Each eyelid contains a fibrous plate, called a tarsus, that gives it structure and shape; muscles, which move the eyelids; and meibomian (or tarsal) glands, which secrete lubricating fluids. The lids are covered with skin, lined with mucous membrane, and bordered with a fringe of hairs, the eyelashes.
The lacrimal apparatus is the physiological system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage. It consists of: The lacrimal gland, which secretes the tears, and its excretory ducts, which convey the fluid to the surface of the human eye;it is a serous gland located in lacrimal fossa.
Each eyelid contains a fibrous plate, called a tarsus, that gives it structure and shape; muscles, which move the eyelids; and meibomian (or tarsal) glands, which secrete lubricating fluids. The lids are covered with skin, lined with mucous membrane, and bordered with a fringe of hairs, the eyelashes.
The lacrimal apparatus is the physiological system containing the orbital structures for tear production and drainage. It consists of: The lacrimal gland, which secretes the tears, and its excretory ducts, which convey the fluid to the surface of the human eye;it is a serous gland located in lacrimal fossa.
1. Introduction Gross anatomy Layers Blood supply, drainage and nerve supply
2. INTRODUCTION • Sclera forms posterior 5/6th of external tunic , connective tissue coat of eyeball. • it continues with duramater and cornea • Its whole surface covered by tenon’s capsule • Anteriorly covered by- bulbar conjunctiva • Inner surface lies in contact with choroid • With a potential suprachoroidal space in between
3. Equa THICKNESS OF SCLERA
4. • Thickness varies with individual, with age • Thinner- children, elder, F> M • Thickest posteriorly • Gradually becomes thinner when traced anteriorly • Thin at insertion of extraocular muscle
The retina is the internal layer of the eyeball , which is a thin membrane having a purplish red color in living subject. This is a presentation by Dr. Shah-Noor Hassan regarding ANATOMY OF RETINA
UVEA constitutes- middle vascular coat
• 3 parts- a)iris
b)ciliary body
c)choroid
• Developmentally,structurally and functionallyindivisible
• color varies from light blue to dark brown
EMBRYOLOGY
IRIS-
• Both layers of epithelium derived from
marginal region of optic cup (neuroectoderm)
• Sphincter and dilator pupillae- anterior
epithelium (neuroectoderm)
• Stroma and vessels- vascular mesoderm
1. Introduction Gross anatomy Layers Blood supply, drainage and nerve supply
2. INTRODUCTION • Sclera forms posterior 5/6th of external tunic , connective tissue coat of eyeball. • it continues with duramater and cornea • Its whole surface covered by tenon’s capsule • Anteriorly covered by- bulbar conjunctiva • Inner surface lies in contact with choroid • With a potential suprachoroidal space in between
3. Equa THICKNESS OF SCLERA
4. • Thickness varies with individual, with age • Thinner- children, elder, F> M • Thickest posteriorly • Gradually becomes thinner when traced anteriorly • Thin at insertion of extraocular muscle
The retina is the internal layer of the eyeball , which is a thin membrane having a purplish red color in living subject. This is a presentation by Dr. Shah-Noor Hassan regarding ANATOMY OF RETINA
UVEA constitutes- middle vascular coat
• 3 parts- a)iris
b)ciliary body
c)choroid
• Developmentally,structurally and functionallyindivisible
• color varies from light blue to dark brown
EMBRYOLOGY
IRIS-
• Both layers of epithelium derived from
marginal region of optic cup (neuroectoderm)
• Sphincter and dilator pupillae- anterior
epithelium (neuroectoderm)
• Stroma and vessels- vascular mesoderm
Histology of the eye by a very good docotor in iraqi uni collage of medZaraVvv
Simple explanation about the eye, which is very specific and illustrated about histology of the eye it’s going to be very benefit and is actually very good actually benefit me very much it is published by a doctor in iraqi university. It’s illustrates the matter in a very simple way, and helps the student to understand the matter. Help to understand the histology and anatomy of the eye.
