Deals with UASB reactors for the primary treatment of sewage, stabilization of sludge and removal of BOD. Various components of a UASB reactor are described and design details are included. Modifications to UASB such as UASB ponds, Anaerobic baffle reactors, migrating blanket reactors are also described here.
Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatmentwwwtwastewater
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is the combination of a membrane filtration process with a suspended growth bioreactor. It is a very advanced technology and is now widely used
for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Deals with UASB reactors for the primary treatment of sewage, stabilization of sludge and removal of BOD. Various components of a UASB reactor are described and design details are included. Modifications to UASB such as UASB ponds, Anaerobic baffle reactors, migrating blanket reactors are also described here.
Membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatmentwwwtwastewater
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is the combination of a membrane filtration process with a suspended growth bioreactor. It is a very advanced technology and is now widely used
for municipal and industrial wastewater treatment.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Deals with what is activated sludge, mechanisms and kinetics of treatment, design of activated sludge process, secondary clarifiers and their design and bulking sludge, raising sludge and foaming of ASP.
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Treatment of SewageAravind Samala
TREATMENT OF SEWAGE BASED ON UASB PROCESS. Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket process (UASB),was developed by Lettinga and his co-workers in Holland in the early 1970's
Anaerobic granular sludge bed technology refers to a special kind of reactor concept for the "high rate" anaerobic treatment of wastewater.
The major objectives of the UASB process is:
Pre sedimentation anaerobic wastewater treatment and final sedimentation including sludge stabilization are essentially combined in one reactor making it most attractive high-rate wastewater treatment option.
To produce by products like Methane enriched biogas and nutrient rich sludge.
Lecture notes of Environmental Engineering-II as per Solapur university syllabus of TE CIVIL.
Prepared by
Prof S S Jahagirdar,
Associate Professor,
N K Orchid college of Engg and Technology,
Solapur
Deals with what is activated sludge, mechanisms and kinetics of treatment, design of activated sludge process, secondary clarifiers and their design and bulking sludge, raising sludge and foaming of ASP.
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Treatment of SewageAravind Samala
TREATMENT OF SEWAGE BASED ON UASB PROCESS. Up flow anaerobic sludge blanket process (UASB),was developed by Lettinga and his co-workers in Holland in the early 1970's
Anaerobic granular sludge bed technology refers to a special kind of reactor concept for the "high rate" anaerobic treatment of wastewater.
The major objectives of the UASB process is:
Pre sedimentation anaerobic wastewater treatment and final sedimentation including sludge stabilization are essentially combined in one reactor making it most attractive high-rate wastewater treatment option.
To produce by products like Methane enriched biogas and nutrient rich sludge.
Anaerobic-aerobic treatment of municipal sewage using high Performance Levapor Carriers. It offers remarkable smaller foot print, bio gas production and lower sludge production compared to aerobic treatment reducing unit treatment cost.
It underlines the basic concept of activated sludge for wastewater treatment. The idea is to use microorganisms to treat dissolved organic and biodegradable components present in domestic water, municipal water and industrial wastewater.
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) technology, normally referred to as UASB reactor, is a form of anaerobic digester that is used in the treatment of wastewater.
The UASB reactor is a methanogenic (methane-producing) digester that evolved from the anaerobic clarigester. A similar but variant technology to UASB is the expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) digester. A diagramatic comparison of different anaerobic digesters can be found here.
UASB uses an anaerobic process whilst forming a blanket of granular sludge which suspends in the tank. Wastewater flows upwards through the blanket and is processed (degraded) by the anaerobic microorganisms. The upward flow combined with the settling action of gravity suspends the blanket with the aid of flocculants. The blanket begins to reach maturity at around 3 months. Small sludge granules begin to form whose surface area is covered in aggregations of bacteria. In the absence of any support matrix, the flow conditions creates a selective environment in which only those microorganisms, capable of attaching to each other, survive and proliferate. Eventually the aggregates form into dense compact biofilms referred to as "granules".A picture of anaerobic sludge granules can be found here.
Biogas with a high concentration of methane is produced as a by-product, and this may be captured and used as an energy source, to generate electricity for export and to cover its own running power. The technology needs constant monitoring when put into use to ensure that the sludge blanket is maintained, and not washed out (thereby losing the effect). The heat produced as a by-product of electricity generation can be reused to heat the digestion tanks.
