Among agricultural sub-sectors adopted, dairy business was one the most profitable agri-businesses in Nepal but past studies to support this statement was lacking in Lamjung district Nepal. The survey was carried out from April 2013 to January 2014 with the aim of analysing chain functions, capabilities of and support level of operational service providers, value addition, and market analysis of milk business actors. The study collected primary information from 97 respondents by using focus group discussion, key informant survey, observation and SWOT analysis. Results after using descriptive tools identified six chain functions. Estimated 33660 farming households milked 15272 tons raw milk annually but marketed only 13 percent milk and milk products in the 23 peri-urban local market-outlets through two routes: 784 tons milk fed through 7 small-scale chilling centres particularly cold chain process and 1201 tons through hot-milk base processing. Unmet 297 tons (32%) dairy products, all in processed form, were supplied from adjoining districts. The value addition analysis of cow milk showed that not only producers and processor added the largest cost share but also received the highest profit share among the succeeding agents. However, pricing and payments of dairy product were buyer-driven without making contract and no system of market sharing among the micro-actors.
Farmer Producer Organization FPO of India Presentation for international conf...Dr Dilip Vishnu Deshpande
Farmer Producer Organization emergence as a parallel movement to cooperatives in India. It has a case study of a successful FPO from Maharashtra, India. The presentation was made in International Conference in Kyrgyztan in May 2021.
More than 70% rural population keeping one or other type of livestock species to supplement the family income and support the livelihood. Indian livestock are robust and able to withstand harsh tropical climate with minimal or no external input. Milk, Meat, Egg, Manure, Draught Power etc are the major output derived from livestock sector which are helping to achieve the nutritional security, improving the soil health, supplementing the household income, export earning, generating the employment opportunities round the year.
The market size for milk and milk products (formal + informal sector) is estimated INR 3.6 lakh crores.
The organized market is growing at nearly 10 percent in value terms annually
Traditional dairy products account for about 50% of the total milk produced
The organized sector processes an estimated 20% of the total milk output in India
Milk is processed and marketed by 170 Milk Producers’ Cooperative Unions
Dairy Sector Contributes 17% of the Country’s Total Expenditure on Food
Per capita milk consumption is around 276 g per day
Dairy contributes to 16% of consumer spend on food – 18% in Urban, 15% in rural
Milk procurement price has grown by about 2.5 times in the last decade
Farmer Producer Organization FPO of India Presentation for international conf...Dr Dilip Vishnu Deshpande
Farmer Producer Organization emergence as a parallel movement to cooperatives in India. It has a case study of a successful FPO from Maharashtra, India. The presentation was made in International Conference in Kyrgyztan in May 2021.
More than 70% rural population keeping one or other type of livestock species to supplement the family income and support the livelihood. Indian livestock are robust and able to withstand harsh tropical climate with minimal or no external input. Milk, Meat, Egg, Manure, Draught Power etc are the major output derived from livestock sector which are helping to achieve the nutritional security, improving the soil health, supplementing the household income, export earning, generating the employment opportunities round the year.
The market size for milk and milk products (formal + informal sector) is estimated INR 3.6 lakh crores.
The organized market is growing at nearly 10 percent in value terms annually
Traditional dairy products account for about 50% of the total milk produced
The organized sector processes an estimated 20% of the total milk output in India
Milk is processed and marketed by 170 Milk Producers’ Cooperative Unions
Dairy Sector Contributes 17% of the Country’s Total Expenditure on Food
Per capita milk consumption is around 276 g per day
Dairy contributes to 16% of consumer spend on food – 18% in Urban, 15% in rural
Milk procurement price has grown by about 2.5 times in the last decade
FPO Business Accelerator Centre- Indore
Course content for Agripreneurs Program in Agri-Business Management
The course is primarily targeted to any graduates who have basic knowledge of agriculture, though this may not be a pre-requisite. The course aims at equipping them with theoretical and practical knowledge on different aspects of agri-business including policy framework, laws, rules and regulations, business potential for an array of agri-businesses, banking interface, and a range of agri-business operations. All students would also acquire basic knowledge of important aspects of corporate and other laws, basic accounting, good communication skills, and elementary aspects of HR management as compulsory subjects. Practical training with EFASAL team at HQ and field level for all modules in every week, in which two days classes and three days practical training
The Presentation comprises all about the FPO. It covers structure, incorporation of FPO, formalities, legal compliance, working pattern, B-plan & others.
Any feedback would always be appreciated.
This presentation highlights the overview and subsidiaries of the agro and food processing sector in India & Gujarat. It details the major initiatives taken up by the government in terms of policies as well as infrastructure to promote industries and investments in the sector.
Livestock Master Plan (LMP): Roadmaps for the Ethiopia Growth and Transformat...ILRI
Presented by Barry Shapiro at the Rural Economic Development and Food Security Sector Working Group Broader Platform meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2 July 2015
Report on industrial attachment in Uttarakhand Co-operative Dairy Federation ...Vikas Tiwari
Report on industrial attachment at N.D.U.S.S. aanchal Dairy lalkuan.
Uttarakhand Co-operative Dairy Federation Ltd:
Uttarakhand Co-operative Dairy Federation Ltd (UCDF Ltd.) is an apex level state federation of district milk Co-operative unions in the state of Uttarakhand.
It was established in the year 2001, under registration no:555,Dated 12-03-2001, with its head office at Mangal Parao, Haldwani (Nainital) for the successful implementation of the dairy programmes in the state. Product branding is "AANCHAL“.
The UCDF Ltd came into existence as a successor body to the Uttar Pradesh Co-operative Dairy Federation Ltd. after the formation of Uttarakhand as 27th state on 9th Nov, 2000.
The UCDF Ltd is registered under the Uttarakhand state cooperative act in the year 2001.
Comparison of the effect of lecture and video projector teaching methods on s...Premier Publishers
Teachers used video projector in the classroom training. The aim of this research was to compare the students’ attitude, knowledge and practice about food health laboratory in conventional lecture and Video projector methods. In this quasi-experimental study; we grouped 40sophomore students of Environmental Health School, Islamic Azad University, and Tehran Medical Sciences Branch in Iran Country into two groups in April 2014. We collected the data by a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic (5) and food health laboratory (29) questions that used four-point Liker scales. We collected and measured the students’ knowledge and practice about food health laboratory in two groups by using pre and post-test. We analyzed the collected data by SPSS 18 software. The mean scores of the lecture and video projector groups were 10.95±5.28 (2-21), and 11.7±5.21 (6-24), respectively; the difference between the pre-test scores of the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Knowledge scores of the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Students’ practice in video projector method was higher than lecture method. The results indicated that the video projector was more efficacious, and more economic in enhancing the students' knowledge rate. This method led to increasing the students’ knowledge, and practice, it might be applied as a surrogate for traditional training such as lecture method in universities of medical sciences in the country.
Safety and efficacy of Ivabradine in patients with acute ST-segment elevation...Premier Publishers
ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is commonly induced by thrombus formation leading to complete occlusion of a major epicardial coronary vessel. We aimed to explore safety and efficacy of Ivabradine in patients with STEMI associated with left ventricular dysfunction. 200 consecutive patients with STEMI were included in this controlled study. All patients had successful reperfusion and LVEF less than 50%. 100 patients received 5 mg ivabradine twice a day in addition to the conventional treatment, while 100 patients received the conventional treatment only. Composite end point of death, re-infarction, overt heart failure, or need for revascularization was reported at 30 days. Ivabradine when added to the conventional treatment reduced the heart rate significantly compared to the conventional treatment alone. However it did not affect incidence of primary end point. Ivabradine didn't show a significant impact on major adverse cardiac events when added to conventional treatment.
FPO Business Accelerator Centre- Indore
Course content for Agripreneurs Program in Agri-Business Management
The course is primarily targeted to any graduates who have basic knowledge of agriculture, though this may not be a pre-requisite. The course aims at equipping them with theoretical and practical knowledge on different aspects of agri-business including policy framework, laws, rules and regulations, business potential for an array of agri-businesses, banking interface, and a range of agri-business operations. All students would also acquire basic knowledge of important aspects of corporate and other laws, basic accounting, good communication skills, and elementary aspects of HR management as compulsory subjects. Practical training with EFASAL team at HQ and field level for all modules in every week, in which two days classes and three days practical training
The Presentation comprises all about the FPO. It covers structure, incorporation of FPO, formalities, legal compliance, working pattern, B-plan & others.
Any feedback would always be appreciated.
This presentation highlights the overview and subsidiaries of the agro and food processing sector in India & Gujarat. It details the major initiatives taken up by the government in terms of policies as well as infrastructure to promote industries and investments in the sector.
Livestock Master Plan (LMP): Roadmaps for the Ethiopia Growth and Transformat...ILRI
Presented by Barry Shapiro at the Rural Economic Development and Food Security Sector Working Group Broader Platform meeting, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2 July 2015
Report on industrial attachment in Uttarakhand Co-operative Dairy Federation ...Vikas Tiwari
Report on industrial attachment at N.D.U.S.S. aanchal Dairy lalkuan.
Uttarakhand Co-operative Dairy Federation Ltd:
Uttarakhand Co-operative Dairy Federation Ltd (UCDF Ltd.) is an apex level state federation of district milk Co-operative unions in the state of Uttarakhand.
It was established in the year 2001, under registration no:555,Dated 12-03-2001, with its head office at Mangal Parao, Haldwani (Nainital) for the successful implementation of the dairy programmes in the state. Product branding is "AANCHAL“.
The UCDF Ltd came into existence as a successor body to the Uttar Pradesh Co-operative Dairy Federation Ltd. after the formation of Uttarakhand as 27th state on 9th Nov, 2000.
The UCDF Ltd is registered under the Uttarakhand state cooperative act in the year 2001.
Comparison of the effect of lecture and video projector teaching methods on s...Premier Publishers
Teachers used video projector in the classroom training. The aim of this research was to compare the students’ attitude, knowledge and practice about food health laboratory in conventional lecture and Video projector methods. In this quasi-experimental study; we grouped 40sophomore students of Environmental Health School, Islamic Azad University, and Tehran Medical Sciences Branch in Iran Country into two groups in April 2014. We collected the data by a researcher-made questionnaire including demographic (5) and food health laboratory (29) questions that used four-point Liker scales. We collected and measured the students’ knowledge and practice about food health laboratory in two groups by using pre and post-test. We analyzed the collected data by SPSS 18 software. The mean scores of the lecture and video projector groups were 10.95±5.28 (2-21), and 11.7±5.21 (6-24), respectively; the difference between the pre-test scores of the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Knowledge scores of the two groups was statistically significant (p=0.001). Students’ practice in video projector method was higher than lecture method. The results indicated that the video projector was more efficacious, and more economic in enhancing the students' knowledge rate. This method led to increasing the students’ knowledge, and practice, it might be applied as a surrogate for traditional training such as lecture method in universities of medical sciences in the country.
