Gymnema sylvestre R. (Br).(Asclepiadaceae) is a common medicinal plant available in Tamil Nadu is a woody, climbing plant that grows in the tropical forest of central and Southern India. It also happens to be a first-rate warrior against diabetes. The plant is called Gud-mar (Gud-Jaggery, mar-kills) in India and well known for masking sweet taste. It is reported to be effective against many chronic diseases is screened for its phytochemical content, microbial activity and anti-inflammatory activity. Extracts (Alcoholic, aqueous, acetone and hexane) from the plant is prepared and analyzed. Qualitative phytochemical tests are done to detect the presence of Carbohydrate, Alkaloid, Tannins, Phenols, Saponins, Fixed oils, Gums and Mucilage. Quantitative methods like phytochemical analysis, gravimetric estimation, RBC membrane stabilization and TLC profiles are used to determine the active principle Gymnemic acid, anti-inflammatory activity and antimicrobial activity. The results showed that the leaf extracts studied contain the bio active compounds phenols, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and Gymnemic acid. Water extract of normal var. had positive reaction for carbohydrate (Molisch reagent) hairy var. leaves had negative reaction. The presence of active phytochemical substances with antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities may provide substantial basis for the use of this plant in ethno medicine.
Article Citation:
Gnana Sangeetha D and Jegadeesan M.
Phytochemical studies on selected medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(1): 077-082.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0027.pdf
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology-Approaches of Traditional Medicine Studies, Traditional use & management of medicinal plants in Asian countries, Application of Ethnobotany to community conservation and medicinal plant resource management
It is about the shankhpushpi plant. In this slides u find out how it looks, common name , main chemical constituent which are responsible for therapeutic effect ,category in which it placed, their pharmacological action on human body , and finally their market formulation.
It contains information regarding five medicinal plants - Aloe vera, Cranberry, Clove, Lavender, Turmeric. Their Binomial classification, introduction and their uses.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology-Approaches of Traditional Medicine Studies, Traditional use & management of medicinal plants in Asian countries, Application of Ethnobotany to community conservation and medicinal plant resource management
It is about the shankhpushpi plant. In this slides u find out how it looks, common name , main chemical constituent which are responsible for therapeutic effect ,category in which it placed, their pharmacological action on human body , and finally their market formulation.
It contains information regarding five medicinal plants - Aloe vera, Cranberry, Clove, Lavender, Turmeric. Their Binomial classification, introduction and their uses.
Phytochemical investigation of tropical medicinal plants - Stereospermum cola...researchplantsciences
Phytochemicals are a wide variety of compounds produced by plants manipulated widely in the pharmacognostic drug development and treatment of the major ailments. The present study focuses on screening and comparative analysis of secondary metabolites, fluorescence and physiochemical analysis of two major medicinal plants; Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L. Leaf samples from these medicinal plants were subjected to sequential cold percolation method using Hexane, Ethyl acetate, Chloroform and Methanol. Bioactive compounds like Cardioglycosides, Flavonoid, Quinones, Terpenoids, Alkaloids and Steroids are present in high concentration in Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L. Extractive value was high in Methanol extract when compared to other solvent extracts.
Article Citation:
Florida M and Sekar T.
Phytochemical investigation of tropical medicinal plants - Stereospermum colais L. and Barringtonia acutangula L.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 109-115.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0033.pdf
Biochemical effect of Aqueous Carica papaya Seed and Leaf Extracts on Serum B...iosrjce
The cost of administering modern anti diabetic drugs is usually beyond the reach of most people in
the low income group especially those in the developing world where the disease is on the increase. This has led
to the current shift to the use of preparations from various parts of plants because of the current increase in the
knowledge of their toxicity, side effects, active constituents and doses. This study was conducted to compare the
effects of the aqueous Carica papaya seed and leaf extracts on serum biochemistry of alloxan induced diabetic
rats especially glucose level. Male Wister rats weighing 150-200g were induced with single freshly prepared
alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg body weight).Diabetes was confirmed after seven days in alloxan-induced rats
showing fasting blood glucose levels ≥ 200mg/dl. The diabetic rats were randomly allocated into three
experimental groups which received Seed extract, leaf extract or normal saline depending on the group. The
extracts were administered orally for twenty-eight days after which the animals were sacrificed and blood
samples were collected for Biochemical analyses. The results showed that both extracts have significant
hypoglycaemic, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects although extract of the seed proved to be more
potent than that of the leaf
Phytochemical Screening and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Thrombolytic Prope...IOSR Journals
The rural and marginal people of Bangladesh are deprived of modern treatment facilities and hence greatly depend on medicinal plants. Besides, the higher cost and toxicity of synthetic drugs drives scientists towards search for natural source of medication for a number of diseases. Cost-effectiveness, easy availability and fewer side effects are making the herbal medicine more popular both among rural and city people. Plants with Cytotoxic and clot lysis potential are good candidate as source of novel anti-tumor agents and thrombolytic drugs. This study aimed at screening out of phytochemical constituents and evaluation of cytotoxicity and thrombolytic potential of an important medicinal plant Achyranthes aspera methanolic leaf extract. In vitro phytochemical screening of A. aspera leaf extract carried out by qualitative tests revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and saponins while phlobatannins were absent. Cytotoxicity test of A. aspera leaf extract carried out by Brine shrimp Lethality (BSL) Bioassay showed the highest percentage of mortality (90%) in 1250 μg/ml and LC50 value was 50.12 μg/ml. Thrombolytic test showed 32.87 ± 9.42% clot lytic activity for A. aspera while positive control (streptokinase) and negative control (water) showed 81.19 ± 3.78% and 6.67 ± 2.58% clot lysis, respectively. Synergistic effect of streptokinase and A. aspera extract also produced better result (56.30 ± 6.95%) than A. aspera alone.
