This document provides information on contemporary architecture, including expressionism, modernism, and sustainable architecture. It discusses the expressionist movement in Germany and key expressionist architects and buildings. Modernism is introduced as a reaction to industrialization and a search for new forms of expression. Key philosophies and early modernist figures are outlined. Principles of sustainable design are presented, including reducing resource use, life cycle design, and humane design. The Rookery Building in Chicago is highlighted as an architectural masterpiece incorporating these principles.

1. CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
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EXPRESSIONISM
MODERNISM
SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
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2. CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
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EVOLUTION OF EXPRESSIONISM VIA GERMANY
EXPRESSIONISM

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EXPRESSIONIST MOVEMENT-INTRODUCTION
 Present the world solely from
subjective perspective
 Artists sought to express emotional
experience rather than physical reality
 Characterized reaction against
Positivism, Naturalism and
Impressionism
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
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5. EVOLUTION
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 Julien Auguste Herve called his Art
Exhibition as EXPRESSIONISMES in
1886 while Czech Art historian
Antonin Matejcek coined the term in
1910
 Precursors were Friedrich
Nietzsche, August Stindberg, Walt
Whitman, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Edvard
Munch, Vincent Van Gogh, Sigmund
Freud….
 Die Brucke led by Ernst Ludwig
Kirchev in 1905- founding
expressionist movement
Van Gogh
EXPRESSIONIST MOVEMENT
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Characteristics in ART
 Subjective interpretation, to express
emotions, moods and ideas
 a form of ‘self-expression’ that offer an
individual voice in a world perceive as
both insecure and hostile.
 Use of intense colours
Expressionist movement
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EXPRESSIONIST ARCHITECTURE-Intro - Context
 Expressionist architecture described the activity of the
German, Dutch, Austrian, Czech and Danish avant garde from 1910 until 1930
 Political, economic and artistic shifts called Expressionist movement
especially due to loss in war and depressions
 Arts and Crafts movement and Art Nouveau influenced expressionists
 Constructivism, Futurism and Dada movement had similar expressions
Monument to the March Dead
EXPRESSIONIST MOVEMENT
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ARCHITECTURE CHARACTERS
 Distorted form for emotional
effect, subordination of realism
 Efforts to achieve innovation
 More mineral and elemental
than organic and florid
 Artistic and craftmanship
 Architecture as a work of artprime concept
 Profusion of works on
paper, representation of
concepts rather than pragmatic
products.
 Tendencies towards
Gothic, Romanesque and
Rococo styles.
EXPRESSIONIST MOVEMENT
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ARCHITECTS AND ARCHITECTURE
 Ar. Bruno Taut inspired from
the writings of Friedrich
Nietzsche that resulted Taut’s
Alpine Architecture
“Objects serve psychologically to
mirror the actors' emotions
and gestures."
Erich Mendelshon built Einstein
Tower built to symbolize greatness
of Einstienian concept - 1919
EXPRESSIONIST MOVEMENT
AEG Turbine Factory
Hermann Finsterlin – Art Work
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MATERIAL AND TECHNOLOGY
Brick was used
as inherent nature
of material as
Josef Franke in
 Unify the materials so as to
make it monolithic.
 Collaboration of Bruno Taut
and poet Paul Scheebart
inventing Glass Architecture
Catholic parish
church "HeiligKreuz" at
Gelsenkirchen,
"Coloured glass destroys
hatred","Without a glass
palace life is a
burden","Glass brings us a
new era, building in brick
only does us harm"- Paul
Scheerbart
Einstein
Tower, Mendelshon –
Example of
Expressionist use of
Monolithic materials.
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LEGACY, DECLINE AND REBIRTH
 Influences on Art
Deco -immediate
successor
 21st Cent.