Safety and efficacy of Ivabradine in patients with acute ST-segment elevation...Premier Publishers
ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is commonly induced by thrombus formation leading to complete occlusion of a major epicardial coronary vessel. We aimed to explore safety and efficacy of Ivabradine in patients with STEMI associated with left ventricular dysfunction. 200 consecutive patients with STEMI were included in this controlled study. All patients had successful reperfusion and LVEF less than 50%. 100 patients received 5 mg ivabradine twice a day in addition to the conventional treatment, while 100 patients received the conventional treatment only. Composite end point of death, re-infarction, overt heart failure, or need for revascularization was reported at 30 days. Ivabradine when added to the conventional treatment reduced the heart rate significantly compared to the conventional treatment alone. However it did not affect incidence of primary end point. Ivabradine didn't show a significant impact on major adverse cardiac events when added to conventional treatment.
Chemical and electrochemical studies of ranitidine as a corrosion inhibitor f...Premier Publishers
The corrosion inhibition of ranitidine on mild steel in hydrochloric acid medium was studied employing chemical and electrochemical methods. The results showed that the studied compound possessed good interaction on the metal surface and control both anodic and cathodic reactions. Studies pertaining to the determination of corrosion rate, percentage inhibition efficiency and variation of inhibitor concentration and temperature for the corrosion control process. Both anodic and cathodic polarized potentials were measured under galvanostatic and linear polarization techniques. The corrosion current density, corrosion potentials, Tafel slops and percentage inhibition efficiency were calculated. Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption process were calculated and interpreted. The percentage inhibition efficiency obtained from both the methods was good agreement with each other. The corrosion protection was explained on the basis of adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface. Adsorption of a compound on the mild steel surface was confirmed by FTIR spectra.
Cost and returns of paddy rice production in Kaduna State of NigeriaPremier Publishers
As a result of increasing population growth and urbanization, there is a high and increasing demand for rice, this necessitates the high attention for its production. This research was conducted to determine the profitability of paddy rice production in Chikun Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Data were collected from 60 randomly selected paddy rice farmers using a well structured questionnaire and analyzed using the descriptive statistics, net income and multiple regression models. The result showed that 97% were male, 88% married and had an average household size of 10 people. All respondents had one form of education and their average farm size was 15ha producing about 3.2tonnes of paddy per hectare. Paddy rice production in the area was estimated to have a profit $902.51 (N179,600) and a net returns of $766.83 (N152,600). Farm size, system of rice cultivation and household size accounted for 78% of the observe variation in the farmer’s income. The study however concluded that paddy rice production in the study area is a profitable enterprise and it also recommended that consistent government policies that would favour increase in paddy production, market information, extension service delivery, input subsidization and credit facilities be implemented.
Impact assessment of nomadic education extension programme on welfare of noma...Premier Publishers
The ultimate benefit of any intervention is the improvement on welfare of beneficiaries. The ownership of assets, improved health meeting social obligations and change in nutrition are indicators of improved welfare. A total of 360 respondents were randomly selected through purposive and multi-stage sampling procedures. Statistical analysis using percentages and two sample t-test were employed. The result of the study indicated that 58% and 56% of the treatment and control group were below the average age respectively. The overwhelming majority of the respondents were married with large family size and mostly polygamist. On education, 36.7% and 55.6% of the respondents in the two communities had never been to any school respectively. The two sample t-test indicated that there were positive and significant statistical mean differences in the ownership of assets between the two groups. All the p-value for assets were less than the critical p-value of 0.05 and all the t-cal were greater than the t-critical value of 1.96 signifying the impact of the intervention on beneficiaries. The treatment group were better in meeting social obligation, feeding and health than the control group. The study recommended that government of Nigeria should pay attention to the welfare of the nomads.
Assessing the partial substitution of roasted soybean seed with sweet potato ...Premier Publishers
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of partial substitution of roasted soybean seed (RSS) with sweet potato leaf meal (SPLM) on growth performances of broiler chickens. Two hundred unsexed Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments consisting of a control diet (T1) and those containing SPLM at the levels of 30 g/kg (T2), 60 g/kg (T3), 90 g/kg (T4) and 120 g/kg (T5) replacing the RSS of the control diet. Each treatment diet was replicated four times with ten chicks each. The average feed intake of birds was (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) higher CP retention than those of T1 diet. In conclusion, chickens fed with T1 and T3 diets had better body weight and gain compared to other treatment diets. The feed intake decreased with increasing levels of SPLM suggesting the substitution of roasted soybean with higher levels may not be beneficial for broiler chickens.
Biological control of larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Cole...Premier Publishers
The use of synthetic insecticide has been faced with challenges of resistance among other drawbacks. This has necessitated the search for bio-pesticide that are environmentally friendly, non-toxic to humans and have a residual effect. This study evaluated the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassiana for biological control of larger grain borer (LGB) Prostephanus truncatus in maize grains. Pathogenicity examination of dead adult LGB in maize grains treated with conidia of B. bassiana was done to confirm the source of LGB mortality in B. bassiana treated maize grains. Adult dead LGB were subjected to high humidity and observed for the growth of white mould (Muscadine disease), which was cultured on Potato Dextrose Agar and identified. Eighty six percent of the dead insects from treated maize grains showed fungal growth B. bassiana. Mortality of LGB generally increased with the concentration and the exposure time of the treatments. The “weight of grain dust”, “percentage of grain damaged” and “percentage of grain weight loss” were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the untreated maize kernels. Beauvaria bassiana formulation was effective in controlling LGB and is recommended for maize storage. Further studies should be conducted to test the formulation under farmer situations in order to deal with practical challenges.
Energy in form of space may solve the dark energy problemPremier Publishers
A review of recent observations suggests a universe that is light weight (matter density is 1/3rd of the critical value), accelerating and flat. This implies the existence of a cosmic Dark Energy that overcomes the gravitational self-attraction force of matter and causes the accelerating expansion. Finding out the cause of expansion and acceleration of the universe is a challenging job in present day cosmology. Cosmological models with different types of dark energy are becoming viable standard models to analyze and simulate experimental data from a number of high red shift supernovae. In this article, physical significance and analytical expression for dark energy related to total energy (or energy density) and matter (or matter density) in the universe is presented. It is assumed that 'space' or 'vacuum' is another form of energy (other form is mass which is related as E = mc2). With this assumption new cosmological equation of state is constructed which is in very good agreement with present observations. Thus energy evolves from matter to radiation to space. It is also predicted that the existence of a fundamental particle with mass less than the mass of a quark is possible.
Effect of treated domestic wastewater as source of irrigation water and nutri...Premier Publishers
A study was conducted in Morogoro, Tanzania to assess the effect of treated wastewater as an alternative source of irrigation water and nutrients for rice. Wastewater was sourced from a local wastewater Stabilization Ponds and cleaned through a Constructed Wetland. Four treatments namely, (i) Waste water (WW) only (ii) WW + NPK (iii) Tap water only (iv) Tap water + NPK were tested in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 4 replicates. Rice, variety Saro 5 was planted in August 2013.Data was collected on physical-chemical and biological qualities of the WW, and soils, yield and yield components. Analysis of variance and Least Significant Difference (LSD) on yield were conducted (p≤0.05) using INSTAT software. WW had alkaline pH of 8.2 and acceptable levels of physical-chemical-biological components. WW only treated rice resulted in higher yields over non-treated rice. The combination of WW and NPK was not as effective especially for flowering, grain size and total yield indicative of nutrients overloading. Tap water only treated rice yielded 1.3 tons/ha while WW treated rice yielded 5.44 ton/ha mostly through promotion of higher number of fertile tillers while a combination of WW and NPK depressed yield potential to only 1.7 ton/ha. Effectiveness of WW for irrigation is acknowledged.
How to transform research results into the advertising message: The example o...Premier Publishers
This study demonstrates to advertising and marketing planners how they can transform consumer research results into the advertising message. There are three main points in the advertising strategy: “the target group (to or with whom are we going to communicate?), the advertising objectives (why are we going to communicate or what are we trying to reach?) and the message strategy (what are we going to communicate?)” (De Pelsmacker, et al., 2010: 215). Generating the advertising message strategy is one of the most challenging stages of the advertising planning. This study adopts a practical perspective to advertising strategies using a study analysis of a small tourism business that manages in attracting niche visitor segments to Artisanal Tours within the tourism market in Morocco.
The Bombay Blood Group is the rarest blood group first reported in Bombay, India. The blood sample of 40 year old female patient who presented with signs and symptoms suggestive of anemia was submitted to blood bank for grouping and cross-matching. Both forward and reverse grouping was done by tube method, resulting discrepancy between forward and reverse grouping. Both grouping is important for safe transfusion, if not followed may lead to people with Bombay blood group not being detected and categorized as O group. So therefore reverse or serum grouping is necessary to detect this group. We present one rare case which was diagnosed in our hospital.
Bayesian approximation techniques of Topp-Leone distributionPremier Publishers
Topp-Leone distribution is a continuous unimodal distribution used for modeling lifetime phenomena. Topp-Leone distribution has a J-shaped density function with a hazard function of bathtub-shaped and has wide range of applications in reliability fields. This distribution has attracted recent attention for the statistician but has not been discussed in detail in Bayesian approach. This paper is concerned with the estimation of shape parameter of Topp-Leone Distribution using various Bayesian approximation techniques like normal approximation, Tierney and Kadane (T-K) Approximation. Different informative and non-informative priors are used to obtain the Baye’s estimate of parameter of Topp-Leone Distributions under different approximation techniques. A simulation study has also been conducted for comparison of Baye’s estimates obtained under different approximation using different priors.
Macro–anatomical and morphometric studies of the Grasscutter (thryonomysswind...Premier Publishers
The Forelimb of the Grasscutter (Thryonomysswinderianus) was studied using 12 adult rats of both sexes with mean weights of 5167±0.2023kg and 0.8167±0.1276kg for male and female respectively. Correlation coefficient between length of each bone segment and weight of each animal revealed statistical significance (P < 0.05) in all bone segments except the manus when both sexes (n = 12) were considered signifying a positive relationship between weight of the animal and its bone size. The average total number of bones in the forelimb of the rat is 96 bones. Sexual dimorphism was not noticed. The bones of the forelimb revealed significant differences and similarities in morphology to that of other rodents and domestic animals. The Scapula presented a prominent triangular shaped metacromion and acromion process, the Humerus presented well defined head and distinct deltoid tuberosity protruding from the midshaft. The ulna and radius fuses proximally and distally leaving an expansive interosseus space. There were 8 irregularly shaped carpal bones arranged 3 proximally and 5 distally. Metacarpal and digital bones are 5 on each forelimb with the first and fifth greatly reduced with each digit presenting 3 phalanges.
