This document discusses using the Benkelman Beam Deflection (BBD) technique to evaluate rigid pavements by measuring load transfer efficiency (LTE) across joints. The BBD technique involves using two Benkelman beams placed on adjacent slabs - one loaded and one unloaded - to measure deflections when a load passes over. LTE is calculated as the ratio of the unloaded slab deflection to loaded slab deflection. The document applies this method to a rigid pavement in Pune, India, finding LTE values ranging from 31-43% across slabs, with a characteristic LTE of 37.11%. It concludes the BBD technique can provide information on dowel bar performance in rigid pavements.
The Benkelman beam is the simplest and the oldest deflection
test device, developed in the United States in the mid-1950s. Its used to measure the structural capacity of a flexible pavement.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
This document provides an overview of the IRC method for designing flexible pavements according to IRC: 37-2012. It discusses the key considerations and calculations involved, including design traffic, subgrade properties like CBR and resilient modulus, material properties, and traffic data collection. The goal is to design a flexible pavement for a new four-lane divided national highway using the IRC guidelines and given traffic and material property data.
Initial and routine load tests are conducted on piles to confirm design load calculations. Initial tests apply 2.5 times the safe carrying capacity to piles and routine tests apply 1.5 times. Initial tests establish acceptance limits for routine tests. Routine tests are conducted on 1/2-2% of piles to ensure safe load capacity and detect unusual performance. Vertical, lateral, and pull-out load tests are conducted according to IS standards and involve measuring pile settlement under increasing loads held for durations. Acceptance criteria consider settlement and load levels.
The document discusses Benkelman beam deflection studies and types of overlays for different pavement types. It begins with an introduction to the Benkelman beam method for measuring pavement surface deflections. It then describes experimental setup and results of Benkelman beam deflection testing on a runway. The conclusion indicates the existing runway pavement requires strengthening. The document ends by describing different types of overlays for flexible and rigid pavements, including steps for designing overlays.
Design Considerations for AASHTO Flexible pavement designImran Nawaz
The document discusses the key factors considered in AASHTO flexible pavement design: pavement performance, traffic, roadbed soils, materials of construction, environment, drainage, and reliability. Pavement performance is measured by present serviceability index (PSI) on a scale of 0 to 5. Traffic is considered in terms of estimated single axle loads (ESALs). Roadbed soils are characterized by properties like CBR, R-value, and resilient modulus (Mr). Materials are assigned structural numbers (SN) based on properties. Drainage and environment affect Mr. Reliability ensures the design survives the design life with a given level of probability. The design process involves determining layer SNs from properties then thickness to achieve a
This document discusses the deterioration of bituminous roads over time due to factors like traffic loading, climate conditions, and lack of maintenance. It describes different base types, surface treatments, and distresses like cracking, rutting, and roughness that can occur. Models are presented for predicting how conditions like roughness will progress based on factors such as age, strength, and surface distresses. The effects of different maintenance activities are also addressed, as well as frameworks for scheduling routine and responsive interventions.
This document provides an overview of pavement design methods and the 1993 AASHTO Guide for pavement design of both flexible and rigid pavements. It summarizes:
- The objectives and inputs considered in pavement design
- The empirical and mechanistic-empirical approaches used in the AASHTO Guide
- The key equations, parameters, and design process for both flexible and rigid pavement structures
It describes how the AASHTO Guide is based on predicting the decrease in serviceability over time under traffic loading using reliability concepts. The design process involves calculating the structural number for flexible pavements or slab thickness for rigid pavements based on traffic, materials properties, and reliability factors.
The Benkelman beam is the simplest and the oldest deflection
test device, developed in the United States in the mid-1950s. Its used to measure the structural capacity of a flexible pavement.
This document summarizes the procedures for conducting a pile load test to determine the load carrying capacity of a pile. The test involves installing a test pile between two anchor piles and applying incremental loads through a hydraulic jack while monitoring settlement. Loads are applied until the pile reaches twice its safe load or a specified settlement. A load-settlement curve is plotted to determine the ultimate load and safe load based on settlement criteria. The test provides values for maximum load, permissible working load, and pile settlement under different loads.
This document provides an overview of the IRC method for designing flexible pavements according to IRC: 37-2012. It discusses the key considerations and calculations involved, including design traffic, subgrade properties like CBR and resilient modulus, material properties, and traffic data collection. The goal is to design a flexible pavement for a new four-lane divided national highway using the IRC guidelines and given traffic and material property data.
Initial and routine load tests are conducted on piles to confirm design load calculations. Initial tests apply 2.5 times the safe carrying capacity to piles and routine tests apply 1.5 times. Initial tests establish acceptance limits for routine tests. Routine tests are conducted on 1/2-2% of piles to ensure safe load capacity and detect unusual performance. Vertical, lateral, and pull-out load tests are conducted according to IS standards and involve measuring pile settlement under increasing loads held for durations. Acceptance criteria consider settlement and load levels.
The document discusses Benkelman beam deflection studies and types of overlays for different pavement types. It begins with an introduction to the Benkelman beam method for measuring pavement surface deflections. It then describes experimental setup and results of Benkelman beam deflection testing on a runway. The conclusion indicates the existing runway pavement requires strengthening. The document ends by describing different types of overlays for flexible and rigid pavements, including steps for designing overlays.
Design Considerations for AASHTO Flexible pavement designImran Nawaz
The document discusses the key factors considered in AASHTO flexible pavement design: pavement performance, traffic, roadbed soils, materials of construction, environment, drainage, and reliability. Pavement performance is measured by present serviceability index (PSI) on a scale of 0 to 5. Traffic is considered in terms of estimated single axle loads (ESALs). Roadbed soils are characterized by properties like CBR, R-value, and resilient modulus (Mr). Materials are assigned structural numbers (SN) based on properties. Drainage and environment affect Mr. Reliability ensures the design survives the design life with a given level of probability. The design process involves determining layer SNs from properties then thickness to achieve a
This document discusses the deterioration of bituminous roads over time due to factors like traffic loading, climate conditions, and lack of maintenance. It describes different base types, surface treatments, and distresses like cracking, rutting, and roughness that can occur. Models are presented for predicting how conditions like roughness will progress based on factors such as age, strength, and surface distresses. The effects of different maintenance activities are also addressed, as well as frameworks for scheduling routine and responsive interventions.
This document provides an overview of pavement design methods and the 1993 AASHTO Guide for pavement design of both flexible and rigid pavements. It summarizes:
- The objectives and inputs considered in pavement design
- The empirical and mechanistic-empirical approaches used in the AASHTO Guide
- The key equations, parameters, and design process for both flexible and rigid pavement structures
It describes how the AASHTO Guide is based on predicting the decrease in serviceability over time under traffic loading using reliability concepts. The design process involves calculating the structural number for flexible pavements or slab thickness for rigid pavements based on traffic, materials properties, and reliability factors.
The document discusses different approaches to flexible pavement design, including empirical, mechanistic, and mechanistic-empirical approaches. It provides details on each approach, such as the empirical approach using the 1993 AASHTO Guide equation relating pavement characteristics to performance, and the mechanistic approach modeling the pavement as layers and calculating stress/strain. The mechanistic-empirical approach combines both, using mechanics to calculate stresses/strains and empirical data to define failure criteria. Road tests like the AASHO and Maryland tests helped develop the empirical relationships used in design methods.
The document discusses the design of columns and footings in concrete structures. It covers various topics related to column design including classification of columns based on type of reinforcement, loading, and slenderness ratios. Short columns subjected to axial loads with or without eccentricity are analyzed. Design aspects such as effective length, minimum reinforcement requirements, cover and transverse tie spacing are described based on code specifications. Equations for equilibrium of uniformly loaded short columns are also presented.
This document evaluates a complex multilayered airfield pavement in India using a Heavy Falling Weight Deflectometer (HFWD). The pavement consists of multiple layers of different materials, making it difficult to analyze. Deflection data was collected from the secondary runway at Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport using an HFWD. The data indicates the pavement behaves as a composite structure with both rigid and flexible characteristics. Various analysis methods were used in an attempt to determine the Pavement Classification Number (PCN) of the complex pavement structure.
The document discusses the prestressing of tendons for a 204m long highway bridge in Israel using balanced cantilever construction. It involves prestressing 26 tendons in 8 segments per cantilever using a bonded post-tensioning system. Concrete must reach a minimum strength of 35 MPa before prestressing, which also cannot occur earlier than 2.5 days after casting. Detailed elongation calculations are provided for stressing each tendon in sequential segments as construction progresses outward from the piers.
