Female reproductive system (summary of the external and internal structures). A reference lecture note for nursing students and graduate nurses in clinical practice.
This topic includes menstruation:- its definition, anatomical aspects- follicular growth and atresia, germ cells, premodial follicle; menstrual cycle/ ovarian cycle:- definition, phases- recruitment of groups of follicles (premature phase), selection of dominant follicle and its maturation, ovulation, follicular atresia; Endometrial cycle:- division of endometrium- basal zone, functional zone and its phases- stage of regeneration, stage of proliferation, secretory phase, menstrual phase, mechanism of menstrual bleeding, role of prostaglandins, hormones in relation to ovarian and menstrual cycle, ovulation, luteal-follicular shift, menstrual symptoms, menstrual hygiene, anovular menstruation, artificial postponement; cervical cycle, vaginal cycle and general changes in follicular and luteal phase.
All eutherian mammals possess placenta. Human placenta is discoid, chorio-deciduate organ. Maternal and fetal tissue come in direct contact without rejection. It presents foetal and maternal surfaces and peripheral margins.
This topic includes menstruation:- its definition, anatomical aspects- follicular growth and atresia, germ cells, premodial follicle; menstrual cycle/ ovarian cycle:- definition, phases- recruitment of groups of follicles (premature phase), selection of dominant follicle and its maturation, ovulation, follicular atresia; Endometrial cycle:- division of endometrium- basal zone, functional zone and its phases- stage of regeneration, stage of proliferation, secretory phase, menstrual phase, mechanism of menstrual bleeding, role of prostaglandins, hormones in relation to ovarian and menstrual cycle, ovulation, luteal-follicular shift, menstrual symptoms, menstrual hygiene, anovular menstruation, artificial postponement; cervical cycle, vaginal cycle and general changes in follicular and luteal phase.
All eutherian mammals possess placenta. Human placenta is discoid, chorio-deciduate organ. Maternal and fetal tissue come in direct contact without rejection. It presents foetal and maternal surfaces and peripheral margins.
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
The average age of menarche is 11.75 years.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses.
Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.
This PowerPoint presentation is an overview of the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of diseases, and common disorders of the Reproductive System.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
Maternal Care: Skills workshop Vaginal examination in labourSaide OER Africa
Maternal Care addresses all the common and important problems that occur during pregnancy, labour, delivery and the puerperium. It covers: the antenatal and postnatal care of healthy women with normal pregnancies, monitoring and managing the progress of labour, specific medical problems during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium, family planning, regionalised perinatal care
The female reproductive system provides several functions.
The ovaries produce the egg cells, called the ova or oocytes.
The oocytes are then transported to the fallopian tube where fertilization by a sperm may occur.
The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where the uterine lining has thickened in response to the normal hormones of the reproductive cycle.
Once in the uterus, the fertilized egg can implant into thickened uterine lining and continue to develop.
If implantation does not take place, the uterine lining is shed as menstrual flow.
In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle.
During menopause, the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. At this point, menstrual cycles can become irregular and eventually stop.
One year after menstrual cycles stop, the woman is considered to be menopausal.
The menarche is one of the later stages of puberty in girls. The first period is called menarche . The average age of menarche in humans in 12years, but is normal anywhere between ages 8-16.
A number of physical and psychological changes take place at puberty:- The uterus , the uterine tubes and the ovaries reach maturity.
The menstrual cycle and ovulation begin {menarche},The breast develop and enlarge,Pubic and auxiliary hair begins to grow, Increases in height and widening of the pelvis. Increased fat deposited in the subcutaneous tissue especially at the hips and breasts. The cessation of menstrual cycles at the end of a woman's reproductive life is termed menopause. The average age of menopause in women is 51 years, with anywhere between 40-58 being common.
Menstruation is the periodic discharge of blood and sloughed endometrium (collectively called menses or menstrual flow) through the vagina.
The menstrual cycle is the regular natural change that occur in the female reproductive system (specially the ovaries and uterus) that makes pregnancy possible. This cycle is controlled by hormones, The menstrual cycle occurs because of a complex relationship between hormones from the brain and ovaries. This leads to the development and release of an egg from the ovary (ovulation) and growth of the internal lining (endometrium) of the uterus, to prepare it for pregnancy
Menarche is the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female human beings.
The average age of menarche is 11.75 years.