Evolution of waste management strategies in industries: from passive to proac...Premier Publishers
This paper is a review of various articles and documents on development of waste management approaches in industries. It provides information on advancement of waste management approaches as human awareness to environment increases and demonstrates the benefits of proactive waste management measures in industries. Most polluting industries in the world were established by the time the earth had the capacity to provide raw materials and absorb wastes. However, with increasing industrialization and urbanization virgin raw materials seriously declined and waste loads dramatically increased. As a result waste management strategies progressively evolved. In 1960s waste avoidance measures through foul and flee, dilute and disperse, concentrate and contain; in 1970s purification units at the end of emission pipes; in 1980s resource recovery through recycling and energy saving strategies were used as solutions to the problem of wastes on the environment. Furthermore, from 1990s onwards proactive measures by Cleaner Production technologies focusing on the source of waste generation to reduce, reuse and recycle wastes into valuable resources became the best solution for sustainable management of wastes and to enhance the performance of industries. Cleaner production technologies assured marvelous evidences for sustainable development by allowing industries to produce more efficiently and gain incredible economic, environmental and social benefits with less input utilization and less environmental impacts.
Contracting decision and performance of Mexican coffee traders: The role of m...Premier Publishers
We identified and explained the contractual choices of Mexican coffee traders in selling their product and analyzed the traders´ performance. The data were obtained from personal interviews with 53 intermediaries in four coffee producing regions of the states of Oaxaca and Veracruz, Mexico. Marketing margins were used as an indicator of traders’ performance. The results indicate that being a roaster, having a wet processing plant and selling cherry coffee negatively affects the use of contracts whereas being vertically integrated has a positive effect. The results also suggest that being registered in the National Coffee System (which only a minority of the interviewed traders were) increases the margin for the trader. Selling cherry coffee, participating in a competitive environment and having a contract decreases these margins (at 5% significance) and may thus enhance the performance of the supply chain and benefit the producers.
An analysis of the fresh milk chain in Ha Nam province of Vietnamjournal ijrtem
ABSTRACT : This study aimed at analysis the fresh milk chain in Ha Nam province and provided some suggestion to improve the milk chain in this area. The data came from standard questionnaires in a survey of all chain actors in the region in the first quarter of 2017. The result showed that milk chain in the study site included 196 dairy farmers, 05 milk collector, 01 dairy plant, and many milk distributors. Formal milk distribution channel started from dairy farms to milk collector, dairy plants, to wholesalers/retailers and to the consumers. In absolute value, dairy farmers achieved the highest proportion of added value along the chain. Although the added value per kg of milk gained by milk collectors was relatively low, the actual benefit they received was quite high. In relative terms, distributors were the most profitable agents. Dairy farmers have a good motivation to develop their dairy herds but they suffer from high feed cost. The dairy plant has the highest power. The study also presents some recommendation in order to improve the milk chain.
Keywords: Milk chain analysis, dairy farmer, milk production
A milk marketing system for pastoralists of Kilosa district in Tanzania: mark...Premier Publishers
Despite a large diversity of livestock species in Tanzania, most livestock keepers are not commercial oriented. However, this paper analyzed commercial settings particularly the efficiency of a pastoral milk marketing system in Kilosa District and identifies strategies to improve milk marketing. A cross-sectional research design was employed to collect data using interview schedule, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Marketing margins, descriptive statistics and Structure-Conduct-Performance (SCP) model were used as analytical tools. The findings show that pastoral milk marketing is not efficient but profitable. This signifies potential for increasing income for pastoralist if milk efficiency was improved. Net profit margins realized per liter were TZS 332.00(1 USD = TZS 1800.00), TZS 65.00 and TZS 141.00 by producers, small scale milk vendors and retailers, respectively. The market information flow was not transparent. The pastoral system had no defined standards, grades, or product differentiation in packaging thus signaling market inefficiency. Commercialization focusing on promotion of pastoral milk marketing, through introduction of community based extension services and village community banks, empowerment of small and medium scale processors, training on proper milking and milk handling need to be considered in the future intervention strategies.
Improving food safety and quality in traditional dairy value chain in Assam: ...ILRI
Presented by Ma. Lucila A. Lapar, Rameswar Deka, Johanna Lindahl, Delia Grace at the 58th annual conference of the Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society (AARES), Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia, 4-7 February 2014.
Abstract— The aim of this study was to map comprehensively as the basis for the implementation of technologies that met the needs of dairy farmers. Specifically, the objectives were: to analyze the marketing and institutional characteristics of dairy industryy in rural farmers. The target population is dairy farmers in Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java Provinces. The numbers of samples were selected in nine dairy cooperatives, which were three cooperatives represented each province, three milk processing industries, and totally 270 farmers as respondents. Data were taken such as demographic characteristic of farmers, farmer groups, and marketing line of milk distribution from farmers to consumers. The results showed that the institutional environment of dairy industry and governance both from Cental Java, Yogyakarta and East Java need handlers more serious, it can be seen from the dependence of farmers on the institutions that exist including cooperatives and milk processing industries still high. From the aspect of livestock farming, cows in East Java showed better performance than the two other major regions, namely Central Java and Yogyakarta. Distribution and marketing of milk which is currently still depends on the institutional binding of cooperative, and dairy processing industry, and there has been no increase of participation in enhancing the value chain.
Leadership Of Indian Coop Dairy IndustryAmit Gupta
A Tribute to the Milkman of India,Dr V.Kurien who passed away recently-tracing the history of Amul innovation & competitiveness of Indian dairy industry
Alternatives to improve field AI delivery system to enhance beef and dairy sy...ILRI
Presented by Asrat Tera at the IPMS Workshop on Alternatives for Improving Field AI Delivery System to Enhance Beef and Dairy Production in Ethiopia, ILRI, Addis Ababa, 24-25 August 2011
Value Chain Analysis of Large Cardamom in Taplejung District of NepalIEREK Press
This study assessed the value chain analysis of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb) in Taplejung district, Nepal and explored the functional linkage and upgrading strategies among the key value chain actors. One hundred and sixty farmers weresurveyed purposely along with 5 local and district level traders, 5 regional level traders and exporters and 5 enablers who were sampled using rapid market appraisal in March 2018. The study presents a comparative analysis among large holders (n=72) and smallholders (n=88) large cardamom farmersusing SPSS and MS-Excel. The majority of farmers used suckers as propagating materials which was a major source of disease conduction. 62.5% of farmers adopted traditional dryers for curing, which reduced the quality of large cardamom whereas about 30% of them used improved dryers for curing that enhanced quality. The majority of farmers had not adopted value addition practices like tail cutting, grading and packaging which were carried out at trader level. Large cardamom prices were normally determined by the export market of India. The average land area of large cardamom per household was 21.56 ropani with 36.74 ropani for the large landholder farmers and 9.14 ropani for the smallholders. The key problems faced by farmers and traders were high price swing, lack of disease-free propagating materials, reliance on the Indian market, aged orchards, shrinking productivity, and minimal collaboration among the chain actors. Therefore, adoption of Good Management Practices (GMPs)-upgraded bhattis, transfer of tail cutting technology and storage management, along with value addition activities like grading (color and size), tail cutting and packaging need to be adopted with strong adherence to export quality. This study revealed that necessary action needs to be taken to maintain a high level of collaboration among the value chain actors thereby increasing the value chain efficiency of Nepalese large cardamom
Evaluation of Agro-morphological Performances of Hybrid Varieties of Chili Pe...Premier Publishers
In Benin, chilli pepper is a widely consumed as vegetable whose production requires the use of performant varieties. This work assessed, at Parakou and Malanville, the performance of six F1 hybrids of chilli including five imported (Laali, Laser, Nandi, Kranti, Nandita) and one local (De cayenne), in completely randomized block design at four replications and 15 plants per elementary plot. Agro-morphological data were collected and submitted to analysis of variance and factor analysis of mixed data. The results showed the effects of variety, location and their interactions were highly significant for most of the growth, earliness and yield traits. Imported hybrid varieties showed the best performances compared to the local one. Multivariate analysis revealed that 'De cayenne' was earlier, short in size, thin-stemmed, red fruits and less yielding (≈ 1 t.ha-1). The imported hybrids LaaliF1 and KrantiF1 were of strong vegetative vigor, more yielding (> 6 t.ha-1) by developing larger, long and hard fruits. Other hybrids showed intermediate performances. This study highlighted the importance of imported hybrids in improving yield and preservation of chili fruits. However, stability and adaptation analyses to local conditions are necessary for their adoption.
An Empirical Approach for the Variation in Capital Market Price Changes Premier Publishers
The chances of an investor in the stock market depends mainly on some certain decisions in respect to equilibrium prices, which is the condition of a system competing favorably and effectively. This paper considered a stochastic model which was latter transformed to non-linear ordinary differential equation where stock volatility was used as a key parameter. The analytical solution was obtained which determined the equilibrium prices. A theorem was developed and proved to show that the proposed mathematical model follows a normal distribution since it has a symmetric property. Finally, graphical results were presented and the effects of the relevant parameters were discussed.
Influence of Nitrogen and Spacing on Growth and Yield of Chia (Salvia hispani...Premier Publishers
Chia is an emerging cash crop in Kenya and its production is inhibited by lack of agronomic management information. A field experiment was conducted in February-June and May-August 2021, to determine the influence of nitrogen and spacing on growth and yield of Chia. A randomized complete block design with a split plot arrangement was used with four nitrogen rates as the main plots (0, 40, 80, 120 kg N ha-1) and three spacing (30 cm x 15 cm (s1), 30 cm x 30 cm (s2), 50 cm x 50 cm (s3)). Application of 120 kg N ha-1 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth and seed yield of Chia. Stem height, branches, stem diameter and leaves increased by 23-28%, 11-13%, 43-55% and 59-88% respectively. Spacing s3 significantly increased (p≤0.05) vegetative growth. An increase of 27-74%, 36-45% and 73-107% was recorded in number of leaves, stem diameter and dry weight, respectively. Chia yield per plant was significantly higher (p≤0.05) in s3. However, when expressed per unit area, s1 significantly produced higher yields. The study recommends 120 kg N ha-1 or higher nitrogen rates and a closer spacing of 15 cm x 30 cm as the best option for Chia production in Kenya.
Enhancing Social Capital During the Pandemic: A Case of the Rural Women in Bu...Premier Publishers
Social capital plays an essential role in empowering people for social and economic change even during the pandemic. A livelihood project of the government was implemented among the members of a women’s association of a disadvantaged upland community in Bukidnon province, Southern Philippines for inclusive development. This study was conducted to determine the influence of some socio-economic attributes and the change in the knowledge level on the social capital of the rural women amidst the pandemic. The activities of the project were implemented considering the health protocols imposed by the government during the health crisis. The findings revealed that the trainings conducted resulted to a positive change in the knowledge level among the rural women. This facilitated the production of vegetables for their households and generated additional income very necessary during the pandemic especially that other economic activities were hindered. Similarly, there was a significant increase in the social capital of the rural women during the last two years. The main occupation, sources of income and their ethnicity significantly influenced the social capital of the rural women. The rural development workers and policymakers must consider the social capital of the group in the implementation of poverty alleviation programs.