La diabetes es una enfermedad crónica que afecta a un porcentaje elevado de la población y
su pre valencia va en aumento. Por ello, además de las medidas preventivas y el uso de
fármacos dirigidos a reducir la glucemia, es importante que estos presenten pocos efectos
adversos. En este sentido el empleo de fitoterapia en el tratamiento de la diabetes puede ser
de utilidad en la combinación con la medicina tradicional, pues hay plantas con actividad
hipoglucemiante comprobada, eficaces y con baja incidencia de efectos adversos en
tratamientos, trataremos diversas plantas que ayudan al tratamiento de esta enfermedad.
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The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
In vitro evaluation of antibacterial activity of chloroform extract Andrograp...Open Access Research Paper
The study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial potential of three plants which are Andrographis paniculata, Durio zibethinus and Psidium guajava. Andrographis paniculata leaves (30mg/ml) and roots (30 mg/ml), Durio zibethinus wood bark (10mg/ml), and Psidium guajava leaves (15mg/ml) extract was obtained through the process called maceration, filtration, evaporation and the paste form was freshly reconstitute in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and tested against Staphylococcus aureus for Andrographis paniculata, Psidium guajava. Streptococcus agalactiae for Durio zibethinus and Psidium guajava and Escherichia coli for Durio zibethinus using Kirby Baur technique and the plates were incubated at 37 ºC. The zone of inhibition was measured after 24 hours and recorded in millimeters. The combination study was conducted using extract in combination with Penicillin G (6.25 µg/ ml) and erythromycin (15 µg/ ml; Andrographis paniculata) with the propotion of 1:1 in homogenous condition and incubated at 37 ºC for 24 hours. The zone of inhibition was measured and recorded. Mean and standard deviation was calculated. Andrographis paniculata do possesses some antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Leaves (17.33 mm), roots (10.67 mm), erythromycin (24.00 mm), leaves and erythromycin (20.67 mm), roots and erythromycin (21.67 mm), leaves and roots (17.33 mm). Wood bark against Streptococcus agalactiae (14.67 mm), Penicillin G (14.00 mm), and combination (16.67 mm). Durio zibethinus showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli (11.00mm) and Penicillin G (13.33 mm). Psidium guajava leaves extract were having slightly higher activity than Penicillin G and in combination activity, leaves were having a slightly higher activity than Penicillin G.
Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Jasminum Officinaleiosrjce
Jasminum officinale used as a urinary anti-infective in folk medicine. To validate this use, the in
vitro anti-bacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of different parts( flowers, stems plus leaves and roots) of
J.officinale growing in local gardens was evaluated against four reference bacteria by broth dilution assay and
agar diffusion assay. The MIC value of the ethanolic extracts of flowers and stems plus leaves against all
bacteria was 2 mg/mL and the MIC value of roots against S. aureus, E.faecalis and E. coli was 4 mg/mL and
the MIC value of roots against P. aeruginosa was 2 mg/mL. In agar diffusion assay, the ethanolic extracts of all
parts of the plant showed considerable activity against all bacteria.