This document discusses the analysis and design of reinforced concrete footings. It describes different types of footings including isolated, combined, continuous, and raft foundations. It also covers design considerations such as minimum thickness, concrete cover, reinforcement sizes and spacing, and critical sections. An example is provided to demonstrate the step-by-step design of an isolated square footing, calculating loads, sizing the footing, checking effective depth, determining steel requirements, and verifying hook and dowel bar needs.
The document summarizes the plate bearing test procedure. The plate bearing test is conducted to determine the bearing capacity and settlement of soil under shallow foundations or temporary structures. It involves loading a steel plate placed at the foundation level with incremental loads and measuring the corresponding settlement. The test is continued until a settlement of 25mm or more is reached. The results from multiple plate bearing tests are presented in tables showing the pressure, initial and final dial readings, settlement and cumulative settlement at each load increment. The safe bearing capacity of the soil in the test area was determined based on the permissible settlement of 25mm from the plate bearing tests.
This document discusses the group index method for flexible pavement design. It begins by defining group index as a number from 0-20 assigned to soil based on physical properties like particle size, liquid limit, and plastic limit. Lower values indicate better soil quality. Group index is determined mathematically using a provided equation or graphically. Required data for design includes group index, traffic volume, and flexible pavement structure. Total thickness is selected from a chart based on group index and traffic volume. Thickness of sub-base is also from a chart based only on group index. Remaining thickness is allocated to base and surface courses. An example problem demonstrates calculating group index and designing pavement layers.
Determining equivalent single wheel load.(ESWL) Imran Nawaz
This document discusses methods for determining equivalent single wheel loads (ESWL) and equivalent single axle loads (ESAL) for pavement design. ESWL is defined as the load from a single tire that causes the same stresses/strains as a multi-wheel load. Methods include equal stress, LCN, and FAA approaches. ESAL quantifies the effect of varying axle loads as a number of standard single axle loads. Factors like thickness and subgrade reaction are considered. Cars have minimal impact compared to trucks and buses.
11-Structural Design ( Highway Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
The document discusses various methods for flexible pavement design, including empirical, mechanistic, and mechanistic-empirical methods. It provides details on the AASHTO, Asphalt Institute, and MEPDG design methods, including required inputs like traffic, materials properties, and environmental factors as well as outputs like structural number and layer thicknesses. It also explains concepts fundamental to flexible pavement design like structural number, layer coefficients, serviceability, reliability, and distresses like rutting and cracking.
This document discusses the design of crane runway girders. It covers three main issues with crane girder and structure connections: vertical load transformation, free rotation at supports, and transverse load transformation. It then provides details on typical crane girder sections and rail fastenings. The design procedure outlined involves calculating vertical and horizontal loads, determining load combinations, and checking the girder for major axis bending capacity, lateral-torsional buckling, combined bending moments, web shear, local compression under wheels, web bearing and buckling, and deflections. References are made throughout to relevant British standards for structural steel design.
Curvature is inevitably provided on railway tracks to bypass obstacles, provide longer gradients, and pass lines through desirable locations. Horizontal curves change track direction, while vertical curves connect gradients or gradients to level ground. Curvature restricts speed and train length, increases maintenance costs, and risks accidents. Degree and radius describe curves, with smaller radii indicating sharper curves. Super-elevation/cant counters centrifugal force on curves, and is calculated using speed, weight, radius, and gauge. Cant deficiency occurs where full cant cannot be provided, like where lines branch, requiring speed restrictions.
This document discusses pavement thickness design according to the New York State Department of Transportation guidelines. It provides an overview of flexible and rigid pavement design, including the factors considered such as traffic loading, material properties, and design methods. The key design methods covered are the ESAL-based method for projects over 1.5km in length, and the conventional method using thickness tables for shorter projects. An example calculation is provided to illustrate the ESAL method for determining equivalent single axle loads and selecting pavement thicknesses.
This document provides an overview of analysis and design methods for concrete slabs, including:
1. Elastic analysis methods like grillage analysis and finite element analysis can be used to determine moments and shear forces in slabs.
2. Yield line theory is an alternative plastic/ultimate limit state approach for determining the ultimate load capacity of ductile concrete slabs. It involves assuming yield line patterns that divide the slab into rigid regions and equating external and internal work.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate yield line analysis for one-way spanning slabs and rectangular two-way slabs. Conventions, assumptions, and calculation procedures are explained.
The beam section was designed with 42 prestressing strands located 130mm from the soffit. Section properties were calculated. Stress checks were performed at three stages to ensure stresses did not exceed allowable limits. A Magnel diagram showed the section satisfied design criteria with prestressing. Stirrup spacing of 150mm was chosen to resist shear. Total prestress losses were estimated at 26.67%. Deflections were calculated at various stages. A concrete slab was designed with reinforcement to span between beams.
This document discusses the design of slender columns and two-way slabs. It provides an example problem for designing a long rectangular braced column. The steps include computing factored loads, determining the k value, checking for slenderness effects, calculating the required moment strength, and designing the reinforcement. It also compares one-way and two-way slab behavior, discussing different slab systems like flat plates, waffle slabs, and ribbed slabs.
Railway Engineering-Curves and superelevationMani Vel
This document discusses curves and superelevation on railways. It defines horizontal and vertical curves, and explains that superelevation involves raising the outer rail on a curve to provide a comfortable ride. Superelevation counters the effects of lateral forces when negotiating a curve. The key points are:
- Superelevation is the difference in height between the inner and outer rails and helps distribute load on both rails.
- Equilibrium speed is when the centrifugal force is balanced by the cant (superelevation), providing no unbalanced radial acceleration.
- Maximum permissible speed considers factors like radius, cant, cant deficiency/excess, and transition length.
- Examples are provided to calculate supere
Chapter 2 track geometrics and its maintainancedhara dattani
1. Proper geometric design of railway tracks is necessary to ensure safe and smooth running of trains at maximum speeds and loads.
2. Key parameters that determine track geometry include gradients, curve radii, superelevation/cant, and horizontal and vertical curves.
3. Most train derailments are caused by track defects like defective cross-levels, alignments, gauge, joints, superelevation, curve radii, and switch wear.
1) Researchers developed a Structural Health Index (SHI) to describe the structural integrity of pavements based on backcalculated layer moduli from falling weight deflectometer testing.
2) The SHI is calculated using a backcalculation software to determine layer moduli, which are then statistically modeled to produce an index from 0-100.
3) The SHI was validated and shown to realistically represent structural conditions, providing additional information to complement existing pavement management indices in identifying structurally deficient sections.
Retrofitting of Bridge with Voided Slab to raise the Deck LevelIRJET Journal
The document discusses retrofitting an existing bridge by casting a voided slab over the existing deck slab. A voided slab is lighter than a solid slab and can reduce the self-weight and cost of the structure. Polystyrene boxes are placed on the deck slab and filled with concrete to form voids above. This allows increasing the road level without overloading the bridge girders. The voided slab is modeled in STAAD Pro to analyze bending moments and check the design is adequate. The voided slab reduces the weight and cost of construction compared to a solid slab.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document discusses different approaches to flexible pavement design, including empirical, mechanistic, and mechanistic-empirical approaches. It provides details on each approach, such as the empirical approach using the 1993 AASHTO Guide equation relating pavement characteristics to performance, and the mechanistic approach modeling the pavement as layers and calculating stress/strain. The mechanistic-empirical approach combines both, using mechanics to calculate stresses/strains and empirical data to define failure criteria. Road tests like the AASHO and Maryland tests helped develop the empirical relationships used in design methods.
The document discusses the design of columns and footings in concrete structures. It covers various topics related to column design including classification of columns based on type of reinforcement, loading, and slenderness ratios. Short columns subjected to axial loads with or without eccentricity are analyzed. Design aspects such as effective length, minimum reinforcement requirements, cover and transverse tie spacing are described based on code specifications. Equations for equilibrium of uniformly loaded short columns are also presented.
This document evaluates a complex multilayered airfield pavement in India using a Heavy Falling Weight Deflectometer (HFWD). The pavement consists of multiple layers of different materials, making it difficult to analyze. Deflection data was collected from the secondary runway at Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport using an HFWD. The data indicates the pavement behaves as a composite structure with both rigid and flexible characteristics. Various analysis methods were used in an attempt to determine the Pavement Classification Number (PCN) of the complex pavement structure.
The document discusses the prestressing of tendons for a 204m long highway bridge in Israel using balanced cantilever construction. It involves prestressing 26 tendons in 8 segments per cantilever using a bonded post-tensioning system. Concrete must reach a minimum strength of 35 MPa before prestressing, which also cannot occur earlier than 2.5 days after casting. Detailed elongation calculations are provided for stressing each tendon in sequential segments as construction progresses outward from the piers.
