This document describes a study that evaluated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of different fractions of the plant Leucas cephalotes. The fractions were tested in various in vivo animal models and the ethyl acetate fraction was found to be the most potent. Specifically, at a dose of 150mg/kg, the ethyl acetate fraction significantly inhibited writhing response in mice by 68.98% and formalin-induced pain by 73.52-76.03%. It also inhibited carrageenan-induced rat paw edema by 65.35% and reduced cotton pellet granuloma formation in rats by 43.87-40.64%. The results suggest that fractions of L. cephalotes have analgesic and
Black garlic extract enhance the immune systemCong Tai
The document summarizes research on the effects of black garlic (aged garlic) extracts on the immune system. Key findings include:
1) Black garlic extracts enhanced cellular immunity by increasing the activity of natural killer (NK) cells in spleen cells from treated mice.
2) Cytokines associated with enhanced immunity, such as nitric oxide (NO), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were preferentially generated from spleen cells of extract-treated mice, while interleukin-4 (IL-4) levels decreased.
3) Compounds in black garlic extracts like S-allyl-L-c
Study of analgesic and anti inflammatory activity of different fractions from...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of different fractions of Kydia calycina Roxb, a plant used traditionally to treat body pains, arthritis, and skin diseases. Mice and rats were used to test the toluene, ethyl acetate, butan-2-one and n-butyl alcohol fractions in several pain and inflammation models. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the most potent effects, significantly reducing writhing in mice at 150mg/kg and inhibiting paw edema in rats by 70.87% at the same dose. All fractions displayed dose-dependent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, possibly through dual inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes.
Anti-inflammatory activity of Avicennia officinalis in methanolic extractpharmaindexing
The study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract of Avicennia officinalis in different rat models of inflammation. Rats treated with 400 mg/kg of the A. officinalis extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, reducing inflammation by 30.8%. In the formalin-induced paw edema and Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis models, the 400 mg/kg extract dose reduced inflammation by 34.4% and 53.4%, respectively, comparable to standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Biochemical analysis also indicated the extract reduced arthritis-elevated liver enzymes and cholesterol levels in FCA-induced arthritis rats.
In Vitro Anti Inflammatory and Anti Arthritic Activity of Commelina benghalen...SriramNagarajan16
Introduction
Commelina benghalensis L. commonly known as Benghal dayflower, belongs to the family Commelinaceae. It
is widely used for the treatment of wounds and skin diseases.
Aim
The current study focuses on the evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic property of the leaf
extracts ofCommelina benghalensis L.
Methods
The hydroalcoholic extract (70%) of Commelina benghalensis L. (Leaf) was subjected to anti-inflammatory and
anti arthritic activity by membrane stabilisation and inhibition of protein denaturation method were determined.
Results
The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of HAECB in HRBC membrane stabilization study was found to be 69µg/ml in
comparison with diclofenac sodium 57µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity. The inhibitory
concentration (IC50) of HAECB in protein denaturation was found to be 17µg/ml in comparison with diclofenac
sodium 14µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-arthritic activity.
Conclusion
HAECB showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity which may be due to the strong occurrence of
polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins and phenols. HAECB has shown moderate anti-arthritic
activity which may be due to the phenolic constituent.
ABSTRACT
Background- The mainstay of the treatment of pain and inflammation are opioids, steroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Though, they are effective and readily available with negative and unpleasant effects, more importantly, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Thus, the need for safer and effective therapy in the management of pain and inflammation. Objective- The work sought to investigate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Clerodendrum polycephalum (HeCP) in animals. Methods- HeCP (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg, p.o.) given to mice, 1 h before administer of acetic acid (0.6% v/v, i.p.), formalin (1%v/v, intraplantar) or capsaicin (1% w/v, intraplantar) for nociceptive behavior in mice while carrageenan (1% w/v in saline, intraplantar) or cotton pellet (20 mg implanted into both groin) to induce acute or chronic inflammation in rats. Results- HeCP (100 – 400 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced mean writhes number, duration of paw licking or biting in the acetic acid, formalin and capsaicin models, respectively, in mice. However, the initial treatment of mice with L-NNA (neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist), or glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker) prevented HeCP induced anti-nociception in mice. In contrast, the initial treatment of mice with, sulpiride (dopamine D2-receptor antagonist) failed to reverse HeCP-induced antinociception. In the aspect of anti-inflammatory activity, HeCP caused significantly but not dose-dependent inhibition of edema development in carrageenan-induced inflammation and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats. Conclusion- Findings from this work indicates that the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Clerodendrum polycephalum has anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory possibly due to its polyphenolic constituents.
Key-words: ATP-sensitive K+ channel, Capsaicin, Glibenclamide, Nociception, Inflammation
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
Black garlic extract enhance the immune systemCong Tai
The document summarizes research on the effects of black garlic (aged garlic) extracts on the immune system. Key findings include:
1) Black garlic extracts enhanced cellular immunity by increasing the activity of natural killer (NK) cells in spleen cells from treated mice.
2) Cytokines associated with enhanced immunity, such as nitric oxide (NO), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-2 (IL-2), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were preferentially generated from spleen cells of extract-treated mice, while interleukin-4 (IL-4) levels decreased.
3) Compounds in black garlic extracts like S-allyl-L-c
Study of analgesic and anti inflammatory activity of different fractions from...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of different fractions of Kydia calycina Roxb, a plant used traditionally to treat body pains, arthritis, and skin diseases. Mice and rats were used to test the toluene, ethyl acetate, butan-2-one and n-butyl alcohol fractions in several pain and inflammation models. The ethyl acetate fraction showed the most potent effects, significantly reducing writhing in mice at 150mg/kg and inhibiting paw edema in rats by 70.87% at the same dose. All fractions displayed dose-dependent analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities, possibly through dual inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes.
Anti-inflammatory activity of Avicennia officinalis in methanolic extractpharmaindexing
The study examined the anti-inflammatory effects of the methanolic extract of Avicennia officinalis in different rat models of inflammation. Rats treated with 400 mg/kg of the A. officinalis extract showed significant anti-inflammatory effects in the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, reducing inflammation by 30.8%. In the formalin-induced paw edema and Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis models, the 400 mg/kg extract dose reduced inflammation by 34.4% and 53.4%, respectively, comparable to standard anti-inflammatory drugs. Biochemical analysis also indicated the extract reduced arthritis-elevated liver enzymes and cholesterol levels in FCA-induced arthritis rats.
In Vitro Anti Inflammatory and Anti Arthritic Activity of Commelina benghalen...SriramNagarajan16
Introduction
Commelina benghalensis L. commonly known as Benghal dayflower, belongs to the family Commelinaceae. It
is widely used for the treatment of wounds and skin diseases.
Aim
The current study focuses on the evaluation of in vitro anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic property of the leaf
extracts ofCommelina benghalensis L.
Methods
The hydroalcoholic extract (70%) of Commelina benghalensis L. (Leaf) was subjected to anti-inflammatory and
anti arthritic activity by membrane stabilisation and inhibition of protein denaturation method were determined.
Results
The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of HAECB in HRBC membrane stabilization study was found to be 69µg/ml in
comparison with diclofenac sodium 57µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity. The inhibitory
concentration (IC50) of HAECB in protein denaturation was found to be 17µg/ml in comparison with diclofenac
sodium 14µg/ml. It showed moderate anti-arthritic activity.
Conclusion
HAECB showed moderate anti-inflammatory activity which may be due to the strong occurrence of
polyphenolic compounds such as flavonoids, tannins and phenols. HAECB has shown moderate anti-arthritic
activity which may be due to the phenolic constituent.
ABSTRACT
Background- The mainstay of the treatment of pain and inflammation are opioids, steroids, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Though, they are effective and readily available with negative and unpleasant effects, more importantly, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Thus, the need for safer and effective therapy in the management of pain and inflammation. Objective- The work sought to investigate the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the hydro-ethanolic leaf extract of Clerodendrum polycephalum (HeCP) in animals. Methods- HeCP (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg, p.o.) given to mice, 1 h before administer of acetic acid (0.6% v/v, i.p.), formalin (1%v/v, intraplantar) or capsaicin (1% w/v, intraplantar) for nociceptive behavior in mice while carrageenan (1% w/v in saline, intraplantar) or cotton pellet (20 mg implanted into both groin) to induce acute or chronic inflammation in rats. Results- HeCP (100 – 400 mg/kg, p.o.) reduced mean writhes number, duration of paw licking or biting in the acetic acid, formalin and capsaicin models, respectively, in mice. However, the initial treatment of mice with L-NNA (neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist), or glibenclamide (ATP-sensitive K+ channel blocker) prevented HeCP induced anti-nociception in mice. In contrast, the initial treatment of mice with, sulpiride (dopamine D2-receptor antagonist) failed to reverse HeCP-induced antinociception. In the aspect of anti-inflammatory activity, HeCP caused significantly but not dose-dependent inhibition of edema development in carrageenan-induced inflammation and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation in rats. Conclusion- Findings from this work indicates that the hydroethanolic leaf extract of Clerodendrum polycephalum has anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory possibly due to its polyphenolic constituents.
Key-words: ATP-sensitive K+ channel, Capsaicin, Glibenclamide, Nociception, Inflammation
ANTI - INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF LEAVES OF JATROPHA GOSSYPIFOLIA L.Raju Sanghvi
BY HRBC MEMBRANE STABILIZATION METHOD, Introduction, Preparation of extracts, Chemicals and instruments, In vitro anti – inflammatory activity, Acute oral toxicity study, Discussion
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)Aranno Hossain
Analgesic and Anti-diarrheal Activities of Aganosma dichotoma (Roth)
K. Schum. in Swiss-Albino Mice Model
Md. Al Faruk1, Mohammad Firoz Khan2, Md. Yeunus Mian2, Mohammad Sharifur Rahman3
and Mohammad A. Rashid3
Anti inflammatory activity of petroleum ether extract of convolvulus eriocarp...pharmaindexing
This document describes a study evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of the petroleum ether extract of Convolvulus eriocarpus whole plant (PCE) in rodents. Acute toxicity studies of PCE were performed according to OECD guidelines and no signs of toxicity were observed up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. Rats were treated with PCE at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg or indomethacin 10 mg/kg as a standard. Paw volume was measured at intervals over 3 hours and PCE produced a dose-dependent inhibition of paw edema similar to indomethacin
1) The document describes a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective potential of extracts from in vitro regenerated Boerhaavia diffusa plants compared to extracts from naturally grown plants.
2) Mice of both sexes were intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride to induce hepatic injury, then treated with extracts from in vitro plants or natural plants. Serum levels of liver enzymes (SGOT and SGPT) were measured to assess hepatoprotection.
