 4 at 72 hrs (Table 2). There was no change in T3 (p > 0.05)
throughout the period of study. Thyroid hormones increase the expression of LDL receptors on the hepatocytes and increase
the activity of lipid-lowering enzymes, resulting in a reduction in LDL (Ness and Lopez, 1995; Ness et al., 1998; Shin and
Timothy, 2003; Gali, 2007). Thus, increase in TSH and. T 4 levels as demonstrated by the aqueous fruit extract of S.
macrocarpum on triton-X induced hyperlipidaernic rats at 72 hrs increased further the activity of these lipid-lowering
enzymes, thus resulting in a reduction of LDL which is responsible for hyperlipidaemia. In addition, thyroid hormones also
increase the expression of apolipoprotein A1, a major component of HDL (Taylor et al., 1996; Gali, 2007). Since increased
thyroid hormones leads to increased HDL, which in turn leads to reduced hyperlipidaemia, then the aqueous fruit extract of S.
macrocarpum could probably reduce hyperlipidaemia and could thus be beneficial. T 3 (the active hormone) is important in
hepatic degradation of cholesterol into bile acids by increasing the transcription of rate-limiting enzyme in the process, the
cholesterol 7-hydroxyIase (Ness et al.,1990; Pandak et al.,1997; Gali, 2007). However, graded doses of S. macrocarpum
aqueous fruit extract led to no change in T 3 levels. Nonetheless, the effects of the thyroid hormones (TSH and T 4) could be
beneficial in reducing the onset of atherosclerosis. The TSH of the anterior pituitary controls the thyroid function (Gali,
2007). Generally, thyroid hormones are found at lower levels with a high fat diet (Williamson et al., 1996). It is therefore not
surprising that the hyperlipidaemic rats which were not administered the aqueous fruit extract (Group two) had reduced levels
of thyroid hormones when compared to the extract-treated rats (Groups three to six). Thyroid hormones stimulate the
synthesis, mobilisation and degradation of lipids. They also lower cholesterol level, and for this reason, D-thyroxine is used
in the treatment of hyperlipoproteinaemia (Aliu, 2007).
Testosterone has been found at lower levels with a high fat diet (Williamson et al.,1996). Testosterone the dominant
androgen found in the adrenal glands, brain, ovary, pituitary, skin, kidney and testes is reduced in male with myocardial
infarction (Williamson et al., 1996). Thus the decrease in testosterone observed in the untreated male hyperlipidaemic rats
(Group two) in this study agrees with this report. There was a dose-dependent increase (p < 0.05) in the level of testosterone
on extract administration at 24 hrs and 48 hrs implying therefore that the hyperlipidaemia might probably have reduced in the
rats on administration of the aqueous fruit extract of S. macrocarpum.
Oestradiol levels have been shown to be decreased in patients with myocardial infarction (Odutola, 1992;
Williamson et al.,1996). On adminis-tration of the aqueous fruit extract of Solanum macrocarpum to the hyperlipidaernic
rats, the levels of oestradiol increased correspondingly (p < 0.05) from 25 mg/kg to 200 mg/kg dose at 24 hrs and 72 hrs with
the highest increase being obtained at 200 mg/kg. The increase in oestradiol implies therefore that the hyperlipidaemia is
probably being reduced. The positive control (Group two) i.e. the rats not administered extract, had lower levels of oestradiol
when compared to the extract-treated rats (Groups three to six), indicating hyperlipidaemia in the untreated rats. Oestrogens
have been shown to decrease LDL-C by only 5-10%. It is therefore believed that the lipid effect account for only 25-40% of
the reduction in the incidence of coronary heart disease after oestrogen therapy. A possible mechanism may be a direct effect
on the vessel wall, improving blood flow and inhibiting the atherogenic mechanism, independent on effect on plasma lipids
(ANON 2008). However, data on men suggest that a 35% reduction in LDC-C is required to achieve a 50% reduction in
cardiovascular disease i.e. coronary atherosclerosis provided that LDC reductions are the sole cause of cardio-protection
(ANON, 2008). Apart from maintaining friendly lipid profile, oestrogen changes the vascular tone by increasing nitric oxide
production. Nitric oxide activates guanyl cyclase, increasing intravascular levels of cyclic guanosine 3', 5'-monophosphate
(cyclic GMP), and thereby produces vasodilation (Hardman and Limbird, 2001; Sodipo, 2007). They reduce myocardial
oxygen requirement by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance (PR) or by reducing cardiac output (CO) or by decreasing
both PR and CO, as BP= TPR x CO (Katzung, 2004). Oestrogen also stabilizes the endothelial cells. In Australia, the natural
oestrogen grazing of grass is implicated in causing vaginal prolapse in ewes and balanoposthitis in wethers.