Impact of Provision of Litigation Supports through Forensic Investigations on...Premier Publishers
This paper presents an argument through the fraud triangle theory that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases is adequate for effective prosecution of perpetrators as well as corporate fraud prevention. To support this argument, this study operationalized provision of litigation supports through forensic audit and investigations, data mining for trends and patterns, and fraud data collection and preparation. A sample of 500 respondents was drawn from the population of professional accountants and legal practitioners in Nigeria. Questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection and this was mailed to the respective respondents. Resulting responses were analyzed using the OLS multiple regression techniques via the SPSS statistical software. The results reveal that the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations, fraud data mining for trends and patterns and fraud data collection and preparation for court proceedings have a positive and significant impact on corporate fraud prevention in Nigeria. This study therefore recommends that regulators should promote the provision of litigation supports through forensic audits and investigations in relation to corporate fraud cases in publicly listed firms in Nigeria, as this will help provide reports that are acceptable in court proceedings.
Improving the Efficiency of Ratio Estimators by Calibration WeightingsPremier Publishers
It is observed that the performances of most improved ratio estimators depend on some optimality conditions that need to be satisfied to guarantee better estimator. This paper develops a new approach to ratio estimation that produces a more efficient class of ratio estimators that do not depend on any optimality conditions for optimum performance using calibration weightings. The relative performances of the proposed calibration ratio estimators are compared with a corresponding global [Generalized Regression (GREG)] estimator. Results of analysis showed that the proposed calibration ratio estimators are substantially superior to the traditional GREG-estimator with relatively small bias, mean square error, average length of confidence interval and coverage probability. In general, the proposed calibration ratio estimators are more efficient than all existing estimators considered in the study.
Urban Liveability in the Context of Sustainable Development: A Perspective fr...Premier Publishers
Urbanization and quality of urban life are mutually related and however it varies geographically and regionally. With unprecedented growth of urban centres, challenge against urban development is more in terms of how to enhance quality of urban life and liveability. Making sense of and measuring urban liveability of urban places has become a crucial step in the context of sustainable development paradigm. Geographical regions depict variations in nature of urban development and consequently level of urban liveability. The coastal regain of West Bengal faces unusual challenges caused by increasing urbanization, uncontrolled growth, and expansion of economic activities like tourism and changing environmental quality. The present study offers a perspective on urban liveability of urban places located in coastal region comprising of Purba Medinipur and South 24 Parganas districts. The study uses the liveability standards covering four major pillars- institutional, social, economic and physical and their indicators. This leads to develop a City Liveability Index to rank urban places of the region, higher the index values better the urban liveability. The data for the purpose is collected from various secondary sources. Study finds that the eastern coastal region of the country covering state of West Bengal depicts variations in index of liveability determined by physical, economic, social and institutional indicators.
Transcript Level of Genes Involved in “Rebaudioside A” Biosynthesis Pathway u...Premier Publishers
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is a plant which has recently been used widely as a sweetener. This medicinal plant has some components such as diterpenoid glycosides called steviol glycosides [SGs]. Rebaudioside A is a diterpenoid steviol glycoside which is 300 times sweeter than table sugar. This study was done to investigate the effect of GA3 (50 mg/L) on the expression of 14 genes involved in Rebaudioside A biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro conditions. The expression of DXS remarkably decreased by day 3. Also, probably because of the negative feedback of GA3 on MEP-drived isoprenes, GGDS transcript level reached its lowest amount after GA3 treatment. The abundance of DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, and CDPS transcripts showed a significant increase at various days after this treatment. A significant drop in the expression levels of KS and UGT85C2 is detected during the first day. However, expression changes of HDR and KD were not remarkable. Results revealed that the level of transcript of UGT74G1 and UGT76G1 up regulated significantly 4 and 2 times higher than control, respectively. However, more research needs to shed more light on the mechanism of GA3 on gene expression of MEP pathway.
Multivariate Analysis of Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clones on Mor...Premier Publishers
Information on genetic variability for biochemical characters is a prerequisite for improvement of tea quality. Thirteen introduced tea clones characterized with objective; assessing tea clones based on morphological characters at Melko and Gera research stations. The study was conducted during 2017/18 cropping season on experimental plots in RCBD with three replications. Data recorded on morphological traits like days from pruning to harvest, height to first branch, stem diameter, leaf serration density, leaf length, leaf width, leaf size, petiole length, leaf ratio, internode length, shoot length, number of shoot, canopy diameter, hundred shoot weight, fresh leaf yield per tree. Cluster analysis of morphological trait grouped into four clusters indicated, the existence of divergence among the tested clones. The maximum inter-cluster distance was between clusters I and IV (35.27) while the minimum inter cluster distance was observed between clusters I and II (7.8).Principal components analysis showed that the first five principal components with eigenvalues greater than one accounted 86.45% for 15 morphological traits. Generally, the study indicated presence of variability for several morphological traits. However, high morphological variation between clones is not a guarantee for a high genetic variation; therefore, molecular studies need to be considered as complementary to biochemical studies.
Causes, Consequences and Remedies of Juvenile Delinquency in the Context of S...Premier Publishers
This research work was designed to examine nature of juvenile offences committed by juveniles, causes of juvenile delinquency, consequences of juvenile delinquency and remedies for juvenile delinquency in the context of Sub-Saharan Africa with specific reference to Eritrea. Left unchecked, juvenile delinquents on the streets engage in petty theft, take alcohol or drugs, rape women, rob people at night involve themselves in criminal gangs and threaten the public at night. To shed light on the problem of juvenile delinquency in the Sub-Saharan region data was collected through primary and secondary sources. A sample size of 70 juvenile delinquents was selected from among 112 juvenile delinquents in remand at the Asmara Juvenile Rehabilitation Center in the Eritrean capital. The study was carried out through coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 70 juvenile delinquents. The survey evidence indicates that the majority of the juvenile respondents come either from families constructed by unmarried couples or separated or divorced parents where largely the father is missing in the home or dead. The findings also indicate that children born out of wedlock, families led by single mothers, lack of fatherly role models, poor parental-child relationships and negative peer group influence as dominant causes of juvenile infractions. The implication is that broken and stressed families are highly likely to be the breeding grounds for juvenile delinquency. The survey evidence indicates that stealing, truancy or absenteeism from school, rowdy or unruly behavior at school, free-riding in public transportation, damaging the book of fellow students and beating other young persons are the most common forms of juvenile offenses. It is therefore, recommended that parents and guardians should exercise proper parental supervision and give adequate care to transmit positive societal values to children. In addition, the government, the police, prosecution and courts, non-government organizations, parents, teachers, religious leaders, education administrators and other stakeholders should develop a child justice system that strives to prevent children from entering deeper into the criminal justice process.
The Knowledge of and Attitude to and Beliefs about Causes and Treatments of M...Premier Publishers
Stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness are a common occurrence in the Sub-Saharan region including Eritrea. Numerous studies from Sub-Saharan Africa suggest that stigma and discrimination are major problems in the community, with negative attitudes and behavior towards people with mental illness being widespread. In order to assess the whether such negative attitudes persist in the context of Eritrea this study explored the knowledge and perceptions of 90 Eritrean university students at the College of Business and Economics, the University of Asmara regarding the causes and remedies of mental illness A qualitative method involving coded self-administered questionnaires administered to a sample of 90 university students to collecting data at the end of 2019. The survey evidence points that almost 50% of the respondents had contact with a mentally ill person suggesting that the significant number of the respondents experienced a first-hand encounter and knowledge of mental illness in their family and community. The findings show an overall greater science-based understanding of the causes of mental illness to be followed by recommended psychiatric treatments. The survey evidence indicates that the top three leading causes of mental illness in the context of Eritrea according to the respondents are brain disease (76%), bad events in the life of the mentally ill person (66%) and substance abuse or alcohol taking, smoking, taking drugs like hashish. (54%). The majority of the respondents have a very sympathetic and positive outlook towards mentally ill persons suggesting that mentally illness does not simply affect a chosen individual rather it can happen to anybody regardless of economic class, social status, ethnicity race and religion. Medical interventions cited by the majority of the respondents as being effective treatments for mental illness centered on the idea that hospitals and clinics for treatment and even cures for psychiatric disease. Changing perceptions of mental illnesses in Eritrea that paralleled the very caring and sympathetic attitudes of the sample university students would require raising public awareness regarding mental illness through education, using the mass media to raise public awareness, integrating mental health into the primary health care system, decentralizing mental health care services to increase access to treatment and providing affordable service to maintain positive treatment outcomes.
Effect of Phosphorus and Zinc on the Growth, Nodulation and Yield of Soybean ...Premier Publishers
An investigation was carried out at Kogi State University Student Research and Demonstration farm Anyigba during the 2019 wet season to observe the effect of phosphorus and zinc on the growth, nodulation and yield of soybean. The treatments comprised three levels: phosphorus and zinc (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/ha; 0, 5 and 10kg Zn/ha) and two varieties TGX 536 – 02D and Samsoy 2. The investigation revealed that application of phosphorus affected growth, nodulation, yield and some yield components of soybean while zinc application, apart from the plant height, which is reduced significantly, had no significant effect on other growth characters, nodulation, yield and yield components. However, it was generally found to decrease most of the characters. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest growth and yield, while 30 kg P2O5/ha gave the highest nodulation. Application of 60 kg P2O5/ha significantly increased yield to 1.9t/ha, which was significantly higher over the control plots, which gave 1.7t/ha. Crude protein and oil contents of the seeds were not significantly affected by phosphorus application but were significantly affected by zinc application, which significantly decreased protein content as its amount an increase from 0 to 10 kg/ha, and significantly increased oil content from 0 to 5kg/ha and decreased it below 5kg/ha. It was also revealed that the two varieties responded similarly to phosphorus and zinc in terms of growth, grain yield and crude protein content of the seeds.
Influence of Harvest Stage on Yield and Yield Components of Orange Fleshed Sw...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Adami Tullu Agricultural Research Center in 2018 under rainfed condition with supplementary irrigation to determine the influence of harvest stage on vine yield and tuberous root yield of orange fleshed sweet potato varieties. The experiment consisted of four harvest stages (105, 120, 135 and 150 days after planting) and Kulfo, Tulla and Guntute varieties. A 4 X 3 factorial experiment arranged in randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Interaction of harvest stage and variety significantly influenced above ground fresh biomass, vine length, marketable tuberous root weight per hectare, commercial harvest index and harvest index. The highest mean values of above ground fresh biomass (66.12 t/ha) and marketable tuberous root weight (56.39 t/ha) were produced by Guntute variety harvested at 135 days after planting. Based on the results, it can be recommended that, farmers of the study area can grow Guntute variety by harvesting at 135 days after planting to obtain optimum vine and tuberous root yields.
Performance evaluation of upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and variability study...Premier Publishers
This study aimed at assessing genetic variability and to evaluate the performance of 13 improved upland rice varieties for yield and its components based on morphological traits. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized block design at Guraferda and Gimbo districts in the 2019 main cropping season. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) over the two locations revealed significant differences (p≤ 0.05) among varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, panicle length, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield. Similarly, the ANOVA for variety by location interactions depicted significant differences among the tested varieties for days to 50% heading, days to 85% maturity, and thousand-grain weight. High heritability was obtained from days to heading (88.5%), panicle length (85.0%), and grain yield (85.2%), which indicates these traits can be easily improved through selection. High to medium broad sense heritability and genetic advance as percentage of the mean for days to heading, thousand-grain weight, and grain yield indicates a good opportunity for improvement through selection using their phenotypic performance. This is mainly due to the high role of additive gene action in the expression of such traits. This study confirmed the presence of variability among varieties for most of the studied traits, which will create an opportunity for breeders to improve rice yield and other attributes.