3) Treatment with both in vitro and natural plant extracts significantly reduced elevated liver enzyme levels compared to untreated intoxicated mice, indicating both were effective at protecting the liver from carbon tetrachloride toxicity. This suggests the in vitro regenerated plants produced bioactive molecules with
The document examines the safety of using extracts of Jatropha curcas leaf formulated in a simple ointment base for wound healing. Rats were treated with ointments containing different doses of the leaf extract and a control for 21 days. Blood tests and histological examination of liver and kidney tissues found no significant differences between the control and experimental groups, indicating the leaf extract had no harmful effects at these doses. Specifically, biochemical parameters and tissue structures remained normal, suggesting the extract is safe to use topically for wound healing within the tested dosages.
n-Hexane Insoluble Fraction of Plantago lanceolata Exerts Anti-Inflammatory A...UniversitasGadjahMada
Inflammation is involved in the progression of many disorders, such as tumors, arthritis, gastritis, and atherosclerosis. Thus, the development of new agents targeting inflammation is still challenging. Medicinal plants have been used traditionally to treat various diseases including inflammation. A previous study has indicated that dichloromethane extract of P. lanceolata leaves exerts anti-inflammatory activity in an in vitro model. Here, we examined the in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of a n-hexane insoluble fraction of P. lanceolata leaves dichloromethane extract (HIFPL). We first evaluated its potency to reduce paw edema induced by carrageenan, and the expression of the proinflammatory enzyme, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, in mice. The efficacy of HIFPL to inhibit COX-2 was also evaluated in an in vitro enzymatic assay. We further studied the
effect of HIFPL on leukocytes migration in mice induced by thioglycollate. The level of chemokines facilitating the migration of leukocytes was also measured. We found that HIFPL (40, 80, 160 mg/kg) demonstrated anti-inflammatory activities in mice. The HIFPL reduced the volume of paw edema and COX-2 expression. However, HIFPL acts as an unselective COX-2 inhibitor as it inhibited COX-1 with a slightly higher potency. Interestingly, HIFPL strongly inhibited leukocyte migration by reducing the level of chemokines, Interleukine-8 (IL-8) and Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1).
ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400μg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
Abstract:
The present study was done with the aim to
evaluate anthelmintic activity of ethanolic extract of
Cassia occidentalis Linn using adult earthworm
Pheritima posthuma. Various concentrations
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antipyretic (fever-reducing) activity of methanolic extracts of the root and leaves of Morinda angustifolia Roxb. in mice. Yeast was injected in mice to induce pyrexia (fever). The mice were divided into groups that received extracts of the root or leaves at 500 mg/kg, paracetamol (standard drug) at 150 mg/kg, or a control vehicle. Rectal temperatures were measured before and for 3 hours after treatment. Both extracts and paracetamol significantly reduced fever compared to the control and showed maximum reduction within 2 hours, indicating antipyretic effects comparable to paracetamol. The ant
This document summarizes a study comparing the anti-inflammatory effects of the medicinal plant Azadirachta indica (neem) and the drug diclofenac. Rats were injected with carrageenan to induce paw edema and inflammation. Groups received neem extract, diclofenac, a combination, or saline control. Diclofenac showed the best anti-inflammatory effect as measured by decreased paw swelling compared to the neem extract. However, the neem extract did show anti-inflammatory properties, though not as strong as diclofenac. The study concludes diclofenac is a more effective anti-inflammatory treatment than neem leaves extract for acute inflammation in rats.
Antibacterial activity of herbal preparationsDanny Sackey
This document discusses determining the antibacterial activity of Ark Uroplus herbal preparation on two microorganisms that cause urinary tract infections - Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. It begins with introducing urinary tract infections, their causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It then discusses the herbal preparation Ark Uroplus and the plants used in it, highlighting flavonoids and alkaloids. The document aims to test the antibacterial activity of Ark Uroplus using microbiological analysis and the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the antinociceptive (pain-relieving) and anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (EESJ) in experimental animal models. The extract showed significant antinociceptive activity in tests of abdominal writhing, hot plate response, and formalin-induced paw licking. Pretreatment with the opioid antagonist naloxone partially reversed the antinociceptive effects, suggesting the involvement of opioid receptors. The extract also demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in tests of carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma formation. The study provides evidence
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloe...pharmaindexing
The document studies the antipyretic (fever-reducing) activity of Scaevola taccada leaf extracts in rats. Preliminary screening found the leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, lipids, terpenoids, glycosides and saponins. Ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts were tested on yeast-induced fever in rats. Both extracts significantly reduced fever, comparable to the standard drug paracetamol. The antipyretic effects may be due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scie...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma lasiantha is used as a traditional medicine in India to heal body
heat and inflammations. In order to find out a scientific validation for the Indian
traditional knowledge, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts was studied
against inflammation causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
along with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Solvents with different
polarity were used for extraction from dry roots and stems. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MIC) were also studied. Differential antibacterial activity was
exhibited by extracts and higher inhibition potential against Gram-positive bacteria
was explained. The observed antibacterial activities were correlated with the chemical
structures of phytochemicals present in C. lasiantha. Anti-inflammation activities
are related to C. lasiantha extracts through their antibacterial activities.
Invitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of the plant extracts of Elytrar...IJERA Editor
Antimicrobial activity of the aerial parts of the Elytraria acaulis a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has been carried out in the present study. Extracts of the aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were prepared in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl acetate. All the extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacterial infections (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Species, and Salmonella Typhi). Amongst all the extracts, methanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. The crude methanol extracts of leaves showed good inhibitory effects against pathogens. Hence further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications.
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Thrombolytic Prope...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the cytotoxic and thrombolytic properties of Achyranthes aspera leaf extract. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic leaf extract revealed the presence of various compounds including alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and saponins. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using Brine shrimp lethality bioassay, which showed the highest mortality rate of 90% at a concentration of 1250 μg/ml and an LC50 value of 50.12 μg/ml. Thrombolytic activity of the extract was 32.87% compared to 81.19% for the positive control streptokinase. The extract
Experimental animal studies on analgesic activity of two Bangladeshi plants- ...Southeast University
The study evaluated the analgesic activity of two Bangladeshi plants, Wedelia trilobata and Hydnocarpus kurzii, in animal models. Methanolic extracts of the leaves of both plants were tested using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced hind paw licking assays in mice. The extracts of W. trilobata showed significant analgesic effects in both assays at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The extracts of H. kurzii also demonstrated significant analgesic effects in a dose-dependent manner in both assays. The results suggest that the extracts have potential peripheral and central analgesic properties, supporting traditional uses of the plants. Further studies are needed to identify active compounds responsible
Phytochemical studies on selected medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre.researchplantsciences
Gymnema sylvestre R. (Br).(Asclepiadaceae) is a common medicinal plant available in Tamil Nadu is a woody, climbing plant that grows in the tropical forest of central and Southern India. It also happens to be a first-rate warrior against diabetes. The plant is called Gud-mar (Gud-Jaggery, mar-kills) in India and well known for masking sweet taste. It is reported to be effective against many chronic diseases is screened for its phytochemical content, microbial activity and anti-inflammatory activity. Extracts (Alcoholic, aqueous, acetone and hexane) from the plant is prepared and analyzed. Qualitative phytochemical tests are done to detect the presence of Carbohydrate, Alkaloid, Tannins, Phenols, Saponins, Fixed oils, Gums and Mucilage. Quantitative methods like phytochemical analysis, gravimetric estimation, RBC membrane stabilization and TLC profiles are used to determine the active principle Gymnemic acid, anti-inflammatory activity and antimicrobial activity. The results showed that the leaf extracts studied contain the bio active compounds phenols, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and Gymnemic acid. Water extract of normal var. had positive reaction for carbohydrate (Molisch reagent) hairy var. leaves had negative reaction. The presence of active phytochemical substances with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities may provide substantial basis for the use of this plant in ethno medicine.
Article Citation:
Gnana Sangeetha D and Jegadeesan M.
Phytochemical studies on selected medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(1): 077-082.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0027.pdf
In-vitro evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-diabetic activity of leaf extract...SREEJITH P S
The document evaluates the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of Kigelia africana through various assays. Phytochemical analysis of the plant's aqueous leaf extract showed presence of glycosides, saponins, steroids, phenols, and tannins. In vitro assays demonstrated the extract's antioxidant properties including DPPH radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. Anti-diabetic evaluation found the extract inhibited alpha-amylase activity and non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin while enhancing glucose uptake in yeast cells. Overall, the study suggests Kigelia africana has antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects and may help manage type 2 diabetes.
Anti inflammatory activity of petroleum ether extract of convolvulus eriocarp...pharmaindexing
This document describes a study evaluating the anti-inflammatory activity of the petroleum ether extract of Convolvulus eriocarpus whole plant (PCE) in rodents. Acute toxicity studies of PCE were performed according to OECD guidelines and no signs of toxicity were observed up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using a carrageenan-induced paw edema model in rats. Rats were treated with PCE at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg or indomethacin 10 mg/kg as a standard. Paw volume was measured at intervals over 3 hours and PCE produced a dose-dependent inhibition of paw edema similar to indomethacin
1) The document describes a study that evaluated the hepatoprotective potential of extracts from in vitro regenerated Boerhaavia diffusa plants compared to extracts from naturally grown plants.
2) Mice of both sexes were intoxicated with carbon tetrachloride to induce hepatic injury, then treated with extracts from in vitro plants or natural plants. Serum levels of liver enzymes (SGOT and SGPT) were measured to assess hepatoprotection.
3) Treatment with both in vitro and natural plant extracts significantly reduced elevated liver enzyme levels compared to untreated intoxicated mice, indicating both were effective at protecting the liver from carbon tetrachloride toxicity. This suggests the in vitro regenerated plants produced bioactive molecules with
The document examines the safety of using extracts of Jatropha curcas leaf formulated in a simple ointment base for wound healing. Rats were treated with ointments containing different doses of the leaf extract and a control for 21 days. Blood tests and histological examination of liver and kidney tissues found no significant differences between the control and experimental groups, indicating the leaf extract had no harmful effects at these doses. Specifically, biochemical parameters and tissue structures remained normal, suggesting the extract is safe to use topically for wound healing within the tested dosages.
n-Hexane Insoluble Fraction of Plantago lanceolata Exerts Anti-Inflammatory A...UniversitasGadjahMada
Inflammation is involved in the progression of many disorders, such as tumors, arthritis, gastritis, and atherosclerosis. Thus, the development of new agents targeting inflammation is still challenging. Medicinal plants have been used traditionally to treat various diseases including inflammation. A previous study has indicated that dichloromethane extract of P. lanceolata leaves exerts anti-inflammatory activity in an in vitro model. Here, we examined the in vivo anti-inflammatory activities of a n-hexane insoluble fraction of P. lanceolata leaves dichloromethane extract (HIFPL). We first evaluated its potency to reduce paw edema induced by carrageenan, and the expression of the proinflammatory enzyme, cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, in mice. The efficacy of HIFPL to inhibit COX-2 was also evaluated in an in vitro enzymatic assay. We further studied the
effect of HIFPL on leukocytes migration in mice induced by thioglycollate. The level of chemokines facilitating the migration of leukocytes was also measured. We found that HIFPL (40, 80, 160 mg/kg) demonstrated anti-inflammatory activities in mice. The HIFPL reduced the volume of paw edema and COX-2 expression. However, HIFPL acts as an unselective COX-2 inhibitor as it inhibited COX-1 with a slightly higher potency. Interestingly, HIFPL strongly inhibited leukocyte migration by reducing the level of chemokines, Interleukine-8 (IL-8) and Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1).