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Also, oestrogenmimetic compounds (flavonoids) are found in many plants and studies have shown that eating these
plant products may produce slight oestrogen effects (Katzung, 2004). Sodipo et al.,(2008a) has shown that the fruit of S.
macrocarpum contains flavonoids which have also been separated, isolated and purified in the ethanol extract of the plant
(Sodipo et al.,2012b). Thus the fruit of this plant may be eaten as a nutrtaceutical in lowering LDL-C which in turn lowers
hyperlipidemia. Naturally occurring steroidal oestrogens are subject to first-pass hepatic metabolism and show low
bioavailability when administered orally (Aliu, 2007). This study on S. macrocarpum may be expanded further to see if there
is any way of isolating oestrogens from the fruit or other parts of the plant if present, so that it can be a ready source of
oestrogens, especially in our menopausal women.
Insulin levels have been found to be decreased in patients with myocardial infarction (Williamson et al.,1996). From
the present study (Table 3), the extract significantly increased (p < 0.05) the level of insulin in hyperlipidaemic rats at 48 hrs
and 72 hrs and the increase was dose-dependent. In addition to promoting systemic atherosclerosis, dyslipidaemia may also
contribute to the development of glomerulosclerosis and therefore chronic renal failure (John, 1991; Mshelia and Gashau,
2007). Furthermore, islet-β-cell dysfunction caused by lipotoxicity may result in hyperg1ycaemia, which also leads to
hyperlipidaemia-vicious cycle (Sjoholm, 1998a; Aliu, 2007; Mshelia and Gashau, 2007). Also the decreased HDL-C found in
diabetes mellitus patients are not typically associated with marked increase in plasma total cholesterol and LDL-C (Cabezes
et al., 1993; Syvanne and Taskinen, 1997). Also there seems to be few studies relating diabetes to hyperlipidaemia (Sjoholm,
1998a). VLDL contains more triglycerides and less cholesterol, phospholipids and protein. They transport triglycerides from
the liver to other tissues for utilization or storage. Triglycerides are removed from VLDL and chylomicrons by lipoprotein-
lipase. The activity of this enzyme is increased by insulin and thyroxine (Hardman and Limbird, 2001). Thus, by increasing
level of insulin at 48 hrs and 72 hrs, the aqueous fruit extract of S. macrocarpum increases the conversion of VLDL to
triglycerides and thus reduces hyperlipidaemia as triglycerides are being utilized. It should be noted that chylomicrons are
synthesized from fatty acids of dietary triglycerides and cholesterol absorbed from the small intestine by epithelial cells using
the enzyme, diacylglycerol transferase (Hardman and Limbird, 2001). Overproduction of insulin (hyperinsulinaemia) is rare,
but increased levels in the blood have been incriminated in bovine ketosis and also in snorter dwarfism of beef cattle (Aliu,
2007).
CONCLUSION
The aqueous fruit extract of S. macrocarpum increased the level of endocrine function indices–thyroid hormones
(T3, T4, TSH), reproductive hormones (testosterone and 17 β-oestradiol) and insulin, the pancreatic hormone under the
conditions of this study, probably contributing to the lipid lowering effect of the plant.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of Mr. Fine Akawo of Chemistry Department,
University of Maiduguri and Mr. Kolawole Akindoyin (Chief Medical Laboratory Scientist, Chemical Pathology, University
of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital) for hormonal analysis. The University of Maiduguri is also appreciated for the Research
Grant and Fellowship granted to the first author.
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9. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-June, 2012, pp.464-474
Table 1: Change in mean body weight of male albino rats after being administered with triton-x (400mg/kg) for 90 days
Mean body Weight ± S.D. (g)
% Increase in
Group Days of Treatment Mean Body
Weight
0 30 60 90
One* 110.25±10.50 112.50±20.45a 114.00±12.51a 117.20±15.07a 6.30±4.57a
Two 100.20±26.64a 135.80±41.26b 203.44±52.97b 214.20±58.61b 113.78±32.37b
Three 80.00±17.25a 110.20±27.52 163.64±26.93b 174.20±15.06b 117.75±2.19b
Four 99.40±29.19a 131.40±41.58b 184.80±37.58b 216.80±41.05b 117.30±11.86b
Five 116/60±42.58a 129.00±11.92b 172.78±17.03b 194.80±19.74b 67.07±22.84b
Six 95.00±20.96a 120.40±36.65b 192.18±34.03b 211.95±33.74b 122.11±12.78b
Within rows, means with different superscripts are statistically significant (p<0.05) when compared to day zero (0) using one
way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
0 day = before triton-X administration
n = 6 rats
Group One* = Rats fed with normal diet and had free access to water throughout the 90 days but not administered triton-X
Table 2: Effect of the aqueous fruit extract of S. macrocarpum on thyroid hormones
Hours after extract Group Extract dose TSH (ng/ml) T3 (ng/ml) T4 (µU/ml)
administration (mg/kg)
Mean ± S.D.
