Expressionism architecture developed in early 20th century Europe as artists sought new ways to convey emotional and spiritual ideas through abstract and distorted forms. Key characteristics included biomorphic shapes inspired by nature, asymmetric designs, and use of new materials like concrete and glass. Prominent expressionist architects included Erich Mendelsohn, Fritz Höger, Peter Behrens, and Rudolf Steiner. Mendelsohn's Einstein Tower and Höger's Chilehaus used innovative brick designs to distort forms for emotional effect. Steiner's Goetheanums in Dornach fused architecture, sculpture, color and space to convey spiritual concepts of metamorphosis.

1. Expressionism Architecture
"Colored glass destroys hatred",
"Without a glass palace life is a
burden", "Glass brings us a new
era, building in brick only does
us harm"-
Paul Scheerbart
Glass Pavlian,1914
(Bruno Tayt)

2. What is Expressionism?
 Expressionism is a term that artises in the early 20th
century around a group of painters, mainly German
and centered in Munich, who sought to convey deep
emotional content using significant amounts of
abstraction but without losing figural subject matter.
 Color played a major role in their work. They also
sought to convey a new and different kind of
emotional content, often verging on complex
psychology and psychic struggle.

3. Expressionism is
Expressionism is the way of expressing
something in and around something that
you feel emotionally, from all the things
that happen pheomenally.

4. Expressionism is not a clearly defined term and may
have more than one definition. It can often
overlap other kinds of content and formal choices.
Nevertheless, there is a certain quality about it
that usually allows us to recognize it.
Expressionist forms are often sculptural,
sometimes irrational, usually personal and
idiosyncratic. But they are also often distorted.
The notion of identifying “expressive” qualities in a
building is not necessarily the same as identifying

5. Expressionistic form can also convey spirituality
as well as psychology and it is important to
evaluate a potentially expressionist form
carefully before pronouncing a verdict.

6. Expressionism architecture
An architectural movement that developed in
Europe during the first decades of the 20th
century.
The term "Expressionist architecture" initially
described
the activity of the German, Dutch, Austrian,
Czech and

7. Characteristics
 Arts and Crafts movement and Art
Nouveau influenced expressionists
 Art nouveau, principally a decorative
convention
 turned to bionic and geomorphic forms.

8. Caspar David
Friedich’s Das
Eismeer
(The Sea of Ice)
1921, Walter
Gropius's
Monument to the
March Dead

9. expressionistic” qualities. A building may convey
some intentional meaning through its
form(“expressive”).

10. Sydney Opera house
1957-73 (Jorn Utzon)
Lotus Temple,1986
(fariborz sahba)

11. Distorted form for emotional effect,
subordination of realism

12. Haus Duldeck in Dornash
1915 (Rodolf Steiner &Hermann
Ranzenberger)

13. An underlying effort at achieving the new,
original,and visionary.

14. Einstein Tower in Potsdam
near Berlin,1919-22
(Erich mendelson)

15. Themes of natural romantic phenomena, such as caves,
mountains, lightning, crystal and rock formations. As
such it
is more mineral and elemental than florid and organic
which
characterized its close contemporary art nouveau.

16. JFK International Airport in New York,
1956-62
(Eero Saarinen)
National Museum of the
American Indian,2004
(Douglas Cardinal‘s)

17.  Forms in something more gothic rather than
classic, which
 resulted in forms and shapes that are
individualistic from the
 other forms of architecture around that time
 Expressionist use of Monolithic materials.

18. Hohenzollernplatz
Church berlin 1930
(fritz höger(

19. Grundtvig's Church,
1927
(Peder
Vihelm&Jensen
klint)

20. Expressionism Architects
Erich Mendelsohn
Fritz Höger
Peter Behrens
Rodulf Stiener

21. Erich Mendelsohn

22. Erich Mendelsohn
 (21 March 1887 – 15 September 1953)
 was a German architect, known for his expressionist
architecture in the 1920s, as well as for developing a dynamic
functionalism in his projects for department stores and cinemas
 One of the most important of the architects who are considered to
be expressionists is Erich Mendelsohn who turned out countless
drawings that are essentially thumbnail sketches of buildings based
on the expressive capacity of form.
 Mendelsohn also found music to be a major source of inspiration for
his work and made drawings that in essence expressed the content
of specific musical works.