Menopause is the permanent cessation of menses.
Menopause typically (but not always) occurs in women during their late 40s or early 50s, and signals the end of the fertile phase of a woman's life.
This PowerPoint presentation is an overview of the anatomy, physiology and pathophysiology of diseases, and common disorders of the Reproductive System.
The female reproductive system is made up of the internal and external sex organs that function in reproduction of new offspring. In humans, the female reproductive system is immature at birth and develops to maturity at puberty to be able to produce gametes, and to carry a fetes to full term.
Maternal Care: Skills workshop Vaginal examination in labourSaide OER Africa
Maternal Care addresses all the common and important problems that occur during pregnancy, labour, delivery and the puerperium. It covers: the antenatal and postnatal care of healthy women with normal pregnancies, monitoring and managing the progress of labour, specific medical problems during pregnancy, labour and the puerperium, family planning, regionalised perinatal care
The reproductive organs in female are those which are concerned with copulation, fertilization, growth anddevelopment of the fetus and its subsequent exit to the outer world. the organs are broadly divided into:• External genitalia • Internal genitalia
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptxSwetaba Besh
Explore the fundamentals of the human reproductive system in this concise presentation, suitable for medical students and professionals alike. Covering anatomy, physiology, and Pregnancy, it offers essential knowledge for understanding reproductive health.
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NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
4. THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
• This is sometimes referred to as the VULVA which comes from the Greek word volvere
(meaning to wrap around) or the PUDENDUM.
• The external Genitalia is composed of the following structures:-
• THE MONS PUBIS (mons Veneris)
• THE LABIA (Majora & Minora),
• THE CLITORIS,
• HYMEN.
• THE URETHRAL.
• All these structures are contained in what is referred to as THE VESTIBLE.
5. THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
THE MONS PUBIS
• The Mons pubis is sometimes referred to as the “mountain on the pubis”
or Mons Veneris.
• It is a fatty, rounded area lying over the symphysis pubis.
• It protects the pubic bone.
• After puberty, this area is covered with pubic hair.
6. THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
THE LABIA MAJORA
• These are two elongated hair-covered folds running
posteriorly from the Mons pubis.
• It encloses the vestibule which contains the external
openings of the urethra and vagina.
• Within the vestibule are a pair of glands called the
Bartholin’s Glands (Greater vestibular glands) and the
Skene’s Glands (lesser vestibular glands).
• These two glands secret mucus which lubricates the vagina
& increase sexual arousal.
7. THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
THE LABIA MINORA
• These are two delicate hair-free folds enclosed in the labia majora.
• They lie medially to the labia majora.
• Their folds protects the vagina, urethra, and clitoris.
• They are highly vascularized and are quite sensitive to touch and pressure.
8. THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
THE CLITORIS
• The clitoris is a small, protruding structure that corresponds to the male penis.
• Like the penis, it is hooded by a prepuce and is composed of very sensitive
erectile tissue that becomes swollen with blood during sexual excitement.
• Its main function is for sexual pleasure. Its tip is visible but internally, it branches
into two forks and extends into the rim of the vagina.
• It measures about 4cm long.
9.
10. THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
THE HYMEN
• The Hymen is a thin fold of mucus membrane that separates the lumen of the
vagina from the urethral sinus.
• Sometimes, it may wholly or partially cover the vaginal orifice.
• It can be easily ruptured during strenuous exercise, trauma or sexual intercourse.
• Its “intactness” has been considered a guarantor of virginity in most cultures.
• However, it is a poor indicator to determine whether a woman has actually engaged
in sexual intercourse.
12. THE EXTERNAL GENITALIA
• THE URETHRAL ORIFICE
• The female urethra lies just below the clitoris.
• Although it is not related to sex or reproduction, it is included in the
vulva.
• It is actually used for the passage of urine.
13. THE INTERNAL GENITALIA
• The Female internal Genitalia is composed of the :-
• VAGINA,
• UTERUS,
• FALLOPIAN TUBES (OVIDUTS) and the
• OVARIES.
14. THE INTERNAL GENITALIA
1. THE VAGINA
• The vagina is a collapsible, muscular, hollow tube that extends from the
vestibule or vaginal opening to the cervix of the uterus.
• It is situated between the urinary bladder and the rectum.
• Its wall is lined with squamous epithelium and abundant blood vessels that
lie in transverse folds called RUGAE.
