This paper is a review of various articles and documents on development of waste management approaches in industries. It provides information on advancement of waste management approaches as human awareness to environment increases and demonstrates the benefits of proactive waste management measures in industries. Most polluting industries in the world were established by the time the earth had the capacity to provide raw materials and absorb wastes. However, with increasing industrialization and urbanization virgin raw materials seriously declined and waste loads dramatically increased. As a result waste management strategies progressively evolved. In 1960s waste avoidance measures through foul and flee, dilute and disperse, concentrate and contain; in 1970s purification units at the end of emission pipes; in 1980s resource recovery through recycling and energy saving strategies were used as solutions to the problem of wastes on the environment. Furthermore, from 1990s onwards proactive measures by Cleaner Production technologies focusing on the source of waste generation to reduce, reuse and recycle wastes into valuable resources became the best solution for sustainable management of wastes and to enhance the performance of industries. Cleaner production technologies assured marvelous evidences for sustainable development by allowing industries to produce more efficiently and gain incredible economic, environmental and social benefits with less input utilization and less environmental impacts.
Solvent Recovery System - Feasibility ReportSamet Baykul
DATE: 2018.12
This is a feasibility report for solvent recovery system which is prepared for Chemical Engineering Economy course in METU.
- Calculation of CAPEX and OPEX
- Market survey skills for raw-materials
- Patent and technology survey
lLandfill are the major disposal route for municipal solid waste. Wastes in landfill experience physical and biological changes resulting in solubilization or suspension of high concentrations of organic matter in the landfill‘s leachate.
Source reduction and waste minimization, resource recovery and recycling, waste processing and treatment,combustion and land filling have all significantly affected the sufficiency of waste management systems.
Of all available management options for solid waste management, landfill disposal is the most commonly employed waste management worldwide.
Deals anaerobic ponds for the primary treatment of sewage, stabilization of the settled sludge and BOD removal. It also includes design and physical design of the anaerobic ponds.
Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Root Zone Technology Option: Colacassia PlantDr. Amarjeet Singh
Root Zone Technology is one of the low cost
methods to treat wastewater. With the help of this system we
can treat the Non-Point sources with best results. To achieve
this goal we have to divide the Non-Point sources into
constructed channels within the river bank followed by root
zone bed or if the Non-Point Sources is coming from natural
nallas we can provide this system within its Channel. We
have prepared channel on which I have developed the root
zone bed and have lab analysis of rector out put on number
of parameters. Flow rate and Detention time are the two
factors on which channels are to be designed. Therefore I
am changing the flow rate and finding out the change in
parameter with respect to detection time. The optimization
is when we get best result with maximum flow. I have got
satisfactory results for the detention time of Three day,
Seven day and twenty one day and Three day. With the help
of this data I have designed the root zone bed system for the
selected actual Domestic Sources.
Solvent Recovery System - Feasibility ReportSamet Baykul
DATE: 2018.12
This is a feasibility report for solvent recovery system which is prepared for Chemical Engineering Economy course in METU.
- Calculation of CAPEX and OPEX
- Market survey skills for raw-materials
- Patent and technology survey
lLandfill are the major disposal route for municipal solid waste. Wastes in landfill experience physical and biological changes resulting in solubilization or suspension of high concentrations of organic matter in the landfill‘s leachate.
Source reduction and waste minimization, resource recovery and recycling, waste processing and treatment,combustion and land filling have all significantly affected the sufficiency of waste management systems.
Of all available management options for solid waste management, landfill disposal is the most commonly employed waste management worldwide.
Deals anaerobic ponds for the primary treatment of sewage, stabilization of the settled sludge and BOD removal. It also includes design and physical design of the anaerobic ponds.
Domestic Wastewater Treatment by Root Zone Technology Option: Colacassia PlantDr. Amarjeet Singh
Root Zone Technology is one of the low cost
methods to treat wastewater. With the help of this system we
can treat the Non-Point sources with best results. To achieve
this goal we have to divide the Non-Point sources into
constructed channels within the river bank followed by root
zone bed or if the Non-Point Sources is coming from natural
nallas we can provide this system within its Channel. We
have prepared channel on which I have developed the root
zone bed and have lab analysis of rector out put on number
of parameters. Flow rate and Detention time are the two
factors on which channels are to be designed. Therefore I
am changing the flow rate and finding out the change in
parameter with respect to detection time. The optimization
is when we get best result with maximum flow. I have got
satisfactory results for the detention time of Three day,
Seven day and twenty one day and Three day. With the help
of this data I have designed the root zone bed system for the
selected actual Domestic Sources.
A Case-study of Municipal Solid Waste Management at Pattukkottai MunicipalityGangainathan A
Our idea is to convert the Waste to Wealth (W2W)
Detailed investigation regarding the quantity and types of waste
Survey was conducted to get the feedback of local people (Face to Face Interview – 250 families & Online Survey- 50 individuals)
Verified the effectiveness of the landfill site
Laboratory tests are made to find out the suitable Waste Processing
From the results obtained, Decided to implement Vermi-composting for biodegradable waste & waste recovery centre for non-biodegradables
Business proposal had been prepared for annual income of ₹ 1.5 crore
Textile dyeing industry: wastewater treatment and managementMd. Shamim Ahmed
small overview on wastewater treatment and management made by my brother(Roni Das) from another mother. I helped him to made this because he is greenhorn about power point presentation.
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Black Carbon, Sustainable Development and Regional Climate Change in the Hima...InfoAndina CONDESAN
Presentation made by Dr. Madhav Karki, Deputy Director General, ICIMOD
Outline of the presentation:
- Impact of climate change
- Key issues and knowledge gaps
- New phenomenon of Black Carbon
- Need for adaptation and mitigation for Sustainable Development
- Conclusion and way forward
Bayesian approximation techniques of Topp-Leone distributionPremier Publishers
Topp-Leone distribution is a continuous unimodal distribution used for modeling lifetime phenomena. Topp-Leone distribution has a J-shaped density function with a hazard function of bathtub-shaped and has wide range of applications in reliability fields. This distribution has attracted recent attention for the statistician but has not been discussed in detail in Bayesian approach. This paper is concerned with the estimation of shape parameter of Topp-Leone Distribution using various Bayesian approximation techniques like normal approximation, Tierney and Kadane (T-K) Approximation. Different informative and non-informative priors are used to obtain the Baye’s estimate of parameter of Topp-Leone Distributions under different approximation techniques. A simulation study has also been conducted for comparison of Baye’s estimates obtained under different approximation using different priors.