One -ve control 0.45±0.21a 0.70±0.14a 3.60±0.57a
a a
Two +ve control 0.30±0.00 0.45±0.21 3.25±0.35a
a a
24 Three 25.00 0.35±0.00 0.60±0.28 3.40±0.14a
a a
Four 50.00 0.40±0.14 0.70±0.14 4.30±0.43a
a a
Five 100.00 0.45±0.14 0.75±0.07 4.35±0.50a
a a
Six 200.00 0.50±0.14 0.80±0.00 4.50±0.71a
a a
One -ve control 0.50±0.00 0.70±0.14 3.60±0.35a
a a
Two +ve control 0.25±0.00 0.35±0.07 3.25±0.59a
a a
48 Three 25.00 0.40±0.14 0.50±0.14 3.40±0.14a
a a
Four 50.00 0.50±0.00 0.60±0.14 4.30±0.43a
a a
Five 100.00 0.65±0.50 0.70±0.14 4.35±0.50a
a a
Six 200.00 0.85±0.21 0.80±0.00 4.50±0.71a
a a
One -ve control 0.50±0.28 0.80±0.14 3.65±0.21a
b a
Two +ve conrol 0.45±0.07 0.30±0.14 2.65±0.50b
b a
72 Three 25.00 0.55±0.35 0.55±0.07 2.75±0.35b
b a
Four 50.00 0.65±0.35 0.85±0.21 3.80±0.28b
b a
Five 100.00 0.80±0.28 0.90±0.28 4.20±0.42b
b a
Six 200.00 0.75±0.36 0.95±0.35 4.45±0.07b
Within columns, means with different superscripts are statistically significant (p<0.05) when compared to Group 1 (-ve
control)
-ve control = Rats fed with normal feed diet and had free access to water
+ve control = Rats fed with normal feed diet and given triton-X
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10. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-June, 2012, pp.464-474
Table 3: Effect of the aqueous fruit extract of S. macrocarpum on testosterone oestradiol and insulin
Hours after extract Group Extract dose Testosterone Oestradiol Insulin (µU/ml)
administration (mg/kg) (ng/ml) (pg/ml)
Mean ± S.D.
One -ve control 1.50±0.28a 36.50±2.12a 4.00±1.41a
b
Two +ve control <0.20 15.00±4.24 2.00±0.00a
b
24 Three 25.00 <0.20 18.00±4.24 1.20±0.05a
b b
Four 50.00 0.20±0.07 19.00±1.41 2.00±0.00a
b
Five 100.00 0.50±0.42 20.50±0.71 2.75±0.35a
a b
Six 200.00 1.05±0.01 25.00±2.85 3.00±0.00a
a a
One -ve control 1.55±0.43 20.00±4.24 5.00±0.00a
a
Two +ve control <0.20 13.00±1.49 2.50±0.07b
a
48 Three 25.00 <0.20 14.00±4.24 1.00±0.00b
b a
Four 50.00 0.25±0.35 14.50±2.12 2.50±0.71b
b a
Five 100.00 0.50±0.42 15.50±0.71 3.00±0.00b
b a
Six 200.00 1.35±0.21 18.00±2.83 4.00±0.71b
a a
One -ve control 1.60±0.35 24.50±2.12 3.00±0.00a
b
Two +ve control <0.20 13.50±3.54 2.05±0.07b
b
72 Three 25.00 <0.20 15.00±1.41 <1.00
Four 50.00 <0.20 19.00±4.24b 1.00±0.00b
a b
Five 100.00 0.55±0.07 21.50±2.12 2.15±0.07b
a b
Six 200.00 1.05±0.21 24.50±2.12 3.00±0.00b
Within columns, means with different superscripts are statistically significant (p<0.05) when compared to Group 1 (-ve
control)
-ve control = Rats fed with normal feed diet and had free access to water
+ve control = Rats fed with normal feed diet and given triton-X
<0.20ng/ml = Very low for testosterone, <1.00µUL/ml = Very low for insulin
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11. IOSR Journal of Pharmacy
Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-June, 2012, pp.464-474
Table 4: Effect of the aqueous fruit extract of S. macrocarpum on total cholesterol of hyperlipidaemic rats administered
orally with triton-X for 90 days
Hours after Group Extract dose (mg/kg) Total Cholesterol (mmol/L)
extract
Administration
Mean ± S.D.
One -ve control 1.70±0.28a
Two +ve control 2.40±0.29a
Three 25.00 2.15±0.64a
24 Four 50.00 2.10±0.57a
Five 100.00 1.35±0.07a
Six 200.00 1.15±0.07a
One -ve control 1.70±0.14a
Two +ve control 2.55±0.07a
48 Three 25.00 2.10±1.13a
Four 50.00 1.50±0.14a
Five 100.00 1.45±0.07a
Six 200.00 1.25±0.35a
One -ve control 1.90±0.14a
Two +ve control 2.40±0.50a
72 Three 25.00 2.20±0.28a
Four 50.00 2.10±0.42a
Five 100.00 1.70±0.14a
Six 200.00 1.35±0.07a
Within columns, means with the same superscript are not statistically significant (p>0.05) when compared to Group 1 (-ve
control)
-ve control = Rats fed with normal feed diet and had free access to water
+ve control = Rats fed with normal feed diet and given triton-X
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