ABSTRACT- The invitro anti-inflammatory activity of various solvent fractions of Parkia biglobosa fruit bark was investigated using human red blood cell membrane stabilization, heat-induced hemolysis and protein denaturation methods. All the extracts of P. biglobosa fruit bark showed a concentration dependent increase in anti-inflammatory activity. The anti-inflammatory activity of the crude extract (60.8%, 58.3%, 78.2%) and last remaining aqueous extract (61.1%, 54.1%, 77.2%) have the maximum membrane stabilization, protection against hemolysis and albumin denatura-tion respectively which was comparable to Diclofenac sodium (61.4%, 60.6%, 100%) at 400μg/ml concentration. This study suggests that P. biglobo-sa fruit bark posses enough potential to reduce inflammation, hence directs the importance of further research and development of novel anti-inflammatory agents. Key words- Invitro anti-inflammatory, fruit bark, HRBC membrane stabilization, hemolysis, protection
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Abstract:
The present study was done with the aim to
evaluate anthelmintic activity of ethanolic extract of
Cassia occidentalis Linn using adult earthworm
Pheritima posthuma. Various concentrations
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the antipyretic (fever-reducing) activity of methanolic extracts of the root and leaves of Morinda angustifolia Roxb. in mice. Yeast was injected in mice to induce pyrexia (fever). The mice were divided into groups that received extracts of the root or leaves at 500 mg/kg, paracetamol (standard drug) at 150 mg/kg, or a control vehicle. Rectal temperatures were measured before and for 3 hours after treatment. Both extracts and paracetamol significantly reduced fever compared to the control and showed maximum reduction within 2 hours, indicating antipyretic effects comparable to paracetamol. The ant
This document summarizes a study comparing the anti-inflammatory effects of the medicinal plant Azadirachta indica (neem) and the drug diclofenac. Rats were injected with carrageenan to induce paw edema and inflammation. Groups received neem extract, diclofenac, a combination, or saline control. Diclofenac showed the best anti-inflammatory effect as measured by decreased paw swelling compared to the neem extract. However, the neem extract did show anti-inflammatory properties, though not as strong as diclofenac. The study concludes diclofenac is a more effective anti-inflammatory treatment than neem leaves extract for acute inflammation in rats.
Antibacterial activity of herbal preparationsDanny Sackey
This document discusses determining the antibacterial activity of Ark Uroplus herbal preparation on two microorganisms that cause urinary tract infections - Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. It begins with introducing urinary tract infections, their causes, types, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It then discusses the herbal preparation Ark Uroplus and the plants used in it, highlighting flavonoids and alkaloids. The document aims to test the antibacterial activity of Ark Uroplus using microbiological analysis and the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.
This document summarizes a study that investigated the antinociceptive (pain-relieving) and anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (EESJ) in experimental animal models. The extract showed significant antinociceptive activity in tests of abdominal writhing, hot plate response, and formalin-induced paw licking. Pretreatment with the opioid antagonist naloxone partially reversed the antinociceptive effects, suggesting the involvement of opioid receptors. The extract also demonstrated significant anti-inflammatory effects in tests of carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet granuloma formation. The study provides evidence
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF Afrofritomia...paperpublications3
Abstract: Methanolic extract of the leaf of Afrofritomia sylvestris was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The extract was evaluated using carragenaan-induced paw oedema in rats (anti-inflammatory effect) as well as acetic acid-induced writhing (analgesic effect) in mice, after intra-peritoneal injection of the extract (250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg). The negative control animals were given normal saline (10ml/kg) and the effects were compared with that of Acetylsalicylic acid (100mg/kg), as a positive control drug. Each experiment consisted of twenty five animals divided into 5 groups of 5 animals each. Tail immersion reaction time and Naloxone antagonism of the extracts and morphine were further used to investigate the mode of action of the analgesic activity of the leaf. The extract significantly inhibited carageenan-induced hind paw inflammation in rats (P<0.05-0.01)><0.01). The methanolic extract failed to raise the pain threshold of mice towards heat stimulus and Naloxone did not show any significant antagonism (blocking effect) against the extract in the tail immersion experiment, thus ruling out the involvement of opioid receptors in the mechanism of analgesic action of the extract. Phytochemical analyses of the plant show the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenes and cyanogenic glycosides. The LD50 of the extract was determined to be 3050+223.65mg/kg using the method of Tainter and Miller.In this study, methanolic extract of Afrofritomia sylvestris leaf was found to possess significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in the tested models.
Analgesic and antipyretic activity of methanolic extract of Acacia leucophloe...pharmaindexing
The document studies the antipyretic (fever-reducing) activity of Scaevola taccada leaf extracts in rats. Preliminary screening found the leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids, lipids, terpenoids, glycosides and saponins. Ethanolic and aqueous leaf extracts were tested on yeast-induced fever in rats. Both extracts significantly reduced fever, comparable to the standard drug paracetamol. The antipyretic effects may be due to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis.
ABSTRACT- The present study was planned to study the antimicrobial activity of different plant extract against selected microorganisms. The plants used in the present study were Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), Withania somnifera (Ashwgandha), Santalum album (Chandan), Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis), and shatavari (Asparagus racemosus). The extract from the leaves of these plants (are) used in malaria, bronchitis, gastric disorders, cough, cold etc. To test efficiency of some common plants extract against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus aureus. Contrary to the synthetic drugs, antimicrobials of plant origin are not associated with many side effects and have an enormous therapeutic potential to heal many infectious diseases. The present investigation is therefore, undertaken to test the efficiency of some of the common plant extracts against some plants and human pathogens, i.e. E. coli and S. aureus. In this project work, we studied the different parts of medicinal plants of Latur, Osmanabad region used for curing different type of diseases specially skin diseases. Some plants have active components which show antimicrobial activity. These Herbal plants are beneficial to human being in therapeutic practice. Skin diseases are difficult conditions to live with, to save the very least. Though some skin diseases may cause minimal discomfort, the visual effects of the conditions can cause significant self esteem and confidence issues. The majority of skin diseases cause scarring or disfigurement. Skin diseases run the gambit from barely noticeable to fatal.
Key-words- Medicinal plants, Antimicrobial activity, Antifungal activity
Evaluation of in vitro antibacterial activity of Caralluma lasiantha for scie...Ratnakaram Venkata Nadh
Caralluma lasiantha is used as a traditional medicine in India to heal body
heat and inflammations. In order to find out a scientific validation for the Indian
traditional knowledge, antibacterial activity of C. lasiantha extracts was studied
against inflammation causing bacteria (viz., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli,
Streptococcus Sp., Bacillus subtilis, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae)
along with other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Solvents with different
polarity were used for extraction from dry roots and stems. Minimum inhibitory
concentrations (MIC) were also studied. Differential antibacterial activity was
exhibited by extracts and higher inhibition potential against Gram-positive bacteria
was explained. The observed antibacterial activities were correlated with the chemical
structures of phytochemicals present in C. lasiantha. Anti-inflammation activities
are related to C. lasiantha extracts through their antibacterial activities.
Invitro Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity of the plant extracts of Elytrar...IJERA Editor
Antimicrobial activity of the aerial parts of the Elytraria acaulis a stem less perennial herb of Acantheceae family has been carried out in the present study. Extracts of the aerial parts of the plant (Stem & Leaves) were prepared in different organic solvents such as n-Hexane, Ethanol, Methanol and Ethyl acetate. All the extracts were analyzed for antimicrobial properties against various pathogenic bacterial infections (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella Species, and Salmonella Typhi). Amongst all the extracts, methanolic extract exhibited significant antimicrobial activity. The crude methanol extracts of leaves showed good inhibitory effects against pathogens. Hence further studies on this plant will enable elucidation of its therapeutic properties and medicinal applications.
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Thrombolytic Prope...IOSR Journals
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the cytotoxic and thrombolytic properties of Achyranthes aspera leaf extract. Phytochemical screening of the methanolic leaf extract revealed the presence of various compounds including alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and saponins. Cytotoxicity was evaluated using Brine shrimp lethality bioassay, which showed the highest mortality rate of 90% at a concentration of 1250 μg/ml and an LC50 value of 50.12 μg/ml. Thrombolytic activity of the extract was 32.87% compared to 81.19% for the positive control streptokinase. The extract
Experimental animal studies on analgesic activity of two Bangladeshi plants- ...Southeast University
The study evaluated the analgesic activity of two Bangladeshi plants, Wedelia trilobata and Hydnocarpus kurzii, in animal models. Methanolic extracts of the leaves of both plants were tested using acetic acid-induced writhing and formalin-induced hind paw licking assays in mice. The extracts of W. trilobata showed significant analgesic effects in both assays at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg. The extracts of H. kurzii also demonstrated significant analgesic effects in a dose-dependent manner in both assays. The results suggest that the extracts have potential peripheral and central analgesic properties, supporting traditional uses of the plants. Further studies are needed to identify active compounds responsible
Phytochemical studies on selected medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre.researchplantsciences
Gymnema sylvestre R. (Br).(Asclepiadaceae) is a common medicinal plant available in Tamil Nadu is a woody, climbing plant that grows in the tropical forest of central and Southern India. It also happens to be a first-rate warrior against diabetes. The plant is called Gud-mar (Gud-Jaggery, mar-kills) in India and well known for masking sweet taste. It is reported to be effective against many chronic diseases is screened for its phytochemical content, microbial activity and anti-inflammatory activity. Extracts (Alcoholic, aqueous, acetone and hexane) from the plant is prepared and analyzed. Qualitative phytochemical tests are done to detect the presence of Carbohydrate, Alkaloid, Tannins, Phenols, Saponins, Fixed oils, Gums and Mucilage. Quantitative methods like phytochemical analysis, gravimetric estimation, RBC membrane stabilization and TLC profiles are used to determine the active principle Gymnemic acid, anti-inflammatory activity and antimicrobial activity. The results showed that the leaf extracts studied contain the bio active compounds phenols, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and Gymnemic acid. Water extract of normal var. had positive reaction for carbohydrate (Molisch reagent) hairy var. leaves had negative reaction. The presence of active phytochemical substances with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities may provide substantial basis for the use of this plant in ethno medicine.
Article Citation:
Gnana Sangeetha D and Jegadeesan M.
Phytochemical studies on selected medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(1): 077-082.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0027.pdf
In-vitro evaluation of Antioxidant and Anti-diabetic activity of leaf extract...SREEJITH P S
The document evaluates the antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity of Kigelia africana through various assays. Phytochemical analysis of the plant's aqueous leaf extract showed presence of glycosides, saponins, steroids, phenols, and tannins. In vitro assays demonstrated the extract's antioxidant properties including DPPH radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activities. Anti-diabetic evaluation found the extract inhibited alpha-amylase activity and non-enzymatic glycation of hemoglobin while enhancing glucose uptake in yeast cells. Overall, the study suggests Kigelia africana has antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects and may help manage type 2 diabetes.
The document summarizes an investigation into the anti-inflammatory potential of Tabernaemontana divaricata leaves. In in-vitro tests, the extract protected red blood cells from lysis at concentrations similar to diclofenac sodium. In in-vivo carrageenan-induced paw edema tests, the extract reduced inflammation at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses, though not as effectively as diclofenac sodium. The study thus demonstrated the anti-inflammatory activity of T. divaricata leaf extract in both in-vitro and in-vivo models.
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Invivo screening methods for anti inflammatory agentsSravani Ganti
This document describes various in vivo screening methods used to test potential anti-inflammatory agents. It discusses acute, subacute, and chronic inflammation phases and associated screening methods. Methods described include carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats, croton-oil induced ear edema in mice, oxazolone induced ear edema in mice, UV erythema in guinea pigs, pleurisy test, granuloma pouch technique, and vascular permeability test. Each method involves inducing inflammation and measuring the ability of test compounds to reduce inflammatory responses like edema formation compared to control groups.
Screening models for central and peripheral analgesicskrishnabajgire
This document describes screening models used to test central and peripheral analgesic activity. For central analgesic activity, it discusses the hot plate test, grid-shock test, and tail immersion test which measure response latency to a painful stimulus. For peripheral analgesic activity, it discusses the writhing test which counts stretching behaviors in mice after an irritant injection, and the Randall-Selitto test which applies pressure to inflamed tissue in rats to measure pain threshold changes.
This document summarizes screening methods for central and peripheral analgesics. For central analgesics, it describes in vivo methods like Haffner's tail clip, hot plate, tail immersion, and formalin tests that assess response to painful stimuli in mice and rats. For peripheral analgesics, it discusses writhing tests using acetic acid or phenylquinone in mice, Randall-Selitto testing in inflamed rat paws, and duodenum distension in rats to measure visceral pain responses. The document provides classifications and examples of different classes of central and peripheral analgesic agents and their mechanisms of action.