In anatomy, special senses are the senses that have organs specifically devoted to them such as vision, gustation, olfaction, audition, and equilibrioception. These senses have specialized organs that detect and process stimuli and send signals to the brain which lead to the perception of that stimulus.
Slide Presentation for Anatomy of Eyeball. This slide is taken from Medicos Pdf app available in playstore. This app contains many more slides related to clinical science, basi science, nursing, dental and many more. You can download if you want many more slides.
رواية أياً يكن للدكتور محمد القزاز, و يتحدث فيها عن قصة حياته خلال دراسته الجامعية في كلية الطب و معلناً عن لعنه لهذه الكلية شاهراً نقده للجامعة و المجتمع و عمادة الكلية.
يتعرض الكتب لعدد من المتاعب خلال رحلته لاثبات حقه في قضية القصة, و يحاول الكاتب أن يعرض الاحداث في اطار من الكوميديا الساخرة ..
قصة حقيقة للكاتب :)
to down load this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/deep-vein-thrombosis-dvt.html
deep vein thrombosis, diagnosis and managment.
prdiatrics notes, croup, upper respiratoty track infection
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/pediatrics-notes-croup.html
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/evaluation-of-peripheral-blood-smear.html
Evaluation of the Peripheral Blood Smear
to download this presentation form this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/herbal-medicine.html
herbal medicine in Gaza .. use and side effect
this work first was done by a medic student in the islamic University .... because its a good work i shared it . and i never asked for the permission .... sorry
but this link will lead to the original one...
http://www.slideshare.net/FaToOoMaa/final-herbal-medicine
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/conjunctival-diseases-overview.html
over view for the conjunctival diseases. clinical presentation treatment .
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/diabetic-ketoacidosis.html
Diabetic Ketoacidosis, diabetus type 1 complection. diagnosisi and managment
to download this presentation from this link
https://mohmmed-ink.blogspot.com/2020/11/energy-drinks.html
energy drink and effect on human health , hazards
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Digital Artifact 2 - Investigating Pavilion Designs
Eye anatomy
1.
2. • The outer coat
which is
transparent
anteriorly is
called the
cornea.
• The white and
opaque coat is
the sclera.
3.
4. •A rich vascular coat (the choroid) lines the posterior
segment of the eye and nourishes the retina at its inner
surface.
•The ciliary body lies anteriorly. It contains the smooth
ciliary muscle whose contraction alters lens shape and
enables the focus of the eye to be changed.The ciliary
epithelium secretes aqueous humour and maintains the
ocular pressure. The ciliary body provides attachment for
the iris.
•The lens lies behind the iris and is supported by fine
fibrils (the zonule)
running between the lens and the ciliary body.
5. •The angle formed by the iris and cornea (the
iridocorneal angle) is lined by a meshwork of
cells and collagen beams (the trabecular
meshwork).
In the sclera outside this, Schlemm’s canal
conducts the aqueous humour from the anterior
chamber into the venous system, permitting
aqueous drainage. This region is termed the
drainage angle.
6. Between the cornea anteriorly and the lens
and iris posteriorly lies the anterior chamber.
Between the iris, the lens and the ciliary body
lies the posterior chamber (which is distinct
from the vitreous body). Both these chambers
are filled with aqueous humour. Between the
lens and the retina lies the vitreous body.
7.
8. The eye lies within the bony orbit whose has
the shape of a four-sided pyramid. At its
posterior apex is the optic canal which
transmits the optic nerve to the brain. The
superior and inferior orbital fissures allow the
passage of blood vessels and cranial nerves
which supply orbital structures. On the anterior
medial wall lies a fossa for the lacrimal sac. The
lacrimal gland lies anteriorly in the
superolateral aspect of the orbit.
9.
10. •provide mechanical protection to the anterior
globe.