The blanketing of the sludge enables a dual solid and hydraulic (liquid) retention time in the digesters. Solids requiring a high degree of digestion can remain in the reactors for periods up to 90 days. Sugars dissolved in the liquid waste stream can be converted into gas quickly in the liquid phase which can exit the system in less than a day.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
2. Anaerobic Waste Treatment
Anaerobic treatment is a biological process carried out in the absence of O2 for the stabilization of
organic materials by conversion to CH4 and inorganic end-products such as CO2 and NH3.
Anaerobic Microorganisms
Organic Materials + Nutrients CH4 + CO2 + NH3 + Biomass
3. Essential conditions for efficient anaerobic
treatment
Avoid excessive air/O2 exposure
No toxic/inhibitory compounds present in the influent
Maintain pH between 6.8 –7.2
Sufficient alkalinity present
Temperature around mesophilic range (30-38 °C)
Enough nutrients (N & P) and trace metals especially, Fe, Co, Ni, etc. COD:N:P =
350:7:1 (for highly loaded system) 1000:7:1 (lightly loaded system)
4. Introduction
UASBR stands for Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor. It is used for “high rate”
anaerobic treatment of wastewater means HRT<< SRT.
UASB type units are one in which no special media have to be used since the sludge granules
themselves act as the 'media' and stay in suspension.
UASB reactor is a methane-producing digester, which uses an anaerobic process and forming
a blanket of granular sludge and is processed by the anaerobic microorganisms.
The main benefits associated with UASB based STPs compared to conventional aerobic
treatment are a significant reduction in energy consumption and the potential for energy self
sufficiency.
Constraints include potential odour problems and difficulties associated with, including
nutrient removal in the treatment scheme.
5. Objectives
The major objectives of the UASB process is:
Pre sedimentation anaerobic wastewater
treatment and final sedimentation including
sludge stabilization are essentially
combined in one reactor making it most
effective high-rate wastewater treatment
option.
To produce by products like Methane
enriched biogas and nutrient rich sludge.
6.
7. Types of Reactors
Low Rate Anaerobic Reactors High Rate Anaerobic Reactors
Anaerobic Pond
Septic Tank
Imhoff Tank
Standard Rate Anaerobic Digester
High Rate Anaerobic Reactors
Anaerobic Sequencing Batch Reactor
Hybrid Reactor: UASBR/AF
Fluidized Bed Reactor
UASBR
Anaerobic Filter (AF)
Anaerobic Contact Process
8. A typical arrangement of a UASB type treatment plant for municipal sewage would be as
follows:
Initial pumping
Screening and removal of grit
Main UASB reactor
Gas collection and conversion or conveyance
Sludge drying bed
Post treatment facility
UASB reactor comprises 4 functional units which are depicted below:
Primary clarifier: Removal/Entrapment of non-biodegradable suspended solids from the
influent.
Biological reactors (secondary treatment): Removal of biodegradable organic
compounds by converting them into methane.
Secondary clarifier: Clarifying the treated effluent in the settler zone at the top part of
the UASB reactor.
Sludge digester: Stabilization (digestion) and improving the dewatering characteristics
of the retained influent primary sludge.
9. Functional units of an STP, comparing activated sludge (up) and UASB technology (down)
10. UASBR PROCESS
After removal of floating matter by screens and removal of grit in detritus tank sewage is
passed to UASBR.
UASB reactor is the place where the separation of gas, liquid and solids takes place. The
reduction of BOD and COD is 75% to 80% and 65% to 70% respectively.
In this process the whole waste water is passed through the anaerobic reactor in an up
flow mode with HRT of 8 hours to 10 hours.
The up flowing sewage itself forms millions of small granules of sludge which are in
suspension and the excess sludge is removed and taken to sludge pump house.
A high solid retention time (SRT) of 30-50 or more days occurs within the unit. No
mixers or aerators are required.
11. Organic compounds get anaerobically biodegraded converting it into methane
enriched biogas when temperatures inside the reactor are above 18-20°C.
Then sewage is passed to polishing ponds.
Polishing ponds are used to improve the quality of effluents from UASB reactors,
so that final effluent quality becomes compatible with desired standards.
Polishing pond with baffle walls to increase the length of flow with a DT of 12hrs,
where any remaining suspended solids are reduced to less than 50 mg/L.
Settled sludge is removed time to time from the reactor and polishing ponds
through a separate pipe and sent to a simple sand bed for drying.