Estimation of Bioactive Compound of Catharanthus Roseus Leaf Extract by Phyto...ijtsrd
Plant derived compounds have played a vital role in the development of several chemotherapeutic agents. Catharanthus roseus is an important medicinal plant of the apocynaceae family. The leaf extract of Catharanthus roseus have many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant and antidiabetes. The present study was aimed to carry out the phytochemical analysis and the GC-MS analyses of Cathranthus roseus leaf extract ensure biological activity in the presence bioactive compounds. The leaves designated to the presence of secondary metabolites (proteins, steroids, tannins,glycosides, reducing sugar, carbohydrates,saponins, sterols, terpenoids, acidic compounds, cardiac glycosides, phenols, alkaloids,flavonoids). In the GC-MS analysis the Cathranthus roseus extract result shows the presence of bioactive compounds which revealed a broad spectrum of many medicinal property and antioxidant activity were identified. This study is helped to identify bioactive compound formula and structure which can be used as pharmaceutical industries for drug discovery. S. Nathiya | N. Shaishta Jabeen | L. Jagapriya | B. Senthilkumar | K. Devi"Estimation of Bioactive Compound of Catharanthus Roseus Leaf Extract by Phytochemical Screening and GC-MS Analysis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-1 , December 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd5926.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/zoology/5926/estimation-of-bioactive-compound-of-catharanthus-roseus-leaf-extract-by-phytochemical-screening-and-gc-ms-analysis/s-nathiya
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia.
Mormodica charantia Linn. A Potential Antibiotic and Anti-Fungal Druginventionjournals
Resistant or multi resistant strains are continuously appearing in the treatment of ailments and this necessitates the synthesis of new drugs especially from naturally occurring plants. Momordica charantia is a very common indigenous plant of tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial analysis were conducted using recommended procedures. Ethanol and water were used for the extraction and Ultraviolet Visible and Infrared Spectroscope were used to identify the functional groups. Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthraquinones were all present in both the ethanolic and aqueous extracts, terpenoids was only present in aqueous extract while cardiac glycosides was not present in both extracts. Concentration (200mg/ml) revealed the highest clear zone of inhibition in both aqueous and ethanol extracts. The zone of inhibition increases with increase in concentration of sample. The ethanol extract shows the higher clear zone of inhibition when compared to aqueous extract with a diameter of zones of inhibition of 28, 26, 24, 26, 26 and 24mm for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginesa, Salmonella typhi and Klebsiella pneumoniae respectively. The aqueous extract has no effect at concentration (6.25mg/ml) because no clear zone of inhibition was measured. The antimicrobial activity for aqueous extract was lower than and not as effective as ethanol extract because ethanol is a phenolic compound and non-polar solvent when compared with water that is a polar solvent. Infrared spectra showed OH stretch due to phenol was observed at 3702 cm-1 , - C - H stretch (alkane) at 2972cm-1 , C - H bending vibration (alkane) at 1381cm-1 , - C - N and – C = N at 2077cm-1 , NH stretching at 3375cm-1 . The results indicate that it contained a phenolic, amine and amide substitute. Therapeutic drugs with antibiotic and antifungal activities can be synthesized from Mormodica charantia
Phytochemical composition of Datura stramonium Ethanol leaf and seed extracts...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
The study of natural products has given rise to the discovery of a variety of useful drugs for effective management of several diseases. Phytochemical constituents of plants are fingered to be biologically active compounds responsible for different activities such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal and anticancer. Thus, assessment of phytochemical constituents of plants is of utmost importance in medicine. There is however paucity of information on the comparative assessment of leaves and seeds of Datura stramonium (D. stramonium). Therefore, the present study was carried out to compare the phytochemical constituents of D. stramonium leaves and seeds. Ethanol was used for the extraction using standard method. Phytochemical screening was performed using various quantitative methods. The ratio of leaves versus seeds of phytochemical quantitative analysis was as follows: saponins (65.25: 34.25 mg/g), alkaloids (32.10: 71.28 mg/g), flavonoids (44.24: 30.12 mg/g), terpenoids (32.68:30.20 mg/g), tannins (31.25:26.62), respectively. This implies that saponins were dominant compounds followed by flavonoids and terpenoids in leaves while alkaloids were the dominant phytochemical in seeds. Based on our results, it is concluded that leaf and seed extracts of D. stramonium have varying concentrations of phytochemicals with the seed having higher concentration of alkaloids justifying why the seed is more toxic than the leaves while leaf extract had highest concentration of saponins and flavonoids giving credence to the antioxidant property of the leaves. Good quantity of various phytochemicals in this plant justifies its traditional use in the treatment of various diseases.