Response of Hot Pepper (Capsicum Annuum L.) to Deficit Irrigation in Bennatse...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted at Enchete kebele in Benna-Tsemay Woreda, South Omo Zone to evaluate the response of hot pepper to deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity under furrow irrigation system. The experiment comprised four treatments (100 % of ETc, 85% of ETc, 70 % of ETc and 50% of ETc), respectively. The experiment was laid out in RCBD and replicated four times. The two years combined yield results indicated that, the maximum total yield (20.38 t/ha) was obtained from 100% ETc while minimum yield (12.92 t/ha) was obtained from 50% of ETc deficit irrigation level. The highest WUE 5.22 kg/ha mm-1 was obtained from 50% of ETc. Treatment of 100% ETc irrigation application had highest benefit cost ratio (4.5) than all others treatments. Applying 50% of ETc reduce the yield by 37% when compared to 100 % ETc. Accordingly, to achieve maximum hot pepper yield in areas where water is not scarce, applying 100% ETc irrigation water application level throughout whole growing season under furrow irrigation system is recommended. But, in the study area water scarcity is the major limiting factor for crop production. So, it is possible to get better yield and water productivity of hot pepper when we apply 85% ETc irrigation water throughout growing season under furrow irrigation system.
Harnessing the Power of Agricultural Waste: A Study of Sabo Market, Ikorodu, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is still burdened with huge responsibilities of waste disposal because the potential for benefits of proper waste management is yet to be harnessed. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. It is estimated that about 998 million tons of agricultural waste is produced yearly in the country with organic wastes amounting to 80 percent of the total solid wastes. This can be categorized into biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes. The paper evaluates the capacity of the Sabo Cattle market in producing the required quantities of waste from animal dung alongside decomposed fruits with a view to generating renewable energy possibilities for lighting, security and other business activities of the market. The Sabo market was treated as a study case with the adoption of in-depth examinations of the facility, animals and products for sale and waste generated. A combination of experimental, interviews (qualitative) and design simulation (for final phase) was adopted to extract, verify and analyse the data generated from the study. Animal waste samples were subjected to compositional and fibre analysis with results showing that the sample has high potency for biogas production. Biodegradable Wastes are human and animal excreta, agricultural and all degradable wastes. Availability of high quantity of waste generated being organic in Sabo market allows the use of anaerobic digestion to be proposed as a waste to energy technology due to its feasibility for conversion of moist biodegradable wastes into biogas. The study found that at peak supply period during the Islamic festivities, a conservative 300tonnes of animal waste is generated during the week which translates to over 800kilowatts of electricity.
Influence of Conferences and Job Rotation on Job Productivity of Library Staf...Premier Publishers
The general purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of conferences and job rotation on job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria. The survey research design was used for this study using questionnaire as an instrument for data collection. This study covered the entire population of 661. Out of these, 501 copies of the questionnaire representing 75.8% were duly completed and returned for analysis. Student’s t-test was used to analyze the research questions. The finding showed that conferences had no significant influence on the job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F cal= 7.86; t-vale =6.177; p >0.005). Finding also showed that job rotation significantly influences job productivity of library staff in tertiary institutions in Imo State, Nigeria (F-cal value= 18.65; t-value = 16.225; P<0.05). This study recommended that, government should ensure that library staff participate in conferences with themes and topics that are relevant to the job they perform and also ensure that there should be proper evaluation and feedback mechanism which aimed to ensuring control and minimize abuse of their development opportunities. Again, there should be written statement of objectives in order to sustain job rotation programmes. Also, that training and development needs of library staff must be identified and analyzed before embarking on job rotation processes as this would help to build skills, competences, specialization and high job productivity.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Structure and Composition of Urinary Calculi of...Premier Publishers
Microscopic examination of urine samples collected from geriatric dogs revealed increased numbers of erythrocytes, leucocytes, epithelial cells and pus cells along with casts, bacteria, spermatozoa and crystals of various shapes. Among the different crystals, triple phosphate or struvite were predominant, followed by calcium oxalate dihydrate, calcium oxalate monohydrate and ammonium urate or biurate. The struvite crystals were, coffin-lid shape and while calcium oxalate dihydrate were octahedron or envelope and monohydrate crystals demonstrated “picket fence” and “dumbbell” and “hemp seed” appearance. Brown or yellow-brown spherical bodies with irregular borders with thorn-apple appearance were shown by ammonium urate or biurate crystals. SEM aspects of magnesium ammonium phosphate crystals revealed perpendicular columnar strata, few with scattered hexa or octa-hedral coffin-lid shaped crystals and calcium phosphate crystals were like cracked eggshells. Presence of wavy phases with sundry areas (uric acid), picket fence (calcium oxalate monohydrate) and typical envelope (calcium oxalate dehydrate) were electron microscopic appearance of various crystals.
Gentrification and its Effects on Minority Communities – A Comparative Case S...Premier Publishers
This paper does a comparative analysis of four global cities and their minority districts which have been experiencing the same structural pressure of gentrification. The main contribution of this paper is providing a detailed comparison of four micro geographies worldwide and the impacts of gentrification on them: Barrio Logan in San Diego, Bo-Kaap in Cape Town, the Mission District in San Francisco, and the Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus District in Vienna. All four cities have been experiencing the displacement of minority communities due to increases in property values. These cities were chosen because their governments enacted different policies to temper the gentrification process. It was found that cities which implemented social housing and cultural inclusionary policies were more successful in maintaining the cultural and demographic make-up of the districts.
Oil and Fatty Acid Composition Analysis of Ethiopian Mustard (Brasicacarinata...Premier Publishers
The experiments was conducted at Holetta Agricultural Research Center, to analyze forty nine Ethiopian Mustard land races for oil and fatty acid composition traits The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were highly significant differences among genotypes for all oil and fatty acid traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the land races which is important for improvement
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He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
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2. Dairy business value chain analysis in Lamjung district of Nepal
Bhandari T 057
and 42% buffaloes are being milked and their collective
milk production is 11631 tons. Growth rate of improve
breeds over local breeds is 113% and raising local
breeds seem reducing trend by 13% in the recent year
(DoLS, 2013 and DLSO,2013). Nepalese Agriculture
Perspective Plan (1995-2015) has prioritised "milk
production" sub-sector as one of the best suitable
outcome-base commodities for mid-hill districts in Nepal
(MoAD, 2009). What are the types of value chain
functions and value addition activities were there by the
upstream and downstream chain actors, or any policy
defect on sizable milk volume production and marketing?
What level of supports are gaining from public/ civil
society agencies to endorse backward and forward
networks? How does private sector leading the milk
business? Why does a few dairies only collecting very
less milk from the inhabitants irrespective of large supply
from adjoining districts? What types of milk products
would be profitable in such a specified market situation?
No past literatures have answered these issues.
Therefore, researcher felt crucial to use value chain
approach (VCA) as the best solution of sustainable milk
business because VCA does not limit policy use at local
level, district, country as well as links in the global level
(Humphrey & Schmitz, 2001 and Humphrey,2006).
Because VCA is a newly practicing market-base tool
determining how business receives raw materials as
input, add value to the raw materials through various
processes, and sell finished products to the intended
customers (GTZ, 2007; Poudel, 2008 and Keane, 2008).
Since 2000s, value chain analysis has gained
considerable popularity in Nepal (Banjara, 2007 and
Bhandari, 2014). Value chain essentially represents
enterprises where many producers and marketing
companies work within their respective businesses to
pursue one or more end markets (Porter, 1985 and
Carmen & Demenus, 2009). Value chain participants
cooperate to improve overall competitiveness of the final
product, but may also be completely unaware of the
linkages between their operation and other upstream or
downstream participants (Kaplinksky and Morris, 2002,
and Hoermann et al., 2010). Therefore, VCA encompass
all of the factors of production including land, labor,
capital, technology, and economic activities including
input supply, production, transformation, transport,
handling, marketing, and distribution necessary to create,
sell, and deliver a product to an intended destination
(Tchale and Keyser, 2010). The commodity chains are
border-crossing value adding networks of labour and
production processes whose end results are finished
commodity at use (World Bank, 2012). Thus, specific
objectives of the study were : i) identify dairy chain
functions and capabilities of micro-actors; ii) to map micro
actors and analyze opportunities and constraints under
dairy sub-sector; iii) quantify economics behind value
addition in actors’ operations and market analysis of the
milk products.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Data source and collection methods
Rapid market appraisal (RMA) tool supported collecting
in-depth facts and first hand information from the primary
informants. Key methods of RMA were: focus group
discussion (FGD), key informant survey (KIS),
observation, case study collection and validation
workshop (SNV, 2010). Checklist preparation undertook
for FGD and KIS as pre-field works as per relevancy of
the organization and types of service they were
rendering. Then, all checklists pre-tested with the non-
group members of the Kunchha village and errors were
corrected in it. Potential stakeholders to be visited and its
itinerary prepared with the help of staffs at District
Livestock Service Office (DLSO) Lamjung Nepal. Then,
all particularly dairy entrepreneurs, farmer's group and
cooperatives within the cow and buffalo pocket area
consulted. Consulted other actors were Model dairy
Yampaphant Tanahu, Safal Dairy Pokhara, District
Cooperative Union Damauli and Division Cooperative
Damauli which were major business suppliers of the dairy
products.
Researcher collected primary data in two seasons: flush
season (June to July 2013) and lean season (January
2014) by using method of Upadhyay, Singh and Koirala
(2000). In a latter case, same respondents consulted to
confirm seasonal change, selling variability and quantity
change. The study conducted ten FGDs: four with the
farmers' group and six with primary milk producing cum
selling cooperatives, altogether having 44 respondents
each ranging 7 to 15 members. In a same vein, 47 Key
Informant Survey (KIS) conducted by consulting:
proprietors (of private dairy farm, private dairies, teashop
and hotel), and managers of (line-agencies and Lamjung
Chamber of Commerce). By observation method, FGD
and KIS responses triangulated on investment at dairy
animal-shed, counting dairy animal numbers, feed and
fodder management, chilling centre, milk analysis and
data-keeping system, and payment system. In addition to
primary information, study also collected secondary data
from published reports, journals, proceedings and web
browsing of the related organization. Both shadow and
market price of the labours, input and tool prices, and
milk products at district level were also collected.
