This document provides an overview of art and architecture trends in the Modern Era. It discusses the rise of abstract expressionism in America led by Pollock and de Kooning. It also describes other art movements like pop art popularized by Andy Warhol, op art focusing on optical illusions, minimalism reducing elements down to basic forms, and conceptual art questioning what constitutes a work of art. For architecture, it outlines the modern movement seeking functionalism over decoration and the international style drawing inspiration from machines. Organic architecture pioneered by Frank Lloyd Wright is also summarized.

1. The Modern Era
Art and Architecture
Art
Until the 1940s, the art world was largely in the hands of European
artists, so much so that if an American artist wanted to get anywhere,
he or she would have had to stay in Europe for several years just to
have credibility. The artists who didn’t want to or couldn’t go to Europe
weren’t taken seriously, and as a result, stopped trying to appeal to a
mass audience. These artists turned to each other instead for
appreciation, and that resulted in a more complex artistic philosophy.
Soon, they began to look at the ideology of abstract artists such as
André Breton and Wassily Kandinsky. These philosophies were
internalized and when many forward-thinking artists were chased from
Europe to America by the Nazis, the market only grew.
Abstract expressionism was the first truly American art style to gain
international esteem. It sprang from inspirations such as dreams,
ancient inscriptions, and cave paintings, which were just starting to be
discovered. There was a huge emphasis on the subconscious. Jackson
Pollock and Willem de Kooning (Dutch-born, but raised in the US) were
the pioneers of this new American movement. In the realm of abstract
expressionism there were many different styles.
Lucifer by Jackson Pollock (Click to Enlarge)
While not a strictly American creation, the Art Deco style was hugely
popular, and in a way, a reaction to other, less openly decorative
styles. Art Deco was a rebirth of older styles, as well foreign ones,
such as the use of geometric patterns like in Islamic art. However, Art
Deco had one inspiration in particular that stood out from the rest of
the old styles: the tomb of King Tutankhamen, a goldmine of artistic
inspiration. Howard Carter’s discovery rocked the modern imagination
and architectural world. New additions to the style included the

2. modern designs of cogs and wheels, however it was also famous for
employing stylized sunburst designs quite effectively. Art Deco was
luxurious and dramatic, and was therefore popularized by hotels,
restaurants and theaters in particular.
Tomato canvas from Campbell's Soup Cans by Andy Warhol (1962)
Pop art was based on the emotional connection to popular images
(largely, these were borrowed from the mass media and other
commercial sources). When artists elevated the mundane to the
position of art, people were forced to evaluate their culture in an
entirely new way. The most famous American pop artist was Andy
Warhol. His soup cans became an almost universally recognized
image.
Op art relied on optical illusions and mind-bending geometric patterns.
The apparent goal was to fool the eye and attempt to provide a deeper
understanding of how the mind “sees.” This drew on the same
concepts as MC Escher did, but was a very different thing.

3. Die Fahne Hoch! by Frank Stella (1959) (Click to Enlarge)
Minimalism was the logical progression of the idea contained in many
abstract styles, the reduction of subject matter. Minimalists simplified
art to the point that some questioned whether or not it really was art,
but there was always something that remained somewhat curious
about these pieces.
Conceptual art was another style that, while quite far from
minimalism, was subject to the same criticism. Conceptual art was
often installation art, but often so ordinary, or unremarkable that it
was ridiculed. One example of conceptual art is a pile of bricks,
displayed in a gallery. There was also a pile of lumber.
Architecture
The modern movement saw an end to the complex decorative
architecture of the industrial era. It was an endeavor to bring a new
concept of functionalism to the table, using new materials. They also
saw the turn of century as the dawn of a new age, of “modern man,”
which caused a conscious effort toward the philosophy of “out with
the old, in with the new.”
The new style of building sought to create decoration in the structure
of the building itself. But some architects saw even that as tacky, and
instead designed excessively dull buildings, which were so flat and

4. unadorned, it would require no great leap of the imagination to believe
that the source of inspiration was a cardboard box.
The mechanistic philosophy was that, in this new era, technnology and
art should flow seamlessly together. The guiding principle being that
an artist should know the tools by which society sustained itself, and
with this knowledge, create a uniform and homogeneous environment.
The Einstein Observatory
This idea of conscious movement forward was called futurism, which
manifested itself in some truly bizarre ways, such as the Einstein
observatory, which looks like something out of a 1950s alien movie.
The “international style” was one of the most revolutionary
architectural styles to appear in the modern era. It was founded on the
idea that, in the age of machines, the only way to design a building
that appealed to the modern sensibility was to look not at the
classical arches and domes, but at the mechanical workings of ships,
planes, turbines, and even grain elevators, which one architect
described as “indexes to the 20th-century imagination.” Drawing on
these sources for inspiration, architects created buildings known for
their “severe” precision, austerely pristine surfaces, and purity of
color.