Assessing the partial substitution of roasted soybean seed with sweet potato ...Premier Publishers
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of roasted soybean seed (RSS) with sweet potato leaf meal (SPLM) on growth performances of broiler chickens. Two hundred unsexed Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments consisting of a control diet (T1) and those containing SPLM at the levels of 30 g/kg (T2), 60 g/kg (T3), 90 g/kg (T4) and 120 g/kg (T5) replacing the RSS of the control diet. Each treatment diet was replicated four times with ten chicks each. The average feed intake of birds was (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) higher CP retention than those of T1 diet. In conclusion, chickens fed with T1 and T3 diets had better body weight and gain compared to other treatment diets. The feed intake decreased with increasing levels of SPLM suggesting the substitution of roasted soybean with higher levels may not be beneficial for broiler chickens.
A Case-study of Municipal Solid Waste Management at Pattukkottai MunicipalityGangainathan A
Our idea is to convert the Waste to Wealth (W2W)
Detailed investigation regarding the quantity and types of waste
Survey was conducted to get the feedback of local people (Face to Face Interview – 250 families & Online Survey- 50 individuals)
Verified the effectiveness of the landfill site
Laboratory tests are made to find out the suitable Waste Processing
From the results obtained, Decided to implement Vermi-composting for biodegradable waste & waste recovery centre for non-biodegradables
Business proposal had been prepared for annual income of ₹ 1.5 crore
Textile dyeing industry: wastewater treatment and managementMd. Shamim Ahmed
small overview on wastewater treatment and management made by my brother(Roni Das) from another mother. I helped him to made this because he is greenhorn about power point presentation.
This presentation includes the basic introduction to sewage/ wastewater, quantity estimation, the basic terms commonly used in the sewerage system, Types of sewer, sewage, and sewerage system.
Industrial wastewater treatment describes the processes used for treating wastewater that is produced by industries as an undesirable by-product. After treatment, the treated industrial wastewater (or effluent) may be reused or released to a sanitary sewer or to a surface water in the environment. Some industrial facilities generate wastewater that can be treated in sewage treatment plants. Most industrial processes, such as petroleum refineries, chemical and petrochemical plants have their own specialized facilities to treat their wastewaters so that the pollutant concentrations in the treated wastewater comply with the regulations regarding disposal of wastewaters into sewers or into rivers, lakes or oceans.
Black Carbon, Sustainable Development and Regional Climate Change in the Hima...InfoAndina CONDESAN
Presentation made by Dr. Madhav Karki, Deputy Director General, ICIMOD
Outline of the presentation:
- Impact of climate change
- Key issues and knowledge gaps
- New phenomenon of Black Carbon
- Need for adaptation and mitigation for Sustainable Development
- Conclusion and way forward
Bayesian approximation techniques of Topp-Leone distributionPremier Publishers
Topp-Leone distribution is a continuous unimodal distribution used for modeling lifetime phenomena. Topp-Leone distribution has a J-shaped density function with a hazard function of bathtub-shaped and has wide range of applications in reliability fields. This distribution has attracted recent attention for the statistician but has not been discussed in detail in Bayesian approach. This paper is concerned with the estimation of shape parameter of Topp-Leone Distribution using various Bayesian approximation techniques like normal approximation, Tierney and Kadane (T-K) Approximation. Different informative and non-informative priors are used to obtain the Baye’s estimate of parameter of Topp-Leone Distributions under different approximation techniques. A simulation study has also been conducted for comparison of Baye’s estimates obtained under different approximation using different priors.
Assessing the partial substitution of roasted soybean seed with sweet potato ...Premier Publishers
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of roasted soybean seed (RSS) with sweet potato leaf meal (SPLM) on growth performances of broiler chickens. Two hundred unsexed Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments consisting of a control diet (T1) and those containing SPLM at the levels of 30 g/kg (T2), 60 g/kg (T3), 90 g/kg (T4) and 120 g/kg (T5) replacing the RSS of the control diet. Each treatment diet was replicated four times with ten chicks each. The average feed intake of birds was (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) higher CP retention than those of T1 diet. In conclusion, chickens fed with T1 and T3 diets had better body weight and gain compared to other treatment diets. The feed intake decreased with increasing levels of SPLM suggesting the substitution of roasted soybean with higher levels may not be beneficial for broiler chickens.
Comparison of the effect of lecture and video projector teaching methods on s...Premier Publishers
Teachers used video projector in the classroom training. The aim of this research was to compare the students’ attitude, knowledge and practice about food health laboratory in conventional lecture and Video projector methods. In this quasi-experimental study; we grouped 40sophomore students of Environmental Health School, Islamic Azad University, and Tehran Medical Sciences Branch in Iran Country into two groups in April 2014. We collected the data by a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic (5) and food health laboratory (29) questions that used four-point Liker scales. We collected and measured the students’ knowledge and practice about food health laboratory in two groups by using pre and post-test. We analyzed the collected data by SPSS 18 software. The mean scores of the lecture and video projector groups were 10.95±5.28 (2-21), and 11.7±5.21 (6-24), respectively; the difference between the pre-test scores of the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Knowledge scores of the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Students’ practice in video projector method was higher than lecture method. The results indicated that the video projector was more efficacious, and more economic in enhancing the students' knowledge rate. This method led to increasing the students’ knowledge, and practice, it might be applied as a surrogate for traditional training such as lecture method in universities of medical sciences in the country.
Chemical and electrochemical studies of ranitidine as a corrosion inhibitor f...Premier Publishers
The corrosion inhibition of ranitidine on mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium was studied employing chemical and electrochemical methods. The results showed that the studied compound possessed good interaction on the metal surface and control both anodic and cathodic reactions. Studies pertaining to the determination of corrosion rate, percentage inhibition efficiency and variation of inhibitor concentration and temperature for the corrosion control process. Both anodic and cathodic polarized potentials were measured under galvanostatic and linear polarization techniques. The corrosion current density, corrosion potentials, Tafel slops and percentage inhibition efficiency were calculated. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process were calculated and interpreted. The percentage inhibition efficiency obtained from both the methods was good agreement with each other. The corrosion protection was explained on the basis of adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface. Adsorption of a compound on the mild steel surface was confirmed by FTIR spectra.