Sub chronic toxicity potential of the alcoholic extract of biophytum reinward...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the sub-chronic toxicity potential of the alcoholic extract of Biophytum reinwardtii, a whole plant used ethnobotanically to treat various ailments. Key findings from the study include:
1) The median acute toxicity value (LD50) of the B. reinwardtii extract in mice was determined to be 588.88 mg/kg body weight when administered intraperitoneally.
2) In a 30-day sub-chronic toxicity study in rats, doses of 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg of the extract did not significantly affect food/fluid intake, body weight, organ weights, or liver/hematological
This document describes a study that evaluated the anti-diabetic effects of an Ayurvedic herbo-mineral formulation called Trushanadi loha. The formulation contains 14 plant and mineral ingredients. An aqueous extract was tested in rats. Blood glucose levels were measured. The extract produced a 40% reduction in blood glucose levels in normal rats, demonstrating significant anti-diabetic activity. The formulation was also found to be non-toxic in acute oral toxicity tests in rats at doses up to 5,000 mg/kg. Overall, the study provides evidence that Trushanadi loha has anti-diabetic properties and a safe toxicity profile.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
Standardization of plectranthus amboinicusshveta arya
The document summarizes the standardization of Plectranthus amboinicus, an herbal plant used in traditional medicine. It describes preparing extracts of the leaves and subjecting them to phytochemical and toxicity testing. The acute and sub-acute toxicity studies in mice found the plant extract to be relatively non-toxic, with no mortality observed up to a 2000 mg/kg dose. Phytochemical analysis identified various compounds in the extract including carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, sterols and flavonoids. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to analyze volatile compounds in the extract. The study supports the standardized use of P. amboinicus extracts as a potentially safe herbal
Assessment of Anodyne Activity of Different Leaf Extracts of Celastrus Panicu...IJSTA
This document summarizes a study that assessed the analgesic (pain-relieving) potential of different leaf extracts of Celastrus paniculatus. The study found that all test extracts (petroleum ether, ethyl acetate, and methanol) exhibited significant analgesic activity in a mouse model of pain. The methanol extract showed the most potent effect, followed by the ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts, respectively. This suggests that C. paniculatus leaf contains chemical constituents with marked analgesic properties.
The document summarizes a study that evaluated the total tannin content and antidiarrheal activity of Tecomaria capensis leaves extract. The study found that the extract contained high quantities of tannins. In tests using animal models, the extract showed significant and dose-dependent inhibition of diarrhea, reduction of intestinal transit, and antienteropooling effects, supporting the traditional use of the plant for treating diarrhea. The results provide scientific evidence that Tecomaria capensis leaves extract has potential antidiarrheal properties.
This study evaluated the antiasthmatic potential of a polyherbal formulation containing extracts of four plants - Solanum xanthocarpum, Aegle marmelos, Caesalpinia bonduc, and Murraya koenigii. Experimental models in rats and guinea pigs were used to assess mast cell stabilization, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic effects. The results demonstrated that the polyherbal formulation dose-dependently inhibited mast cell degranulation and protected against histamine- and acetylcholine-induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs, suggesting antiasthmatic effects through mast cell membrane stabilization, antihistaminic, and anticholinergic mechanisms of action. This
1) The aqueous extract of Sida rhombifolia ssp. retusa roots showed hepatoprotective effects against liver damage induced by thioacetamide and allyl alcohol in rats.
2) Pretreatment with the extract significantly reduced elevated liver enzymes and normalized liver weight and volume caused by thioacetamide toxicity. The extract also prevented decreases in body weight and reduced necrosis caused by allyl alcohol.
3) The study demonstrates that the roots of Sida rhombifolia ssp. retusa have potent hepatoprotective properties against chemically-induced liver damage in rats.
Evaluation of Analgesic Activity of Some Polyherbal Extracts against Acetic A...Jing Zang
Aloe vera contains salicylic acid which is an aspirin like compound with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti bacterial properties. Cannabis sativa is an annual herbaceous plant in the cannabaceae family. The aim of present study was to evaluate analgesic activity of that combination extract against acetic acid induced writhing in mice. All animals were divided into four groups of six mice each. Group I was treated as toxicant control to observe writhing and group II was pretreated with diclofenac sodium (100 mg/kg, i.p.) Group III and IV were pretreated with polyherbal leaves extract of Aloe vera and Cannabis sativa at two doses 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg p.o. respectively. Polyherbal extract and Diclofenac sodium were given before 60 minute of acetic acid administration. The results showed that polyherbal extract significantly reduced number of writhing when compared with group I (Toxicant control) mice and the results were dose dependent. The toxicity study also revealed its safeness, thus the combination of plant extract can be hypothesized it is nontoxic. It is concluded that polyherbal extract can offer protection against acetic acid induced writhing in mice.
Screening of immunomodulatory activity of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. whole plantiosrjce
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the immunomodulatory activity of the methanolic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus Linn. (MESI) whole plant in rats. The study assessed the effects of MESI at doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg on humoral immunity (antibody titers, plaque forming cells), cellular immunity (delayed type hypersensitivity, T-cell populations), and myelosuppression. MESI showed significant increases in circulating antibody titers, plaque forming cells, delayed type hypersensitivity responses, and T-cell populations compared to control, indicating immunostimulatory effects. The results suggest that Sphaeranthus indicus has potential as
Anti-inflammatory activity of pupalia lappacea L. Jusspharmaindexing
Pupalia lappacea (L) Juss is an erect shrub used in folklore medicine to treat bone fractures and in inflammatory conditions. Methanolic extract of aerial parts shown is claimed in traditional medicine that the leaves of the plant are used in the treatment of inflammation. In the present study, the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea was screened for its anti-inflammatory activity using carageenan induced rat paw edema egg white induced paw oedema models. The methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg p.o exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced paw edema model (p<0.01). In egg white induced model, methanolic extract at the dose of 200 mg/kg inhibited paw oedema significantly (p<0.01) indicating that both test samples inhibit the increase in number of fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and mucopolysaccharides during prostaglandin formation during the inflammation. These experimental results have established a pharmacological evidence for the folklore claim of the drug to be used as an anti inflammatory agent. HPTLC analysis of the extract shows the presence of gallic acid 1.24mg/ml, ferulic acid 2.00mg/ml, chlorogenic acid 46.25mg/ml and rutin 7.02mg/ml of the extract which were responsible for the claimed anti-inflammatory action in the animal models studied.
Anti-inflammatory activity of Pupalia lappacea L.JussAnti inflammatory activi...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated the anti-inflammatory properties of the methanolic extract of Pupalia lappacea in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and egg white-induced paw edema models. The extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg significantly inhibited paw edema in both models, supporting the traditional use of the plant for inflammatory conditions. HPTLC analysis revealed the presence of gallic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, and rutin in the extract, which may be responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects. The results provide a pharmacological basis for the folkloric use of P. lappacea as an anti-inflammatory agent.
This study evaluated the safety of rambutan rind extract (RRE) in male rats. In the acute toxicity study, the lethal dose (LD50) of RRE was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. Significant decreases in body weight gain and food consumption were observed at doses above 1000 mg/kg. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, no mortality or signs of toxicity were observed at doses up to 1000 mg/kg/day for 30 days. At 2000 mg/kg/day, the mortality rate was 12.5%. Significant decreases in body weight gain, food consumption, and plasma triglyceride and blood urea nitrogen levels were observed. Histopathological examination found no changes
Antinociceptive and Diuretic Activities of Tagetes erecta LinnJing Zang
In the present investigation, the possible antinociceptive and diuretic activities of methanolic extract of Tagetes erecta has been tested in animal models. The methanol extract of both aerial part and root of the plant exhibited significant antinociceptive activity at higher dose (400 mg/kg body weight) in Swiss albino mice. The root extract was found to reduce the writhing more effectively than that of aerial part which is comparable to that produced by aminopyrine, used as standard drug. In addition, crude whole plant extract was also showed efficient diuresis at higher dose 400 mg/kg tested. Diuretic activity was proved by the electrolyte loss ratio (Na+/K+ excretion ratio) and we used furosemide as the reference.
Efficiency of some essential oils and insecticides in the control of some sit...Mohamed Alassal
This document summarizes a study that investigated the effects of essential oils from anise and clove, diatomaceous earth, spinetoram, and malathion on physiological and biochemical parameters of three grain weevil species: granary weevil, rice weevil, and maize weevil. The study found that malathion and spinetoram were the most effective at controlling the weevil species based on their median lethal concentration values. Exposure to the test compounds resulted in various effects on total protein content and enzyme activity levels in the weevils.
ABSTRACT- The genus Jurinea (Compositae) was reviewed for its chemical constituents and biological significance including traditional uses. The genus has been known for its numerous biological activities like antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticholinesterase, antilipid peroxidation, anti-toxic, antileishmanial activity. Most of the plants of this genus are rich sources of sesquiterpene lactones and triterpenes. The bioactive constituents or plants extracts may be uses for treatment of various diseases and these would be used as a new formulation for the novel drugs discovery in pharmaceutical industries.
This review presents comprehensive information on the chemistry and pharmacology of the genus together with the traditional uses of many of its plants. In addition, this review discusses the structure-activity relationship of different compounds as well as recent developments and the scope for future research in this aspect.
Key Words: Jurinea, Incence, Sesquiterpene Lactones, Antioxidant, Antibacterial
Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotox...ijtsrd
Alysicarpus monilifer L. is a widely used plant in the north coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh, India, has been used in indigenous system of medicine. The roots are used for the treatment of leprosy and urinary troubles. The decoction of roots is prescribed for cough. The boiled leaves are used as purgative. The herb is credited with anti- pyretic, anti- periodic and expectorant properties, febrifuge and also recommended for cutanious scabies and boils and to cure pain. Acute toxicity tests were conducted as per OECD guidelines on Alysicarpus monilifer L. whole plant. The hydro-alcoholic extract of the aerial parts at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg b.w., was tested in Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatotoxicity of rats followed by histopathological examination of the isolated livers of the control and the treated groups . The potential effects in protecting liver function by reducing the elevated levels of various serum biochemical parameters in a dose dependent manner, reducing oxidative stress, and histopathological alterations in the rat model of CCl4 “induced liver damage was demonstrated. The results showed significant protective effect against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in albino rats. The study on qualitative phytochemical screening also identified some important bioactive phytochemical principles such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, tannins, carbohydrates and glycosides in this plant which were also validated as antioxidants and biologically active phytoconstituents. This report of hepatoprotective activity of Alysicarpus monilifer L. throws light on attenuation of hepatotoxic effects of CCl4 challenged rats by membrane stabilization through antioxidation K. Manikya Kumari | V. Padmaja"Protective Effect of Alysicarpus Monilifer L., Against CCl4 induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Rats" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-4 , June 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd114.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/botany/114/protective-effect-of-alysicarpus-monilifer-l-against-ccl4-induced-hepatotoxicity-in-albino-rats/k-manikya-kumari
Patient compliance: Challenges in management of cardiac diseases in Kuala Lum...pharmaindexing
Background
The objective of this study was to investigate the degree of compliance among cardiac patients who attend the health facilities in Kuala Lumpur and Perak, Malaysia. The reasons for non-compliance and recommendations from healthcare professionals were also evaluated.
Method
A cross-sectional study of 400 patients and 100 healthcare professionals was carried out. This study utilizes variables on external factors and internal factors as the measurement tools. The questionnaire which consists of Morisky self-reported medication adherence questions was administered to patients and causes for non-compliance sought. Questionnaire for healthcare professionals was used to determine strategies that can improve compliance rate.
