The external genitalia or vulva includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, urethral opening, vaginal opening, Bartholin's glands, and perineum. The vulva protects the internal reproductive tract and assists in urination. It also acts as sensory tissue during sexual intercourse. The vagina is a fibromuscular canal that connects the external and internal genitalia. It allows for sexual intercourse, passage of menstrual fluid, and childbirth.
The female reproductive system contains two main parts: the uterus, which hosts the developing fetus, produces vaginal and uterine secretions, and passes the anatomically male sperm through to the fallopian tubes; and the ovaries, which produce the anatomically female egg cells.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
The female reproductive system contains two main parts: the uterus, which hosts the developing fetus, produces vaginal and uterine secretions, and passes the anatomically male sperm through to the fallopian tubes; and the ovaries, which produce the anatomically female egg cells.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of Female reproductive system. Anatomy of female reproductive organs, oogenesis, hormonal regulation of ovaries and Female reproductive cycle (Mentrual cycle) are explained.
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
This PPT covers Anatomy and Physiology of Female reproductive system. Anatomy of female reproductive organs, oogenesis, hormonal regulation of ovaries and Female reproductive cycle (Mentrual cycle) are explained.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptxSwetaba Besh
Explore the fundamentals of the human reproductive system in this concise presentation, suitable for medical students and professionals alike. Covering anatomy, physiology, and Pregnancy, it offers essential knowledge for understanding reproductive health.
Introduction to anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive systemKaramo Sanneh
Female reproductive system (summary of the external and internal structures). A reference lecture note for nursing students and graduate nurses in clinical practice.
Anatomy of Female Reproductive System.pptxMathew Joseph
The female reproductive organs include several key structures, such as the ovaries, uterus, vagina, and vulva. The functions of these organs are involved in fertility, conception, pregnancy, and childbirth.
The reproductive organs in female are those which are concerned with copulation, fertilization, growth anddevelopment of the fetus and its subsequent exit to the outer world. the organs are broadly divided into:• External genitalia • Internal genitalia
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
2. Introduction
• The reproductive organ in female are those which concerned with copulation,
fertilization, growth and development of fetus and its subsequent exit to the outer
world.
• The female reproductive organs can be subdivided into
• a) External genitalia
• b) Internal genitalia
• c) Accessory reproductive organs.
3. Functions of female reproductive system
• The female reproductive system is designed to carry out several functions.
It produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called the ova
or oocytes. The system is designed to transport the ova to the site of
fertilization.
• Fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes.
The next step for the fertilized egg is to implant into the walls of the uterus,
beginning the initial stages of pregnancy.
• If fertilization and/or implantation does not take place, the system is
designed to menstruate .
• In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex
hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
4. External genitalia or vulva
• Parts that are outwardly visible are called vulva. Externat genitalia is also
known as pudendum.
• The vulva includes:
• Mons pubis
• Labia majora
• Labia minora
• Clitoris
• Vestibule
• Urethral opening
• Vaginal opening
• Greater vestibular glands/ Bartholin glands
• Perineum
There are individual differences in
• Size
• Coloration
• Shape
6. Functions of vulva
• The vulva (pudendum) refers to the external female genitalia.
Its functions are:
• Assists in micturition by directing the flow of urine
• Protects the internal female reproductive tract from infection.
• Acts as sensory tissue during sexual intercourse
7. Structures of the Vulva
Vulva is a collective term for several anatomical structures:
• Mons pubis
• Labia majora
• Labia minora
• Clitoris
• Vestibule
• Bartholin’s glands /
• Perineum
8. Mons pubis
• The rounded pad of subcutaneous fat located anterior to the
pubic symphysis.
• It protects the pubic symphysis.
• During adolescence sex hormones trigger the growth of pubic hair on the
mons pubis
• Hair varies in coarseness curliness, amount, color and thickness
9. Labia majora
• Labia majora are two hair-bearing thick fold of skin, fibrous tissues and fat.
They are also referred as outer lips of vulva. They form the lateral boundaries of
pudendal cleft.
• Their outer surfaces are covered with hair, the inner surfaces have large sebaceous
glands
• Anteriorly the folds join in front of the symphysis pubis to each other below the
mons pubis to form the anterior commissure.
• Posterior ends of the labia are less prominent and merge with the skin, known as
the posterior commissure.
• The area between posterior commissure and the anus which is about 2.5 cm
constitutes perineum.
10. Labia minora
• Labia minora are two hairless folds of skin, which lie within the labia
majora.
• They fuse anteriorly to form the hood of the clitoris and extend posteriorly
either side of the vaginal opening.
• Anteriorly, each labium minora splits into two layers, the upper layer joins
the corresponding layer of the opposite side, to form the prepuce / hood of
the clitoris. Similarly, the lower layers of the two sides join to form
frenulum of the clitoris.
• Posteriorly, the two labia minora merge posteriorly, creating a fold of skin
known as the fourchette.
• The inner surface of the labia minora contains numerous sebaceous glands.
11. Clitoris
• Highly sensitive organ composed of nerves, blood vessels, and
erectile tissue.
• It is formed of erectile corpora cavernosa tissue, which becomes
engorged with blood during sexual stimulation. It plays a role in
sexual pleasure for most women, but has no reproductive
significance.
• It is homologous to penis in males.
