This document provides evidence for evolution from several areas: 1. Comparative anatomy shows homologous and analogous structures provide evidence of common descent. Vestigial structures also support evolution. 2. Biogeographic and biochemical evidence like identical genetic codes and similar amino acid sequences in organisms indicate a common ancestor. Vestigial genes also accumulate mutations over time. 3. Embryological evidence like identical early embryo structures that later specialize and branchial arches also reflect evolution from common ancestors. 4. The fossil record shows early life was simpler and transitional fossils provide evidence of gradual changes connecting species over time.

1. EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION

2. COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
1. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES

3. 2. ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES

4. SUMMARAZING
Structures in different species having
the same appearance or function
Structures derived from a common
ancestor with different function

5. 3. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES

7. 4. CONVERGENT
EVOLUTION

8. BIOGEOGRAPHIC EVIDENCES

9. BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCES
1. The GENETIC CODE is the same in almost all
organisms.
Over the ages, the genetic code has passed
unchanged (or nearly so) from parent to
offspring.
The similarity shows a probable
common ancestor for all life on
Earth.

10. BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCES
Number of differences from human
hemoglobin
45
167
8
27
125
2. AMINO ACID SEQUENCING, similar genes

12. BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCES
3. Vestigial Genes (prediction)
Linked to regulation of genes expresion.
* Genes that have lost their protein-coding ability or are otherwise no longer
expressed in the cell
Ex. GLO (Vitamin C from glucose)
Primate, bats fruit eater and guinea pig.
Accumulation of multiple mutations
30.000 genes 2.000 pseudogenes*

Retrovirus DNA

Sense of smell, olfactory receptor (1.000 vs. 400/800) Rats, people,
dolphins,

13. EMBRYOLOGYCAL EVIDENCES
1. Serial structures
(e.g., segments,
limbs) are usually
identical in the
embryo, but
specialized and
diverged in the
adult.
Haeckel's diagrams
Phylogenesis is the mechanical
cause of ontogenesis

14. EMBRYOLOGYCAL EVIDENCES
2. BRANCHIAL ARCHES

15. FOSSIL RECORD
1. The earliest forms of life are simplies than latest

16. FOSSIL RECORD
2. Transitional fossils

17. SPECIATION
Factors that contribute to
speciation:
• Allopatric speciation
• Peripatric speciation
• Parapatric speciation
• Sympatric speciation

18. REFERENCES
 CHARLES DARWIN & EVOLUTION by Christ's College, Cambridge
http://darwin200.christs.cam.ac.uk/pages/
 DARWIN EL PADRE DE LA EVOLUCIÓN en el diario El Mundo
http://www.elmundo.es/especiales/2009/02/ciencia/darwin/
 STATED CLEARLY Youtube channel
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UC_cznB5YZZmvAmeq7Y3EriQ
• What is Evolution?
• What is Natural Selection?
• What is the Evidence for Evolution?