Results
The study revealed a 15.8% of high adherence rate, 54.3% of moderate adherence rate and 30% of poor adherence to cardiovascular disease medications. The chi-square tests showed the strong association between dependent and independent variables. The model chosen for testing the patient compliance through external and internal factors gives an R2 value of 85.0% with an adjusted R2 of 84.7%. The F value (317.187) was also significant (p=0.000) which means that the variables have better fit in the multivariate model. The major reasons determined for non-adherence were attitudes and beliefs, lifestyle, side effects and cost of medications. The study recommends that pharmacists and dispensing technicians should be adequately qualified to provide proper counselling to cardiac patients on their medicines and disease conditions.
Conclusion
The result of this study is of value to health care providers. Compliance to cardiovascular medications will avoid treatment failures encountered in therapy.
Overview on Recurrence Pregnancy Loss etiology and risk factorspharmaindexing
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A review on liver disorders and screening models of hepatoprotective agentspharmaindexing
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Carbamazepine induced Steven Johnson syndrome: A case reportpharmaindexing
Drugs are the most common cause that induces Steven Johnson syndrome (SJS) and includes antiepileptic drugs, antiretroviral drugs, anti-tuberculosis drugs, Sulphonamides, fluoroquinolones, penicillins, non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, Multivitamins. The genetic markers are also the cause for carbamazepine induced Steven Johnson Syndrome. In our study, the antiepileptic drug (Carbamazepine) is the cause for Steven Johnson Syndrome. A female patient aged 25 years came to the hospital with the complaints of bubbling over the skin and all over the body with papillary vesicles associated with pain and irritation, fever, myalgia, and nausea. The patient is known case of Phenytoin induced Steven Johnson Syndrome. In this case the patient developed the Steven Johnson Syndrome approximately after one month after starting the carbamazepine.By the withdrawal of the drug, the condition of the patient was improved.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Monoherbal formulation development for laxative activitypharmaindexing
The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia specifically approves flaxseed as a poultice for boils externally and demulcent or laxative internally. In this study monoherbal formulation development for laxative activity of flaxseed was undertaken. The plantLinumusitatissimumhasshowed higher percentage of total ash as well as alcohol soluble extractive values. The aqueous extract of Linumusitatissimumwas prepared by using pilot scale extraction plant and spray drying unit. The qualitative phytochemical studies reveal the presence of amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins and proteins. From the available literatures it was found that Linumusitatissimum contains more number of amino acids. The formulated tablets showed acceptable pharmacopoeial limits and complies with specifications for thickness, hardness, friability and weight variation. The formulation has showed better laxative activity indicating additive property of the combined phytoconstituents of the plant.
Pneumonia and respiratory failure from swine origin influenza H1n1pharmaindexing
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A descriptive study on newborn care among postnatal mothers in selected mater...pharmaindexing
The newborn health challenge faced by India is more formidable than that experienced by any other country in the world. The newborn health is inevitably affected by the traditional care practices of the mothers causing high infant morbidity and mortality.The aim of the study were determine the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and find out the association between knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care and to determine the association between these as well as with the selected demographic variables. A descriptive study was conducted to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care in selected maternity centres in Madurai. Survey approach was employed to select sample and it consisted of 100 postnatal mothers. Data was collected using structured interview schedule. Findings of the study showed that 65% of postnatal mothers had moderate knowledge; 61% had favourable attitude and 57% of them had high practice of new born care. There was a significant association between knowledge and attitude (r=+0.567), knowledge and practice (r=+0.388), attitude and practice (r=+0.321) .There was a significant association between knowledge and education, monthly family income and obstetrical score at p<0.05. Findings of the study indicated the need to conduct frequent assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of postnatal mothers regarding new born care. Awareness and attitude of the mothers towards new born care still has lots of lacunae especially in those who belong to the lower socio economic statusand poorly educated postnatal mothers. So it is imperative to provide comprehensive training in the field of new born care for mothers during pregnancy
Late 19th century was evident of intelligent biomaterial; which has changed researcher’s perspective towards science and technology. This intelligent biomaterial are envisioned to have huge impact on Healthcare from sequential signalling of biomedical molecule, mimicking natural gene, an effective drug carrier, to high resolution diagnostic tool.From drug discovery aspect many of NCE fail to reach therapeutic potential due to PK/ PD profile. Nanotechnology has changed the face of drug discovery form chemical evaluation to structure of proteins in signalling pathways and development of chemical antibody. Nanotechnology from lab to market approval is long process due to regulatory evaluation. Though it seems to be bright future market it has to go through a long process from being innovation to complete market product. This makes whole process expensive making investor reluctant to invest in big projects.Western world is aware of dramatic potential of nano-projects; which has its limitation in financial investments; with major challenge of transforming nano science to commercial pharmaceutical product.
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This case study summarizes the treatment of a 4-year old child with congenital urinary tract obstruction who presented with constipation, fever, and cough. Laboratory tests found low electrolyte levels, high blood acids, and kidney damage. The child's treatment included surgery, dialysis to correct electrolyte imbalances, and antibiotics for chest infection. However, the case study notes discrepancies in the post-operative treatment, including questionable antibiotic selection and prescribing of calcium channel blockers not recommended for children. The study concludes there is a need for clinical pharmacists on the healthcare team to improve rational medication use.
Corticosteroid induced disorders – An overviewpharmaindexing
Glucocorticoids are important in the treatment of many inflammatory, allergic, immunologic, and malignant disorders, and the toxicity of glucocorticoids is one of the commonest causes of iatrogenic illness associated with chronic inflammatory disease.Glucocorticoid-induced muscle atrophy is characterized by fast-twitch or type II muscle fiber atrophy. Corticosteroid (CS) therapy is widely used in the treatment of rheumatic diseases.Osteoporosis remains one of its major complications.Steroid induced glaucoma is a form of open angle glaucoma occurring as an adverse effect of corticosteroid therapy. Glucocorticoids induce hepatic and extrahepatic insulin resistance.Glucocorticoid treatment impairs both glucose transport in fat and muscle cells. Corticosteroid-induced psychosis represents a spectrum of psychological changes that can occur at any time during treatment. Cushing’s syndrome describes the signs and symptoms associated with prolonged exposure to inappropriately high levels of the hormone cortisol. Physicians must be aware of these adverse effects and be equipped to manage them.
Lucinactant: A new solution in treating neonatal respiratory distress syndrom...pharmaindexing
This document summarizes research on Lucinactant, a novel synthetic surfactant approved by the FDA in 2012 for treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). It contains a peptide called sinapultide that mimics the function of human surfactant protein B. Studies found Lucinactant was as effective as or more effective than previous animal-derived surfactants in reducing mortality from RDS, but its pharmacokinetics are not fully understood. The document reviews clinical trials and mechanisms of Lucinactant and discusses its efficacy, safety profile, and potential cost benefits compared to other surfactants.
Bioactivity screening of Soil bacteria against human pathogenspharmaindexing
This study aimed to isolate soil bacteria with potential bioactive properties against human pathogens. 36 bacterial strains were isolated from 3 soil samples and screened against common pathogens. 14 isolates showed antibacterial activity, including against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, E. coli, Klebsiella aerogenes, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aureginosa and Salmonella typhi. The 3 most active bacterial isolates were selected for further production and isolation of their bioactive metabolites. Testing found the metabolites had prominent antibacterial effects against the clinical pathogens studied, indicating their potential as a source of new antimicrobials given the rise in drug resistance.
A study on sigmoid Volvulus presentation and managementpharmaindexing
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Evaluation of Preliminary phytochemical on various some medicinal plantspharmaindexing
The present study was carried out to evaluate the physical status and percentage yield of methanolic extract and its fractions of whole plant of Leucas cephalotes, leaves of Hiptage benghalensis and leaves of Kydia calycina were recorded for future references and Preliminary phytochemical screening of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of carbohydrates, glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, steroidal and phenolic compounds. MLC revealed the presence of all the above mentioned phytoconstituents except saponins and also MKC steroidal compounds. The fractions of MLC, MHB and MKC revealed the presence of glycosides, phenolic compounds, steroids and flavonoids.
Comparision of in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxac...pharmaindexing
This study compared the in vitro antibacterial activity of cefoperazone and levofloxacin against various clinical isolates. 120 bacterial isolates from patient samples were tested for susceptibility to cefoperazone and levofloxacin using disc diffusion. Results showed levofloxacin had lower resistance than cefoperazone for E. coli and P. aeruginosa, while cefoperazone was more effective against S. aureus. However, resistance to both antibiotics was gradually increasing, highlighting the need for regular surveillance of antibiotic susceptibility.
Concept of srotas from ayurvedic perspective with special reference to neurologypharmaindexing
Ayurveda is a life science. The researchers of ayurveda could rule out the presence of srotas (channels) spreading throughout the human body. These srotas (channels) are governed by vayu which is using all the srotas (channels) of the body to carry out the functional and physiological activities of the human body without which the human society will not exist. Several synonymous words have been described by the ayurvedicacharyas for srotas. Some are micro and some are macro in structures and they adopt the same colour of the particular dhatus of the body to which it belongs. The aim of the study is to justify that srotas are nothing but innurmerable channels or pathways of the nervous system governed by electric current without which no functional and physiological activities of the human body will develope.
Health promotion survey in overweight and obese students of universities in n...pharmaindexing
Introduction
Overweight and obesity is one of the major health problems in the UK and worldwide. Approximately two-thirds of the population in the UK is either overweight or obese. Overweight and obesity is an important issue that causes distress to most women. Health promotion is the best method to educate overweight and obese women. It is defined as the process enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health by Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. It is aimed to enhance the well-being of the individuals and their positive attitudes towards prevention of various diseases. In order to make any improvement to the health promotion for overweight and obesity, the risk factors and the opinions from the public should first be identified and addressed.
Methods
Cross-sectional survey design was selected with a questionnaire that consisted of 20 open and close ended questions. A sample size of 196 was determined. The data thus gathered was analyzed using SPSS V20 (Statistical Package for Social Science version 20). Descriptive statistics (fx) and (SD) were used and Chi-square X2 test for association was employed.
Results
Out of the total 196 responses, only (40%) of the students had normal weight (SD 1.1), (25%) students had a good understanding of health promotion (SD 1.6), half (50%) appeared concerned about their weight (SD 0.5), (60%) had an obese family member (0.5). The BMI of students was associated with the presence of an obese member in their family and their weight as a concern for them. (P-value <0.05).
Conclusion
The health promotion service is beneficial as it was found to have raised concerns in the mind of the students regarding over weight and obesity. However it was observed that the understanding of health promotion service was different among students and this is the root of the problem.
A study on current marketed formulation of unani medicine used in the treatme...pharmaindexing
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Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
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Evaluation of analgesic and anti inflammatory activity of different fractions from leucas cephalotes
1. ~ 17 ~
* Corresponding author: Babu Rao B.
E-mail address: babupharma79@gmail.com
IJAMSCR |Volume 2 | Issue 1 | Jan-Mar - 2014
www.ijamscr.com
Research article
Evaluation of Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory activity of different
fractions from Leucas Cephalotes
Babu Rao B*1
, Krishna mohan G2
*1
Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Pathfinder Institute of Pharmacy Education and
Research, Mamnoor, Warangal, A.P, India-506166.
2
Centre of Pharmaceutical Sciences, JNTUH, Kukatpally, Hyderabad, A.P, India.
