The document provides an overview of key concepts for working with spreadsheets in Excel, including spreadsheet components like cells, ranges, and worksheets; entering labels and values; using formulas and functions; formatting cells and worksheets; and creating different types of charts to visually represent numeric data. The summary covers the essential elements of working with Excel spreadsheets, such as entering data into cells, writing formulas, formatting cells and worksheets, and creating charts to analyze and present numeric data.

1. Final Professional
(Pharm-D)
Compiled by Jawad Ansari - PULC
Course Instructor
M. Jawad Aslam

2.  Review spreadsheet concepts
 Cell and cell contents
 Labels and values
 Functions, and formulas
 Arithmetic and comparison operators
 Cell reference types
 Format cells and worksheets
 Chart types
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3.  An electronic spreadsheet program
allows you to perform numeric
calculations and to analyze and present
numeric data
 The spreadsheet is called a worksheet
and the individual worksheets are
stored in a workbook which is the
Excel file
 Sheet tabs located at the bottom let
you switch from sheet to sheet in a
workbook
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4.  The intersection of a row and a column
is called a cell
 Each cell has its own unique location
called a cell address
◦ A cell address is identified by its column
and row coordinates (ie: A1, C23, D15,
etc.)
 The Name box displays the active cell
address
 Contents of the active cell can be
edited in the cell itself or in the
formula bar
 A selection of two or more cells such
as B5:B14 is called a range
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6.  Labels contain text and numerical
information not used in calculations
◦ Labels help you identify data in worksheet
rows and columns
 Values are numbers, dates, formulas,
and functions that can be used in
calculations.
 A function is a built-in or predefine
formula that makes it easy to perform a
complex calculation
◦ Most functions require arguments, which is
the information necessary for the calculation
◦ Arguments are enclosed in parenthesis and
are separated by commas.
◦ Max, Min, Sum, Average, etc.
 Formulas are user defined equations
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7.  When creating formulas or using functions, it
is important to:
◦ Know where the formulas should be
◦ Know exactly what cells and arithmetic operations
are needed
◦ Create formulas with care
◦ Use cell references rather than values
 Formulas and functions begin with the equal
sign (=)
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 Operations inside parentheses are
calculated first
 Reference operators such as ranges are
calculated next
 Exponents are calculated next
 Multiplication and division are calculated
next (from left to right)
 Addition and subtraction are calculated
next (from left to right)

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Cells
included in
formula
Function
AutoSum
button

11.  Comparison operators compare values for the
purpose of true/false results
 If function format and arguments:
If(logical_test, value_if_true, value_if_false)
◦ Logical Test – what is being compared using
comparison operators
(>, <, =, <=, >=, <>)
◦ A different value, formula, or function can be
returned or performed when result is true or false.
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 Use a relative cell reference when you
want to preserve the relationship to the
formula location
 When a formula is copied, the cell
reference changes to preserve the
relationship of the formula to the
referenced cells

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 Use an absolute cell reference when you want
to preserve the exact cell address in a formula
 Cell reference does not change when the
formula is copied to another location
 Created by placing a dollar sign ($) before
either the column letter and the row number
or both of a cell’s address
 Apply absolute cell reference before copying a
formula if you want one or more cell
references to remain unchanged in relation to
the formula

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 A mixed cell reference combines both relative
and absolute cell referencing
◦ Example: When you copy a formula, you may want
to change the row reference but keep the column
reference
◦ Created using the [F4] function key
 Switch between displaying formulas and their
values on a worksheet by pressing
CTRL + ` (grave accent)
 Do NOT adjust or format columns in Formula
View
 See next slide for example

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Cell referenced
in
absolute
formulas
Relative
references
adjust for
column and
row
Absolute
references do
not adjust

17.  After getting the numeric data in place,
it can be formatted for better
presentation.
 The format of a cell determines how the
labels and values look
◦ Bold, italic, dollar signs, commas, etc.
 Formatting does not change the data
only its appearance
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18.  Adjust column width
 Apply colors, borders and patterns
 Apply conditional formatting so that
unexpected or exceeding values are
highlighted
 Use built-in Themes
 Insert and delete rows and columns
 Use spellchecker
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 Numeric data can usually be presented
better using a chart.
 Determine the purpose of the chart and
identify the data relationships you want
to communicate graphically
 Identify the worksheet data you want
the chart to illustrate
 Determine results you want and decide
which chart type is most appropriate
(see next slide)

20.  Column – compares distinct object levels
using a vertical format
 Line – compares trends over even time
intervals; does not emphasize total
 Pie – compares sizes of pieces as part of
a whole (100%)
 Bar – compares distinct object levels
using a horizontal format
 Area – shows how individual volume
changes over time in relation to total
volume
 Scatter (XY) – compares two values over
uneven time or measurement intervals
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 The horizontal axis (x-axis) is also
called the category axis
 The vertical axis (y-axis) is also called
the value axis
 The z-axis is present in 3-D charts
 A legend makes it easy to identify each
data series

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Y - Horizontal axis
X - Vertical axis
Legend

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 Select a range of data
 Use buttons on the Insert tab of the
Ribbon to create and modify a chart
 In a pie chart, emphasize a data point by
exploding, or pulling that slice away
from the pie chart
 An embedded chart is one that is
inserted directly in the current
worksheet
 A chart sheet is a sheet in a workbook
that contains only a chart, which is
linked to the workbook data

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