5. An International Style building
Another unique style originated in the United States at this time (most
other styles came from various European countries). It was called
organic architecture. It defined itself with a few key principles: the
reduction to a minimum number of rooms and the definition of them by
walls and doorways; close association of buildings to the
environments they were built in by means of large, prominent planes
parallel to the ground, the free flow of space, unimpeeded by
disruptive box-like enclosures. The resulting structures, while clearly
separable from their surroundings, looked incredibly natural due to
their overall structure and use of local materials like rock and wood,
along with glass which, from the inside, allowed one to see the outside
from almost any point, and from the outside, reflected the
surroundings. The pioneer of this style was Frank Lloyd Wright (1867-
1959), who initially had frustrations trying to gain acceptance for his
new style, but eventually found success, and is even now becoming
more appreciated.
By the 1960s, dissatisfaction with the modern movement began to
appear. Opponents of the style claimed had caused aesthetic harm to
historical cities, and failed to create a warm atmosphere in new cities.
This is when the modern architectural era ended.

6. Art History Timeline: Western Art Movements and Their Impact
Fresco painting in St. Charles's church in Vienna
The foundation of art history can be traced back tens of thousands of
years to when ancient civilizations used available techniques and
media to depict culturally significant subject matter. Since these early
examples, a plethora of art movements have followed, each bearing
their own distinct styles and characteristics that reflect the political
and social influences of the period from which they emerged.
Influential genres of art from the Renaissance to the rise
of Modernism have undoubtedly made their mark on history. With many
artists today like Banksy, Kerry James Marshall, Mickalene Thomas,
and Kehinde Wiley consistently infusing art historical references into
contemporary works, understanding the historical context and
significance of each period and movement is critical for collectors and
art enthusiasts alike. Below is a comprehensive art movements
timeline that explores the characteristics, leading contributors, and
important influences of each prominent period in the history of
Western art.

7. A Concise Timeline of WESTERN ART HISTORY
1. Prehistoric Art~40,000–4,000 B.C.
Lascaux cave paintings, Paleolithic era
2. Ancient Art30,000 B.C.–A.D. 400
Mesopotamia, Code of Hammurabi, 1754 B.C.

8. 3. MedievalA.D. 500–A.D. 1400
Cimabue, Crucifix, 1288
4. Renaissance1400–1600
Raphael, The School of Athens, 1511

9. 5. Mannerism1527–1580
Bronzino, Venus, Cupid, Folly and Time, 1540
6. Baroque1600–1750
Caravaggio, The Calling of St Matthew, 1600

10. 7. Rococo1699–1780
Antoine Watteau, Embarkation for Cythera, 1718
8. Neoclassicism1750–1850
Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps, 1801

11. 9. Romanticism1780–1850
William Blake, The Ghost of a Flea, 1820
10. Realism1848–1900
Jean-François Millet, The Gleaners, 1857

12. 11. Art Nouveau1890–1910
Alphonse Mucha, Princess Hyacinth, 1911
12. Impressionism1865–1885
Claude Monet, Impression, Sunrise, 1899

13. 13. Post-Impressionism1885–1910
Georges Seurat, A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande
Jatte, 1886
14. Fauvism1900–1935
Henri Matisse, Woman with a Hat, 1905

14. 15. Expressionism1905–1920
Edvard Munch, The Dance of Life, 1900
16. Cubism1907–1914
Georges Braque, Violin and Palette, 1909

15. 17. Surrealism1917–1950
René Magritte, The Son of Man, 1964
18. Abstract Expressionism1940–1950s
Jackson Pollock, Autumn Rhythm (Number 30), 1950

16. 19. Op Art1950s–1960s
Bridget Riley, Blaze, 1964
20. Pop Art1950s–1960s
Andy Warhol, Campbell's Soup Cans, 1962

17. 21. Arte Povera1960s
Mario Merz, Giap’s Igloo, 1968
22. Minimalism1960s–1970s
Frank Stella, Black Series I, 1967