This document discusses the analysis and design of reinforced concrete footings. It describes different types of footings including isolated, combined, continuous, and raft foundations. It also covers design considerations such as minimum thickness, concrete cover, reinforcement sizes and spacing, and critical sections. An example is provided to demonstrate the step-by-step design of an isolated square footing, calculating loads, sizing the footing, checking effective depth, determining steel requirements, and verifying hook and dowel bar needs.
The document summarizes the plate bearing test procedure. The plate bearing test is conducted to determine the bearing capacity and settlement of soil under shallow foundations or temporary structures. It involves loading a steel plate placed at the foundation level with incremental loads and measuring the corresponding settlement. The test is continued until a settlement of 25mm or more is reached. The results from multiple plate bearing tests are presented in tables showing the pressure, initial and final dial readings, settlement and cumulative settlement at each load increment. The safe bearing capacity of the soil in the test area was determined based on the permissible settlement of 25mm from the plate bearing tests.
This document discusses the group index method for flexible pavement design. It begins by defining group index as a number from 0-20 assigned to soil based on physical properties like particle size, liquid limit, and plastic limit. Lower values indicate better soil quality. Group index is determined mathematically using a provided equation or graphically. Required data for design includes group index, traffic volume, and flexible pavement structure. Total thickness is selected from a chart based on group index and traffic volume. Thickness of sub-base is also from a chart based only on group index. Remaining thickness is allocated to base and surface courses. An example problem demonstrates calculating group index and designing pavement layers.
Determining equivalent single wheel load.(ESWL) Imran Nawaz
This document discusses methods for determining equivalent single wheel loads (ESWL) and equivalent single axle loads (ESAL) for pavement design. ESWL is defined as the load from a single tire that causes the same stresses/strains as a multi-wheel load. Methods include equal stress, LCN, and FAA approaches. ESAL quantifies the effect of varying axle loads as a number of standard single axle loads. Factors like thickness and subgrade reaction are considered. Cars have minimal impact compared to trucks and buses.
11-Structural Design ( Highway Engineering Dr. Sherif El-Badawy )Hossam Shafiq I
The document discusses various methods for flexible pavement design, including empirical, mechanistic, and mechanistic-empirical methods. It provides details on the AASHTO, Asphalt Institute, and MEPDG design methods, including required inputs like traffic, materials properties, and environmental factors as well as outputs like structural number and layer thicknesses. It also explains concepts fundamental to flexible pavement design like structural number, layer coefficients, serviceability, reliability, and distresses like rutting and cracking.
This document discusses the design of crane runway girders. It covers three main issues with crane girder and structure connections: vertical load transformation, free rotation at supports, and transverse load transformation. It then provides details on typical crane girder sections and rail fastenings. The design procedure outlined involves calculating vertical and horizontal loads, determining load combinations, and checking the girder for major axis bending capacity, lateral-torsional buckling, combined bending moments, web shear, local compression under wheels, web bearing and buckling, and deflections. References are made throughout to relevant British standards for structural steel design.
Curvature is inevitably provided on railway tracks to bypass obstacles, provide longer gradients, and pass lines through desirable locations. Horizontal curves change track direction, while vertical curves connect gradients or gradients to level ground. Curvature restricts speed and train length, increases maintenance costs, and risks accidents. Degree and radius describe curves, with smaller radii indicating sharper curves. Super-elevation/cant counters centrifugal force on curves, and is calculated using speed, weight, radius, and gauge. Cant deficiency occurs where full cant cannot be provided, like where lines branch, requiring speed restrictions.
This document discusses pavement thickness design according to the New York State Department of Transportation guidelines. It provides an overview of flexible and rigid pavement design, including the factors considered such as traffic loading, material properties, and design methods. The key design methods covered are the ESAL-based method for projects over 1.5km in length, and the conventional method using thickness tables for shorter projects. An example calculation is provided to illustrate the ESAL method for determining equivalent single axle loads and selecting pavement thicknesses.
This document provides an overview of analysis and design methods for concrete slabs, including:
1. Elastic analysis methods like grillage analysis and finite element analysis can be used to determine moments and shear forces in slabs.
2. Yield line theory is an alternative plastic/ultimate limit state approach for determining the ultimate load capacity of ductile concrete slabs. It involves assuming yield line patterns that divide the slab into rigid regions and equating external and internal work.
3. Examples are provided to illustrate yield line analysis for one-way spanning slabs and rectangular two-way slabs. Conventions, assumptions, and calculation procedures are explained.
The beam section was designed with 42 prestressing strands located 130mm from the soffit. Section properties were calculated. Stress checks were performed at three stages to ensure stresses did not exceed allowable limits. A Magnel diagram showed the section satisfied design criteria with prestressing. Stirrup spacing of 150mm was chosen to resist shear. Total prestress losses were estimated at 26.67%. Deflections were calculated at various stages. A concrete slab was designed with reinforcement to span between beams.
This document discusses the design of slender columns and two-way slabs. It provides an example problem for designing a long rectangular braced column. The steps include computing factored loads, determining the k value, checking for slenderness effects, calculating the required moment strength, and designing the reinforcement. It also compares one-way and two-way slab behavior, discussing different slab systems like flat plates, waffle slabs, and ribbed slabs.
Railway Engineering-Curves and superelevationMani Vel
This document discusses curves and superelevation on railways. It defines horizontal and vertical curves, and explains that superelevation involves raising the outer rail on a curve to provide a comfortable ride. Superelevation counters the effects of lateral forces when negotiating a curve. The key points are:
- Superelevation is the difference in height between the inner and outer rails and helps distribute load on both rails.
- Equilibrium speed is when the centrifugal force is balanced by the cant (superelevation), providing no unbalanced radial acceleration.
- Maximum permissible speed considers factors like radius, cant, cant deficiency/excess, and transition length.
- Examples are provided to calculate supere
Chapter 2 track geometrics and its maintainancedhara dattani
1. Proper geometric design of railway tracks is necessary to ensure safe and smooth running of trains at maximum speeds and loads.
2. Key parameters that determine track geometry include gradients, curve radii, superelevation/cant, and horizontal and vertical curves.
3. Most train derailments are caused by track defects like defective cross-levels, alignments, gauge, joints, superelevation, curve radii, and switch wear.
1) Researchers developed a Structural Health Index (SHI) to describe the structural integrity of pavements based on backcalculated layer moduli from falling weight deflectometer testing.
2) The SHI is calculated using a backcalculation software to determine layer moduli, which are then statistically modeled to produce an index from 0-100.
3) The SHI was validated and shown to realistically represent structural conditions, providing additional information to complement existing pavement management indices in identifying structurally deficient sections.
Retrofitting of Bridge with Voided Slab to raise the Deck LevelIRJET Journal
The document discusses retrofitting an existing bridge by casting a voided slab over the existing deck slab. A voided slab is lighter than a solid slab and can reduce the self-weight and cost of the structure. Polystyrene boxes are placed on the deck slab and filled with concrete to form voids above. This allows increasing the road level without overloading the bridge girders. The voided slab is modeled in STAAD Pro to analyze bending moments and check the design is adequate. The voided slab reduces the weight and cost of construction compared to a solid slab.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document provides guidance on designing reinforced concrete slab systems, including one-way and two-way slabs, using web-based software. It introduces common slab types, design methods, assumptions, and considerations. The document then gives step-by-step examples of designing a one-way continuous slab and a simply supported two-way slab. It demonstrates the software's input/output interface by guiding the user through the full design process for each example slab. The guidance concludes by listing additional slab design examples available on the web-based software.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document provides details about Adarsh Dwivedi's summer training project at Lucknow Metro Rail Corporation. It discusses various aspects of metro construction including the casting yard where girders and beams are cast, underground construction involving diaphragm walls, piling, plunge columns and slab casting, and elevated structure construction with details on piling, pile caps, piers and U-girders. The training helped provide hands-on experience of metro construction processes.
PARAMETRIC STUDY ON SLAB DECK BRIDGES USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODIRJET Journal
This document discusses a parametric study carried out on slab deck bridges using the Response Surface Method (RSM). The study considers the effects of span length, live load, and thickness of the wearing coat on the depth, moment, and reinforcement area required for the bridge deck slab. An Excel program is developed to design the deck slab according to different design combinations obtained from RSM. Statistical analysis using ANOVA is performed to determine the dependency of the response variables on the design parameters. Regression equations are obtained for the depth, moment, and reinforcement area in terms of the design factors considered. The results of the study are then compared to an existing reinforced concrete slab deck bridge.