•secrete the oily part of the tear film.
•spread the tear film over the conjunctiva and
cornea.
•prevent drying of the eyes.
•contain the puncta through which the tears
drain into the lacrimal drainage system.
11. •A surface layer of skin.
•The orbicularis muscle.
•A tough collagenous layer (the tarsal plate).
•An epithelial lining, the conjunctiva, reflected
onto the globe.
12.
13. The levator muscle passes forwards to the
upper lid and inserts into the tarsal plate. It
is innervated by the third nerve. Damage to
the nerve or changes in old age result in
drooping of the eyelid (ptosis). A flat smooth
muscle arising from the deep surface of the
levator inserts into the tarsal plate. It is
innervated by the sympathetic nervous
system.
14. If the sympathetic supply is damaged (as in
Horner’s syndrome) a slight ptosis results.
The margin of the eyelid is the site of the
mucocutaneous junction. It contains the
openings of the meibomian oil glands which
are located in the tarsal plate. These secrete
the lipid component of the tear film. Medially,
on the upper and lower lids, two small puncta
form the initial part of the
lacrimal drainage system.
15.
16. Tears drain into the upper and lower puncta and
then into the lacrimal sac via the upper and lower
canaliculi. They form a common canaliculus before
entering the lacrimal sac. The nasolacrimal duct
passes from the sac to the
nose. Failure of the distal part of the nasolacrimal
duct to fully canalize at birth is the usual cause of
a watering, sticky eye in a baby.Tear drainage is an
active process. Each blink of the lids helps to pump
tears through the
system.
17.
18.
19. (10iμm thick) covers the
external ocular surface andcomprises three
layers:
• a thin mucin layer in contact with the
ocular surface and produced mainly by
the conjunctival goblet cells;
• an aqueous layer produced by the
lacrimal gland;
• a surface oil layer produced by the tarsal
meibomian glands and delivered to the
lid margins.
20. • it provides a smooth air/tear interface for
distortion free refraction of light at the cornea
• it provides oxygen anteriorly to the avascular
cornea
• it removes debris and foreign particles from the
ocular surface through the flow of tears
• it has antibacterial properties through the
action of lysozyme, lactoferrin and the
immunoglobulins, particularly secretory IgA.
21.
22. is 0.5 mm thick and comprises:
• The epithelium, an anterior squamous layer thickened
peripherally at the limbus where it is continuous with the
conjunctiva.The limbus houses its germinative—or
stem—cells.
• An underlying stroma of collagen fibrils, ground
substance and fibroblasts. The regular packing and small
diameter of the collagen fibrils accounts for corneal
transparency.
• The endothelium, a monolayer of non-regenerating cells
which actively pumps ions and water from the stroma to
control corneal hydration and transparency.
23.
24. The difference between the regenerative
capacity of the epithelium and endothelium is
important. Damage to the epithelial layer, by
an abrasion for example, is rapidly repaired.
Endothelium, damaged by disease
or surgery, cannot be regenerated. Loss of its
barrier and pumping functions leads to
overhydration, distortion of the regular
packing of collagen fibres and corneal
clouding.
The functions of the cornea are as follows:
• it refracts light and together with the lens,
focuses light onto the retina;
• it protects the internal ocular structures.
25. • is formed from interwoven
collagen fibrils of different widths
lying within a ground substance
and maintained by fibroblasts.
• is of variable thickness, 1imm
around the optic nerve head and
0.3imm just posterior to the muscle
insertions.
26. • is formed of arterioles, venules and a dense
fenestrated capillary network.
• is loosely attached to the sclera.
• has a high blood flow.
• nourishes the deep, outer layers of the retina and
may have a role in its temperature homeostasis.
• Its basement membrane together with that of the
retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) forms the
acellular, Bruch’s membrane, which acts as a
diffusion barrier between the choroid and the
retina.
27.
28. The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE):
• is formed from a single layer of cells.