12. The anaerobic unit does not need to be filled with stones or any other media; the up flowing
sewage itself forms millions of small "granules" or particles of sludge which are held in
suspension and provide a large surface area on which organic matter can attach and undergo
biodegradation.
13. Design Approach
Size of reactor:
The sludge produced daily depends on the characteristics of the raw wastewater since it
is the sum total of
(i) the new VSS produced as a result of BOD removal, the yield coefficient being
assumed as 0.1 g VSS/ g BOD removed,
(ii) the non-degradable residue of the VSS coming in the inflow assuming 40% of the
VSS are degraded and residue is 60%, and
(iii)Ash received in the inflow, namely TSS-VSS mg/l. Thus, at steady state conditions,
SRT= Total sludge present in reactor, kg
Sludge withdrawn per day, kg/d
= 30 to 50 days.
14. Another parameter is HRT which is given by:
HRT= Reactor volume, m3
Flow rate, m3/h
= 8 to 10 h or more at average flow.
Reactor volume has to be so chosen that the desired SRT value is achieved.
This is done by solving for HRT from SRT equation assuming
(i) depth of reactor (4.5-5m for low BOD waste)
(ii) the effective depth of the sludge blanket (2-2.5m for high BOD waste), and
(iii) the average concentration of sludge in the blanket (70 kg/m3).
For high BOD waste, the depth of both the sludge blanket and the reactor may have to be
increased, so that the organic loading on solids may be kept within the prescribed range.
Once the size of the reactor is fixed, the Upflow velocity can be determined from
Upflow velocity, m/h = Reactor height
HRT, h
15. Physical Parameters
Reactor
configuration
Rectangular or circular. Rectangular shape is preferred
Depth 4.5 to 5.0 m for sewage.
Width or diameter To limit lengths of inlet laterals to around 10-12 m for facilitating uniform flow
distribution and sludge withdrawal.
Length As necessary
Inlet feed gravity feed from top (preferred for municipal sewage) or pumped feed from bottom
through manifold and laterals (preferred in case of soluble industrial wastewaters)
Sludge blanket
depth
2 to 2.5 m for sewage. More depth is needed for stronger wastes.
Deflector/GLSS
(Gas-Liquid-Solid-
Separator)
This is a deflector beam which together with the gas hood (slope 60) forms a "gas-
liquid-solid-separator" (GLSS) letting the gas go to the gas collection channel at top,
while the liquid rises into the settler compartment and the sludge solids fall back into
the sludge compartment. The flow velocity through the aperture connecting the reaction
zone with the settling compartment is generally limited to about 5m/h at peak flow.
Settler
compartment
2.0-2.5 m in depth. Surface overflow rate equals 20-28 m3/m2/d at peak flow.
A single module can handle 10 to 15 MLD of sewage. For large flows a number of modules could be
provided. Some physical details of a typical UASBR module are given below:
16. Process Design Parameters
A few process design parameters for UASBs are listed below for municipal sewages with BOD about 200-300
mg/l and temperatures above 20°C.
HRT 8-10 hours at average flow (minimum 4 hours at peak flow)
SRT 30-50 days or more
Sludge blanket concentration
(average)
15-30 kg VSS per m3. About 70 kg TSS per m3.
Organic loading on sludge blanket 0.3-1.0 kg COD/kg VSS day (even upto 10 kg COD/ kg VSS day for
agro-industrial wastes)
Volumetric organic loading 1-3 kg COD/m3 day for domestic sewage (10-15 kg COD/m3 day for
agro-industrial wastes)
BOD/COD removal efficiency Sewage 75-85% for BOD. 74-78% for COD.
Inlet Points Minimum 1 point per 3.7-4.0 m2 floor area.
Flow Regime Either constant rate for pumped inflows or typically fluctuating flows
for gravity systems.
Upflow velocity About 0.5 m/h at average flow, or 1.2 m/h at peak flow, whichever is
low.
17. Sludge Production 0.15-0.25 kg TS per m3 sewage treated
Sludge Drying Time Seven days (in India)
Gas Production Theoretical 0.38 m3/kg COD removed. Actual 0.1-0.3 m3 per kg
COD removed.
Gas Utilization Method of use is optional. 1 m3 biogas with 75% methane
content is equivalent to 1.4 kWh electricity.
Nutrients nitrogen and
phosphorus removal
5 to 10% only