Case study: Widening an existing bridge structure Challenges and solutionsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the process of widening an existing bridge in the UAE. It faced several challenges, including replacing deteriorated bearings, repairing cracks and defects found after removing pavement, constructing approach slabs where there were none previously, addressing differences in cross-slope between the existing and new structures, protecting the deck from chemicals, and strengthening an existing pier with carbon fiber reinforced polymer sheets. These challenges were addressed through methods like jacking the bridge to replace bearings, repairing cracks, constructing new approach slabs, using leveling concrete to create uniform cross-slope, applying waterproofing, and installing CFRP sheets to strengthen the pier according to product specifications. The widening resulted in two bridges with four
Running Head BRIDGE DESIGN1BRIDGE DESIGN31.docxtoddr4
Running Head: BRIDGE DESIGN 1
BRIDGE DESIGN 31
Title:
Student Name:
Institution:
Course:
Date:
BRIDGE DESIGN FOR THE MOTOR WAY BELOW
8m
Embankment
A
Motorway
16m
10m
Central Reservation
Motorway
16m
Grass Verge
Existing Factory Units
Footway
A
Carriagewaym
Existing Factory Units
Fixed Factory Entrance
Fixed Factory Entrance
3m
2m
3m
2m
10mm
Existing Highway to Proposed Bridge
Existing Development
Proposed Development
Existing Development
Existing Retaining Wall – 500mm thick rc construction indicated by old record drawings
Central Reservation
10m
10m
Section A-A
2m footway
1.2m high parapets
10m carriageway
Bridge Deck Section
Figure 1
Bridge design
Most suitable bridge forms
· Beam bridge
· Arch bridge
The beam bridge: Beam and slab with ladder decks
This form of bridges comprises of slab which sits on top of steel I-beams. This form is mostly used for mid span highway bridge which is where our required bridge falls in.
Slab in this system is supported on tow main girders with a spacing of about 3.5m and it lies longitudinally between the girders as per the below diagram.
Figure 1
The bridge will use plate girders giving us a scope to vary the flange and web sizes to fit and suit the bridge load carrying capabilities. In the design process, ability of the bridge to carry the maximum load expected and the loading at the various stages of construction will guide on the proportion of girders that is their depth, width of tension and compression flanges and web thickness.
The girders are erected firmly on the ground and have stud connectors welded on the top flange to provide composite action between the slab and girder. The number of studs and spacing vary depending on expected level of shear flow between steel girder and concrete slab.
The girders rest on bearings fastened to the bottom flange. The girders are stiffened to carry the bearing loads at these points. Some cases apply bracing between the girders at support to carry lateral forces and provide torsional restraint.
Bridge description
· The bridge will have a span of 50m.
· The bridge will be raised to a height of 10m on both sides to be in level with the existing highway. The girders will have constant height.
· The bridge cross section will have the reinforced concrete slab sitting on top of two main abutment substructures and an extra substructure which will be on the central reservation. The main substructure will be located at the embarkment of the road.
Construction sequence
Abutment substructure construction
Girder construction
The bridge will consist of two main girder I beams. The girders will be of the same height. To make the I-beam, steel plates will be used. The steel plate is cut into the required sizes for the bottom flange and top flange and for the web. The cut pieces are then fillet welded into the I-section. This is done either by machine manual assembling in jig or through improved pressing machine .
Effect of modulus of masonry on initial lateral stiffness of infilled frames ...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This project report summarizes an experimental study conducted to evaluate the bond strength of concrete. Samples of concrete were made with varying grades of concrete, diameters of reinforcing bars, and with or without kinks in the bars. A pull-out test was used to measure the bond strength of each sample. The results will be analyzed to verify bond strength values provided in design codes and understand how factors like concrete grade and bar properties affect bond strength. The study aims to provide data on concrete bond strength under various conditions to improve structural design and construction.
This document summarizes the construction of rigid pavements. Rigid pavements use plain cement concrete slabs with dowel bars at joints for load transfer. They are used in areas with adverse conditions like heavy rainfall, poor soil/drainage, or extreme climate. Materials include cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and water. Construction involves subgrade preparation, forming slabs with joints, curing, and allowing time before opening to traffic. Joints include longitudinal, contraction, and expansion joints with filler and dowel bars to allow for expansion/contraction. Reinforcement improves strength and load distribution. Advantages include durability and low maintenance, while disadvantages include higher initial costs and traffic disruption during repairs.
REVIEW OF THE ROLE OF JOINTS USAGE IN BRIDGE STRUCTURESIRJET Journal
This document discusses joints used in bridge structures. It begins with an introduction to the role of joints in accommodating thermal movements in concrete bridges. It then reviews the literature on different types of joints. The main types discussed are construction joints, expansion joints, and contraction joints. Expansion joints allow for movements from temperature changes, shrinkage, and loading. The document outlines several specific types of expansion joints used in bridges, including buried joints, asphaltic plug joints, and strip seal expansion joints. It also discusses longitudinal joints and common defects seen in bridge joints, such as overloading, rutting of surfaces, and improper sealing of cracks.
IRJET- Integral Abutment Bridge- A Review and Comparison of the Integral Brid...IRJET Journal
This document provides an overview and comparison of integral abutment bridges and conventional bridges. It defines integral abutment bridges as jointless and bearingless structures where the superstructure is monolithically connected to the abutments, eliminating joints and bearings. This allows stresses from thermal expansion to be transferred to the substructure through a flexible connection. The document discusses the different types of integral abutment bridges based on the abutment detail, including frame abutments, bank pad abutments, flexible support abutments, and semi-integral end screen abutments. It then reviews several research papers on topics like thermally induced soil-structure interaction in integral bridges. In conclusion, integral abutment bridges
This document discusses different types of joints used in concrete structures and buildings. It describes construction joints, which define placements of concrete slabs and allow for movement. Expansion joints prevent cracking from temperature changes. Contraction joints create planes of weakness to control cracking. Isolation joints separate new and existing concrete that may expand differently. The document provides details on the purpose, design, and proper installation of each type of joint to allow for structural movement while maintaining integrity.
Conen 442 module3 S2021 Pavement Design and Construction Wael ElDessouki
This document provides an overview of pavement design and construction. It defines pavement as the total thickness of a road, including surfacing, base, and sub-base layers. Pavement functionality is to transmit and distribute traffic loads to the subgrade. Key design parameters include traffic loading, subgrade soil properties, and pavement type/materials. There are two main pavement types - flexible and rigid. The document then describes elements, construction, and finishing of both rigid and flexible pavements. It emphasizes key aspects for site engineers such as geometric layout, subgrade soil classification/testing, and compaction quality control.
The document discusses the analysis and design of retaining walls, deck slabs, and cantilever deck slabs for bridge structures. It provides an overview of the design process, including geotechnical investigations and laboratory testing to determine soil properties. It describes the design of retaining walls using lateral earth pressure theories like Rankine's method. It also covers the design of concrete slabs and cantilever slabs, and checking the stability of retaining walls against overturning, sliding, and bearing capacity failure. Design codes used for highway bridge structures in India are also listed.
IRJET- The Rehabilitation Techniques for Irwin BridgeIRJET Journal
This document discusses rehabilitation techniques for the Irwin Bridge, a masonry arch bridge in Sangli, India built in 1929. It has conducted a condition survey to detect damages and proposes various techniques to address issues found with the bridge's piers, abutments, deck slabs, river banks, and galleries. Rehabilitation techniques discussed include cellular foamed cement grouting for piers, replacing damaged stones and adding concrete mortar in abutments, removing unsound concrete and adding new patches in deck slabs, installing guide banks and other river training structures, and reconstructing severely damaged galleries. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of regular maintenance and using conservation-focused repair techniques to successfully rehabilitate historic masonry bridges
A Review Paper on Analysis of T Beam Deck Type and T Beam Pre Stressed Deck B...ijtsrd
A Bridge is a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath such as a body of water, valley, or road, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. K is the portion of a bridge that acts as the roadway in the support of vehicular or pedestrian traffic. While deck parts like trusses, girders, rails, arches, posts and cantilevers assume a number of forms and types, there are relatively few bridge deck types given the utilitarian nature of the component. Rudresh Meena | Prof. Afzal Khan "A Review Paper on Analysis of T Beam Deck Type and T Beam Pre-Stressed Deck Bridge" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-2 , April 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57385.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/engineering/civil-engineering/57385/a-review-paper-on-analysis-of-t-beam-deck-type-and-t-beam-prestressed-deck-bridge/rudresh-meena
RELIABILITY STUDIES ON COMPOSITE COLUMNS USING RELIABILITY INDEX APPROACHIRJET Journal
The document discusses reliability studies on composite columns using the reliability index approach. It conducts a reliability analysis of concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) columns using the first-order second moment (FOSM) method to understand the impact of random variables. The reliability index and probability of failure are calculated for longer columns (L/D > 12) and shorter columns (L/D < 12) using the FOSM method. Results are presented in tables showing the reliability index values for various column dimensions classified as longer columns.