Deconstructivism,
Blobitecture and
works of Calatrava
EXPRESSIONIST MOVEMENT
1930 after Hitlers’ regime
expressionism declined
New Objectivity came as
the reaction to subjective
expressionism
Existenzminimum
philosophy- use of minimal
resources
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NEO EXPRESSIONISM
 Brutalist architecture as typically very
linear, fortresslike and blockish, often
a concrete construction
“Architecture's principal function is
emotion.“ – Ar. Mathias Goeritz
Eero Sarinen – TWA Terminal – organic
forms close to Herman Finsterlin
EXPRESSIONIST MOVEMENT
Sydney Opera House- Jorn Utzon
with the shell structure
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13. OTHER FORMS OF ART
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MUSIC DANCE
Mary Wigman
Rudolf Von Lavan
Pina Bausch-choreographer
Ernst Barlach- sculptor
POETRY and LITERATURE
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

T.S. Eliot
Ernst Stadler
August Stramn
Paul Zech
Gottfried Benn
Alfred Wolfenstein
EXPRESSIONIST MOVEMENT
VISUAL ARTS
Wassily Kandinsky
Edvard Munch- The Scream
Alvar Cawen- The Blind
Musician
Vincent Van Gogh
John Walker
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14. CRITICISM AND DECLINE OF MOVEMENT
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



Movement declined in the late 1920s
The vagueness of its longing for a better world, by its use of highly poetic language
Intensely personal and inaccessible nature of its mode of presentation
Political stability in Germany and growth of social realism
Killed by Nazis rise to the power in 1933 restrained them in exhibiting their work
ART DECO
EXPRESSIONIST MOVEMENT
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15. MODERNISM
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16. INTRO TO MODERN SOCIETY
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 Radical break with the past and the search for new forms of expression.
 Prime factor being the rapid development of modern industrial societies
CLASSICAL AGE
Modernism as a socially
progressive trend of thought that
affirms the power of human to
create, improve and reshape their
environment with the aid of
practical experimentation, scientific
knowledge, or technology
Late 19th cent.– early 20th cent.
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
M
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MODERN AGE
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ORIGIN AND EARLY PERIOD
 Modernism developed out of Romanticism's revolt against the effects of
the Industrial Revolution and bourgeois values
 Industrial Advancement – Crystal Palace 1850 , Eiffel Tower 1889, Brooklyn Bridge
1883 broke all past limitations
Thinkers Charles Darwin
undermined Religious
certainty while Karl Marx
bashed Capitalists’
autocracy
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18. PHILOSOPHY
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RATIONALISM
Scholastic
metaphysical
doctrines were
meaningless
Ideas not only derive
from pure thinking
but by also god
Proponents:
Rene Descartes
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
EMPIRICISM
Knowledge comes via
sensory experience
Proponents :
George Berkeley
Karl Marx
Jean Rousseau
John Locke
IDEALISM
REALITY is a
construct of the mind
or otherwise
immaterial.
Proponents:
Immanuel Kant
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19. PHILOSOPHY
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EXISTENTIALISM
The starting point of
philosophical
thinking must be the
individual and the
experiences of the
individual
Proponents:
Friedrich Neitzsche
Soren Kierkegaard
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
PRAGMATISM
Theory is extracted
from practice, and
applied back to
practice to form
Proponents :
William James
ANALYTIC
PHILOSOPHY
Characterized by an
emphasis on clarity
and argument.
Dominant in 20th
century
Proponents:
Moritz Schlick
Bernard Russell
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BEGINNING,GROWTH AND ADVANCEMENT
 Richard Dedekind (Dedekind cut) and Ludwig Boltzmann(Boltzmann law) mark the
beginning of Modernism while critics argue Immanuel Kant to be the first Modernist
 Sigmund Freud and Friedrich Neitzsche’s philosophy took a turn for modern
thinking
 Evolution of Expressionist Art followed by Constructivist, Cubist, De stjil , fauvism
and other forms of movements
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DEVELOPS AND CONTINUES
 Technology advancement with auto-devices and money oriented society brought
social changes
 Rise of dictators like Adolf Hitler affects artists’ freedom
 World War II brought up social upheavel with radical change in perception of
general people
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DEVELOPMENT
•
Stream of consciousness was the prime literary philosophy of modernism
•
Modernist movement suffered World War I - The traumatic nature altered basic
assumptions, and realistic depiction of life in the arts seemed inadequate
as Erich Maria Remarque's works influenced and forth called importance of
realism that was accepted in the 1920s
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MODERN ARCHITECTURE
 Characterized by simplification of form and an absence of applied decoration
 Efforts to reconcile the principles underlying architectural design with rapid
technological advancement and the modernization of society
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CHARACTERS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE
 Simplicity in form and absence of
intricate decorations
 Notion of Form follows function
 Visual Expression of structure
rather than hiding the structure
 Truth to materials
 Machine asthetics
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FATHER OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE
Louis Henry Sullivan
•
•
•
•
September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924
the creator of the modern skyscraper
a mentor to Frank Lloyd Wright and inspiration to the
Chicago group of architects
Along with Henry Hobson Richardson and
Wright, Sullivan is one of "the recognized trinity of
American architecture"
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26. FORMS OF MODERNISM
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Constructivism
in Soviet Union
 Futurism in Italy
Arts and crafts in
Western Europe
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27. FORMS OF MODERNISM
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Art Nouveau
Expressionism in Germany
New Objectivity
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FORMS OF MODERN ARCHITECTURE
International
Style
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CRITICISM AND NEW IDEA- POST MODERN
 Overly simplistic forms
 Philip Johnson came to admit that he was "bored with the box."