Analytical methods
In a beginning, cost of milk production (variable and
3. Dairy business value chain analysis in Lamjung district of Nepal
Int. J. Agric. Mark. 058
Milk Processing
Processed milk
Processed
products
Teashops
Private/Coops
run sales
Centres
Hotel &
restaurants
Distributers
Private/coops
run sales
Centres
Hotel &
restaurants
Fat reached
(ghee, butter)
Cultured
( yoghurt, Lassi)
Heat desiccated
(Khowa, Peda)
Acid heat
coagulated
(Paneer, channa)
Universal
(ice cream)
Retailers/milk
booth
Distributers
Retailers/milk
booth
Household Consumption
Figure 1. Types of Processed Milk and Milk Products and respective selling outlets
Source: Own drawing from field survey (2014)
depreciated fixed assets, cost of processing, unit margin,
gross returns, and value addition) in various steps were
analysed and averaged for micro chain actors. The basic
equations of the cost function were:
C = f(Y),-------------------------------------(1)
Ci = f(Wit, T, Pf, Rcm,)----------------------(2) under long-run
case (Koutsoyiannis, 1991).
where, Ci: total cost incurred by a i
th
household; Y = milk
production as output; Wit: output ( quantity of milk per
lactation of animal), T= cost of technological option, Pf =
price of factors used, Rcm = repair and maintenance. The
fixed cost items were shed preparation, water pipes and
tanks, manger, or motors, and their respective prices.
Study calculated average cost of raw milk production
after consulting individual farmers of different village
(near to town, village and peri-urban areas), types of
dairy animal (cow, buffalo or both) and number (small to
medium farm raising). The study collected case studies of
cost-benefit analysis of varying three entrepreneurs' farm
raising buffalo alone, cow alone, and mixed of both cows
and buffaloes in order to compute fixed costs, operational
costs, net-income before tax, labor cost and per litre cost
of production. Tchale & Keyser, 2010). Using Zimmerer
and Scarborough (2008), break-even analyses of these
farms were calculated in a unit basis by using following
formula:
Break-even volume:
unitpertVariableunitperpriceSales
tsfixedTotal
cos
cos
---(3)
Study calculated comparative calculations related to
value addition while preparing cold chain-base or hot
milk-base diversified products (see figure 1). Further,
marketing analysis tools used to determine dairy inputs,
and market schedule of milk products in flush season
(15
th
July to 15
th
December) and lean season (16
th
December to 14th July). Types of milk suppliers, their
seasonal capacity and accordingly types of consumption
outlets as well as import and export volume as per
market outlet were analysed by considering demand and
supply situation. With incorporating linkage, prices, dairy
products, and actors, a complete chain map portrayed
into the value chain map (see figure 3).
All collected information were presented to the
participants from herd raisers, service providers and
traders during the validation workshop. In panel
discussion through SWOT analysis method, these
participants outlined district level market chains, and
backward and forward linkages, which were basis of
drawing value chain map.
RESULTS
Value chain functions of the micro actors
In order to reflect objective one of the study, six value
chain functions of the actors identified that were input
supplier, raw milk producer, collector, processor, trader
and consumer (see figure 3).
Input supplier: The horizontal level of input suppliers
were dairy resource centres and cattle and buffalo
4. Dairy business value chain analysis in Lamjung district of Nepal
Bhandari T 059
Figure 2: Cost and Returns of Viable Cow and Buffalo Farms
Source: Own calculation from field survey (2014)
pockets, feed suppliers, pet-vet/agro-vet shopkeepers,
artificial inseminator (AI), Village Animal Health Workers
(VAHWs), dairy animal keepers. The public service
providers were District Livestock Service Office (DLSO),
its Service and Sub Service Centres, and a few NGOs.
The DLSO identified and intensified support to nine cow
raising pockets and six buffalo raising pockets. The
fodder and forage resource centres were Chiti, Khudi,
Bagre, Dhamilikuwa, Chakratirtha and Archalbot VDC.
The study found 36 pet-vet shops retailing medicines,
minerals, vitamins, minor tools, equipments and forage
seeds equals to 5 million turn-over per year. Including
officials at DLSO, the trained 18 inseminators and 145
VAHWs provided AI services to cow and buffalo,
castration and basic treatment services at village level.
There were four feed suppliers that transacted annually
20 tons feeds brought from Rupandehi and Chitwan.
Within resource centres, there were three local nursery
owners selling nutritious fodder seedlings and grass sets.
Raw milk producer (RMP): Dairy animal raisers, around
33600 households, were producing raw milk equals to
3857 tons and 10927 tons milk from 21% cows and it’s
just doubled she-buffaloes they milked, respectively.
Share of improved breeds, especially 5337 buffalo and
816 cattle on milk production, was 65% on total buffalo
milk and 80 % on cow milk, respectively.
Milk collector: The milk producing cooperatives (MPC),
agricultural cooperatives and private dairies, a few in
numbers, were collecting milk from RMPs through the
establishment of systematic collection centres (CCs) or
temporary arrangements. These institutions provided
"Pass Book" for all RMP in order to record sell amount,
SNF, fat value and temperature of collected milk. DLSO,
PACT, and World Vision were partially supporting in the
establishment of 12 CCs in the district. As soon as RMP
milked their animals, they usually collected raw milk at
the adjoining CCs; each collected 50-270 litre milk daily
in the morning time. Recruited from milk buyer's side, the
staff of the CC undertook fat and SNF content sample
test and kept records of incoming and outgoing milk
volume, and respective payments of the milk sellers
(RMP).
Milk chilling was not counted as a specific ladder in the
study area but it was part of storage longing process of
1350 tons milk carrying into practice of cold chain by six
small-scale chilling vats operators of MPCs
(Dudheshower, Janta, Janaunnati, Himal, Annapurna,
and Agri-business Promotion), one group managed
(Manakamana farmers' group) and 2 private firm-led
(Kusal and Annapurna) dairies. Collected milk after milk
testing went immediately into chilling process managed
by the MPCs or private dairies (Annapurna, Marshyandi
and Kusal). Downing temperature to 4-5°celcius prolongs
keeping quality of milk upto 72 hours so that chilled milk
could use safely in a long distance travelling.
Milk processers: Organised sector handled 729 tons
milk in the form of cold chain processing. As shown in
figure 1, study identified six-type of cold to hot-milk based
processed products: cultured products ( curd or yogurt,
Lassi), heat desiccated products (Khoa, Rabri), acid heat
coagulated products (Chhanna, paneer), fat rich products
(cream, butter, ghee) milk based pudding (Khir, Haluwa)
and universal products (ice-cream, cheese). The whole
milk was transformed to standard milk by maintaining 3%
fat. The unorganised sector involved dominantly at hot
milk-base processing where 726 tons milk (by the
teashops) and individual farmers and 927 tons by
hotels/restaurants consumed from estimated milk 1653
tons per annum. Further discussions showed that 30%
milk products (out of 726 tons) were directly sold in the
form of local processing. Simple processed 12245 tons
milk was consumed at home. Study also estimated nearly
2487 tons milk for hot-chain milk products, 9956 tons of
milk semi-fermented for Dhahi (of volume 8960 tons).
Traders: The milk traders performed formal wholesaling
5. Dairy business value chain analysis in Lamjung district of Nepal
Int. J. Agric. Mark. 060
Table 1. Value addition per litre of cow milk
Value addition indicators Producer Collector Processor Distributor Total
Production cost/buying price 23.0 32.8 40.3 50.0
Transport cost 0.0 1.2 2.5 0.0 3.7
Testing/ administrative cost 0.0 2.5 0.5 0.0 3.0
Processing cum chilling cost 0.0 1.0 2.2 0.3 3.5
Rent/ labour cost 3.0 0.3 1.3 0.5 5.0
Packaging and labeling 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.0
Total cost 26.0 37.8 47.9 50.8
Added cost (in NRs and %) 26.0 (66.2) 5.0 (12.6) 7.5 (19.1) 0.8 (2.0) 39.3 (100)
Sale price (NRs) 33.0 40.3 50.0 52.0
Sale byproduct (cream 1%) 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 4.0
Profit in NRs (sales price -cost) and 7.0 (21.3) 2.6 (6.3) 6.1 (12.3) 1.2 (2.3) 16.9
Added profit (%) 41.6 15.1 36.3 7.1 100
Note: Figures in parenthesis shows percentage
Unit:- Nepalese Rupee (NRs): 1 US$ = 95 NRs
Source: Own estimates from field survey (2014)
and retailing as well as informal trading. Mostly
cooperatives and few suppliers (Joshi and Hulaki)
practiced wholesaling by selling dairy products relatively
6 to 12% cheaper than the retailers. Unlike it, study found
majority of the milk retailing actors had no forward
contract or cordial business relationship.
Consumers: Study recognized 23 peri-urban areas
(such as Besishahar, Bhoteodar, Sundarbazaar,
Bhorletar, Udipur, and so on) as dairy product
consumption outlets. General estimation of District Hotel
Association and Chamber of Commerce and Industries
(CCI) revealed that hotels, fast-food preparing restaurant,
tea shops cum sweet-shops were major consumption
outlets of processed products (Table 3 and figure 3).
Chain supporters in the dairy-sectors
Of the identified micro-actors getting services from the
market chain supporters (meso-level and a few macro-
level) are shown at right side of figure 3. The meso-level
chain supporters were: Livestock Market Management
Directorate (LMMD), Regional Livestock Directorate
(RLD), Regional Livestock Service Training Centre
(RLSTC), Regional Veterinary Lab, Division Cooperative
Office, District Agriculture Coordination Committee,
Commercial Banks, District Livestock Service Office
(DLSO), District Development Committee (DDC), Cottage
and Small Industries Committee, Institute of Agriculture
and Animal Science (IAAS) Lamjung, Chamber of
Commerce and Industries (CCI), Village Development
Committee (VDC), Small Farmer Development
Cooperatives Ltd, 41 committees of cow/buffaloes
pocket, 19 Dairy Farmers Coordination Committees,
District Cooperative Union (DCU), 49 VAHWs, 9 AI
trainers, Chess Nepal, World Vision-Area Development
Program, and Private Dairy Association Tahanu, Chitwan
and Kaski. Likewise, major macro-level chain supporters
especially supporting in policy formulation and budgetary
provision were: Ministry of Agricultural Development
(MoAD), Ministry of Finance (MoF), Ministry of Supply
and Commerce (MoSC), Department of Livestock Service
(DoLS), Dairy Development Board (DDB), Nepal
Agricultural Research Council (NARC), Project of
Agricultural Commercialization and Trade, National Milk
Development Board (NMDP), National Dairy Cooperative
Union, National Animal Breeding Centre Pokhara,
Federation of Chamber of Commerce and Industry
(FNCCI), IAAS Rampur, and Central Banks.
Economic analysis of dairy business
Study used Equation (2) for computing cost of milk
production, and returns with value addition generated by
the micro actors. The further computation was income
distribution among the value chain actors in terms of
value share, margin, and cost of production of dairy
products.
Cost of production and returns: Figure 2 depicts
average fixed cost, recurrent cost, net-income before tax,
labor cost, and per liter cost of production of three farm
sizes.