18. 23. Conceptual Artmid-1960s–mid-1970s
Joseph Kosuth, One and Three Chairs, 1965
24. Contemporary Art1970–present
Jeff Koons, Michael Jackson and Bubbles, 1988

19. Prehistoric Art (~40,000–4,000 B.C.)
The origins of art history can be traced back to the Prehistoric era,
before written records were kept. The earliest artifacts come from the
Paleolithic era, or the Old Stone Age, in the form of rock carvings,
engravings, pictorial imagery, sculptures, and stone arrangements.
Art from this period relied on the use of natural pigments and stone
carvings to create representations of objects, animals, and rituals that
governed a civilization’s existence. One of the most famous examples
is that of the Paleolithic cave paintings found in the complex caves of
Lascaux in France. Though discovered in 1940, they’re estimated to be
up to 20,000 years old and depict large animals and vegetation from
the area.
Ancient Art (4,000 B.C.–A.D. 400)
Unknown, Code of Hammurabi, circa 1792 and circa 1750 B.C. Image
via Wikimedia Commons.

20. Ancient art was produced by advanced civilizations, which in this case
refers to those with an established written language. These
civilizations included Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and those of the
Americas.
The medium of a work of art from this period varies depending on the
civilization that produced it, but most art served similar purposes: to
tell stories, decorate utilitarian objects like bowls and weapons,
display religious and symbolic imagery, and demonstrate social status.
Many works depict stories of rulers, gods, and goddesses.
One of the most famous works from ancient Mesopotamia is the Code
of Hammurabi. Created around 1792 B.C., the piece bears a Babylonian
set of laws carved in stone, adorned by an image of King Hammurabi—
the sixth King of Babylonia—and the Mesopotamian god, Shabash.
Medieval Art (500–1400)
Simone Martini. Sold for $4,114,500 via Sotheby’s (January 2012).

21. The Middle Ages, often referred to as the “Dark Ages,” marked a period
of economic and cultural deterioration following the fall of the Roman
Empire in 476 A.D. Much of the artwork produced in the early years of
the period reflects that darkness, characterized by grotesque imagery
and brutal scenery. Art produced during this time was centered around
the Church. As the first millennium passed, more sophisticated and
elaborately decorated churches emerged; windows and silhouettes
were adorned with biblical subjects and scenes from classical
mythology.
This period was also responsible for the emergence of the illuminated
manuscript and Gothic architecture style. Definitive examples of
influential art from this period include the catacombs in Rome, Hagia
Sophia in Istanbul, the Lindisfarne Gospels, one of the best-known
examples of the illuminated manuscript, and Notre Dame, a Parisian
cathedral and prominent example of Gothic architecture.
Renaissance Art (1400–1600)

22. Raffaello Sanzio da Urbin, The School of Athens, 1511.
This style of painting, sculpture, and decorative art was characterized
by a focus on nature and individualism, the thought of man as
independent and self-reliant. Though these ideals were present in the
late Medieval period, they flourished in the 15th and 16th centuries,
paralleling social and economic changes like secularization.
The Renaissance reached its height in Florence, Italy, due in large part
to the Medici, a wealthy merchant family who adamantly supported
the arts and humanism, a variety of beliefs and philosophies that
places emphasis on the human realm. Italian designer Filippo
Brunelleschi and sculptor Donatello were key innovators during this
period.
The High Renaissance, which lasted from 1490 to 1527, produced
influential artists such as da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael, each of
whom brought creative power and spearheaded ideals of emotional
expression. Artwork throughout the Renaissance was characterized by
realism, attention to detail, and precise study of human anatomy.
Artists used linear perspective and created depth through intense
lighting and shading. Art began to change stylistically shortly after the
High Renaissance, when clashes between the Christian faith and
humanism gave way to Mannerism.

23. Mannerism (1527–1580)
Follower of Giorgio Vasari, The Holy Family, 17th century.
Mannerist artists emerged from the ideals of Michelangelo, Raphael,
and other Late Renaissance artists, but their focus on style and
technique outweighed the meaning of the subject matter. Often,
figures had graceful, elongated limbs, small heads, stylized features
and exaggerated details. This yielded more complex, stylized
compositions rather than relying on the classical ideals of harmonious
composition and linear perspective used by their Renaissance
predecessors.
Some of the most celebrated Mannerist artists include Giorgio Vasari,
Francesco Salviati, Domenico Beccafumi, and Bronzino, who is widely
considered to be the most important Mannerist painter in Florence
during his time.