ABSTRACT
The present study was carried out to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of various fractions of
Toluene, Ethyl acetate, Butan-2-one and N-Butyl Alcohol of Leucas cephalotes. The fractions of the plant material
were evaluated for the analgesic activity by acetic acid-induced writhing test, Eddy’s Hot plate test in mice and
formalin-induced test and anti-inflammatory activity was screened by Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema and
cotton pellet induced granuloma formation in rat models. The test fractions were showed analgesic and anti-
inflammatory effect in dose dependent manner and ethyl-acetate fraction was found to be most potent among the test
fractions. At 150mg/Kg b.w.p.o dose Ethyl-acetate fraction significantly inhibited 68.98% writhing response and
73.52, 76.03% Formalin induced analgesic in mice. The fraction with same dose showed significant 65.35%
inhibition of Carrageenan induced rat paw edema and 43.87, 40.64% anti-proliferative effect of cotton pellet in rats
and also different fractions of Leucas cephalotes showed prompt analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity due to
dual inhibition properties on COX-2 and 5-LOX.
Keywords: Acetic acid-induced writhing, Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema, Cotton pellet induced granuloma,
Leucas cephalotes.
Introduction
Leucas cephalotes (Roxb.ex Roth) Spreng.
(Lamiaceae) ( Kirtikar and Basu,1988; Parrotta,
2001). An annual hairy and pubescent herb 0.6-0.9
m. high, stems and branches obtusely quardrangular,
hairy with spreading hairs. Whole Plant has a
pungent taste with a flavour, heating, indigestible
causes “Vata” and “Pitta”, laxative, antihelmentic,
stimulant and diaphoretic, useful in bronchitis,
jaundice, inflammations, asthma, dyspepsia,
paralysis, leucoma. Leaves are also useful in fever
and urinary discharges (Ayurveda). The fresh juice is
used in certain localities as an external application in
scabies. Leaves, in combination with other drugs, are
prescribed for scorpion-sting (Vagghata), but they are
not an antidote to scorpion-venom. Plant is
indigenously grown in India, Nepal, Pakistan and
Afghanistan. In India it is widely distributed in
Punjab, Bengal, Assam, Himalaya, Rajputana Deseri,
Kathiawar, Gujrat, all plain districts of Madras
Presidency and at an altitude of 1800 m in the
Himalayas (Kirtikar and Basu,1988).
The leaf juice, sometimes mixed with honey to treat
coughs and colds among the Santhalis in southern
Bihar and by rural inhabitants of Gujarat in India,
where it is also used for the treating jaundice. It is
valuable homoeopathic drug and such is used for the
treatment of chronic malaria and asthma (Ghosh,
International Journal of Allied Medical Sciences
and Clinical Research (IJAMSCR)
2. Babu Rao B, et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-2(1) 2014 [17-31]
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~ 18 ~
1988). Dry leaves along with tobacco (1:3) are
smoked to treat bleeding as well as itching piles
(Khare, 2007). The ethyl extract of whole plant of
Leucas cephalotes has been reported for its protective
effects on CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in mice and
rats (Singh et al.,1978). Nineteen compounds were
isolated by chromatographic separation of 1-butanol-
soluble fraction of the MeOH extract of Leucas
cephalotes (Miyaichi et al., 2006). The structures of
known compounds were identified as oleanolic acid,
7-oxysitisterol (Greca et al.,1990; Pettit et al.,1972),
7-oxostigmasterol (Katsui et al.,1972), 7 alpha-
hydroxysitosterol (Greca et al.,1990), 7 alpha-
hydroxystigmasterol (Miyaichi et al., 2006),
stigmasterol (Kolak et al., 2005), gonzalitosin
(Dominguez et al.,1976), tricin (Fujii et al., 1995)
and apigenin 7-0-β-D-(6-O-p-coumaroyl)
glucopyranoside (Itokawa et al.,1981).
Materials and Methods
Plant material
The whole plant of Leucas cephalotes was collected
in the month of July from Warangal, Andhra Pradesh,
India. The selected plants were authenticated by Prof.
Raju S. Vastavaya, Department of Botany, Kakatiya
University, Warangal and voucher specimens were
being maintained in the herbarium of University
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kakatiya
University, Warangal.
Preparation of Extracts
The whole plant of Leucas cephalotes (3kg) were
made free from the adherent foreign material and air-
dried. Then they were coarsely powdered and 2kg of
each was macerated with methanol in a round bottom
flask for 7 days separately. The content of the flask
were stirred intermittently to ensure the efficiency of
the extraction. After a week, they were filtered and
concentrated under reduced pressure to yield
corresponding extracts, and the extracts were kept in
a desiccator to remove moisture and stored properly
until used.
The methanolic extracts of L cephalotes (MLC) were
dispersed in sufficient amount of distilled water
separately and fractionated with toluene, ethyl
acetate, butan-2-one and n-butyl alcohol in
succession. The obtained fractions and the aqueous
residues were concentrated under reduced pressure to
yield corresponding extracts.
Chemicals
The chemicals were purchased from the following
companies:
Carrageenan S.D Fine chemicals, Mumbai.
Diclofenac sodium - Dr.Reddys laboratories,
Hyderabad.
Pentazocine - Pure Pharma Ltd. Mumbai.
Methanol - Ranbaxy laboratories, Mumbai.
Toluene, Ethyl acetate, Butanone and Butanol -
Merck, (Germany),
Formaldehyd S.D Fine chemicals, Mumbai).
Indomethacin - S.D
Fine chemicals, Mumbai.
All other chemicals and solvents used were of
analytical grade.
Animals
Swiss albino mice (25-30 g) and Wistar albino rats
(180-225 g) of either sex were purchased from M/S
Mahaveera agencies, Hyderabad and maintained in
the animal house of University College of
Pharmaceutical Sciences, Warangal. Animals were
provided with standard rodent pellet diet and the food
was withdrawn 18-24 h before the experiment, water
was allowed ad libutum. They were maintained at
(270
C 2) 12h light and dark cycle throughout the
period of acclimatization and experiment. All the
animal experimental protocols were duly approved
by the institutional animal ethics committee (Reg
No.169/1998/CPCSEA).
Acute toxicity study
Wistar albino mice of either sex (25-30 g) were
divided into ten Groups of six animals each. Acute
toxicity study was carried out according to the
method described in the literature (Palanichamy and
Nagarajan, 1990). Fractions of L cephalotes, were
suspended in 5% gum acacia in doses of 100, 200,
400, 800, 1000, 1200, 1400, 1800 and 2000 mg/kg
b.w.p.o were administered orally to albino mice. The
animals were observed continuously for any change
in autonomic or behavioral responses for first few
hours and later at 24h intervals for a period of 48h.
At the end of this period, the mortality if any, in
different dose Groups were noted. The various
fractions of MLC were also found to be safe for
further studies as no lethality was observed upto a
dose level of 1500 mg/kg b.w.p.o. in mice. Since,
LD50 of the individual fractions was greater than 1500
3. Babu Rao B, et al / Int. J. of Allied Med. Sci. and Clin. Research Vol-2 (1) 2014 [17-31]
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~ 19 ~
mg/kg b.w.p.o., the investigation on these fractions
were carried out with a dose i.e. 50,100 and 150
mg/kg b.w.p.o., considered as safe.
Evaluation of analgesic activity
Eddy’s Hot plate test in mice
The central analgesic activity of the extracts was
determined by hot plate method (Eddy and
Leimback, 1953). Swiss albino mice of either sex
weighing between 16-25 g consisting of 6 in each
Group were selected for the study. The mice which
reacted within 3-8 sec (normal reactions) and
which did not show large variation when tested on
4 separated occasions on Eddy’s hot plate were
selected. Group I received 2% gum acacia (10
ml/kg b.w.p.o) as control and Group II received
standard drug, pentazocine (10 mg/kg, i.p).
Remaining Groups were administered with
different doses of Leucas cephalotes (whole plant).
Mice were screened by placing them on a hot plate
maintained at 55 ± 0.50 C and recorded the
reaction time in sec for blowing or licking of hind
paw or jumping off the surface (Turner, 1965). The
reaction time was recorded initially at ‘0’ h (before
the treatment) and later at 60, 120, 180 and 240
min after oral administration of the
vehicle/standard/extracts. The percentage variation
in reaction time of each Group was calculated by
using the following formula:
Drug latency- Baseline latency
Percentage variation = __________________________ x 100
Baseline latency
Acetic acid induced Writhing test in mice
The peripheral analgesic activity of the extracts was
determined by acetic acid- induced writhing test
(Whittle, 1964; Koster et al., 1959). In this test, Swiss
albino mice were divided into different Groups.
Abdominal writhing in animals was induced by the
intraperitoneal administration of 0.7% acetic acid (10
ml/kg). The control (2% gum acaia), standard drug
diclofenac sodium (20mg/kg, b.w) and the fractions
of different doses were administered orally, 30 min
prior to the injection of acetic acid. The mice were
placed in a transparent box after the administration of
acetic acid injection and the number of writhes was
counted 5 min after administration of acetic acid for a
period of 20 min. A significant reduction in the level
of writhing by any treatment compared to acetic acid
treated control animals was considered as a positive
analgesic response. The percent protection against
writhing was taken as an index of analgesia and was
calculated according to following formula:
Percentage inhibition = [(Nc – Nt) / Nc] x 100
Nc = Number of writhes in control animals
Nt = Number of writhes in treated animals
Formalin induced paw licking in mice
The formalin induced pain test was used for
evaluation of analgesic activity (Hunskaar and Hole,
1997). Mice were injected with 20 µl of 2.5%
formalin into the dorsal surface of the left hind paw
and placed immediately in a transparent box for
observation. The duration of paw licking was
determined between 0-5 min (first phase) and 20-25
min (second phase) after formalin injection. The time
in sec spent in licking and biting responses of the
injected paw was noted. Animals were treated orally
with different fractions of varying doses, 30 min prior
to administration of formalin. Pentazocine (10 mg/kg,
i.p) was used as standard reference. Control animals
received 2% gum acacia, 10 ml/kg as vehicle. The
paw licking time of the animals was compared to the
toxicant control Group and represented as percent
inhibition (Okoli et al., 2006).
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity in vivo
studies
Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema:
a. Preparation of carrageenan suspension
1% suspension of carrageenan sodium salt was
prepared by sprinkling 100 mg of carrageenan
powder on 10 ml of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution and
set aside to soak for 1h. A homogeneous suspension
was then obtained by thorough mixing with a
magnetic stirrer.
b. Experimental procedure
The anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated in
carrageenan-induced edema model in rats (Winter et
al., 1962). The animals were randomly divided into
different Groups with 6 rats in each Group and
pretreated with extract or standard drug, diclofenac
sodium ( 20 mg/kg, b.w), 30 min before the injection
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with 0.1 ml of 1% carrageenan (in distilled water)
suspension into the sub plantar region of right hind
paw. Paw volume was measured at ‘0’ min by
dipping the right hind paw into mercury column up to
the tibiotarsal junction and noticing the mercury
displacement by using plethysmograph (IncoLab,
Ambala, India) immediately after carrageenan
injection and at 1, 2, 3 and 4 h time intervals. A
significant reduction in the paw volume compared to
carrageenan-treated control animals were considered
as anti-inflammatory response.
Percentage inhibition of edema was calculated by
using the following formula:
(VT-VO) control – (VT-VO) treated
Percentage of Inhibition = --------------------------------------------------- x 100
(VT –VO) control
VO= paw volume of the rat before administration of carrageenan.
VT= paw volume of the rat after administration of carrageenan at different
time intervals.