.Siegfried Giedion in the 1961 introduction to his evolving
text, Space, Time and Architecture (first written in 1941), portrays
"At the moment a certain confusion exists in contemporary
architecture, as in painting; a kind of pause, even a kind of
exhaustion."
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30. CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
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INTRO TO SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE
ARCHITECTURE
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
- Sustainability, World Commission 1987
Architecture that seeks to minimize the negative environmental impact
of buildings by efficiency and moderation in the use of
materials, energy, and development space.
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NEEDS IMPORTANCES AND OBJECTIVES
 Economy – Architecture
Growth of economy of country
means numbers of
offices, factories….
Growth of incomes in families lead
to desires for luxuries
 Architects should accept the fact
that as economy increase, increase
in demands occur, that will
increase combined impact on
global ecosystem
 The goal of sustainable design is to
find architectural solutions that
guarantee the well-being and
coexistence of ECO elements
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PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
Economy of Resources is concerned with the reduction, reuse, and recycling of the
natural resources that are input to a building.
Law of resource flow conservation
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PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
Life Cycle Design provides a methodology for analyzing the building process and its
impact on the environment
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PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
• Humane Design focuses on
the interactions between
humans and the natural
world.
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•
•
THE ROOKERY BUILDING
209 South LaSalle Street in
the Loop community
area of Chicago Burnham & Root; Frank
Lloyd Wright; William Drummond;
National Register of Historic Places in
1970 and National Historic Landmark
in 1975 considered as architectural
masterpiece
181 feet (55 m), is twelve stories
The name
• the crows and pigeons that inhabited
its exterior walls; specifically rook bird
• the shady politicians it housed like the
rook
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1871
1885
1888
HISTORY CHRONOLOGICALLY
• After the Great Chicago Fire, the area at the southeast corner of
LaSalle and Adams streets was the location of a water tank, and at
one time City Hall and the first Chicago Public Library.
• Daniel Burnham and John Root were commissioned to design a
building for the Central Safety Deposit Company to be located at
the southeast corner of LaSalle and Adams Streets.
• The Rookery was completed. At eleven stories high – this was one
of the grandest buildings in the world at the time it was built.
• Burnham & Root move their offices to The Rookery.
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1905
1931
HISTORY CHRONOLOGICALLY
•Frank Lloyd Wright was commissioned to update the light court with a more
modern appearance. He encased Root’s iron columns in gilded white marble
and added bronze chandeliers with prismatic glass.
•William Drummond incorporated an Art Deco aesthetic and divided the twostory entrance lobby into separate floors. He replaced Wright’s opengeometric elevator cages with solid bronze doors etched with birds.
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1970
1972
1982
1988
HISTORY CHRONOLOGICALLY
• The Rookery is placed on The National Register of Historic Places.
• The City of Chicago designates The Rookery an official Chicago
Landmark.
• The 100 year lease with the city expired and ownership of The
Rookery reverted back to the city of Chicago.
• L.T. Baldwin III purchases The Rookery with the intent to preserve its
historic grandeur while also adapting it to modern day technologies.
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1992
2008
2011
HISTORY CHRONOLOGICALLY
• Newest, and most extensive, restoration of The Rookery is
complete, garnering numerous awards. A 12th story is added
and the Burnham Library is restored.