• It is about 7.5cm – 8cm long.
15. THE VAGINA Cont’d..
• It contains muscular layer that allow the vagina to extend
and contract.
• It also contain a mucus membrane which keeps the vagina
protected and moist.
• At the upper end of the vagina, the uterine cervix projects
into the vagina in a portion that appear cup-shaped called
VAULT.
• This forms angles on either sides between the cervix and
vagina called FORNICES.
16. THE VAGINA Cont’d..
• There are 4 Fornices
(arch): ANTERIOR,
POSTERIOR and TWO
LATERAL FORNICES.
17. STRUCTURE OF THE VAGINA
• The vagina is made up 3 layers:-
1. THE OUTER LAYER:- Is of smooth, muscle fibrous tissue that lies in circular & longitudinal
nature.
• It also contain blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.
2. THE MIDDLE LAYER:- Is of elastic connective tissue or muscle. It also contain numerous
blood vessels that gives the vagina pink color.
3. THE INNER LAYER:- Is of mucus, squamous epithelium.
• It is like the modified skin made in small transverse folds called Rugae.
• This rugae allows for stretching and enlargement of the vagina during delivery.
• It also enhance penetration and help with stimulation of penis in coitus.
18. THE VAGINA Cont’d..
RELATIONS OF THE VAGINA
• Anteriorly – Urethra & base of bladder, each occupying 1.2cm of the length of vagina.
• The lower 1/3 of the posterior vaginal wall is related to the perineum.
• The middle 1/3 is related to the rectum.
• The upper 1/3 is related to the Pouch of Douglas ( is the furthest point of the
abdominopelvic cavity in women, it is a site where infection and fluids typically collect. The
recto-uterine pouch is used in the treatment of end-stage renal failure in patients who are
treated by peritoneal dialysis.).
• Above the vagina, is the cervix of uterus
• Laterally, is the pelvic fascia, uterus & levator ani muscles.
19. THE VAGINA Cont’d.
BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE VAGINA
• The descending branch of the uterine artery, vaginal artery and branches of
the pudendal arteries supply blood to the vagina.
• VENOUS DRAINAGE is from the corresponding veins.
• NERVE SUPPLY is from the sympathetic nerves of Lee-Frankenhauser’s plexus
(gangliated autonomic plexus).
• Ganglion (a structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies)
20. THE VAGINA Cont’d.
FUNCTION OF THE VAGINA
• Is the canal for passage of menstrual flow.
• Allows reception of the penis during coitus.
• Is the final passage of the fetus during normal delivery.
• Secrets glycogen (stored carbohydrates )and lubricating fluid to facilitate
penetration during coitus.
• Secrets a bacilli called Doderlien’s bacilli (gram-positive bacterium) that helps
to maintain the normal flora of the vagina.
21. THE VAGINA Cont’d
• FUNCTIONS Cont’d
• The bacilli interacts with the secreted glycogen to produce lactic acid.
• The lactic acid helps to maintain an acidic PH of 4-5 in the vagina.
• The acidity also reduces vaginal susceptibility to infection.
22. 2. THE UTERUS
• The Uterus is a thick-walled, hollow, muscular organ attached to the upper
end of the vagina.
• It appears inverted and pear-
shaped.
• It is located in the true pelvis,
between the bladder and the
rectum.
• The size of the uterus depends on the woman’s developmental and obstetric
status.
23.
24. THE UTERUS Cont’d
• An average non-pregnant nulliparous woman’s uterus is about
7.5cm long, 5cm wide and 2.5cm thick.
• The cavity of the uterus is triangular in shape.
• The uterus is composed of two main parts:-
THE CORPUS(Body) and CERVIX.
• These two sections are separated by a region called ISTHMUS.
• The Isthmus forms the lower segment of the uterus during
pregnancy and labour.
• It measures 0.6cm to 1cm long.
25. THE UTERUS Cont’d.
THE CORPUS (Body)
• The Corpus is the body of the uterus. The upper segment of the corpus is
dome-shaped called FUNDUS.
• The corpus measures 5cm – 6cm long.
• The Uterine wall is composed of 3 layers:-
• THE OUTER LAYER is called the Perimetrium (perineum). It separates the uterus
from the abdominal cavity. It is made up of serous fibrous tissue.