Impact assessment of nomadic education extension programme on welfare of noma...Premier Publishers
The ultimate benefit of any intervention is the improvement on welfare of beneficiaries. The ownership of assets, improved health meeting social obligations and change in nutrition are indicators of improved welfare. A total of 360 respondents were randomly selected through purposive and multi-stage sampling procedures. Statistical analysis using percentages and two sample t-test were employed. The result of the study indicated that 58% and 56% of the treatment and control group were below the average age respectively. The overwhelming majority of the respondents were married with large family size and mostly polygamist. On education, 36.7% and 55.6% of the respondents in the two communities had never been to any school respectively. The two sample t-test indicated that there were positive and significant statistical mean differences in the ownership of assets between the two groups. All the p-value for assets were less than the critical p-value of 0.05 and all the t-cal were greater than the t-critical value of 1.96 signifying the impact of the intervention on beneficiaries. The treatment group were better in meeting social obligation, feeding and health than the control group. The study recommended that government of Nigeria should pay attention to the welfare of the nomads.
Macro–anatomical and morphometric studies of the Grasscutter (thryonomysswind...Premier Publishers
The Forelimb of the Grasscutter (Thryonomysswinderianus) was studied using 12 adult rats of both sexes with mean weights of 5167±0.2023kg and 0.8167±0.1276kg for male and female respectively. Correlation coefficient between length of each bone segment and weight of each animal revealed statistical significance (P < 0.05) in all bone segments except the manus when both sexes (n = 12) were considered signifying a positive relationship between weight of the animal and its bone size. The average total number of bones in the forelimb of the rat is 96 bones. Sexual dimorphism was not noticed. The bones of the forelimb revealed significant differences and similarities in morphology to that of other rodents and domestic animals. The Scapula presented a prominent triangular shaped metacromion and acromion process, the Humerus presented well defined head and distinct deltoid tuberosity protruding from the midshaft. The ulna and radius fuses proximally and distally leaving an expansive interosseus space. There were 8 irregularly shaped carpal bones arranged 3 proximally and 5 distally. Metacarpal and digital bones are 5 on each forelimb with the first and fifth greatly reduced with each digit presenting 3 phalanges.
Contracting decision and performance of Mexican coffee traders: The role of m...Premier Publishers
We identified and explained the contractual choices of Mexican coffee traders in selling their product and analyzed the traders´ performance. The data were obtained from personal interviews with 53 intermediaries in four coffee producing regions of the states of Oaxaca and Veracruz, Mexico. Marketing margins were used as an indicator of traders’ performance. The results indicate that being a roaster, having a wet processing plant and selling cherry coffee negatively affects the use of contracts whereas being vertically integrated has a positive effect. The results also suggest that being registered in the National Coffee System (which only a minority of the interviewed traders were) increases the margin for the trader. Selling cherry coffee, participating in a competitive environment and having a contract decreases these margins (at 5% significance) and may thus enhance the performance of the supply chain and benefit the producers.
Safety and efficacy of Ivabradine in patients with acute ST-segment elevation...Premier Publishers
ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is commonly induced by thrombus formation leading to complete occlusion of a major epicardial coronary vessel. We aimed to explore safety and efficacy of Ivabradine in patients with STEMI associated with left ventricular dysfunction. 200 consecutive patients with STEMI were included in this controlled study. All patients had successful reperfusion and LVEF less than 50%. 100 patients received 5 mg ivabradine twice a day in addition to the conventional treatment, while 100 patients received the conventional treatment only. Composite end point of death, re-infarction, overt heart failure, or need for revascularization was reported at 30 days. Ivabradine when added to the conventional treatment reduced the heart rate significantly compared to the conventional treatment alone. However it did not affect incidence of primary end point. Ivabradine didn't show a significant impact on major adverse cardiac events when added to conventional treatment.
Effect of treated domestic wastewater as source of irrigation water and nutri...Premier Publishers
A study was conducted in Morogoro, Tanzania to assess the effect of treated wastewater as an alternative source of irrigation water and nutrients for rice. Wastewater was sourced from a local wastewater Stabilization Ponds and cleaned through a Constructed Wetland. Four treatments namely, (i) Waste water (WW) only (ii) WW + NPK (iii) Tap water only (iv) Tap water + NPK were tested in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replicates. Rice, variety Saro 5 was planted in August 2013.Data was collected on physical-chemical and biological qualities of the WW, and soils, yield and yield components. Analysis of variance and Least Significant Difference (LSD) on yield were conducted (p≤0.05) using INSTAT software. WW had alkaline pH of 8.2 and acceptable levels of physical-chemical-biological components. WW only treated rice resulted in higher yields over non-treated rice. The combination of WW and NPK was not as effective especially for flowering, grain size and total yield indicative of nutrients overloading. Tap water only treated rice yielded 1.3 tons/ha while WW treated rice yielded 5.44 ton/ha mostly through promotion of higher number of fertile tillers while a combination of WW and NPK depressed yield potential to only 1.7 ton/ha. Effectiveness of WW for irrigation is acknowledged.
Biological control of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Cole...Premier Publishers
The use of synthetic insecticide has been faced with challenges of resistance among other drawbacks. This has necessitated the search for bio-pesticide that are environmentally friendly, non-toxic to humans and have a residual effect. This study evaluated the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana for biological control of larger grain borer (LGB) Prostephanus truncatus in maize grains. Pathogenicity examination of dead adult LGB in maize grains treated with conidia of B. bassiana was done to confirm the source of LGB mortality in B. bassiana treated maize grains. Adult dead LGB were subjected to high humidity and observed for the growth of white mould (Muscadine disease), which was cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar and identified. Eighty six percent of the dead insects from treated maize grains showed fungal growth B. bassiana. Mortality of LGB generally increased with the concentration and the exposure time of the treatments. The “weight of grain dust”, “percentage of grain damaged” and “percentage of grain weight loss” were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the untreated maize kernels. Beauvaria bassiana formulation was effective in controlling LGB and is recommended for maize storage. Further studies should be conducted to test the formulation under farmer situations in order to deal with practical challenges.