• New ownership ushers in a long-term commitment to enhance
and share the historic and architectural heritage of this
beloved place to conduct business in Chicago.
• On November 30, 2011, the Rookery had a lighting event to
showcase the new lights that were added onto the exterior of
the building to highlight its architectural features.
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42. ARCHITECTS AND THEIR WORKS
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Daniel Hudson Burnhum and John
Wellborn Root
 Defining role in Chicago’s
commercial architecture
 Impressed by their own
achievements at The
Rookery, Burnham & Root
moved their offices to the
eleventh floor of the building
 Facilities included a
library, gymnasium, baths, large
drafting room, and commanding
views of the city
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43. RENOVATIONS AND ARCHITECTS
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Frank Llyod Wright
 Removed iron and terra cotta detailing on the central
staircase, balconies, and walls, replacing it with geometric
patterns like that in Root’s oriel stairs - HARMONY
 Replaced the elevator grills with an open geometric cage
 bronze chandeliers with prismatic glass above the central
staircase
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FURTHER RENOVATIONS BY DRUMMOND
WILLIAM DRUMMOND
 Modernize the building and bring in an Art Deco
aesthetic.
 Treated exposed surface with marble, gilded and
incised with stylistic bird motifs.
 Added a staircase that started at the second floor
and protruded into the light court
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BALDWIN DEVELOPMENT CUM MC CLIER ARCHITECTS
 In 1988, L. Thomas Baldwin III
purchased The Rookery for
preservations
 Architect Mc Clier Added a 12th
floor
 Restored the court’s glass
ceiling, protecting it and the light
well by installing a new skylight at
roof level
 The lobbies were re-opened and
reconstructed to the Wright-era
appearance, combining Root’s
volume with Wright’s staircase
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46. ARCHITECTURE OF ROOKERY
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vestibule
Light
court
elevators
Plan of the
first floor
vestibule
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
entry
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47. ASTONISHING ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
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•
Root devised Grillage Foundation
Designed a hybrid structure masonry exterior wall and steel interior supports
Light Court
•Round granite columns at the base
•Lower floors with continuous curtain walls
providing natural light even if other buildings
cast shadow on it
•light court was a stark contrast: a wrought and
cast iron frame that created the airy, bird-cagelike feel
Oriel Staircase
Entrance
winds down
the heavy stone from floor 12 to 2
arches exit door intricate, pattern
Inside, lobbies s and the spiraling
are finished with nature of the steps
white Carrara
is both
marble that
overwhelming and
covered the walls awe-inspiring.
and ceilings
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48. WALT DISNEY CONCERT HALL
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THE CONCERT HALL
111 South Grand Avenue, Los
Angeles, California
Architect : Frank O Gehry
Acoustic Consultant : Nagata
consultants, Yasuhisa Toyota
Owner : Los Angeles County
User : Los Angeles Philharmonic
Construction Cost : $274 million
Capacity : 2265
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50. CONSTRUCTION
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•
•
CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
Projected commenced in 1987 when Lilian Disney
donated $50 million, Gehry delivered completed
design in 1991
Underground parking garage const began in 1992
and completed in 1996 that cost $110 million
Construction delayed due to fundraising causing
financial problem for LA county
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CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE
PLAN
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CROSS SECTION
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•
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ACOUSTIC
Acoustic consultant : Nagata
Acoustics, Inc
Room volume : 30,600cm
Reverberation time :
Unoccupied 2.2sec (at 550Hz)
Occupied
2sec (at 550 Hz)
Finishing Materials:
Ceiling
: Douglas Fir
Wall
: Douglas fir
Floor
: Oak
Seat
: Upholstered
Noise Level : NC- 15
Organ : Rosales Organ Builders, Inc.
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•
•
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REFLECTIVE PROBLEMS
stainless steel given a matte finish and the Founders Room and Children's
Amphitheater were designed with highly polished mirror-like panels
Reflection was amplified by concave shapes causing glare
Resulting heat in nearby condominiums unbearably warm and adjacent sidewalks
temp rose 140 deg
In 2005 these were dulled by lightly sanding the panels to eliminate unwanted glare
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CONCERT ORGAN
German organ builder Caspar Glatter-Götz under the tonal direction and
voicing of Manuel Rosales
Console resemble North German Baroque organ
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