26. THE UTERUS Cont’d.
• THE MIDDLE LAYER is called the Myometrium. It is a thick muscular layer of
about 1.5cm thick.
• It is made up of smooth muscle fibers that are arranged in opposing
directions.
• This arrangement facilitates the arrest of bleeding after delivery.
• THE INNER LAYER is called Endometrium. It is composed of mucus
membrane and a single layer of columnar cells. It contains numerous glands
that secrets mucus.
27. THE UTERUS Cont’d.
THE CERVIX
• The cervix lies below the Isthmus of the uterus. It is about
2.5cm long. It contains two openings.
• The Internal Os (opening) is the upper boundary that
leads into the uterine wall.
• The External Os (opening) is the lower boundary that
projects into the vagina.
• The cervix as a whole is about 2.5 to 3cm long.
28. THE UTERUS Cont’d..
• BLOOD SUPPLY:- Is from the uterine and partly from ovarian arteries.
• VENOUS RETURN:- is from the uterine veins, vaginal veins, ovarian veins
and vertebral plexus.
• NERVE SUPPLY:- Is from the pelvic autonomic nerve of Lee-Frankenhauser’s
plexus.
29. FUNCTIONS OF THE UTERUS
• It responds to hormonal stimulation.
• Prepares to receive and nurture the products of conception
• Helps to expel the products of conception
31. THE FALLOPIAN TUBES
• The Fallopian tubes are also called OVIDUCTS. They are two tubes which
extend from the cornu (horn) of the uterus to the ovaries.
• Each tube is about 10cm – 11cm long.
• They have a small lumen (hole) which
communicates with the uterine cavity
medially, and opens into the peritoneal
cavity laterally.
33. THE FALLOPIAN TUBES Cont’d.
DIVISIONS OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBES
• Each Fallopian tube is divided into 4 portions:-
• THE INTESTITIAL PORTION is the narrowest also called Intramural. It measures 1cm – 2cm long.
• THE ISTHMUS is also a narrow portion of about 2cm – 3cm long. It extends from the cornu of
the uterus.
• THE AMPULLA is the dilated portion of about 5cm long. It extends from the isthmus to the area
called INFUNDIBULUM.
• The Ampulla is where fertilization takes place.
• The Infundibulum is the last portion and appear wide. It is about 2.5cm long. It is composed of
finger-like processes called FIMBRAE. This structure help to propel the ova towards the uterus.
34. THE FALLOPIAN TUBES Cont’d..
FUNCTIONS OF THE TUBES
• They create room for fertilization
• Designed to transport and Propel the ova towards to the site
of fertilization in the uterus.
35. THE FALLOPIAN TUBES Cont’d.
•BLOOD SUPPLY:- Is from the uterine and ovarian arteries
•VENOUS RETURN is from corresponding veins
•NERVE SUPPLY is from the ovarian plexus.
36. THE OVARIES
• The Ovaries are the female sex glands found on either sides of the uterus.
• Each ovary is a solid of about 3.5cm long and about 1.5cm – 2.5cm thick.
• Each ovary weighs about 4 -8gms.
• The ovaries are attached to the back of the broad ligaments by the Mesovarium.
• The point of attachment of the Mesovarium to the uterus is called HILUM.
• All nerves & blood vessels entering and leaving the ovary pass through the hilum.
37. THE OVARIES Cont’d.
STRUCTURE OF THE OVARY
• Each ovary has 3 zones.
• THE OUTER ZONE is called the cortex. It is composed of stroma of the
connective tissue. It contains the Graafian follicles ( fluid-filled structure),
nerves and blood vessels.
• THE MIDDLE LAYER is called the Medulla. It is also composed of
connective tissue and numerous blood vessels and follicles.
38. THE OVARIES Cont’d.
BLOOD SUPPLY is from the ovarian arteries and uterine arteries
VENOUS RETURN is from the corresponding veins
NERVE SUPPLY is from the 10th thoracic nerve.
39. FUNCTIONS OF THE OVARIES
- Production of ova for conception.
- Produces the female sex hormones called Progesterone & Oestrogen.
- The hormones initiates the development of female secondary sexual
characteristics.
- The hormones also play a role in sexual desire in women.
- They are responsible for the development of feminine characteristics such as
shyness, excessive growth of scalp and armpits.
- The hormones also help to maintain pregnancy.