How to transform research results into the advertising message: The example o...Premier Publishers
This study demonstrates to advertising and marketing planners how they can transform consumer research results into the advertising message. There are three main points in the advertising strategy: “the target group (to or with whom are we going to communicate?), the advertising objectives (why are we going to communicate or what are we trying to reach?) and the message strategy (what are we going to communicate?)” (De Pelsmacker, et al., 2010: 215). Generating the advertising message strategy is one of the most challenging stages of the advertising planning. This study adopts a practical perspective to advertising strategies using a study analysis of a small tourism business that manages in attracting niche visitor segments to Artisanal Tours within the tourism market in Morocco.
The Bombay Blood Group is the rarest blood group first reported in Bombay, India. The blood sample of 40 year old female patient who presented with signs and symptoms suggestive of anemia was submitted to blood bank for grouping and cross-matching. Both forward and reverse grouping was done by tube method, resulting discrepancy between forward and reverse grouping. Both grouping is important for safe transfusion, if not followed may lead to people with Bombay blood group not being detected and categorized as O group. So therefore reverse or serum grouping is necessary to detect this group. We present one rare case which was diagnosed in our hospital.
Cost and returns of paddy rice production in Kaduna State of NigeriaPremier Publishers
As a result of increasing population growth and urbanization, there is a high and increasing demand for rice, this necessitates the high attention for its production. This research was conducted to determine the profitability of paddy rice production in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Data were collected from 60 randomly selected paddy rice farmers using a well structured questionnaire and analyzed using the descriptive statistics, net income and multiple regression models. The result showed that 97% were male, 88% married and had an average household size of 10 people. All respondents had one form of education and their average farm size was 15ha producing about 3.2tonnes of paddy per hectare. Paddy rice production in the area was estimated to have a profit $902.51 (N179,600) and a net returns of $766.83 (N152,600). Farm size, system of rice cultivation and household size accounted for 78% of the observe variation in the farmer’s income. The study however concluded that paddy rice production in the study area is a profitable enterprise and it also recommended that consistent government policies that would favour increase in paddy production, market information, extension service delivery, input subsidization and credit facilities be implemented.
Dairy business value chain analysis in Lamjung district of Nepal Premier Publishers
Among agricultural sub-sectors adopted, dairy business was one the most profitable agri-businesses in Nepal but past studies to support this statement was lacking in Lamjung district Nepal. The survey was carried out from April 2013 to January 2014 with the aim of analysing chain functions, capabilities of and support level of operational service providers, value addition, and market analysis of milk business actors. The study collected primary information from 97 respondents by using focus group discussion, key informant survey, observation and SWOT analysis. Results after using descriptive tools identified six chain functions. Estimated 33660 farming households milked 15272 tons raw milk annually but marketed only 13 percent milk and milk products in the 23 peri-urban local market-outlets through two routes: 784 tons milk fed through 7 small-scale chilling centres particularly cold chain process and 1201 tons through hot-milk base processing. Unmet 297 tons (32%) dairy products, all in processed form, were supplied from adjoining districts. The value addition analysis of cow milk showed that not only producers and processor added the largest cost share but also received the highest profit share among the succeeding agents. However, pricing and payments of dairy product were buyer-driven without making contract and no system of market sharing among the micro-actors.
Energy in form of space may solve the dark energy problemPremier Publishers
A review of recent observations suggests a universe that is light weight (matter density is 1/3rd of the critical value), accelerating and flat. This implies the existence of a cosmic Dark Energy that overcomes the gravitational self-attraction force of matter and causes the accelerating expansion. Finding out the cause of expansion and acceleration of the universe is a challenging job in present day cosmology. Cosmological models with different types of dark energy are becoming viable standard models to analyze and simulate experimental data from a number of high red shift supernovae. In this article, physical significance and analytical expression for dark energy related to total energy (or energy density) and matter (or matter density) in the universe is presented. It is assumed that 'space' or 'vacuum' is another form of energy (other form is mass which is related as E = mc2). With this assumption new cosmological equation of state is constructed which is in very good agreement with present observations. Thus energy evolves from matter to radiation to space. It is also predicted that the existence of a fundamental particle with mass less than the mass of a quark is possible.
Running head SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH PROPOSAL1SOLID W.docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH PROPOSAL 1
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT RESEARCH PROPOSAL 2
Solid Waste Management Research Proposal
Name
Institution
1.0 Abstract
Based on research, products have changed over the years from being reusable to being disposal. This strategy has influenced negative factors that have greatly affected the environment. The disposal of solid waste products has been the major cause of pollution in the current world. Since the year 1990s, it is evident that millions of people have doubled their output of solid waste to the environment in different ways. Research shows that 75% of waste comes from the mining waste while other 12% comes from agricultural materials. The other 9% is from industries and 4% from municipal waste. In that case, the approach of solid management is very important because it is necessary for safety of human health and environment.
Key words: solid waste management, disposal, recycling, and environmental health.
1.1 Introduction
The issue of solid waste management is a very important approach nowadays. Based on research, it is evident that very little attention is paid to solid waste disposed on landfills. As a result, the environment has faced more than a few issues such as poor health and desertification. This approach has negatively affected the health of more than a few people globally because solid waste has a huge impact to the environment. It is clear that the problem and danger of solid waste is always underestimated by the government and the society at large. Therefore, it important for people to understand the importance of solid waste management because the dangers mainly remain under estimated. Solid waste management plays a pivotal role in the society given the fact that it results in the improvement of the waste management, collection and disposal practices.
1.2 Explanation
As a result of increased cases of solid waste disposal, the government has come up with considerable measures that will ensure that management of solid waste is efficient. A number of people are not aware of the negative effects that these disposals can cause in their lives and the environment as well. As a result of increased issues linked to solid waste, the government should put in place specific planning and cost analysis metrics in an effort to address the waste management menace. One such metric is the adoption of an integrated solid waste management (ISWM) program that forms the basis of the paper.
It is evident that a single waste management strategy is suitable for managing all types of waste in all circumstances. Research shows that most people globally believe that they have done everything eliminate waste such recycling in their homes. However, recycling is not the answer to waste that is disposed in the landfills. The major objective of solid waste management is to ensure that solid waste is eliminated from the environment in order to ensure that environment is conserved properl.