Unit: Nepalese Rupee (NRs): 1 US$ = 95 NRs
6. Dairy business value chain analysis in Lamjung district of Nepal
Bhandari T 061
Table 2. Value addition on one litre milk for different products
Unit: - Nepalese Rupee (NRs): 1 US$ = 95 NRs
Cost categories Milk Hot milk Tea Ice-
cream
Khoa Paneer Curd or
yoghurt
Market price of unit 50.0 20.0 10.0 550.0 450.0 475.0 70.0
One litre equals to 1 4 10 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.9
Buying price 40.0 80.0 60.0 366.7 75.0 73.1 63.0
Firewood for boiling - 3.5 3.5 7.0 3.5 3.0 1.0
Labour - 0.5 0.5 15.0 7.0 5.0 0.5
Citric acid - 0.0 2.0
house rent 0.3 0.2 0.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5
Other materials - 10.0 58.0 0.5 2.0 0.3
Utensil and preservatives 1.0 2.0 1.0 20.0 2.5 2.0 1.2
Total value addition 1.3 6.0 15.0 100.0 13.5 14.0 3.0
Total cost 41.3 46.0 55.0 140.0 53.5 54.0 43.0
Profit 8.8 34.0 45.0 226.7 21.5 19.1 20.0
Compare profit 288.6 414.2 2490.5 145.7 118.0 128.6
Source: Own estimates from field survey (2014)
Yearly deprecation of a buffalo farm was lower than other
firms. Per animal fixed cost and recurrent cost was 99000
and Rs 71000, respectively. Comparing labour cost of the
three farms, it showed 50%, 56% and 42%, respectively
for the three farms. Other efficiency indicator was cost of
production of one litre milk which was NRs 22.31 for cow
only farm, followed to mixed firm by NRs 25.46 and NRs
27.22 for buffalo only farm. Discussion revealed that 8-
month and 10-month long was average lactation period of
buffalo and cow, respectively. The period to come into
break-even point of these three farms were 1.65 year,
1.12 years and 2.12 year, respectively.
Value addition analysis of cow milk
Only researcher took cow milk into value addition
analysis is shown in table 1.
Producer's cost of production was NRs 23.0 and
additional cost of labor to bring into collection centre was
NRs 3.0. Thus, net income of selling litre milk to nearest
collection centre (or market outlet) was NRs 7 after
selling it by NRs 33. Subsequently collector added value
of NRs 5.0 on top of NRs 33.0 and sold it to processor by
receiving NRs 40.3. The processor used to NRs 7.5
additional cost and sold it at NRs 50.0 to distributers by
making profit of NRs 6.1. The 1% cream as byproduct
was taken into calculation because almost all processors
churned additional fat of the whole milk. Last selling
points of the distributer were hotels, tea shops, individual
households etc by receiving NRs 52 for standard milk
and NRs 58 for processed whole milk.
Cost and benefit of product diversification
Table 2 depicts types of milk product, cost addition while
preparing diversified products, retail market price at local
level and net profit while converting one litre raw milk.
Culturally and traditionally popular Khoa (milk cheese),
curd (or yoghurt) and paneer were manufactured by
almost all processors by adding value. Khoa was
prepared from whole milk boiling in an open skillet for
long hours in the ratio of five-litre milk equals 1 kilogram
Khoa. Likewise, paneer was manufactured by adding
fixed proportion of citric acid (or lemon juice) into hot milk,
separated solid whey from greenery water by regular
stirring it, prepared a different size paneer after using
cooled whey through using cheesecloth in a strainer,
rinsing the curds with the fresh water, and squeezing out
moisture from the curds. Another product curd or yoghurt
was processed from boiled milk, transferred the milk to
the container in order to set the curds in, and added pre-
cultured curd as a starter. A bacteria called lactobacilus
converts lactose into lactic acid thus making it sour and
turns it all to curd.
Market analysis
Input marketing: FGD on backward linkage revealed
that buying production tools, live animal, dairy equipment,
feed, forage and fodder seeds were dependent to
external market. Importantly, there was no outlet for
buying and selling dairy animals. Per buffalo price was
NRs 45000- 65,000 and improve cow could buy by NRs
55000-70000. Strangely, expensiveness was also
7. Dairy business value chain analysis in Lamjung district of Nepal
Int. J. Agric. Mark. 062
Table 3. Supply and demand situation of dairy products
Unit: - Metric tons
Supply schedule Demand schedule
Means of Supply Flush Lean Total Means of
consumption
Estimated
consumption Total
% of
use
Private dairies
(Lamjung base)
74 88 162 Flush Lean
Model dairy
Tanahu
60 74 134 Ice-cream industry 4 4 8 0.05
Safal dairy 150 147 297 Tea & sweet shops 323 240 563 3.71
MPC 287 243 529 Restaurant & hotel 392 493 885 5.84
Farmer direct sell 335 392 727 Export to Damauli 23 17 40 0.26
Home consume 6551 6771 13322 Home consume 6551 6771 13322 87.82
Total supply 7456 7714 15170 Processing damage 40.09 32.97 73.06 0.48
Market sell 905 943 1848 Demand in towns 123.36 156 279.36 1.84
Local sale (%) 12 12 24 Total 7456 7714 15170 100
Import (%) 17 16 32
Source: Own estimates from field survey (2014)
observed local buffaloes too whose live price was at least
NRs 35000. Even older buffalo could sell at NRs 17000-
20000 for meat purpose. The study found high demand of
dairy equipments, lab materials and chemicals.
Output marketing: Study calculated supply and demand
schedule of output marketing through various market
outlets of diverse dairy products during flush and lean
season are presented in table 3. Annual supply of the
dairy products was 13322 mt but sold amount was 24%
(1848 mt). The unmet 32% quantity, brought from Kaski
and Tanahu District, was especially sold to ice-cream
industry, town dwellers, and restaurants and hotels.
Pricing and payment systems: Pricing of dairy animal
was oxen system in the floor between the buyer and
seller. However, pricing of dairy products was relatively
buyer-dependent. Government was involved in fixing TS
base pricing where fat and SNF value were priced NRs
3.4- 4.0 per gram and NRs 2.4- 2.6 per gram,
respectively. Maximum rate was officered during lean
season while minimum rate for flush season. By
computation, one litre cow milk having fat 4 % and SNF
8.1% would price 3.4* 4+ 2.4* 8.1= NRs 33.04 while a
litre of buffalo milk having fat 6% and SNF 8.5% had
price 3.4* 6+2.4*8.5= NRs 40.8. Milk testing staffs
reported changing milk quality each day, could change
also value of milk at buyer's gate. The top of commission
for forward buyers was 26 % of the total solid collected
i.e. 4+8.1=12.1*26% = NRs 3.15 per litre milk sale. Some
experienced cooperatives did price negotiations prior to
milk collection. However, pricing of other dairy products
was market based. Study found every fortnight was due
duration of payments of the milk buyers.
Drawing value chain map
Using Meger-Stamer and Waltring (2007) idea, a
schematic map has been shown in a linear sketch in
figure 3 beginning from raw material used in production,
production to transformation stages into finally at end
market outlets (consumers). Same figure also shows data
and information on operational service providers, product
and price flow, volume, as well as kinds of service
provided by the service enablers.
DISCUSSIONS
Discussions on chain functions revealed that most of the
agents involved in multiple functions: production,
collection, processing and trading. For example some
processors were also wholesaling cum retailing their
dairy products through using various market outlets.
Majority of the growers fed cereal by-products rich feeds,
forage and ration to their dairy animals without caring
animal size, productivity and nutritional requirements.
Almost all respondents neither built technically suitable
shed nor arranged basic requirements of animal keeping
and feeding management irrespective of estimation of
33600 farm households investing around 8 billions in
dairy business at least NRs 2,50,000 each and employing
a job for a efficient person-day. Might be the cause of
these limitations, the economic life of the dairy animal
8. Dairy business value chain analysis in Lamjung district of Nepal
Bhandari T 063
Figure 3. Milk Sub-sector Value Chain Map in Lamjung District
,.
Input
Supply
Rawmilk
Production
DLSO
(skill,
extensi
on
service
s
Collection,
testingand
transport
Chillingand
processing
Consumption
Functions Micro actors Support agencies
Tana
hu 34
tons
Hotel,
Restauran
t (No 523:
927 tons)
- Livestock Market
Management
Directorate
- Division Cooperative
Office, Damauli
-National Milk
Development Board
- DLSO (Chilling vat,
can, Analyzer_
-District Coops Union
-VDC and DDC (land,
grant)
-Commercial Banks
-CHESS Nepal
-World Vision-ADB
-Lamjung Chamber of
Commerce & Industries
(Business facilitation)
-Commercial Banks
-Small and Cottage
Industries Committee
- DLSO
-IAAS Lamjung
- VAHWs (45)
- AI trainers-17_
- Cow/Buffalo raising
Committee (19)
-Local Tool
manufacturers
- Commercial Banks
- Reg. Livestock Service
Training Centre Pokhara
- Subproject PACT
-MOAD/WB
- National Animal
Breeding centre Pokhara
33
46
Tea shop
(No 267:
726 tons
Ice cream
Factory
(8 tons)
Used in
HHs
(13599
tons
Modal dairy
(134 tons)
Milk producing cooperatives,
livestock coordinating committees
(No 10: 529 tons)
Symbol Weak linkage Per litre milk
price
Cooperative & private
chilling, processing and sale
centres (No 7: 650 tons)
45 34
Safal dairy
Pokhara
(297 tons_
Raw milk
retailing
(727 tons)
Private dairies
(No:4: 162 tons)
39
Strong linkage
50-70
37
Wholesale
andretail
marketing
Farmers
(Nursery,
raising,
feed,
manageme
nt)
DLSO
(skill,
extension
services
Informal
traders
(Blacksmit
h breed
sellers)
Production skills, inputs, tools and machinery suppliers
Private farms
(No 3:75 tons)
Milk producers
-Non/registered at DLSO
27573 milking animals
15160 tons)
Cow raising
cooperative
(No 1: 37 tons)
Pet-vets and Para-
vets (36) +tools
and equipments
suppliers
Rs
9. Dairy business value chain analysis in Lamjung district of Nepal
Int. J. Agric. Mark. 064
and milk quantity were substantially reducing over the
subsequent lactations. Estimate showed local cow and
buffalo had one-seventh and one-half level of milking
capacity in comparison to their respective improved
breeds, respectively during their lactation. Except a few
local origins, most of the dairy tools cum equipments
were importables of India and China which were highly
expensive and technical skill-base. Also, there was no
repairing person for dairy equipments. Majority of the pet-
vet keepers and farmers mentioned food and mouth
disease, mastitis, liver fluke, indigestion as economically
important diseases. Study identified very less productivity
of local breeds than that these had potential yield. It
meant local breeds had nominal share on overall milk
production. Unlike FAO study, far better position was
reported in case average milk productivity of cow and
buffalo because milk production per cow in the Hills was
435 litres and it was 812 litres for buffalo (FAO, 2010).
Average quantity of milk of cow and buffalo per lactation
was 534 litres and 537 litres, respectively, which was far
behind the theoretical performance of the improved dairy
animal (Broadway and Broadway, 2008). Unlike it, per
day productivity of the improved cow was 10-12 litre milk
upto 10 months while local breeds had 1.2 litres per day
in a nine month’s lactation. Similarly, it was 5-6 litres for
pure Murrah buffalo and 3-4 litre for cross Murrah in their
seven-month long lactation. Farmers reported longer
lactation period for local buffaloes in case of unsuccessful
conception. The discussion prevailed that milch or
pregnant breed were highly expensive and no readily
availability.