24. Baroque (1600–1750)
Caravaggio, The Calling of Saint Matthew, circa 1599-1600.
The Baroque period that followed Mannerism yielded ornate, over-the-
top visual arts and architecture. It was characterized by grandeur and
richness, punctuated by an interest in broadening human intellect and
global discovery. Baroque artists were stylistically complex.
Baroque paintings were characterized by drama, as seen in the iconic
works of Italian painter Caravaggio and Dutch painter Rembrandt.
Painters used an intense contrast between light and dark and had
energetic compositions matched by rich color palettes.

25. Rococo (1699–1780)
Antoine Watteau, The Embarkation for Cythera 1717.
Rococo originated in Paris, encompassing decorative art, painting,
architecture, and sculpture. The aesthetic offered a softer style of
decorative art compared to Baroque’s exuberance. Rococo is
characterized by lightness and elegance, focusing on the use of
natural forms, asymmetrical design, and subtle colors.
Painters like Antoine Watteau and Francois Boucher used
lighthearted treatments, rich brushwork, and fresh colors. The Rococo
style also easily translated to silver, porcelain, and French furniture.
Many chairs and armoires featured curving forms, floral designs, and
an expressive use of gilt.

26. Neoclassicism (1750–1850)
Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon Crossing the Alps, 1801.
As its name suggests, the Neoclassical period drew upon elements
from classical antiquity. Archaeological ruins of ancient civilizations in
Athens and Naples that were discovered at the time reignited a
passion for all things past, and artists strove to recreate the great
works of ancient art. This translated to a renewed interest in classical
ideals of harmony, simplicity, and proportion.
Neoclassical artists were influenced by classical elements; in
particular, a focus on idealism. Inevitably, they also included modern,
historically relevant depictions in their works. For example, Italian
sculptor Antonio Canova drew upon classical elements in his marble
sculptures, but avoided the cold artificiality that was represented in
many of these early creations.

27. Romanticism (1780–1850)
William Blake, The Descent of Man into the Vale of Death.
Romanticism embodies a broad range of disciplines, from painting to
music to literature. The ideals present in each of these art forms
reject order, harmony, and rationality, which were embraced in both
classical art and Neoclassicism. Instead, Romantic artists emphasized
the individual and imagination. Another defining Romantic ideal was
an appreciation for nature, with many turning to plein air painting,
which brought artists out of dark interiors and enabled them to paint
outside. Artists also focused on passion, emotion, and sensation over
intellect and reason.
Prominent Romantic painters include Henry Fuseli, who created
strange, macabre paintings that explored the dark recesses of human
psychology, and William Blake, whose mysterious poems and images
conveyed mystical visions and his disappointment in societal
constraints.

28. Realism (1848–1900)
Jean-François Millet, The Gleaners, 1857.
Arguably the first modern art movement, Realism, began in France in
the 1840s. Realism was a result of multiple events: the anti-Romantic
movement in Germany, the rise of journalism, and the advent of
photography. Each inspired new interest in accurately capturing
everyday life. This attention to accuracy is evident in art produced
during the movement, which featured detailed, life-like depictions of
subject matter.
One of the most influential leaders of the Realist movement is Gustave
Courbet, a French artist committed to painting only what he could
physically see.

29. Art Nouveau (1890–1910)
Alphonse Mucha, Princess Hyazinthe, 1911.
Art Nouveau, which translates to “New Art,” attempted to create an
entirely authentic movement free from any imitation of styles that
preceded it. This movement heavily influenced applied arts, graphics,
and illustration. It focused on the natural world, characterized by long,
sinuous lines and curves.
Influential Art Nouveau artists worked in a variety of media, including
architecture, graphic and interior design, jewelry-making, and painting.
Czechoslovakian graphic designer Alphonse Mucha is best-known for
his theatrical posters of French actress Sarah Bernhardt. Spanish
architect and sculptor Antoni Gaudi went beyond focusing on lines to
create curving, brightly-colored constructions like that of the Basilica
de la Sagrada Familia in Barcelona.