12. Vestibule
• The cleft between the labia minora is known as vestibule. Urethra,
vagina, and ducts of the greater vestibular glands open into the vestibule.
• Urethral orifice lies most anteriorly about 2.5 cm below the clitoris and
in front of the vaginal orifice.
• Vaginal orifice or introitus lies in the posterior part of the vestibule and is
partly closed in the virgin by a thin membrane called the hymen.
• Openings of the ducts of greater vestibular glands lie one on each side of
vaginal orifice.
13. Bartholin’s glands / greater vestibular glands
• The greater vestibular glands (Bartholin’s glands) are pea sized
glands, situated one on each side near the vaginal opening. They
are about the size of a small pea and have ducts, opening into the
vestibule immediately lateral to the attachment of the hymen and
labia minora.
• These glands secrete mucus that keeps the vulva moist.
14. Perineum
• It is roughly triangular area located between the vaginal opening and
anal opening.
• It consists of connective tissue, muscles and fat.
• It gives attachment to the muscles of the pelvic floor.
• It supports and surrounds the lower parts of the urinary and digestive
tracts.
• The perinium also contain an abundance of nerve endings that
make it sensitive to touch.
• An episiotomy is an incision of the perinium used during childbirth for
widening the vaginal opening.
15. Blood supply, lymph drainage and nerve supply
• Arterial supply
This is by branches from the internal pudendal arteries that branch from the
internal iliac arteries and by external pudendal arteries that branch from the
femoral arteries.
• Venous drainage
This forms a large plexus which eventually drains into the internal iliac veins.
• Lymph drainage
This is through the superficial inguinal nodes.
• Nerve supply
This is by branches from pudendal nerves.
16.
17.
18. Vagina
Vagina is a fibromuscular canal / tube that connects external and internal genitalia of
the female. It runs obliquely upwards and backwards from vaginal orifice to cervix at
an angle of about 45° between the bladder in front and rectum and anus behind.
Direction: In the erect posture, the vagina is directed upwards and backwards. Long
axis of uterus and cervix forms an angle of 90° with long axis of vagina.
Relationship:
• The vagina is closely related to many of the organs in the pelvic region:
• Anterior - bladder and urethra.
• Posterior – rectouterine pouch, rectum and anal canal.
• Lateral – ureters and levator ani muscle.
19.
20. Contd…
Size and shape:
The anterior wall of the vagina is about 7.5 cm long and the posterior wall about 9 cm
long. The difference is due to the angle of insertion of the cervix through the anterior wall.
The diameter of the vagina gradually increases from below upwards. The upper end or
vault is roughly 5 cm, twice the size of the lower end (2.5 cm).
In the virgins, the lower end of the vagina is partially closed by a thin annular fold of
mucous membrane called the hymen. In married women, the hymen is torn and
represented by rounded elevations around the vaginal orifice, the caruncular hymenales.
The shape of the vagina is not a round tunnel. In the transverse plane it is more
like an “H” lying on the side. Because anterior and posterior walls – these are
normally collapsed and thus in contact with one another.
22. Contd…
Fornices of vagina:
The interior of the upper end of the vagina or vaginal vault is in the form
of a circular groove that surrounds the protruding cervix. The groove is
divided into four parts called the vaginal fornices. The anterior fornix lies
in front of the cervix and is the shallowest. The posterior fornix lies
behind the cervix and is the deepest. Lateral fornices are one on each side
of cervix.
Posterior fornix is important as it acts like a natural reservoir for semen
after intravaginal ejaculation. The semen retained in the fornix liquefies
in the next 20-30 mins, allowing for easier permeation through the
cervical canal.
23. Histology of the Vagina
Vagina is composed of four histological layers (internal to external):
• Stratified squamous epithelium- innermost layer, this layer provides
protection and is lubricated by cervical mucus from Bartholin glands(the
vagina itself does not contain any glands).
• Elastic lamina propria - a dense connective tissue layer which projects
papillae into the overlying epithelium. The larger veins are located here.
• Fibromuscular layer - comprising two layers of smooth muscle, an inner
circular and an outer longitudinal layer.
• Adventitia - a fibrous layer, which provides additional strength to the
vagina whilst also binding it to surrounding structures.
24. Vascular Supply and Lymphatics
• Arterial supply: The arterial supply to the vagina is via the uterine and
vaginal arteries – both branches of the internal iliac artery.
• Venous drainage: Venous return is by the vaginal venous plexus,
which drains into the internal iliac veins via the uterine vein.
• Lymphatic drainage: Lymphatic drainage is divided into three sections:
Superior – drains to external iliac nodes
Middle – drains to internal iliac nodes
Inferior – drains to superficial inguinal lymph nodes.22)
25.
26. Nerve supply
• Nerve Supply --The lower one-third of the vagina is pain sensitive
and is supplied by deep perineal nerve, a branch of the pudendal
nerve. The upper two-thirds of the vagina are pain insensitive and are
supplied by sympathetic L1, 2 and parasympathetic segments S2 to
S4.
27. Functions of vagina
• Sexual intercourse – receives the penis and ejaculate, assisting in
its transport of sperm to the uterus.
• Childbirth – expands to provide a channel for delivery of a
newborn from the uterus.
• Menstruation – serves as a passage / canal for menstrual fluid
and tissues to leave the body.