A good environment they say predetermines good health. If good health is to be measured at all the people and the environment will play a significant role. Illness and disease however, do not exist in isolation of the environment in particular. Waste is an object for which we have no further use and which has to be disposed off because of the danger it poses to the environment. Solid waste refers to garbage, refuse, rubbish, trash or litter generated through the domestic, commercial and industrial activities of man. As the population increased efforts were made to transport waste out of the cities. This study therefore examined the problems of solid waste disposal in Ibarapa East Local Government Area of Oyo state. Two hundred respondents were sampled from the study area. The major instruments of data collection were questionnaire administration, personal observation and oral interview Data were analyzed using cross tabulation and simple percentage The findings shows that the respondents were aware of effects that improper solid waste to have in their environment and health but still indulge in insanitary wasted disposal. Also the role of Government in waste disposal was below normal standard. It was recommended that the people should change their unsanitary system of waste disposal and government should improve on waste disposal policy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The article suggests that how an appropriate carbon emission trading system may give more benefit and economical value, and sustainable way of developing the future income generation in a environmental sector in Malaysia. In other hand, the changing legislative environment is likely to make current practices highly non-optimal and increase pressures for a change of waste management strategy.
The article will become more valuable to all those who have some interests in environmental economic and alternative investment sectors and would like to reduce the global warming and climate change effect and develop the potential value related to carbon emission trading in developing countries.
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
The Environmental and Socio-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in...ty0385
The Environmental and Sociology-Economic Implication of Residential Buildings in Proximate Distance to Landfill Site. A Case of Olusosun Landfill Site, Ojota Lagos Nigeria.
Solid Waste Management in Lebanon: Challenges and RecommendationsPremier Publishers
Successful waste management plans require accurate data about the nature and composition of waste. Despite the high content of organic (52%) and recyclable (37 %) materials in waste stream, only 8% and 15% of solid waste are recycled and composted respectively. Unfortunately, 48% of the waste are disposed in sanitary landfills. Dumping of waste and open burning is predominant outside Beirut and Mount Lebanon. Adequate treatment is unavailable for wastes produced by slaughterhouses, industrial premises and healthcare centers. Corruption, lack of human resources and suitable facilities and inadequate technical skills are responsible for inefficient municipal solid waste management. This paper aims at determining the current practices of municipalities in terms of segregation, collection, treatment and final disposal of solid waste. It also considers key policy challenges and recommendations for improving the municipal solid waste management system.
Efficiency of Municipal Solid Waste Management Service Delivery System and Po...Premier Publishers
Municipal SWM problems are coming to the forefront of the global environmental agenda at an increasing frequency and becoming more pronounced in recent years, as a result of inadequate collection and disposal of wastes in cities, especially; in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of municipal solid waste management service delivery system and policy issues in Debre Markos town through field visit, discussions with residents and staffs of municipal administration. The Findings showed that, the municipality lacks institutional, financial and technical capacities. Solid waste collection and disposal services are inadequate and waste was disposed improperly which creates unhealthy environment. For effective solid waste management, there should be proper service delivery system with qualified personnel, modern vehicles and equipment. There should also be improvement of institutional structure and implementation of integrated MSWM involving private service providers and other stakeholders.
United Nation's ambassidor's Presentation on World Environmental DayHammadAwan37
"Join us on World Environmental Day as we embark on a transformative journey towards a sustainable and green future. Our presentation, curated by the esteemed United Nations member, delves into the crucial realms of environmental protection, sustainability, and the promotion of lush greenery for a healthier planet.
This impactful presentation will shed light on the 3Rs method—Reduce, Reuse, Recycle—as a cornerstone for responsible consumption and waste management. Discover innovative techniques and strategies to minimize our ecological footprint and foster a circular economy that ensures the longevity of our precious resources.
Together, let's explore actionable steps to safeguard our environment, mitigate climate change, and create a harmonious balance between human activities and the natural world. This World Environmental Day, be part of the global movement for a greener, more sustainable tomorrow."
Scavenging as a solid waste management option helps in the reduction of quantum of wastes at dumpsites and expands the life span of landfills. The objective of this paper is to conduct a review of previous works on scavenging as a means of environmental management. The method used is a review of academic/journal articles, internet materials, conference papers and publicly available materials on scavenging as a means of environmental management. Previous authors had a unity of opinion that scavengers recover reusable and recyclables materials (eg. plastics, papers, scraps metals, aluminium) which serve as sources of income for livelihoods. Recommendations of the study includes: (1) safety awareness and health education should be provided to reduce the occupational hazards the scavengers are exposed to in the course of their scavenging activities; (2) people should be made to see scavengers as partners in progress in environmental management which is a collective enterprise; and (3) grants should be given to scavengers to encourage them expand their business considering the role they play in waste management.
Similar to Evolution of waste management strategies in industries: from passive to proactive (20)
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
2. Evolution of waste management strategies in industries: from passive to proactive
Terefe et al. 084
In the 1960s the amount of waste generated was
considered small enough to be diluted in the
environment; and dilution was considered the solution to
pollution (UNIDO, 2002; Kgabi and Mokgwetsi, 2009).So,
industries were discharging wastes on water bodies
without any prior treatment to reduce their toxicity on the
environment. Later in 1970s industries started to treat
wastes before dumping them (also termed “end-of pipe”
approach); and in 1980s recycling and recovering
resources but also application of energy saving
techniques became popular, which were improvements
on “end of pipe” approach (UNIDO, 2002). Nevertheless,
with massive industrialization and urbanization, such
waste management techniques and strategies alone
became unacceptable. In addition, landfills are becoming
economic and environmental burdens on society due to
resource competition and as major sources of methane
and nitrous oxides which are powerful greenhouse gases
(GHGs). Besides, land costs, construction of landfills,
collection of wastes, transport and disposal became very
expensive (Sherif and Fadi, 2014). Thus it became
important to move on strategies of „waste prevention,
reduction and recycling‟ at source rather than „waste
disposal‟ in costly landfills.
Although lack of knowledge on technological solutions,
financial issues and short term policies are challenging,
the attitudes of governments and industries towards
pollution prevention have been showing progressive and
positive changes (EEA, 1997). In recent decades, there
has been a paradigm shift from Pollution Control to
Pollution Prevention (P2) (USEPA, 1998; Nowosielski et
al., 2007). Pollution control refers to the measures taken
to manage pollution after it has been generated; whereas
pollution prevention is the reduction or elimination of
pollution at the source and throughout the process using
Cleaner Production technologies that many industries are
implementing these days (UNIDO, 2002).