30. Impressionism (1865–1885)
Claude Monet, Impression, Sunrise, 1872.
Impressionist painters sought to capture the immediate impression of
a particular moment. This was characterized by short, quick
brushstrokes and an unfinished, sketch-like feel. Impressionist artists
used modern life as their subject matter, painting situations like dance
halls and sailboat regattas rather than historical and mythological
events.
Claude Monet, a French artist who spearheaded the idea of expressing
one’s perceptions before nature, is virtually synonymous with the
Impressionist movement. His notable works include The Water Lily
Pond (1899), Woman with a Parasol (1875), and Impression,
Sunrise (1872), from which the name of the movement itself is derived.

31. Post-Impressionism (1885–1910)
George Seurat, A Sunday on the Island of La Grande Jatte,
Post-Impressionist painters worked independently rather than as a
group, but each influential Post-Impressionist painter had similar
ideals. They concentrated on subjective visions and symbolic,
personal meanings rather than observations of the outside world. This
was often achieved through abstract forms.
Post-Impressionist painters include Georges Seurat, noted for
his pointillism technique that used small, distinct dots to form an
image. Vincent van Gogh is also considered a Post-Impressionist
painter, searching for personal expression through his art, often
through rugged brushstrokes and dark tones.

32. Fauvism (1900–1935)
Henri Matisse, Woman With a Hat, 1905.
Led by Henri Matisse, Fauvism built upon examples from Vincent van
Gogh and George Seurat. As the first avant-garde, 20th-century
movement, this style was characterized by expressive use of intense
color, line, and brushwork, a bold sense of surface design, and flat
composition.
As seen in many of the works of Matisse himself, the separation of
color from its descriptive, representational purpose was one of the
core elements that shaped this movement. Fauvism was an important
precursor of Cubism and Expressionism.

33. Expressionism (1905–1920)
Edvard Munch, The Dance of Life, 1899.
Expressionism emerged as a response to increasingly conflicted world
views and the loss of spirituality. Expressionist art sought to draw
from within the artist, using a distortion of form and strong colors to
display anxieties and raw emotions. Expressionist painters, in a quest
for authenticity, looked for inspiration beyond that of Western art and
frequented ethnographic museums to revisit native folk traditions
and tribal art.
The roots of Expressionism can be traced to Vincent van Gogh, Edvard
Munch, and James Ensor. Prominent groups including Die Brücke (The
Bridge) and Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) formed so artists could
publish works and express their ideals collectively.

34. Cubism (1907–1914)
Violin and Palette, Georges Braque, 1909.
Cubism was established by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque, who
rejected the concept that art should copy nature. They moved away
from traditional techniques and perspectives; instead, they created
radically fragmented objects through abstraction. Many Cubist
painters’ works are marked by flat, two-dimensional surfaces,
geometric forms or “cubes” of objects, and multiple vantage points.
Often, their subjects weren’t even discernible.

35. Surrealism (1916–1950)
René Magritte, The Son of Man, 1964.
Surrealism emerged from the Dada art movement in 1916, showcasing
works of art that defied reason. Surrealists denounced the rationalist
mindset. They blamed this thought process on events like World War I
and believed it to repress imaginative thoughts. Surrealists were
influenced by Karl Marx and theories developed by Sigmund Freud,
who explored psychoanalysis and the power of imagination.
Influential Surrealist artists like Salvador Dalí tapped into the
unconscious mind to depict revelations found on the street and in
everyday life. Dalí’s paintings in particular pair vivid and bizarre
dreams with historical accuracy.

36. Abstract Expressionism (1940s–1950s)
Shaped by the legacy of Surrealism, Abstract Expressionism emerged
in New York after WWII. It’s often referred to as the New York School
or action painting. These painters and abstract sculptors broke away
from what was considered conventional, and instead used spontaneity
and improvisation to create abstract works of art. This included
colossally-scaled works whose size could no longer be accommodated
by an easel. Instead, canvases would be placed directly upon the floor.
Celebrated Abstract Expressionist painters include Jackson Pollock,
known for his unique style of drip painting, and Mark Rothko, whose
paintings employed large blocks of color to convey a sense of
spirituality.
Op Art (1950s–1960s)
Heightened by advances in science and technology as well as an
interest in optical effects and illusions, the Op art (short for “optical”
art) movement launched with Le Mouvement, a group exhibition at
Galerie Denise Rene in 1955. Artists active in this style used shapes,
colors, and patterns to create images that appeared to be moving or
blurring, often produced in black and white for maximum contrast.
These abstract patterns were meant to both confuse and excite the
eye.
English artist Bridget Riley is one of the most prominent Op Art
practitioners. Her 1964 artwork Blaze features zigzag black and white
lines that create the illusion of a circular decent.