Cotton pellet-induced granuloma
The cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats was
studied according to the method of (D’Arcy et al.,
1960). The animals were divided into 5 Groups of 6
animals in each Group. The rats were anaesthetized
and sterile cotton pellets weighing 10 ± 1 mg were
implanted subcutaneously into both sides of the groin
region of each rat. Group I was served as control and
received only the vehicle (2% gum acacia). Group 2
received the standard drug, indomethacin (10 mg/kg
b.w) and the other Groups were administered with
methanolic extract and their fractions orally for 7
consecutive days from the day of cotton pellet
implantation. On the 8th day the animals were
anaesthetized and the pellets together with granuloma
tissues were carefully removed and made free from
extraneous tissues. The wet pellets were weighed and
then dried in an oven at 600
C for 24 h to constant
weight, after that the dried pellets were weighed
again. Increment in the dry weight of the pellets was
taken as a measure of granuloma formation. The anti-
proliferative effect of all extracts, fractions and
standard drug were compared with control.
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity in vitro
studies
TMPD assay method (Kulmacz and Lands, 1983)
Cayman’s colorimetric COX (ovine) inhibitory
screening assay kit was used to carry out the invitro
anti-inflammatory activity.
Procedure of the assay
1. Preparation of Background Wells: A mixture
containing 150 μl of Assay Buffer, 10 μl of heme,
and 10 μl of inactive sample was prepared and
transferred to three wells per sample.
2. 100% Initial Activity Wells: A mixture containing
150 μl of Assay Buffer, 10 μl of heme and 10 μl of
enzyme (COX-2) was prepared and transferred to
three wells.
3. Inhibitor Wells: 150 μl of Assay Buffer was added
to 10 μl of heme, and 10 μl of enzyme (COX-2) were
added to three wells.
4. COX Standard Wells: 150 μl of Assay Buffer was
added to 10 μl of heme and 10 μl of standard per well
in the designated wells on the plate.
5. Sample Wells: 150 μl of Assay Buffer was added
to 10 μl of heme, and 10 μl of sample to three wells.
To obtain reproducible results, the amount of COX
added to the well should fall within the range of the
assay. If necessary, samples can be diluted with
Assay Buffer (dilute). The concentrations of the
selected fractions of MLC were chosen between 100-
500 μg/ml.
6. The plates were shaken carefully for few seconds
to mix and incubated for 5 min at 25° C.
7. 20 μl of Colorimetric substrate solution was added
to every well.
8. The reactions were initiated by adding 20 μl of AA
solution to all the wells in use. The plate was shaken
carefully for few seconds to mix and incubated for 5
min at 25° C.
9.Read the absorbance at 590nm using a plate reader.
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Calculations
1. Determine the average absorbance of all the
samples.
2. Subtract the absorbance of the background wells
from absorbances of the 100% intial activity and the
inhibitor wells.
3. Substract each inhibitor samples from the 100%
intial activity sample, then divide by the 100% intial
activity sample and multiply by 100 to give the
percent inhibition.
In vitro 5-Lipoxygenase inhibition: 5-LOX enzyme
inhibitory activity of Leucas cephalotes fractions was
measured using the method of (Reddanna et al.)
modified by (Ulusu et al.) The assay mixture
contained 80 mM linoleic acid and 10 μl potato 5-
LOX in 50 mM phosphate buffer (pH 6.3). The
reaction was initiated by the addition of enzyme
buffer mix to linoleic acid and the enzyme activity
was monitored as the increase in absorbance at 234
nm. The reaction was monitored for 120 sec and the
inhibitory potential of the test substances was
measured by incubating various concentrations of test
substances for two minutes before addition of linoleic
acid. All assays were performed in triplicate.
Percentage inhibition was calculated by comparing
slope of test substances with that of enzyme activity.
Calculation
Control O.D. – Test O.D.
Percentage Inhibition = __________________________ x 100
Control O.D.
Preliminary phytochemical tests
Chemical tests were carried out to know the nature of
compounds present in the fractions of LC in order to
identify the presence of various phytoconstituents
present in them (Paech and Tracey, 1979).
Results and Discussion
Table 1. Analgesic effect of fractions of Leucas cephalotes using Eddy’s hot plate model in mice.
Dose (mg/kg)
Reaction time (sec) after
0min 60 min 120 min 180 min 240 min
Control 4.27±0.41 4.30±0.51 3.98±0.69 4.17±0.52 4.23±0.52
Pentazocine10 4.15±0.60 7.75±0.76** 13.42±0.49** 9.12±0.78** 6.97±0.39**
T-MLC50 4.40±0.37 5.83±0.21* 6.63±0.43** 5.17±0.68* 4.08±0.13
T-MLC100 4.33±0.50 6.27±0.39** 7.30±0.45** 5.92±0.38** 4.58±0.38
T-MLC150 4.48±0.37 7.62±0.63** 9.32±0.83** 6.37±0.64** 5.98±0.77**
EA-MLC50 4.23±0.45 5.92±0.58** 7.93±0.81** 5.97±0.48** 4.28±0.16
EA-MLC100 4.40±0.58 6.75±0.82** 8.87±0.96** 7.75±0.27** 5.10±0.20*
EA-MLC150 4.62±0.30 9.00±0.32** 10.50±0.55** 8.58±0.66** 5.42±0.26*
BN-MLC50 4.33±0.42 5.97±0.35** 6.87±0.33** 5.63±0.20* 4.22±0.38
BN--MLC100 4.37±0.29 6.13±0.90** 7.47±0.41** 6.62±0.52** 4.22±0.57
BN-MLC150 4.32±0.53 7.53±0.63** 10.12±0.44** 7.33±0.41** 4.33±0.52
BL-MLC50 4.40±0.50 5.58±0.74* 6.57±0.37** 6.03±0.39** 4.70±0.20
BL-MLC100 4.20±0.44 6.97±0.46** 8.52±0.45** 7.40±0.25** 5.43±0.46*
BL-MLC150 4.08±0.49 9.52±0.35** 11.33±0.82** 9.35±0.97** 6.33±0.55**
All the values were expressed as mean±SD (n=6), *p<0.05**p<0.01 vs control
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Figure 1. Effect of fractions of MLC using Eddy’s hot plate model in mice
Table 2. Analgesic effect of methanolic extract of Leucas cephalotes using Acetic
Acid-induced writhing model in mice.
Dose (mg/kg) No of Writhing % Inhibition
Control 73.17±6.85 --
Diclofenac20 19.67±1.63** 73.12
T-MLC50 44.67±1.63** 37.96
T-MLC100 35.33±1.86** 50.93
T-MLC150 23.00±1.79** 68.06
EA-MLC50 37.17±4.17** 48.38
EA-MLC100 27.33±1.75** 62.04
EA-MLC150 22.33±1.75** 68.98
BN-MLC50 48.00±2.10** 33.33
BN--MLC100 35.83±1.72** 50.23
BN-MLC150 28.50±2.43** 60.42
BL-MLC50 42.00±5.22** 41.67
BL-MLC100 28.83±3.25** 59.95
BL-MLC150 24.17±3.25** 66.44
All the values were expressed as mean±SD (n=6), **p<0.01 vs control
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Figure 2. Analgesic effect of methanolic extract of Leucas cephalotes using Acetic
Acid-induced writhing model in mice
Table 3. Analgesic effect of fractions of Leucas cephalotes using
formalin-induced pain model in mice.
Dose (mg/kg)
Licking
Time(sec)
Licking
Time(sec)
%Inhibition
First Phase
Second
Phase
First
Phase
Second
Phase
Control 176.33±2.35 119.11±1.39
Pentazocine10 86.95±2.03** 42.22±1.68** 50.69 64.55
T-MLC50 76.88±1.15** 47.77±0.18** 55.63 59.89
T-MLC100 58.49±2.08** 32.58±1.20** 66.24 72.65
T-MLC150 50.99±1.19** 29.19±2.09** 70.57 75.49
EA-MLC50 59.89±1.08** 34.17±1.08** 65.44 71.31
EA-MLC100 51.91±1.12** 30.66±2.08** 70.04 74.26
EA-MLC150 45.88±1.11** 28.55±1.11** 73.52 76.03
BN-MLC50 55.49±1.09** 35.66±1.11** 67.97 70.06
BN--MLC100 54.19±1.11** 33.49±1.09** 68.73 71.88
BN-MLC150 45.89±1.17** 28.78±1.12** 73.52 75.84
BL-MLC50 60.95±1.12** 40.88±1.10** 64.82 65.68
BL-MLC100 50.87±1.17** 32.84±1.16** 70.64 72.43
BL-MLC150 45.57±1.15** 28.79±1.19** 73.70 75.83
All the values were expressed as mean±SD (n=6), **p<0.01 vs control
0
20
40
60
80
100
ControlDiclofenacT-MLC50T-MLC100T-MLC150EA-MLC50EA-MLC100EA-MLC150BN-MLC50BN--MLC100BN-MLC150BL-MLC50BL-MLC100BL-MLC150
Numberofwrithings
no of writhing
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Figure 3. Effect of fractions of MLC using formalin-induced pain model in mice
Table 4. Anti-inflammatory activity of fractions of Leucas cephalotes using carrageenan-induced
rat paw edema model.
Group Dose (mg/kg)
Paw edema volume (ml)
1hr %IPE 2hr %IPE 3hr %IPE 4hr %IPE
1 control 2.05±0.08 2.02±0.17 2.12±0.13 2.15±0.15
2 diclofenac20 0.97±0.05** 52.85 0.77±0.05** 61.98 0.55±0.05** 74.02 0.70±0.14** 67.44
3 T-MLC50 1.55±0.05* 24.39 1.53±0.08** 25.2 1.08±0.17** 48.82 1.22±0.12** 43.41
4 T-MLC100 1.45±0.10** 29.27 1.38±0.10** 32.52 0.87±0.15** 59.06 0.98±0.08** 54.26
5 T-MLC150 1.40±0.14** 30.58 1.08±0.13** 47.15 0.78±0.08** 62.99 0.93±0.08** 56.59
6 EA-MLC50 1.60±0.06* 20.66 1.38±0.04** 32.52 1.13±0.10** 46.46 1.23±0.14** 42.64
7 EA-MLC100 1.47±0.08** 27.27 1.28±0.08** 37.40 0.95±0.08** 55.12 1.03±0.05** 51.94
8 EA-MLC150 1.48±0.10** 26.45 1.07±0.05** 47.97 0.73±0.08** 65.35 0.88±0.10** 58.91
9 BN-MLC50 1.62±0.19 19.83 1.35±0.05** 34.15 1.03±0.05** 51.18 1.20±0.11** 44.19
10 BN--MLC100 1.57±0.10* 23.58 1.23±0.15** 39.84 0.92±0.15** 56.69 1.03±0.05** 51.94
11 BN-MLC150 1.45±0.08** 28.10 1.10±0.13** 46.34 0.77±0.10** 63.78 0.85±0.14** 60.57
12 BL-MLC50 1.55±0.19* 23.14 1.35±0.10** 34.15 1.12±0.18** 47.24 1.23±0.19** 42.64
13 BL-MLC100 1.33±0.08** 33.88 1.15±0.14** 43.9 0.83±0.08** 60.63 0.93±0.08** 56.59
14 BL-MLC150 1.27±0.08** 37.19 0.93±0.10** 54.47 0.80±0.11** 62.2 0.90±0.13** 58.14
All the values were expressed as mean±SD (n=6), *p<0.05**p<0.01 vs control
0
50
100
150
200ControlPentazocine
T-MLC50T-MLC100T-MLC150EA-MLC50EA-MLC100EA-MLC150BN-MLC50BN--MLC100BN-MLC150BL-MLC50BL-MLC100BL-MLC150
Lickingtime(sec)
First Phase
Second Phase
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Figure 4. Effect of fractions of MLC using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model
Table 5. Anti-inflammatory activity of fractions of Leucas cephalotes using cotton
pellet-induced granuloma in rats.