Stiffness degradation behavior of retrofitted rc infilled frame under cyclic ...eSAT Journals
Abstract The present study was to evaluate the load carrying capacity of retrofitted 3-bay 4-storey brick infill R.C frame using Ferro cement under cyclic loading. Generally bricks will not be considered as a structural element, but by an effective strengthening technique infill walls and RC frame elements can be kept together and forcing them to work as a whole until the end of the ground motion. The effectiveness of the retrofitted frame under cyclic load was investigated in terms of displacement, stiffness and load carrying capacity. Keywords: Retrofit, Ferro cement, R.C frame, brick infill, cyclic loading, stiffness degradation
Similar to Evaluation of rigid pavements by deflection approach (20)
Mechanical properties of hybrid fiber reinforced concrete for pavementseSAT Journals
Abstract
The effect of addition of mono fibers and hybrid fibers on the mechanical properties of concrete mixture is studied in the present
investigation. Steel fibers of 1% and polypropylene fibers 0.036% were added individually to the concrete mixture as mono fibers and
then they were added together to form a hybrid fiber reinforced concrete. Mechanical properties such as compressive, split tensile and
flexural strength were determined. The results show that hybrid fibers improve the compressive strength marginally as compared to
mono fibers. Whereas, hybridization improves split tensile strength and flexural strength noticeably.
Keywords:-Hybridization, mono fibers, steel fiber, polypropylene fiber, Improvement in mechanical properties.
Material management in construction – a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to understand about all the problems occurring in the company because of improper application
of material management. In construction project operation, often there is a project cost variance in terms of the material, equipments,
manpower, subcontractor, overhead cost, and general condition. Material is the main component in construction projects. Therefore,
if the material management is not properly managed it will create a project cost variance. Project cost can be controlled by taking
corrective actions towards the cost variance. Therefore a methodology is used to diagnose and evaluate the procurement process
involved in material management and launch a continuous improvement was developed and applied. A thorough study was carried
out along with study of cases, surveys and interviews to professionals involved in this area. As a result, a methodology for diagnosis
and improvement was proposed and tested in selected projects. The results obtained show that the main problem of procurement is
related to schedule delays and lack of specified quality for the project. To prevent this situation it is often necessary to dedicate
important resources like money, personnel, time, etc. To monitor and control the process. A great potential for improvement was
detected if state of the art technologies such as, electronic mail, electronic data interchange (EDI), and analysis were applied to the
procurement process. These helped to eliminate the root causes for many types of problems that were detected.
Managing drought short term strategies in semi arid regions a case studyeSAT Journals
Abstract
Drought management needs multidisciplinary action. Interdisciplinary efforts among the experts in various fields of the droughts
prone areas are helpful to achieve tangible and permanent solution for this recurring problem. The Gulbarga district having the total
area around 16, 240 sq.km, and accounts 8.45 per cent of the Karnataka state area. The district has been situated with latitude 17º 19'
60" North and longitude of 76 º 49' 60" east. The district is situated entirely on the Deccan plateau positioned at a height of 300 to
750 m above MSL. Sub-tropical, semi-arid type is one among the drought prone districts of Karnataka State. The drought
management is very important for a district like Gulbarga. In this paper various short term strategies are discussed to mitigate the
drought condition in the district.
Keywords: Drought, South-West monsoon, Semi-Arid, Rainfall, Strategies etc.
Life cycle cost analysis of overlay for an urban road in bangaloreeSAT Journals
Abstract
Pavements are subjected to severe condition of stresses and weathering effects from the day they are constructed and opened to traffic
mainly due to its fatigue behavior and environmental effects. Therefore, pavement rehabilitation is one of the most important
components of entire road systems. This paper highlights the design of concrete pavement with added mono fibers like polypropylene,
steel and hybrid fibres for a widened portion of existing concrete pavement and various overlay alternatives for an existing
bituminous pavement in an urban road in Bangalore. Along with this, Life cycle cost analyses at these sections are done by Net
Present Value (NPV) method to identify the most feasible option. The results show that though the initial cost of construction of
concrete overlay is high, over a period of time it prove to be better than the bituminous overlay considering the whole life cycle cost.
The economic analysis also indicates that, out of the three fibre options, hybrid reinforced concrete would be economical without
compromising the performance of the pavement.
Keywords: - Fatigue, Life cycle cost analysis, Net Present Value method, Overlay, Rehabilitation
Laboratory studies of dense bituminous mixes ii with reclaimed asphalt materialseSAT Journals
Abstract
The issue of growing demand on our nation’s roadways over that past couple of decades, decreasing budgetary funds, and the need to
provide a safe, efficient, and cost effective roadway system has led to a dramatic increase in the need to rehabilitate our existing
pavements and the issue of building sustainable road infrastructure in India. With these emergency of the mentioned needs and this
are today’s burning issue and has become the purpose of the study.
In the present study, the samples of existing bituminous layer materials were collected from NH-48(Devahalli to Hassan) site.The
mixtures were designed by Marshall Method as per Asphalt institute (MS-II) at 20% and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP).
RAP material was blended with virgin aggregate such that all specimens tested for the, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II (DBM-II)
gradation as per Ministry of Roads, Transport, and Highways (MoRT&H) and cost analysis were carried out to know the economics.
Laboratory results and analysis showed the use of recycled materials showed significant variability in Marshall Stability, and the
variability increased with the increase in RAP content. The saving can be realized from utilization of recycled materials as per the
methodology, the reduction in the total cost is 19%, 30%, comparing with the virgin mixes.
Keywords: Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, Marshall Stability, MS-II, Dense Bituminous Macadam-II
Laboratory investigation of expansive soil stabilized with natural inorganic ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on stabilizing expansive black cotton soil with the natural inorganic stabilizer RBI-81. Laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the effect of RBI-81 on the soil's engineering properties. The tests showed that with 2% RBI-81 and 28 days of curing, the unconfined compressive strength increased by around 250% and the CBR value improved by approximately 400% compared to the untreated soil. Overall, the study found that RBI-81 effectively improved the strength properties of the black cotton soil and its suitability as a soil stabilizer was supported.
Influence of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block masonry p...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Reinforced masonry was developed to exploit the strength potential of masonry and to solve its lack of tensile strength. Experimental
and analytical studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of hollow concrete block
masonry prisms under compression and to predict ultimate failure compressive strength. In the numerical program, three dimensional
non-linear finite elements (FE) model based on the micro-modeling approach is developed for both unreinforced and reinforced
masonry prisms using ANSYS (14.5). The proposed FE model uses multi-linear stress-strain relationships to model the non-linear
behavior of hollow concrete block, mortar, and grout. Willam-Warnke’s five parameter failure theory has been adopted to model the
failure of masonry materials. The comparison of the numerical and experimental results indicates that the FE models can successfully
capture the highly nonlinear behavior of the physical specimens and accurately predict their strength and failure mechanisms.
Keywords: Structural masonry, Hollow concrete block prism, grout, Compression failure, Finite element method,
Numerical modeling.
Influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with chemical stabilizereSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study on the influence of compaction energy on soil stabilized with a chemical stabilizer. Laboratory tests were conducted on locally available loamy soil treated with a patented polymer liquid stabilizer and compacted at four different energy levels. The study found that increasing the compaction effort increased the density of both untreated and treated soil, but the rate of increase was lower for stabilized soil. Treating the soil with the stabilizer improved its unconfined compressive strength and resilient modulus, and reduced accumulated plastic strain, with these properties further improved by higher compaction efforts. The stabilized soil exhibited strength and performance benefits compared to the untreated soil.
Geographical information system (gis) for water resources managementeSAT Journals
This document describes a hydrological framework developed in the form of a Hydrologic Information System (HIS) to meet the information needs of various government departments related to water management in a state. The HIS consists of a hydrological database coupled with tools for collecting and analyzing spatial and non-spatial water resources data. It also incorporates a hydrological model to indirectly assess water balance components over space and time. A web-based GIS portal was created to allow users to access and visualize the hydrological data, as well as outputs from the SWAT hydrological model. The framework is intended to facilitate integrated water resources planning and management across different administrative levels.