• is loosely attached to the retina except at the
periphery (ora serrata) and around the optic
disc.
• forms microvilli which project between and
embrace the outersegment discs of the rods and
cones.
29. • phagocytoses the redundant external
segments of the rods and cones.
• facilitates the passage of nutrients and
metabolites between the retina and
choroid.
• takes part in the regeneration of rhodopsin
and cone opsin, the photoreceptor visual
pigments recycling vitamin A.
• melanin granules absorb scattered light.
30.
31.
32. Rods are
responsible for
night vision.They
are sensitive to
light and do
not signal
wavelength
information
(colour). They
form the large
majority
of photoreceptors
in the remaining
retina.
33.
34.
35.
36. This is subdivided into three parts:
the ciliary muscle.
the ciliary processes (pars plicata.
the pars plana.
37. THE CILIARY MUSCLE
This:
Comprises smooth muscle arranged in a ring
overlying the ciliary processes.
Is innervated by the parasympathetic system via
the third cranial nerve.
Is responsible for changes in lens thickness and
curvature during accommodation. The zonular
fibres supporting the lens are under tension
during distant viewing. Contraction of the muscle
relaxes them and permits the lens to increase its
curvature and hence its refractive power.
38. (PARS
PLICATA)
There are about 70 radial ciliary processes arranged
in a ring around the posterior chamber.They are
responsible for the secretion of aqueous humour.
Each ciliary process is formed by an epithelium
two layers thick (the outer pigmented and inner
non-pigmented) with a vascular stroma.
The stromal capillaries are fenestrated, allowing
plasma constituentsready access.
39. •The tight junctions between the non-
pigmented epithelial cells provide a barrier
to free diffusion into the posterior
chamber.They are essential for the active
secretion of aqueous by the non pigmental
cells.
•The epithelial cells show marked infolding,
which significantly increasestheir surface
area for fluid and solute transport.
40. This comprises a relatively avascular
stroma covered by an epithelial layer two
cells thick.
It is safe to make surgical incisions
through the scleral wall here to gain
access to the vitreous cavity.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46. In the orbit the optic nerve is
surrounded by a sheath formed by
the dura, arachnoid and pia mater
continuous with that surrounding
the brain.It is bathed in
cerebrospinal fluid.
The central retinal artery and vein
enter the eye in the centre of the
optic nerve.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52. • All of the extraocular muscles, with the exception
of the inferior oblique, form a “cone” within the
bony orbit
• The apex of the cone is in the posterior aspect
(back) of the orbit, while the base of the cone is
the attachment of the muscles around the midline
of the eye. This conic structure is referred to as
the “annulus of Zinn,” and within this cone runs
the Optic nerve (cranial nerve II)
• Within the optic nerve are the ophthalmic artery
and the ophthalmic vein
53. • The superior oblique muscle is different from the
others, because before it attaches to the eye, it
passes through a ring-like tendon, the trochlea,
which acts like a pulley in the nasal portion of the
orbit
• The inferior oblique muscle (not a member of the
annulus of Zinn) arises from the lacrimal fossa in
the nasal portion of the bony orbit and attaches to
the inferior portion of the eye
54. • The primary muscle that moves an eye in a given
direction is known as the agonist
• A muscle in the same eye that moves the eye in
the same direction as the agonist is known as a
synergist
• A muscle in the same eye that moves the eye in
the opposite direction of the agonist is the
antagonist
55. • Cardinal positions of gaze
• Up/right
• Up/left
• Right
• Left
• Down/right
• Down/left
• In each position of gaze, one muscle of each eye is
the primary mover of that eye, and is “yoked” to
the primary mover of the other eye
56. • A “vergence” or “disconjugate” movement
involves simultaneous movement of both eyes in
the opposite directions
• There are two principal vergence movements
• Convergence – both eyes moving nasally or
inward
• Divergence – both eyes moving temporally or
upward