Dose (mg/kg) Wet weight of
Cotton pellet
%Inhibition Dry weight of
Cotton pellet
%Inhibition
Control 159.17±15.12 67.67±8.50
Indomethacin10 82.50±11.27** 48.17 37.33±4.25** 44.83
T-MLC50 121.33±12.16* 23.77 51.17±3.23* 24.38
T-MLC100 110.17±9.91** 30.79 48.83±4.17** 27.83
T-MLC150 101.17±10.49** 36.44 44.33±3.58** 34.48
EA-MLC50 117.1±11.05** 26.39 51.50±4.59** 23.89
EA-MLC100 106.33±9.15** 33.19 45.50±5.21** 32.76
EA-MLC150 89.33±8.49** 43.87 40.17±3.83** 40.64
BN-MLC50 122.50±12.95* 23.04 54.83±5.56* 18.97
BN--MLC100 114.67±13.20** 27.96 50.83±4.64* 24.88
BN-MLC150 109.50±10.32** 31.20 48.50±3.56** 28.33
BL-MLC50 124.50±11.22* 21.78 54.67±6.08* 19.21
BL-MLC100 107.67±9.09** 32.36 47.33±4.34** 30.05
BL-MLC150 91.17±7.43** 42.72 41.67±4.42** 38.43
All the values were expressed as mean±SD (n=6), *p<0.05**p<0.01 vs control
0
1
2
3ControlDiclofenac
T-MLC50
T-MLC100
T-MLC150
EA-MLC50EA-MLC100EA-MLC150BN-M
LC50BN--MLC100BN-M
LC150
BL-MLC50BL-MLC100BL-MLC150
Pawedema(ml)
1hr
2hr
3hr
4hr
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Figure 5. Effect of fractins of MLC using cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats
Table 6. Selected Fractions of MLC Cox2 inhibitory activity
Compound IC50 (μg/ml)
Celecoxib 8.5
T-MLC 53.5
EA-MLC 22.8
BN-MLC 62.3
BL-MLC 68.5
Figure 6. Selected Fractions of MLC Cox-2 Inhibitory Activity
0
50
100
150
200Control
IndomethacinT-MLC50T-MLC100T-MLC150EA-MLC50
EA-MLC100
EA-MLC150BN-MLC50
BN--MLC100
BN-MLC150BL-MLC50
BL-MLC100
BL-MLC150
Wetofpellet(mg)
Wet wt
Drywt
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Inhibitory Activity of COX-2
STD (Zileuton)
T-MLC
EA-MLC
BN-MLC
BL-MLC
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Table 7. Selected Fractions of MLC 5-LOX inhibitory activity
Compound IC50 (μg/ml)
STD (Zileuton) 4.11
T-MLC 30.5
EA-MLC 19.3
BN-MLC 45
BL-MLC 59.7
Figure7.Selected Fractions of MLC 5-LOX inhibitory Activity
The methods used for investigation of analgesic
activity with MLC fractions are selected in such a
way that both peripherally and centrally mediated
effects can be evaluated. The thermal test (hot plate
test) was selected because the test is sensitive to
strong analgesics and the experimental animals with a
limited tissue damage because of a cut off time
usually fixed to a time limit for the animals to present
on the hot plate. This method is considered to be
selective for opioid like compounds in several animal
species, but other centrally acting drugs including
sedatives and muscle relaxants too show activity in
this test (Hiruma-Lima et al., 2000). All the
methanolic extracts as mentioned above and their
fractions produced significant (p<0.05) and a dose
dependent prolongation in latency time. Thus the
results of the study confirm the centrally acting
analgesic activity of whole plant fractions.
Acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction method
is widely used for the evaluation of agents with
peripheral analgesic activity (Gene et al., 1998).
Acetic acid is used to induce writhing, causes algesia
by liberation of endogenous substances, which in turn
sensitize the pain nerve endings (Taesotikul et al.,
2003). Local peritoneal receptors are postulated to be
partly involved in the abdominal constriction
response (Bentley et al., 1983). This experiment is a
sensitive procedure to establish peripherally acting
analgesics and the response was thought to be
involving local peritoneal receptors (Vasudevan et
al., 2006). This method has been associated with
prostanoids in general, e.g. increased levels of PGE2
and PGF2α in peritoneal fluids as well as LOX
products (Derardt et al., 1980; Dhara et al., 2000).
According to the percentage of inhibition on the
number of writhes obtained with different doses of
MLC fractions, it was found that the intensity of the
analgesic effect was similar to that of standard drug,
diclofenac sodium. Therefore, the results of acetic
acid induced writhing strongly suggest that the
mechanism of action of MLC fractions may be linked
partly with endogenous substances like lipoxygenase
and/or cyclooxygenase. Thus the results confirm the
peripheral analgesic activity of fractions.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Inhibitory Activity of 5-LOX
STD (Zileuton)
T-MLC
EA-MLC
BN-MLC
BL-MLC
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The formalin induced paw licking test is used for
elucidating the mechanism of pain and algesia. It has
been reported that formalin induced pain involves
two distinct phases and different analgesics may act
differentially in the early and late phases of this test.
Therefore, this test can be used to clarify the possible
mechanism of antinociceptive effect of proposed
analgesics (Tjolsen et al., 1992). In the first phase
(neurogenic phase) the pain caused by formalin is
due to direct stimulation of the sensory nerve fiber
and the second or late phase (inflammatory phase)
the pain is due to release of inflammatory mediators
such as histamine, serotonin, prostaglandin and
bradykinin (Hunskaar and Hole, 1987; Murray et al.,
1988). Drugs which act centrally, such as narcotic
analgesics inhibits both phases of pain in this model
whereas peripherally acting drugs, such as aspirin or
indomethacin, inhibit only the late phase. The effect
of MLC fractions exhibited predominant effect on
both phases of formalin-induced pain with more
potent effect on the second phase than the first one.
These results provided a significant (p<0.05)
inhibitory effect of methanolic extracts and their
respective fractions on both phases of pain,
suggesting the involvement of both neurogenic and
inflammatory mechanisms. The analgesic activity in
the late phase might be mediated by arachidonic acid
metabolites.
The following acute and sub acute models were
selected to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity.
Carrageenan-induced rat paw edema model has been
commonly used as an experimental animal model for
acute inflammation and is believed to be biphasic.
The early phase (1-2 h) of the carrageenan model is
mainly mediated by histamine, serotonin and
increased synthesis of prostaglandins in the damaged
tissue surroundings. The inflammation (edema)
volume reaches its maximum approximately between
3-4 h post treatment after which it begins to decline
(Garcia et al., 2004).The late phase (after 2h) is
sustained by prostaglandin release and mediated by
bradykinin, leukotrienes, polymorphonuclear cells
and prostaglandins produced by tissue macrophages
(Brito and Antonio, 1998). The inhibitory activity
shown by MLC fractions over a period of 3h in
carrageenan-induced paw inflammation was quite
similar to that exhibited by the Group treated with
diclofenac sodium. Moreover, it is known that
diclofenac sodium reduces inflammation, swelling
and arthritic pain by inhibiting prostaglandin
synthesis and/or production (Mahgoub, 2002;
Skoutakis et al., 1988). There is evidence that
compounds inhibiting the carrageenan induced edema
have also been found effective against the
cyclooxygenase enzymes (Selvam et al., 2004).
Based on these reports it can be inferred that the
inhibitory effect of tested plant extracts and their
fractions on the carrageenan induced inflammation
seen maximum at 3 h is possibly mediated by
arachidonic acid metabolites, which produce an
edema dependent on neutrophil mobilization (Just et
al., 1998).
In order to assess the efficacy against proliferative
phase of inflammation cotton pellet granuloma model
is selected in which tissue degeneration and fibrosis
occur. During the repair process of inflammation,
there is proliferation of macrophages, neutrophils,
fibroblasts and multiplication of small blood vessels,
which are the basic sources of forming a highly
vascularised reddish mass, termed granuloma tissue
(Swingle, 1974). It is used to evaluate the
transudative and proliferative components of chronic
inflammation. The wet weights of the cotton pellet
correlates with transudate; the dry weight of the
cotton pellet correlates with the amount of the
granulomatous tissue (Olajide et al., 1999). Hence the
decrease in the weight of granuloma indicates that the
proliferative phase was effectively suppressed by
MLC fractions and exhibited significant anti-
inflammatory activity. These results reflected their
efficacy in inhibiting the increase in the number of
fibroblasts and synthesis of collagen and
mucopolysaccharides during formation of granuloma
tissue.
NSAIDs are of huge therapeutic benefit in the
treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and various
inflammatory conditions. NSAIDs bind to COX
thereby inhibiting the production of prostaglandins
from the substrate arachidonic acid. COX catalyzes
the conversion of arachidonic acid into
prostaglandins, which play a significant role in
healthy and disease states in the gastrointestinal tract
and in the renal, skeletal and ocular systems. COX
exists in two forms i.e. COX-1 and COX-2. The
inhibition of COX-1 results in some undesirable side
effects, where as COX-2 inhibition provides
therapeutic effects in pain, inflammation, cancer and
neuropathalogic conditions like Alzeimer’s disease
and Parkinsonism (Gautam et al., 2010). The selected
fractions were evaluated for in-vitro COX-2 and 5-
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LOX enzyme inhibition assay to elucidate the
mechanism of action of all the fractions. The COX-2
inhibitory activities of selected fractions i.e. BN-
MLC, BL-MLC, T-MLC, EA-MLC, were examined
for the mechanism of their anti-inflammatory action.
It was observed that the COX-2 inhibitory activity of
MLC fractions were found as BL-MLC > BN-
MLC>T-MLC > EA-MLC. Similar to the COX-2
inhibition, all the fractions significantly inhibited the
5-LOX enzyme. The 5-LOX inhibitory activity of
MLC fractions were found as BL-MLC > BN-MLC>
T-MLC> EA-MLC.
There is considerable evidence that COX-2 inhibition
associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular
events, including edema, hypertension, stroke and
myocardial infarction. This suggests that an excess of
TXA2, which acts as a vasoconstrictive molecule in
the cardiovascular system over reduced vasodilatory
PGI2, as a consequence of selective COX-2
inhibition, is the primary reason for increased
cardiovascular toxicity (Grosser et al.,2006).
Evidence is also available that COX inhibition shunts
AA metabolism toward the 5-LOX pathway
generating LTB4, which attracts neutrophils
producing toxicity in various organ systems.
Therefore, dual inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LOX
enzymes may provide therapeutic benefit with a
greater degree of safety than currently available
modalities (Martel-Pelletier et al., 2003). T-MLC and
EA-MLC exhibited the desired dual inhibition
properties on COX-2 and 5-LOX. These results
confirm that the analgesic and anti-inflammatory
activities are due to the inhibition of COX and LOX
enzymes. Hence, the elevated AA metabolism is part
of the etiology of arthritis, the inhibition of the
production of these inflammatory mediators via dual
inhibition of COX-2 and 5-LOX pathways may
provide a way to manage arthritis safely with
acceptable efficacy.
Preliminary phytochemical screening of Leucas
cephalotes fractions revealed the presence of
carbohydrates, glycosides, alkaloids, steroids,
saponins, phenolic compounds and flavonoids.
Glycosides/steroids, phenolic compounds and
flavonoids are present in majority of the fractions.
Earlier the plants possessing carbohydrate, saponins,
flavonoids, phenolic compounds and tannins were
already reported for their analgesic and anti-
inflammatory activities.
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful to Prof.Raju contributed in
plant identification and confection of herbarium.
Prof.Krishna Mohan is contributed to critical reading
of the manuscript, supervised the laboratory work
and contributed to critical reading of the manuscript.
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