Forest type mapping of bidar forest division, karnataka using geoinformatics ...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The study demonstrate the potentiality of satellite remote sensing technique for the generation of baseline information on forest types
including tree plantation details in Bidar forest division, Karnataka covering an area of 5814.60Sq.Kms. The Total Area of Bidar
forest division is 5814Sq.Kms analysis of the satellite data in the study area reveals that about 84% of the total area is Covered by
crop land, 1.778% of the area is covered by dry deciduous forest, 1.38 % of mixed plantation, which is very threatening to the
environmental stability of the forest, future plantation site has been mapped. With the use of latest Geo-informatics technology proper
and exact condition of the trees can be observed and necessary precautions can be taken for future plantation works in an appropriate
manner
Keywords:-RS, GIS, GPS, Forest Type, Tree Plantation
Factors influencing compressive strength of geopolymer concreteeSAT Journals
Abstract
To study effects of several factors on the properties of fly ash based geopolymer concrete on the compressive strength and also the
cost comparison with the normal concrete. The test variables were molarities of sodium hydroxide(NaOH) 8M,14M and 16M, ratio of
NaOH to sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5, alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio 0.35 and 0.40 and replacement of water in
Na2SiO3 solution by 10%, 20% and 30% were used in the present study. The test results indicated that the highest compressive
strength 54 MPa was observed for 16M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 2.5 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35. Lowest
compressive strength of 27 MPa was observed for 8M of NaOH, ratio of NaOH to Na2SiO3 is 1 and alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of
0.40. Alkaline liquid to fly ash ratio of 0.35, water replacement of 10% and 30% for 8 and 16 molarity of NaOH and has resulted in
compressive strength of 36 MPa and 20 MPa respectively. Superplasticiser dosage of 2 % by weight of fly ash has given higher
strength in all cases.
Keywords: compressive strength, alkaline liquid, fly ash
Experimental investigation on circular hollow steel columns in filled with li...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Composite Circular hollow Steel tubes with and without GFRP infill for three different grades of Light weight concrete are tested for
ultimate load capacity and axial shortening , under Cyclic loading. Steel tubes are compared for different lengths, cross sections and
thickness. Specimens were tested separately after adopting Taguchi’s L9 (Latin Squares) Orthogonal array in order to save the initial
experimental cost on number of specimens and experimental duration. Analysis was carried out using ANN (Artificial Neural
Network) technique with the assistance of Mini Tab- a statistical soft tool. Comparison for predicted, experimental & ANN output is
obtained from linear regression plots. From this research study, it can be concluded that *Cross sectional area of steel tube has most
significant effect on ultimate load carrying capacity, *as length of steel tube increased- load carrying capacity decreased & *ANN
modeling predicted acceptable results. Thus ANN tool can be utilized for predicting ultimate load carrying capacity for composite
columns.
Keywords: Light weight concrete, GFRP, Artificial Neural Network, Linear Regression, Back propagation, orthogonal
Array, Latin Squares
Experimental behavior of circular hsscfrc filled steel tubular columns under ...eSAT Journals
This document summarizes an experimental study that tested circular concrete-filled steel tube columns with varying parameters. 45 specimens were tested with different fiber percentages (0-2%), tube diameter-to-wall-thickness ratios (D/t from 15-25), and length-to-diameter (L/d) ratios (from 2.97-7.04). The results found that columns filled with fiber-reinforced concrete exhibited higher stiffness, equal ductility, and enhanced energy absorption compared to those filled with plain concrete. The load carrying capacity increased with fiber content up to 1.5% but not at 2.0%. The analytical predictions of failure load closely matched the experimental values.
Evaluation of punching shear in flat slabseSAT Journals
Abstract
Flat-slab construction has been widely used in construction today because of many advantages that it offers. The basic philosophy in
the design of flat slab is to consider only gravity forces; this method ignores the effect of punching shear due to unbalanced moments
at the slab column junction which is critical. An attempt has been made to generate generalized design sheets which accounts both
punching shear due to gravity loads and unbalanced moments for cases (a) interior column; (b) edge column (bending perpendicular
to shorter edge); (c) edge column (bending parallel to shorter edge); (d) corner column. These design sheets are prepared as per
codal provisions of IS 456-2000. These design sheets will be helpful in calculating the shear reinforcement to be provided at the
critical section which is ignored in many design offices. Apart from its usefulness in evaluating punching shear and the necessary
shear reinforcement, the design sheets developed will enable the designer to fix the depth of flat slab during the initial phase of the
design.
Keywords: Flat slabs, punching shear, unbalanced moment.
Evaluation of performance of intake tower dam for recent earthquake in indiaeSAT Journals
Abstract
Intake towers are typically tall, hollow, reinforced concrete structures and form entrance to reservoir outlet works. A parametric
study on dynamic behavior of circular cylindrical towers can be carried out to study the effect of depth of submergence, wall thickness
and slenderness ratio, and also effect on tower considering dynamic analysis for time history function of different soil condition and
by Goyal and Chopra accounting interaction effects of added hydrodynamic mass of surrounding and inside water in intake tower of
dam
Key words: Hydrodynamic mass, Depth of submergence, Reservoir, Time history analysis,
Evaluation of operational efficiency of urban road network using travel time ...eSAT Journals
This document evaluates the operational efficiency of an urban road network in Tiruchirappalli, India using travel time reliability measures. Traffic volume and travel times were collected using video data from 8-10 AM on various roads. Average travel times, 95th percentile travel times, and buffer time indexes were calculated to assess reliability. Non-motorized vehicles were found to most impact reliability on one road. A relationship between buffer time index and traffic volume was developed. Finally, a travel time model was created and validated based on length, speed, and volume.
Estimation of surface runoff in nallur amanikere watershed using scs cn methodeSAT Journals
Abstract
The development of watershed aims at productive utilization of all the available natural resources in the entire area extending from
ridge line to stream outlet. The per capita availability of land for cultivation has been decreasing over the years. Therefore, water and
the related land resources must be developed, utilized and managed in an integrated and comprehensive manner. Remote sensing and
GIS techniques are being increasingly used for planning, management and development of natural resources. The study area, Nallur
Amanikere watershed geographically lies between 110 38’ and 110 52’ N latitude and 760 30’ and 760 50’ E longitude with an area of
415.68 Sq. km. The thematic layers such as land use/land cover and soil maps were derived from remotely sensed data and overlayed
through ArcGIS software to assign the curve number on polygon wise. The daily rainfall data of six rain gauge stations in and around
the watershed (2001-2011) was used to estimate the daily runoff from the watershed using Soil Conservation Service - Curve Number
(SCS-CN) method. The runoff estimated from the SCS-CN model was then used to know the variation of runoff potential with different
land use/land cover and with different soil conditions.
Keywords: Watershed, Nallur watershed, Surface runoff, Rainfall-Runoff, SCS-CN, Remote Sensing, GIS.
Estimation of morphometric parameters and runoff using rs & gis techniqueseSAT Journals
This document summarizes a study that used remote sensing and GIS techniques to estimate morphometric parameters and runoff for the Yagachi catchment area in India over a 10-year period. Morphometric analysis was conducted to understand the hydrological response at the micro-watershed level. Daily runoff was estimated using the SCS curve number model. The results showed a positive correlation between rainfall and runoff. Land use/land cover changes between 2001-2010 were found to impact estimated runoff amounts. Remote sensing approaches provided an effective means to model runoff for this large, ungauged area.
Effect of variation of plastic hinge length on the results of non linear anal...eSAT Journals
Abstract The nonlinear Static procedure also well known as pushover analysis is method where in monotonically increasing loads are applied to the structure till the structure is unable to resist any further load. It is a popular tool for seismic performance evaluation of existing and new structures. In literature lot of research has been carried out on conventional pushover analysis and after knowing deficiency efforts have been made to improve it. But actual test results to verify the analytically obtained pushover results are rarely available. It has been found that some amount of variation is always expected to exist in seismic demand prediction of pushover analysis. Initial study is carried out by considering user defined hinge properties and default hinge length. Attempt is being made to assess the variation of pushover analysis results by considering user defined hinge properties and various hinge length formulations available in literature and results compared with experimentally obtained results based on test carried out on a G+2 storied RCC framed structure. For the present study two geometric models viz bare frame and rigid frame model is considered and it is found that the results of pushover analysis are very sensitive to geometric model and hinge length adopted. Keywords: Pushover analysis, Base shear, Displacement, hinge length, moment curvature analysis
Effect of use of recycled materials on indirect tensile strength of asphalt c...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Depletion of natural resources and aggregate quarries for the road construction is a serious problem to procure materials. Hence
recycling or reuse of material is beneficial. On emphasizing development in sustainable construction in the present era, recycling of
asphalt pavements is one of the effective and proven rehabilitation processes. For the laboratory investigations reclaimed asphalt
pavement (RAP) from NH-4 and crumb rubber modified binder (CRMB-55) was used. Foundry waste was used as a replacement to
conventional filler. Laboratory tests were conducted on asphalt concrete mixes with 30, 40, 50, and 60 percent replacement with RAP.
These test results were compared with conventional mixes and asphalt concrete mixes with complete binder extracted RAP
aggregates. Mix design was carried out by Marshall Method. The Marshall Tests indicated highest stability values for asphalt
concrete (AC) mixes with 60% RAP. The optimum binder content (OBC) decreased with increased in RAP in AC mixes. The Indirect
Tensile Strength (ITS) for AC mixes with RAP also was found to be higher when compared to conventional AC mixes at 300C.