Cleaner production strategy is a new environmental
protection strategy, which has changed from simple
terminal waste management to pollution prevention and
efficient resource uses in the entire production process
(UNIDO, 2002; Nowosielski et al., 2007). Thus, the
objective of this paper is to review and present the
evolution of waste management approaches parallel to
advancement of human awareness about the
environment and the benefits of Cleaner Production
techniques with supportive exemplar industries. The
progression of waste management strategies are
presented in chronological order as follows.
PASSIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
(UNTIL 1960s)
Passive waste management strategies were used by
almost all industries in early 1900s and in some countries
and industries these days as well. The philosophy behind
it is that the environment provides inexhaustible
resources and infinite absorption and dilution capacity for
wastes. As a result, waste problems were avoided
instead of fundamentally solved (EEA, 1997; Nowosielski
et al., 2007; Kgabi and Mokgwetsi, 2009). Such waste
management strategies are summarized in three
categories (a-c) bellow (EEA, 1997).
a) Foul and Flee: It is an environmental migration from
degraded and less comfortable sites to relatively
resourceful and convenient sites. For example, when
non-sustainable agricultural practices in Germany
resulted in soil degradation and acidification, peoples in
Germany were migrating to better places before and after
the beginning of their calendar. Nevertheless, some
times, there has been no space left to foul and flee
without conflicts with neighbors. This method is a typical
attitude in situations with a low population density but due
to increasing population pressure, it is hard to get free
spaces for such activity implying that foul and flee could
not be sustainable environmental solution; hence, other
way out for environmental problems were brought into
practice in 1960s; i.e. dilute and disperse.
b) Dilute and Disperse: This was the new waste
management practice in 1960s and was totally based on
the assimilative capacity of the natural environment.
Effluents from industries were added to large bodies,
which had the capacity to dilute and disperse wastes.
Dilute and disperse seemed to be adequate to make
waste disappear in atmosphere and water by the so
called principle- "the solution of pollution is dilution". As a
result of it, the color, smell, and taste of contaminated
waters may not have any or much differences from the
uncontaminated ones. For this reason, seas and oceans
had become a huge dumping ground for the world wastes
(EEA, 1997; Kgabi and Mokgwetsi, 2009). Their effect
might not pronounce when there were small industries.
However, with enormous industrialization and
urbanization, heavy metals and other diluted wastes start
to cycle and get accumulated in sediments or biomass
leading to contamination risks. Since this method was not
an inclusive solution to the environment, it elicited looking
for other better way of waste management strategies:
concentrate and contain.
c) Concentrate and Contain: This method seemed
successful for waste disposal on land such as controlled
disposal of toxic or nuclear wastes. Yet, due to
deterioration of the containers and/or the control, such
harmful wastes leak to the environment and incur serious
economic and environmental costs. An example for the
risk of such waste management strategy can be seen
from the costs of Lebanon landfills (Sherif and Fadi,
3. Evolution of waste management strategies in industries: from passive to proactive
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 085
Table 1. Leachate Seepage from Landfills in to the Aquifer and its Associated Costs (Million Dollars) at Lebanon in 2012
(Sherif and Fadi (2014).
Input Unit Naameh
Landfill
Hbaline
Landfill
Total
Waste Quantity Landfill ton/day 2,211 108 2,318
Density conversion of compacted waste ton/m
3
0.30 0.30 0.30
Waste volume m
3
/day 7,468 364 7,832
Leachate level % 50% 50% 50%
Leachate quantity m
3
/day 3,734 182 3,916
Leachate infiltration rate % 2% 10% 2%-10%
Quantity of water polluted/m
3
of leachate m
3
/day 50 50 50
Daily water polluted by leachate m
3
/day 3,734 909 4,643
Yearly water polluted by leachate m
3
/year 1,362,914 331,955 1,694,870
BML water treatment OMEX Cost US$/m
3
7 7 7
Extra water treatment OMEX Cost US$/m
3
15 15 15
Net water treatment OMEX Cost US$/m
3
8 8 8
CASWD US$ Million 11.5 2.8 14.3
Lower bound at 1% infiltration rate US$ Million 5.5
Upper bound at 12% infiltration rate US$ Million 65.4
Table 2. Land Devoted for Waste Dumps and Costs of Passive Dumps at Lebanon in 2012
Transfer, segregation, recycling
and composition station
Area
(m2)
10% losses 1
st
Ring over #
years of
existence
(US $ million)
4% Losses 2
nd
Ring over
# years of
Existence
(US $ million)
Total Over #
years of
Existence (US$
million)
Total Municipal Dumps 265,756 9.5 44.1 53.6
Total Debris and Construction Dumps 415,630 42.3 206.1 248.4
Total 681,386 51.8 250.2 302.0
Lower Bound 241.6
Upper Bound 362.4
High risk Dumps considered for
CASWD
High risk Municipal Dumps 32,925 1.3 7.1 8.3
High risk Debris and construction
Dumps
122,500 5.5 27.3 32.6
Total 155,425 6.8 40.9 40.9
Lower Bound 32.7
Upper Bound 49.1
Source: Sherif and Fadi (2014)
2014). As it can be seen in Table 1 above 1,362, 914
m
3
/year and 331,955m
3
/year of water was polluted by
leachate seepage from Naameh and Hbaline Landfills
respectively. This charged Lebanon a total cost of 14.2
million SU Dollars per year to treat the contaminated
underground water.
In addition to contamination costs of waste disposal on
landfills, land costs are getting expensive. For instance,
Lebanon devoted land value ranging from 241.6 up to
362.4 million US Dollars for solid waste dumps which
could have been invested for other economic plans
(Table 2) (Sherif and Fadi, 2014).
The evidences showed above elucidate that passive
waste management strategies fail to bring sustainable
solutions for pollution problems on the environment.
Nevertheless, the efforts made so far advanced towards
reactive waste management strategies which are better
than the passive methods.