23. Architecture career
 At the end of 1918, upon his return from World War I , he
settled his practice in Berlin. The Einsteinturm and the hat
factory in Luckenwalde established his reputation
 The Hat Factory was commissioned in 1921, Mendelsohn's
design included four production halls, a boiler, a turbine
house, two gatehouses and a dyeing hall
 As early as 1924 Wasmuths Monatshefte für
Baukunst produced a booklet about his work. In that same
year, along with LudwigMies van der Rohe and Waltar
Gropius , he was one of the founders of the progressive
architectural group known as Der ring

24. Buildings

25. Steinberg hat factory, Herrmann & Co, Luckenwalde (1921-1923) with a strict

26. Schocken department store,Nuremberg (1925-1926)

27. Einstein Tower

28.  The Einstein Tower (German: Einsteinturm) is an
astrophysical observatory in the Albert Einsein
Science Park in Potsdam, Germanybuilt by Ericch
Mendelson. It was built on the summit
ofthePotsdam Telegraophenberg to house a
solertelescope
 The exterior was originally conceived in concrete,
but due to construction difficulties with the complex
design and shortages from the war, much of the
building was actually realized in brick, covered with
stucco.

29.  The complexity of shapes that make up the tower reflects on
the one hand, a great sense of artistic freedom and, secondly,
follows the ideas of Mendelsohn on what he called "functional
dynamics", although it never came to define objectively, can
be interpreted in their works in general as a clear desire for
continuous and integrated forms.
 Continuing its forms modulate the light throughout the day by
generating a series of unique and original futuristic visions. It
is considered not only an advanced lab but also a monument
"firmly supported on the ground but also ready to fly or take a
leap," a product of the aerodynamic shapes that compose it.

32. Fritz Höger

33. Fritz Höger
 (12 June 1877 – 21 June 1949)
 was a German architect from Bekeneihe
 he became known for his Brick
Expressionist style of architecture.

34. Architecture career
 Höger is renowned for his use of Brick, in
particular Brick Expressionism. Höger opened his
own architecture office in 1907,
 he received many commissions for private homes
around Hamburg. It was during this time that
Höger established his style with the use of bricks
 n 1920 Höger published "The essence of the
modern brick building" with Fritz Schumacher

35. Buildings

36. Hohenzollernplatz Church berlin ,1930

37. Chilehausin Hamburg, 1924

38.  The modern design was much under debate
already long before the constructions started.
 The basic structure of the church is a concrete
skeleton, clad by the façades, finely structured on
the long sides and of even masonry on the narrow
sides
 The entrance at the western side is flanked both
sides by the cladding of the two round staircases.
A semicircular flight of stairs leads to
the ogival main portal.
 The ogival form of the girders grants the interior a
kind of Gothic

40. Peter Behrens

41. Peter Behrens
 (14 April 1868 – 27 February 1940)
 was a German architect and designer. He was
important for the modernist movement, and
several of the movement's leading names
(including Ludwig Mies van der rohe,Le
Corbusier and Walter Gropius) in earlier
stages of their careers.

42. Buildings

43. AEG Turbine Factory, 1908–1909

44. Rudolf Steiner

45. Rudolf Steiner
 (27 February 1861 – 30 March 1925)
 was an Austrian phelosopher,social reformer ,architect and
esoterist.
 One of the most fascinating and important of the architects
who are usually named as expressionists
 A man who called himself a spiritual scientist
 He edited the scientific works of the German Romantic poet
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
 In his research on Goethe, he became aware of Goethe’s
theory of color and his plant studies leading to the concept of
metamorphosis.

46. Buildings

47. First Goetheanum Dornach, Switzerland ,1919

48.  The first Goetheanum, a monumental double-domed
wooden structure, richly carved and
painted
 made of reinforced concrete
 based on an architectural concept in which each
element, form and color bears an inner relation to
the whole and the whole flows organically into its
single elements in a process of metamorphosis.
 was destroyed by fire in 1922

51. Second Goetheanum,Dornach Switzerland,1928

52.  In 1924 Rudolf Steiner presented his model for a second
Goetheanum – the present one – made of reinforced
concrete
 it was the first large-scale building to employ this material for
sculptural forms
 High colored windows and the central west window indicate
the large Main Auditorium and emphasise the uniqueness of
its artistic and architectural qualities. A glance inside – reveal
the expressive power of architecture, interior design, color
and space.
 The Goetheanum is like a work of sculpture or a living thing.
It is a center for Culture and encounter.

54. Done By
Yazid Hamoda
Al-Albayt University
Facility of engineering
Department of Architecture
Student No :1300703006