Keywords: Reclaimed asphalt pavement, Foundry waste, Recycling, Marshall Stability, Indirect tensile strength.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Comparative analysis between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquapon...bijceesjournal
The aquaponic system of planting is a method that does not require soil usage. It is a method that only needs water, fish, lava rocks (a substitute for soil), and plants. Aquaponic systems are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Its use not only helps to plant in small spaces but also helps reduce artificial chemical use and minimizes excess water use, as aquaponics consumes 90% less water than soil-based gardening. The study applied a descriptive and experimental design to assess and compare conventional and reconstructed aquaponic methods for reproducing tomatoes. The researchers created an observation checklist to determine the significant factors of the study. The study aims to determine the significant difference between traditional aquaponics and reconstructed aquaponics systems propagating tomatoes in terms of height, weight, girth, and number of fruits. The reconstructed aquaponics system’s higher growth yield results in a much more nourished crop than the traditional aquaponics system. It is superior in its number of fruits, height, weight, and girth measurement. Moreover, the reconstructed aquaponics system is proven to eliminate all the hindrances present in the traditional aquaponics system, which are overcrowding of fish, algae growth, pest problems, contaminated water, and dead fish.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...IJECEIAES
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
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Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
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our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
Evaluation of rigid pavements by deflection approach
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 551
EVALUATION OF RIGID PAVEMENTS BY DEFLECTION APPROACH
Akshay Gadiya1
, Sagar Bhor2
, Parimal Parchure3
, Ankkit Bafna4
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Vadgaon (Bk.), Pune-41, Maharashtra, India
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Vadgaon (Bk.), Pune-41, Maharashtra, India
3
Department of Civil Engineering, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Vadgaon (Bk.), Pune-41, Maharashtra, India
4
Department of Civil Engineering, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Vadgaon (Bk.), Pune-41, Maharashtra, India
Abstract
Since 1951 there has been a sevenfold increase in the Indian road network while the traffic has increased 120 times. This leads to
the deterioration of the surface of the pavements. Deterioration of pavements may be functional or structural in nature.
Evaluation and timely assessment of pavement condition will help to judge the necessary steps to be taken to improve pavement
conditions. Pavement surface deflection measurements are one of the primary means of evaluating a flexible pavement structure.
‘Benkelman Beam Deflection (BBD) Technique is used to find out the characteristic deflection for flexible pavement. The testing
and analysis by BBD technique finally provides us with overlay thickness in terms of Bituminous Macadam.
The use of BBD technique may not be only limited to evaluate flexible pavements. Evaluation of newly constructed rigid
pavements on the basis of Load Transfer Efficiency of dowel bars gives an idea of the overall performance. The accuracy of
evaluating load transfer efficiency (LTE) of joint is important to estimate whether the dowel is disabled or not. The ratio of the
edge deflection of unloaded slab to the edge deflection of loaded slab is used as index to evaluate LTE of joint. The objective of
this paper is to find out the utility of Benkelman Beam Deflection Test on rigid pavements. In this paper based on the known
deflection relationship between loaded and unloaded slab calculated with the help of two Benkelman beams which is a technique
generally used to determine the overlay thickness for flexible pavements. A rigid pavement road stretch (Swami Vivekanand Road)
constructed 2 years ago in Pune city was evaluated using BBD technique. Deflections measured on slabs (loaded slab and
unloaded slab) across the dowel bars would give a measure of the load transfer efficiency of the dowel bars.
Keywords: Rigid Pavement, Benkelman Beam Deflection Test, Load Transfer Efficiency
--------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. RIGID PAVEMENTS
Rigid Pavements are those which possess noteworthy
flexural strength or flexural rigidity. The rigid pavements
are generally made of Portland cement concrete and are
therefore called as CC pavements. Most common materials
used for design and construction of rigid pavements in high
quality plain cement concrete meant for pavement ,
generally called Pavement Quality Concrete(PQC). The CC
pavement slabs made of PQC are generally expected to
sustain up to 45kg/cm2. In rigid pavements the stresses are
not transferred from grain to grain to the lower layers as in
the case of flexible pavement layers.
The rigid pavements have slab action and are capable of
transmitting the wheel load stresses through a much wider
area below the pavement slab. The main point of difference
in the structural behaviour of rigid pavement as compared to
flexible pavement is the critical condition of stresses in rigid
pavement is the maximum flexural stresses occurring at
certain critical conditions of CC slab duration to combined
action of wheel load and temperature stresses. The design
life of CC pavement is 30 years or higher period.
1.1 Structure of Rigid Pavement
A typical rigid pavement or CC pavement structure and the
component layers are shown in Figure 1 Thus the CC
pavement is supported by a prepared soil sub grade, sub
base and the base course. The CC pavement slab has to
withstand flexural stresses caused by moving traffic loads
and warping action of the slab due to daily variation in
temperature.
Fig -1: Structure of Rigid Pavement
Source - http://www.civil.iitb.ac.in/
1.2 Joints in Rigid Pavements
Joints form an important component of CC pavement and
they have important functions to perform. Different types of
joints are provided in CC pavements. Different types of
joints are provided in CC pavements to relive part of the
stresses developed due to the temperature variations in the
slabs. The joints are broadly classified as:
2. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 552
Fig -2: Joints in Rigid Pavement
1.2.1 Longitudinal Joints
Shrinkage crack generally develop in CC pavements slabs
supported on the base course during the initial period of
curing, when the length or width of slabs exceed 4.5 to 5.0
m. hence for pavement widths greater than 4.5 m there is
need to provide longitudinal joints.
The longitudinal joints functions as
1. Contraction joints and prevents development of
additional shrinkage cracks in the longitudinal
direction
2. Warping joints and relives part of warping stresses.
Tie bars are placed along the longitudinal joints of CC
pavements in order to prevent opening up the longitudinal
joints in due course.
1.2.2 Transverse Joints
1.2.2.1 Contraction Joints
Shrinkage cracks are developed in CC pavements at certain
depth. Therefore Contraction joints are formed by cutting
grooves of width not less than 3 mm and depth 25 to 30 %
of pavement thickness so that the fine shrinkage crack is
formed below each groove at the weakened section , during
the initial period of curing of the pavement. These dummy
grooves are provided at interval 4 to 5 m or less than that so
the shrinkage cracks develop along these predetermined
sections only. Closely placed contraction joints relive part of
warping stresses developed due to temperature differential
between the top and bottom of CC pavement slab.
1.2.2.2 Expansion Joints
During the hot season of the year, CC pavement slabs
expand due to overall increase in temperature of pavement.
Similarly, during cold season they contract. Therefore in
order to accommodate variation in length of CC slabs,
expansion joints are provided in the transverse direction of
CC pavements at fairly long intervals, after number of
contraction joints. The expansion joints are formed as
through joints across the full depth of slab with about 20
mm gap between two slabs. Thus the CC pavements slab is
separated across the expansion joint and therefore there in
no load transfer across expansion joints, resulting in weak
cross-section of CC pavement across the joints. In order to
strengthen location of these CC pavement slabs and to
provide load transfer across the expansion joint, suitable
steel Dowel Bars are designed and installed.
1.2.2.3 Construction Joints:
During the construction of CC pavements when the
concreting work is stopped at the end the day or concrete
paving is suspended due to any other reason, a construction
joint is formed.
2. DOWEL BARS
Expansion joints and Construction joints are formed as
through joints across the full depth of the slab. A small gap
of about 20mm is provided at expansion joint to allow
expansion of long CC pavement slabs during summer
seasons. This gap or joint width helps to relieve the
Compressive Stresses during expansion and also helps to
prevent buckling of the slab near joint. Steel Dowel bars are
embedded halfway during construction at specified in order
to strengthen these weak locations and to provide desired
load transfer to the adjoining slab across the joint.
The dowel bar systems are designed such that a group of
dowel bars can transfer 40% of the design axle load, across
the joint to the adjoining slab. Thus, deflections measured
on slabs (loaded slab and unloaded slab) across the dowel
bars would give a measure of the load transfer efficiency of
the dowel bars.
Fig -3: Dowel bar System
3. BENKELMAN BEAM DEFLECTION TEST
Benkelman Beam is a very simple apparatus and it is
commonly used for measuring the surface deflection of a
pavement under standard loading conditions. While using a
Benkelman Beam for measuring the deflections, the load
that is applied is either static or creep loading. Although
many devices have been invented to measure deflection, the
Benkelman Beam is the first really simple device for the
highway work, according to engineer Benkelman.
Benkelman Beam Deflection (BBD) technique is a popular
method due to its simplicity & low cost.