Whenever the raw milk brought into collection process,
four issues repeatedly came into deterioration of whole
milk. Some collection centres locating two to more hours'
travel distance faced milk coagulation or souring because
of lacking chilling facility especially collected it from newly
established MPCs. Some MPCs/CCs were collecting very
minimum milk quantity than that adjusting operating cost
of chilling vat. Second issue reported by MPCs was
malpractice of the sellers by selling: stale milk, immature
(colostrums) or milk of animal treatment period. Third
issue was frequent power cut-off in the chilling place that
was disfunctioning some chilling vats. Some milk chilling
operators faced electricity problem in lieu of delaying in
transform two phase to three phased system. Using
diesel plus repair and maintenance cost of chilling vat
had been increased per litre chilling cost upto 11-15%.
Fourth issue was not seriously following code of practice
of routine sanitation of milk plant, utensils, and milking
animal. From individual farmers to majority of the CC
used dirty aluminum cans, jars or plastic gallon while
bringing or milking, keeping milk, curds because of not
having practice or awareness of using chilled Lorries in
transportation.
Milk chilling was considered major function without
forming a specific ladder in the study area but only 9 %
raw milk of the total sale came into cold chain through six
small scale chilling vats operated under MPCs and 2
private dairies. Other low cost option was using deep
freeze or simple refrigerator. The processing capacity of
organised sector (Such as private dairies and dairy
cooperatives) was growing year after year and rate was
higher for private dairies than MPCs. However, both
actors underutilised (65-70% only) chilling and
processing capacity. It was also revealed that the some
actors were using relatively high-tech chilled to frozen
products having long self-life (like ice cream, sweets and
cheese). However, the size of the universal products
market was disproportionately small in comparison to
overall milk product consumed in the local market.
Annually 11 tons fat-rich paneer was consumed inside
the district with the daily supply made from local
manufacturers. The cream demand of two ice-cream
factories hardly fulfilled from internal production so was
importing from other district. Unorganised sector was
manufacturing and retailing temperature ambient low
shelf-life products through using simple processing. For
example, raw milk producers directly retailed dairy
products to hotels, teashops or sweetshops without
assuring quality.
Yearly fluctuations in milk demand and supply during lean
to flush season had adjustment problem of the
processors in lieu of absence of bulk processing plant, no
batch pasteurization practice, monopolistic competition in
getting milk, and poor packaging and labelling practices
of manufactured products, which ultimately increased
distribution costs (see table 1). Study reported increased
consumption of income elastic milk products in town
dwellers. Drinking boiled milk in a morning or with lunch
as well as dinner, using milk tea/coffee was traditional
way of milk consumption in the study area. Almost 82%
produced milk was consumed at home by using simple
processing i.e just boiling and consuming or churning 2-3
days stale curd into buttermilk, butter and ghee under hot
milk-base product making. This study estimated roughly
80 litres equivalent per capita milk consumption, which
was relatively higher than national average of 57 litres
(DLSO, 2013). It meant though own production or
importing from other districts, per capita consumption
was relatively higher than the national average (DLSO,
2013). The milk suppliers did not address quality concern
of the consumer in the past but the Department of Food
and Quality Control (DFTQ) sanctioned one milk
company as defaulters in the presence of coliform in
dairy products of last years' supply. Other points of
distraction of keeping livestock was gradually increased
over the years because of no younger's interest on
farming irrespective of rapidly growing demand of dairy
10. Dairy business value chain analysis in Lamjung district of Nepal
Bhandari T 065
products in the peri-urban, urban and home-stay
(because of yearly approximately 30 thousand tourist
arrived in a district), and increasing labour wage over the
year.
As a major input provider of the public sector office, the
DLSO was also supporting fodder seeds, grass-sets,
tools, and veterinary services in a subsidized rate under
extension support programme. DLSO had 18 high to
junior level technicians for providing extension services
through district office and 11 local service centres by
annually allocating 30% budget at dairy sector of total
annual programme. Considering high price of milch breed
cow, DLSO Lamjung had nominal price support to yearly
40 improved cattle. Other public service providers and
non-government organization (NGO) had joint
programme of providing very nominal production inputs.
Only one bank invest in agriculture was Agricultural
Development Bank Ltd. Beshisahar, which only invested
two millions loans in dairy sub-sector in the study area
along with nominal support of animal insurance scheme.
Figure 1 depicts three cases: raising buffalo alone in
Sundarbazaar VDC-5, cow-alone farm in Bhalayakharka-
2 and mixed of cows and buffaloes in Sundarbazaar-4.
Discussions on average investment revealed that farmers
used varying rate of current, working and long-term
assets. Of the calculation of total cost investment, types
of animal raising was also one of the causes of increase
or decrease cost. For example dairy cattle as more
efficient milk producer over milch buffalo by 30 %
because of shorter calving interval and longer lactation
length (Upadhya et al, 2000). Unlike the result, this study
estimated 1.12 year i.e. two-lactation as pay-back period
for a buffalo only farm (see figure 1) because of selling
milk in higher price. Value addition of a litre cow milk
analysis shown in table 2 revealed that cost price and
market price spread was NRs 10 per litre at farm-get but
difference was 3 times higher for buffalo milk (DLSO,
2013).
Particularly costs addition and generating profit margins
in each ladder had special meaning in value chain
analysis. Profit in terms of sale price was the highest for
milk suppliers (21%) followed by the processors (12%)
and collectors (6%). Table 2 depicts total profit
generation NRs 17 by adding total cost NRs 39.3 (i.e.
NRs 23.0 production and NRs 16.2 marketing cost). The
largest profit share was calculated for the raw milk
producer (by 42%) by investing added cost of 66 %,
followed by processor. Of the total 15272 tons milk
produced, only 4.5% milk was handled by the collectors
(3.5% from cooperatives and 1% by private dairies).
Considering that statistic, farm-get revenue of the raw
milk producer was Rs 504 millions (multiplied farm get
price of Rs 33.0). The collectors could receive NRs 27.88
million incomes and NRs 1.8 million net profit, organized
processor handled 783 tons milk to earn NRs 39.15
millions income and NRs 4.8 million net income. Similar
margins also reported by FAO (2010). PACT (2012) also
reported the highest share to the raw milk producers in
far-west districts. By analogy, producers and processors
ultimately benefitted from the retail price paid by the
consumers. Using economics of scale, this analysis also
confirmed that cost of producing and processing milk
would be substantially lower in case increasing firm size.
Results presented in table 3 revealed that manufacturing
seasonal item (like ice-cream) was highly profitable
business followed by selling milk tea and hot milk in the
same vain, Khoa and paneer were mild profitable items
but making sweets from Khoa was highly profitable in
comparison to selling standalone. These results were
also supported in Indian context that diversified milk
products had much more benefit than selling fluid milk
(Export Victoria, 2009).
Table 3 depicts milk supply and demand from market
outlets in two seasons: flush season (July 15 to
December 15) and lean season (Dec 16-Jul 14).
Additional unmet dairy products demand than that
marketed 1848 tons was 32 % that was imported from
Tanahu and Kaski district. Major dairy products
consumption outlets were: household consumption
(87.82%), 267 tea cum/or sweet shops used 563 tons
(3.7%), 523 numbers larger hotels, restaurants and
home-stay used 885 tons (5.8%), individual households
in peri-urban area used 2% milk, 2 ice-cream factories
used 8 tons, 40 tons raw milk exported to Tahahu district
(via Damauli Cooperatives), and 0.5% losses. Standard
milk, raw milk sale and traditional subcontinent products
such as Khoa, paneer, curd and ghee dominated local
market sale but dairy product market was growing by 5 %
annually because of rapid urbanization and increased
income of those usual consumers. However, maintaining
coordinated supply chain of such products was
challenging job of current suppliers because of above
said issues.
Price fixation of dairy animal was based on lactation age,
average milked quantity, udder quality, lactation length,
behaviour, body structure and colour. Generally applied
practice was selling breeds farmer to farmer especially
within or nearby village. The fat and SNF value, which
were applied throughout the country, were major factors
of fixing fluid milk price (DDC, 2013 & PACT, 2012).
Suspecting the milk adulteration because of fat and SNF
value, however, FAO (2010) recommended cost of milk
production and price inflation Although private dairy
association (PDA) was not formulating in the study
district, but adjoining district Tanahu and Pokhara had
11. Dairy business value chain analysis in Lamjung district of Nepal
Int. J. Agric. Mark. 066
dominant role of it on fixing milk product prices (DLSO,
2013). Unlike it, bargaining on milk pricing was adopted
for unorganised sectors. There was no bargain in milk
quality but price received of each dairy product had 20-
30% higher at direct sell.
CONCLUSIONS
Input supply, milk production, collection and testing,
processing, trade, and consumption were key value chain
functions. Some ladders were under-specified because of
multiple tasks conducted by the same agent. Mainly
keeping dairy animals under traditional shed by feeding
under-balanced feed were key factors of poor productivity
of the breeds. Analysis confirmed that cost of producing
and processing milk could lower if working under
economics of scale. There were very few chain
supporters substantially support value chain financing,
however, 3 private dairy animal farms, 4 private dairies
and 12 collection centres, 7 cooperatives and cow and
farmers group at buffalo pocket centres were doing novel
works on dairy business commercialization. In addition to
its annual production of 15272 metric tons, around 32%
milk was imported from adjoining districts to meet the
growing demand of milk and milk product irrespective of
outgoing 34 tons raw milk in Tanahu. Of the total milk
marketed, processors handled only 729 tons milk for
preparing low self- life products. The major consumption
outlets of dairy products were hotels, teashops, town
dwellers, ice cream factories and export Tanahu districts.
Study also concluded inelastic demand and supply of
local live breed but income elastic market demand of
cross/improved one.
Cost addition and generating profit margins in each
ladder had special meaning in value chain analysis,
which concluded that value capturing chain agents were
raw milk producers and processors. However, pricing and
payments of milk and milk product were buyer-driven
without making contract and no system of market sharing
among the micro-actors. No endorsement of dairy
business plan, no strengthening backward linkage
support (improved breed supply, modern equipments,
and AI services), not caring scientific shed and feed
management at producer level, not establishing large
capacity milk processing plant within the district, no skill
transfer for preparing diversified universal dairy products,
and including other poor performance of secondary and
tertiary marketing functions were major weakness of poor
performance of the dairy business. Thus, new areas of
investment are suggested to concerned operational
service providers to boom share of dairy-sub sector in the
national economy. Increased production by improving
performance of existing animal (Feed, AI, management)
could easily substitute district milk demand and also can
supply excess quantity.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Research Division at Tribhuvan University was highly
grateful for granting competitive faculty research fund for
these nobel results. The author would like to thank for
those concerned respondents and stakeholders giving
valuable information. Great thanks to Research
Assistants: Amrit B.K., Anuja Rijal, Bhawana Bhattrai,
Kumar Shrestha, Nabin Sedain and Sita Khanal for
collecting parts of primary information. Finally, the author
would like special thanks to all unanimous peer reviewers
and editors of this article.
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