37. Pop Art (1950s–1960s)
Andy Warhol. Sold for $17,327,500 via Sotheby’s (May 1998).
Pop art is one of the most recognizable artistic developments of the
20th century. The movement transitioned away from methods used in
Abstract Expressionism, and instead used everyday, mundane objects
to create innovative works of art that challenged consumerism and
mass media. This introduction to identifiable imagery was a shift from
the direction of modernism.
Pop artists like Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein sought to establish
the idea that art can draw from any source and there is no hierarchy of
culture to disrupt that. Perhaps the most famous pop culture work of
art is Warhol’s Campbell’s Soup Cans production.

38. Arte Povera (1960s)
Translating literally to “poor art,” Arte Povera challenged modernist,
contemporary systems by infusing commonplace materials into
creations. Artists used soil, rocks, paper, rope, and other earthen
elements to evoke a pre-industrial sentiment. As a result, many of the
notable works during this movement are sculptural.
Italian artist Mario Merz, in conjunction with other Italian artists such
as Giovanni Anselmo and Alighiero Boetti, created anti-elitist works by
drawing upon materials from everyday life. His 1968 Giap’s Igloo, one
of what would soon become his signature series of igloos, focused on
his occupations with the necessities of life: shelter, warmth, and food.
Minimalism (1960s–1970s)
The Minimalist movement emerged in New York as a group of younger
artists began to question the overly expressive works of Abstract
Expressionist artists. Minimalist art instead focused on anonymity,
calling attention to the materiality of works. Artists urged viewers to
focus on precisely what was in front of them, rather than draw
parallels to outside realities and emotive thoughts through the use of
purified forms, order, simplicity, and harmony.
American artist Frank Stella was of the earliest adopters of
Minimalism, producing nonrepresentational paintings, as seen in
his Black Paintings completed between 1958 and 1960. Each features
a pattern of rectilinear stripes of uniform width printed in metallic
black ink.
Conceptual Art (1960s–1970s)
Conceptual art completely rejected previous art movements, and
artists prized ideas over visual components, creating art in the from of
performances, ephemera, and other forms. Polish performance artist
Ewa Partum’s Active Poetry consisted of her scattering single
alphabet letters across various landscapes. American artist Joseph
Kosuth explored the production and role of language within art, as
seen in his 1965, One and Three Chairs. In it, he represents one chair

39. in three different ways to represent different meanings of the same
object. Because this type of art focused on ideas and concepts, there
was no distinct style or form.
Contemporary Art (1970–present)
The 1970s marked the beginning of contemporary art, which extends
through present day. This period is dominated by various schools and
smaller movements that emerged.
 Postmodernism: In reaction against modernism, artists created
works that reflected skepticism, irony, and philosophical critiques.
 Feminist art: This movement arose in an attempt to transform
stereotypes and break the model of a male-dominated art history.
 Neo Expressionism: Artists sought to revive original aspects of
Expressionism and create highly textural, expressive, large works.
 Street art: Artists such as Keith Haring, Jean-Michel Basquiat, Barry
McGee, Banksy, and more created graffiti-like art on surfaces in
public places like sidewalks, buildings, and overpasses.
 The Pictures Generation: Artists Cindy Sherman, Louise Lawler,
Gary Simmons, and others who were influenced by Conceptual and
Pop art experimented with recognizable imagery to explore images
shaped our perceptions of the world.
 Appropriation art: This movement focused on the use of images in
art with little transformation from their original form.
 Young British Artists (YBA): This group of London artists were
notorious for their willingness to shock audiences through their
imagery, and a willingness to push beyond limits of decency. They’re
also known for their zestful, entrepreneurial spirit.
 Digital art: The advent of the camera lent way to this artistic
practice that allowed artists to use the infusion of art and
technology to create with mediums like computers, audio and visual
software, sound, and pixels.

40. VIEW FULL INFOGRAPHIC
Art movements throughout the history of Western art have offered a
swath of diverse, influential styles, techniques, and media across the
globe. Each movement shed light on distinctive painting, sculpture,
architectural achievements, and other defining works. Understanding
the timeline of art history and how each period has influenced later
movements is paramount to building a thoughtful, cohesive collection.
Sources: The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Owlcation | Encyclopedia
Britannica | History | The Art Story | Oxford Art Online | ThoughtCo.