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 553
Fig -4: View of the Benkelman Beam
3.1 Equipment used in the Survey
Thermometer
Auger
Glycerol
Truck
Benkelman Beam
Dial gauge
Tape
3.2 Data Required
a) Temperature data: The standard temperature for doing the
experiment is 35ºC. Since it is not possible to conduct the
test at the standard temperature, a correction factor has to be
applied for the deflection. The correction factor is
determined by knowing the temperature at the time of the
survey.
b) Soil data: Deflection measurements should be made
during the monsoons when the pavement is in its weakest
condition. Hence a correction for seasonal variation has to
be applied for the deflection which is a function of the soil
sub grade.
The data required is:
Average annual rainfall in that area
Soil classification: sandy / gravelly, clayey with low
plasticity and clayey with high plasticity.
Field moisture content. Hence the soil tests that have to
be conducted are
Moisture content test and Atterberg’s limit tests (for
Determination of PI value).
3.3 Truck Specifications for Conducting the Test
a) Rear axle weight of the truck = 8170 kg
b) Tyre pressure = 5.6 kg / cm2
c) Spacing between the tyre walls = 30 -40 mm.
3.4 Procedure
Procedure as per IRC 81 was followed to determine the
initial, intermediate and final deflection on the loaded and
unloaded slab for edge loading.
1. The point on the pavement to be tested is selected and
marked.
2. The dual wheels of the truck are centred above the
selected point.
3. The probe of the Benkelman beam is inserted between
the duals and placed on the selected point
4. The locking pin is removed from the beam and the legs
are adjusted so that the plunger of the beam is in
contact with the stem of the dial gauge. The beam
pivot arms are checked for free movement
5. The dial gauge is set at approximately 1 cm. the initial
reading is recorded when the rate of deformation of the
pavement is equal or less than 0.025 mm / min
6. The truck is slowly driven a distance of 270 cm and
stopped.
7. An intermediate reading is recorded when the rate of
recovery of the pavement is equal or less than 0.025
mm / min
8. The truck is driven forward a further 9m
9. The final reading is recorded when the rate of recovery
of pavement is equal to or less than 0.025mm / min
10. Pavement temperature was recorded at least once every
hour inserting thermometer in the standard hole and
filling up the hole with glycerol.
11. The tyre pressure was checked at two or three hour
intervals during the day and adjusted to the standard, if
necessary.
3.5 Correction for Temperature
Correction for temperature variation on deflection values
measured at temperature other than 35ºC should be 0.01 mm
for each degree centigrade change from the standard
temperature of 35ºC. The correction will be positive for
pavement temperature lower than 35ºC and negative for
pavement temperature higher than 35ºC.
3.6 Seasonal Variation Correction
The deflection values corrected for temperature shall be
multiplied by the appropriate values of seasonal correction
factors obtained from graph given in IRC 81 to get corrected
values of deflection.
Moisture correction factors (or seasonal correction factors)
depends on field moisture content, type of sub grade soil and
annual rainfall.
4. BBD TEST ON RIGID PAVEMENT
Test Overview: Conventionally BBD test is conducted on
flexible pavements and it is difficult to follow the same on
rigid pavements. With a few modifications, BBD technique
was used to analyze a rigid pavement stretch in the
mentioned area. We analyzed the rigid pavement to
calculate the load transfer efficiency (L. T. E.). To do so we
used two Benkelman Beams and placed them on adjacent
slabs - one on the loaded slab and another on the unloaded
slab, near the joints. When the rear axle load of 8170 kg
moves on the pavement surface, the deflection values on
both the beams are noted. The L. T. E. is calculated using
the following relation:
L. T. E. = (Unloaded Slab Deflection / Load Slab
Deflection) x 100
4. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
_______________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 554
Fig -5: Location Finalized for Benkelman Beam Deflection
Testing
Source – Google Maps Screenshot
Fig -6: Benkelman Beam Deflection Testing
Fig -7: Benkelman Beam Deflection Testing
4.1 Tests performed on Soil Sample:
Determination of:
Moisture Content = 13.76%
Liquid Limit (WL) = 52.20%
Plastic Limit (WP) = 42.68%
Plasticity Index = (WL) - (WP) = 9.52
Fig -7: – Moisture Correction factor for clayey sub grade
with low plasticity (PI < 15) for low rainfall areas (Annual
Rainfall < 1300mm) Source - IRC: 81 - 1997
Load Transfer Efficiency: The load Transfer efficiency
calculated based on the deflection measurements shown in
annexure are as follows:
L. T. E. = (Unloaded Slab Deflection / Load Slab
Deflection) x 100
Table -1: LTE Calculations
Slab
No.
Corrected Deflection (mm) Load Transfer
Efficiency
(%)
Loaded
Slab
Unloaded
Slab
1 0.202 0.077 37.85
2 0.205 0.081 39.56
3 0.227 0.085 37.70
4 0.246 0.079 32.03
5 0.198 0.077 38.59
6 0.220 0.083 37.86
7 0.253 0.079 31.13
8 0.191 0.083 43.52
9 0.191 0.079 41.22
10 0.202 0.083 41.12
Chart -1: Loaded and Unloaded Slab Deflections
Graph for
Moisture
correction Factor
from IRC-81
1997.
1.15
13.76
5. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 04 Issue: 06 | June-2015, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 555
Chart -2: LTE for the slabs of the rigid pavement stretch.
L.T.E. as per Characteristic Deflection:
Loaded Slab = 0.221 mm
Unloaded Slab = 0.082 mm
L. T. E. = (Unloaded Slab Deflection / Load Slab
Deflection) x 100
L. T. E. = (0.082 / 0.221) x 100
L. T. E. = 37.11 %
3. CONCLUSION
The use of BBD technique may not be only limited to
evaluate flexible pavements. Evaluation of newly
constructed rigid pavements on the basis of Load Transfer
Efficiency of dowel bars gives an idea of the overall
performance. The dowel bar systems are designed such that
a group of dowel bars can transfer 40% of the design axle
load, across the joint to the adjoining slab. The LTE for
Swami Vivekanand Road was found to be 37.11 % across
the expansion joints thus, suggesting that the provided
dowel bar system was efficient. This was computed using
two Benkelman Beams to measure relative deflections of the
loaded and unloaded slabs. Therefore it can be concluded
that BBD test can be a useful for evaluating the performance
of rigid pavements, reliable and alternative tool to Falling
Weight Deflectometer (FWD) for the study and performance
evaluation of rigid pavements.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The undertaking of the project involves team spirit and hard
work. Perfect coordination of both of these ultimately leads
to success. Things turn out best for the people, who make
the best of the way things turn out. The authors are thankful
to Asst. Prof. S. S. Kolapkar, Department of Civil
Engineering, Sinhgad College of Engineering, Pune who
helped us in selection of the project and providing with
useful suggestion and essential tips in due time of the
project. He has been a true source of moral support and
encouragement in situations of adversities.
Last but not the least the authors would like to thank their
parents and colleagues for providing constant inspiration,
encouragement, support while completing the project.
REFERENCES
[1] http://www.nhai.org/roadnetwork.html
[2] Partha Chakroborty and Animesh Das.“Principles of
Transportation Engineering”, Published by PHI
Learning Pvt. Ltd.
[3] D. R. Jundhare, Dr. K. C. Khare and Dr. R. K. Jain.
“Development of Correlation between Benkelman
Beam Deflection and Falling Weight Deflectometer
for Conventional Whitetopping Overlay”, Journal for
Basic and Applied Scientific Research, Textroad
Publications, pp 8725 – 8731
[4] S. K. Khanna, C. E. G. Justo and A.
Veeraragavan.“Highway Engineering”, Published by
Nemchand and Bros.
[5] D. R. Jundhare, Dr. K. C. Khare; and Dr. R. K.
Jain.Civil Engineering Department, Sinhgad College
of Engineering, Vadgaon (Bk.), Pune-411041. M. S.
India. University of Pune. Study of Edge Stresses and
Deflections in Whitetopping Overlay on Winkler
[6] IRC: 81-1997, Guide lines for strengthening of
flexible road pavement using benkalman beam
deflection. Foundation
BIOGRAPHIES
Akshay Gadiya, Final Year, Bachelor of
Engineering (Civil), Sinhgad College of
Engineering, Pune. Email:
aksg221@gmail.com
Sagar Bhor, Final Year, Bachelor of
Engineering (Civil), Sinhgad College of
Engineering, Pune Email:
sagar10226@gmail.com
Parimal Parchure, Final Year, Bachelor of
Engineering(Civil), Sinhgad College of
Engineering, Pune Email:
93.parimal@gmail.com
Ankkit Bafna, Final Year, Bachelor of
Engineering (Civil), Sinhgad College of
Engineering, Pune Email:
bafna.ankkit@gmail.com