4. Evolution of waste management strategies in industries: from passive to proactive
Terefe et al. 086
Table 3. Recycling and Recovery of Packaging Waste in France in 2009. Cabral et al., (2013)
Material Packaging Waste
Generated (Ton)
Total
Recycling
a
(Ton)
Total
Recovery
b
(Ton)
Recycling
Rate (%)
Recovery
Rate (%)
Glass 3,133,377 1,966,000 1,966,000 62.7 62.7
Plastic 2,046,728 460,540 1,167,525 22.5 57.0
Paper/Cardboard 4,283,537 3,721,400 4,124,698 86.9 96.3
Metals 717,684 432,289 437,088 60.2 60.9
Wood 2,641,660 500 673 18.9 25.5
Total 12,822,986 7,080,229 8,368,311 55.2 65.2
a
Total recycling includes material recycling and other forms of recycling like composting.
b
Total recovery includes total recycling and incineration with energy recovery.
REACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
(BEFORE 1990S)
End-of Pipe Approach (In 1970s)
Recognizing the limitations in passive waste
management methods such as dilute and disperse,
concentrate and contain, technologies were developed in
1970s to purify wastes and pollutants at the end of the
emission pipes (EEA, 1997; Nowosielski et al., 2007).
Although end-of-pipe approach was effective to a certain
extent, it generally produces by-products like sludge
which has to be dumped or burned that consequently
causes other environmental impact. Furthermore, the
system does not reduce the amount of waste production;
it transfers pollution from one medium to another
medium; it does not eliminate pollution entirely and had
limitations to solve environmental problems in their whole
complexity. In addition, eco-efficient technologies for end-
of pipe waste treatments are so expensive
(http://doka.ch/HellwegPECKIndEcol05.pdf). Hence, end-
of pipe methods often resulted in increased costs with no
appreciable benefits to industries in terms of enhanced
materials or energy uses (Staniškis, 2001). As a result,
recycling wastes and resource recovery methods were
evolved in 1980s; which were actually better mechanisms
of resource use and waste minimization tactics over the
end-of pipe strategy (Gavrilescu, 2005; Nowosielski et al.,
2007).
On-site Recycle Approach (In 1980s)
Recycling involves collecting, processing, and reusing
materials that would otherwise be dumped as wastes.
On-site recycling of wastes provide considerable amount
of resource recovery and cost reduction. For example,
Mijaylova et al. (2004) discovered 90% fresh water
reduction, the recovery of more than 95% of chromium
and sulfide, 90% of grease, 65% of protein and zero
discharge of wastewater using in-house wastewater
treatment techniques at tanneries of Mexico. In
economic terms from the recovery of proteins and
greases the tanneries gained 144,000 USD/year with
investment payback period of 7- 12 months depending on
the size of tanneries and scenario options. Likewise,
Cabral et al. (2013) identified considerable resource
recovery in waste package recycling system of France
(Table 3).
The above Table shows recovery of 65.2% of the
generated packaging wastes. This is pretty appreciable in
terms of substituting virgin resources. Their report also
indicated sustainable economic gains. Hence, the
financial return above the various hidden benefits that
can be obtained from maintaining sustainable
environment is an encouraging business demonstrating
that recycling wastes is one of the attractive
environmental management strategies.
Often, critics of recycling are that more energy and cost
may be incurred in getting materials to the recycling
facility than is saved from the recycled products. Other
limitations include market demand and technical issues.
To recycle economically there has to be a demand for the
recycled product. In addition, some technical difficulties
may happen from the fact that wastes are heterogeneous
in nature (WRAP, 2010; Cabral et al. 2013). Whatever
the case may be, recycling techniques in waste
management strategy can provide multiple benefits
provided that it is technically and economically feasible.
Some of the benefits of recycling wastes include reducing
the demand for raw materials by extending their life and
maximizing their value; reducing ecological damage,
pollution and waste generation associated with raw
materials extraction and use; reducing transport costs
and pollution from transporting raw materials; saving
energy in the production process; reducing emission to
air and water in the production process; reducing
disposal impact (less waste goes to land fill and
incinerators); creating employment opportunities and so
on (Nowosielski et al., 2007). Thus, recycling not only
helps to reduce the overall amount of waste sent for
disposal, but also helps to conserve natural resources by
replacing the need for virgin materials (World Bank,
1998).
5. Evolution of waste management strategies in industries: from passive to proactive
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 087
Figure 1. Schematic representation: elements of Cleaner Production system (UNIDO-UNEP, 2010).
TOWARDS PROACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT
STRATEGIES BY CLEANER PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGIES TO REDUCE, REUSE and RECYCLE
WASTES AT SOURCE (AFTER 1990s)
Cleaner Production reflects a proactive, “anticipate and
prevent” philosophy surfaced as a result of increased
awareness about environmental degradation mainly due
to unsustainable resource uses and inappropriate waste
disposal practices (Centric Austria, 2005; Gavrilescu,
2005). Proactive environmental strategy addresses
environmental problems at their source instead of
reacting to them after the wastes are generated (Centric
Austria, 2005; Nowosielski et al., 2007). It embraces the
famous three R‟s Philosophy of sustainable waste
management techniques: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
(Mohanty, 2011; Van Acker et al., 2010). This approach
provides a chance to incorporate many cleaner
production practices which can result in ecological,
economic and social benefits.
These days‟ eco-businesses have been focusing on
activities that can prevent, limit or correct environmental
damages to air, water and soil, as well as problems
related to noise and ecosystems. Cleaner Production is a
practical approach of moving towards sustainable
development by allowing industries and service providers
to produce more with less: fewer raw materials, less
energy, less waste, less toxic and GHGs emissions; and
normally less environmental impact and greater
sustainability; being both environmentally and
economically beneficial (UNEP, 2004; Centric Austria,
2005; Nowosielski et al., 2007). The implementation of
Cleaner Production programs involve simple and low-cost
to complex and expensive techniques and technologies.
Common managerial and technical elements
implemented in Cleaner Production systems are given in
Figure 1 above (UNIDO-UNEP, 2010).
Cleaner Production strategy needs managerial and
technological interventions. It requires strong
commitment from business owners and governments to
effectively implement the elements of Cleaner Production
techniques; and the driver for the commitment should be
the multilateral benefits of the strategy. Cleaner
Production plan protects the environment, the consumer
and the worker while improving the industrial efficiency,
profitability and competitiveness (EEA, 1997; UNIDO,
2002; Centric Austria, 2005; Gavrilescu, 2005;
Nowosielski et al., 2007). For these golden reasons,
these days, a number of industries are implementing
proactive environmental measures through Cleaner
Production strategies. Consequently they are receiving
economic, environmental and social benefits. Success
stories can be seen from industries at different parts of
the world (Centric Austria, 2005; Ning et al., 2009; TECH
MONITOR, 2009; UNIDO-UNEP, 2010; SECO, 2011);
here only three examples are given.
CHANDARIA INDUSTRIES LTD, Kenya
This is a paper manufacturing and conversion company
in Kenya. By implementing cleaner production strategy,
the company increased its resource use efficiency
(energy productivity by 40%, materials productivity by
48% and water productivity by 181%) while reducing
pollution (carbon intensity by -28%, waste water intensity
by -64% and waste intensity by -42%). The industry
gained an annual saving of 633,600 USD, obtained ISO
9000:2001 certifications in Quality Management System,
obtained Cleaner Production awards in the year 2007 to
2009, and received the Company of the Year Awards in
6. Evolution of waste management strategies in industries: from passive to proactive
Terefe et al. 088
Table 4. Economical and Environmental Benefits of Chandaria Industrial Ltd. from Cleaner Production System (UNIDO-UNEP,
2010)
Principal Options
Implemented
Benefits
Economic Resource Use Pollution Generated
Investment
(USD)
Cost saving
(USD/yr)
Reduction in energy use,
water use and/or
materials use /yr
Reduction in waste water, air
emissions and/or waste
generation/yr
Energy
Management
4,802 260,000 Reduced 5,367,429 kwh Reduced air emissions: 1,456 ton
CO2-eq.
Water
Management
216,000
Reduction in water use
150,000m
3
Reduction in waste water
Reduced pollution load to sewer:
BOD from 750mg/l to 380 mg/l
Material
Management
352,000
Reductions in materials
use: 3,200 tons
Better quality raw
material
Reductions in waste generation:
900 tons
Reduced sludge disposal
Total of all 633,600
Table 5. Economic and Environmental Benefits of MTALEXACTO Lead Refining Company, Peru, from Cleaner Production
System (UNIDO-UNEP, 2010)
Principal Options
Implemented
Benefits
Economic Resource Use
Pollution
Generated
Investmen
t (USD)
Cost saving
(USD/yr)
Reduction in
energy use,
water use and/or
materials use /yr
Reduction in
waste water, air
emissions and/or
waste
generation/yr
Change of refractory bricks from
31% to 50% aluminum oxide and
installation of a hood on the
furnace.
2,470
16,986 (lead
sold)
450 (fuel)
Additional
recovery of 34.7
tons of lead
19% less lead in
the slag,
decreased waste
quantity
Change of burner and
optimization of residual fuel and
diesel, and improved mixing of
fuel in the refining process
965 1,215 Decrease of
residual oil use
by 2.66%
Reduced air
emission by
almost 240 tons
CO2 eq.Warming of the fuel by taking
advantage of the residual heat of
the oven
280 184
Decrease of
electricity use by
5,760MJ
Total of all 3,715 18,835
creativity and innovation (UNIDO-UNEP, 2010). For this
success the company had taken necessary measures to
enhance the productivity of energy, water and materials.
The management options taken by the company and the
corresponding benefits are given in Table 4 above.
METALEXACTO, Peru: This is a Peruvian company that
produces secondary lead by smelting and refining used
acid batteries. Using resource efficient and Cleaner
Production system the company increased its resource
productivity (energy by 46%, materials by 2% and water
by 23%) while reducing pollution intensities (Carbon
dioxide by -31% and waste by -22%). The company
earned more than 18,830 USD per year and has got
improvements in working practices (UNIDO-UNEP,
2010). The approach followed to reach to this success is
presented in Table 5 above.
PAC Foods Supplies: According to the report of Centric
Austria (2005), before the company installed Cleaner
Production strategy, it was generating significant loads of
solid wastes and dumping to the environment. Realizing
the economic and environmental challenges of those
wastes Mathew, the company owner, proposed a less
waste initiative to identify and implement waste reduction
options. Based on critical investigation they made, the
company took three important management measures to
reduce waste generation, environmental pollution and to
7. Evolution of waste management strategies in industries: from passive to proactive
J. Environ. Waste Manag. 089
save resources. The improvements made were:
a) Modification on napkins design: The raised designs on
napkins were reduced which enabled the company to
ship 23% more napkins and save 294,000 kg of
corrugated packaging plus 150 truckload shipments.
b) Modification on drink shipment boxes: Redesigning the
boxes allowed the company to achieve 4% reduction in
corrugated packing and the saving of 450,000 kg weight.
c) Modification on food containers: Light-weight and non-
greasy food containers were converted from paperboard
cartons to paper bags and brought a saving of
3,000,000kg worth of packaging.
The measures required an initial investment of 63,000
Euros but allowed a net savings of 210,000 Euros
starting from the second year onwards.
CONCLUSION
These days the number of industries radically increased
and the environment seriously exhausted due to hostile
resource use and venomous waste dumps. As a result
waste management strategy became an important issue.
Waste management strategies started very late in 1960s
and evolved stepwise as human awareness about the
environment increased. Passive waste management
strategy focusing on waste ignorance or escaping and
reactive waste management strategy through controlling
wastes after they are generated cannot solve the ever
increasing environmental pollution. However, proactive
waste management strategies based on Cleaner
Production system focusing on waste prevention through
source reduction, reuse and recycle allows higher
resource use efficiency, elevated energy saving, and
excellent working environment. Due to the implantation of
proactive waste management strategy, numerous
industries in the world such as the CHANDARRIA
INDUSTRIAL LTD, METALEXACTO and PAC Food
Supplies are gaining marvelous economic, social and
environmental benefits. Therefore, proactive waste
management plan by Cleaner Production technologies is
the best waste management strategy in the world.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors acknowledged the contributions of Dr. Bipin
J. Agrawal, Abdelnaser Omran, Lupita Cabrera, Arvind
Kumar Jha, Dr. Md. Redwanur Rahman, Dr. Isam Al-
Karkhi, Surya Prakash Chandak, Dr. Rosario García
Giménez, Dr. Manfred Fehr, Nirmal K. Patel and Prof. Dr.
Rajiv K Sinha for donating their time, critical evaluation,
constructive comments, and invaluable assistance toward
the improvement of this very manuscript.
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