ABSTRACT- Background: Spinacia oleracea L. commonly known as palak is an edible flowering plant belongs to Amaranthaceae family. The plants exhibit its curative activity against several human diseases because of the presence of biological tannins and phenolic active phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, glycosides, terpenoids. It is used in the treatment of difficulty in breathing, inflammation of liver and lungs and leucorrhoea, useful in urinary concretion, inflammation of the lungs, sore throat, and pain in joints. Materials and Methods: Spinacia oleracea L. was collected from local market Jhansi in the month of January 2017. Aqueous and methanolic extraction of Spinacia oleracea L. and phytochemical screening of the extracts was done for Saponins, Reducing sugar, Cardiac glycosides, Protein and Amino acid, Glycosides, Alkaloids, Tannins, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, and Steroids. Results: Phytochemical analysis of leaves of S. oleracea had most of the important phytochemicals like Alkaloids, Tannins, Glycosides, Terpenoids, and Flavonoids etc. In which, the aqueous extract of S. oleracea showed (in most of the test) positive result for Alkaloids, Phenols, Flavanoids, Saponins, Terpenoids, Reducing sugar, Protein, and Amino acid and showed a negative result for Carbohydrate, Glycosides, and Cardiac glycosides. The methanolic extract of the plant leaves revealed the presence of (in most of the test) Alkaloids, Tannins & Phenolic compounds, Flavanoids, Saponins, Terpenoids and Steroids and negative results for the rest. Conclusions: The phytochemical analysis of S. oleraceae revealed the presence of phytochemicals such as, Tannins, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Saponins, and Terpenoids etc. in the different extracts. By the presence of these phytochemicals, we were suggested that S. oleracea is a good nutrient rich leafy vegetable that can be used as a therapeutic and curative medicine for many oxidative stress- induced diseases. Key-words- Phytochemical analysis, Spinacia oleracea, Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Methanolic extract
Terminalia Chebula A Traditional Herbal Drug – A Short Reviewinventionjournals
The usage of medicinal plants used from ancient times to treat various diseases due to its potential medicinal applications. Terminalia chebula is one of the common herbal drugs used in traditional systems in worldwide. The review tries to focus the traditional use of Terminalia chebula as herbal drug and the importance and its impact in the medicinal applications.
Phytochemical Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Andrographispaniculataiosrjce
The Herbal medicine today ensures safety in contrast to the synthetic preparations. Herbs the Nature’s
Physician, have been reported as an important source of medicine for years and years. Using of herbs for
curing diseases dated back to prehistory and people of all continents have this old tradition.Recently, wide
research proposals highlight the property of medico potential from phytalsources. My herb of interest is also the
above said, ofcourseAndrographispaniculata (Acanthaceae) is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of
various ailments, which has been documented in history of all civilizations. The present study is to learn the
phytochemical properties and the antimicrobial activity of the above using disc diffusion method
A review article: antimicrobial and antidiarrheal activity of tinospora cordi...SriramNagarajan16
The objective to the paper emphasizes on the study of various models related to antimicrobial and antidiarrheal
activity of Tinospora cordifolia. The plant also possesses various pharmacological activities including its use as
antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, ant osteoporotic, enhance cognition (learning and memory),
antidiarrheal and immunomodulatory effects. The current works aims to justify the folklore use of the whole plant
of the Tinospora cordifolia for its antidiarrheal and antimicrobial potentiality. Tinospora cordifolia contains
phytochemical constituent such as alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoid, phenolics,
aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides. T. cordifolia is already an import- tent composition of many traditional
Indian medicine formulations, both its purified stem proteins and the derived peptides by enzyme hydrolysis could
be incorporated into food products or nutraceuticals or developed to be a safe and efficient drug for treating
oxidative stress and related disorders. Pretreatment with Tinospora cordifolia extracts provide significant protection
against castor oil and magnesium sulfate‑induced diarrhea, the extracts may presume to have antisecretory and
preventive action towards CCK release
Similar to Phytochemical studies on selected medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre. (20)
Effect of some pre sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germinationresearchplantsciences
Present paper deals with the effect of some pre-sowing treatments on the seed germination of Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. (Sapindaceae). The physical and chemical scarification treatments were given to S. laurifolius seeds in order to test, identify, and recommend suitable pre-sowing treatments. In-depth analysis of data obtained in the present work has proved that, sulphuric acid promotes seed germination in S. laurifolius comparatively within shorter time without affecting growth performance of saplings obtained.
Article Citation:
Vishal R. Kamble, Bazegah K. Sayed and Shrinath P. Kavade.
Effect of some pre-sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germination
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 205-212.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0056.pdf
Preliminary phytochemical studies and evaluation of Antipyretic property of t...researchplantsciences
Purpose-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was claimed to have anti pyretic, analgesic and antimicrobial properties. The people of Idemili area in Anambra State of Nigeria use the decoction of it to treat wounds, running stomach, aches and pains as well as fever. It is to this backdrop that this investigation was carried out to ascertain the veracity of the claim.
Methodology-The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata was collected and dried at ambient temperature. It was pulverized into powder. 500 gm of the powdered drug was placed into a two litre beaker containing one litre of methanol. It was allowed to stand with occasional shaking for 48 h. The content was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated using rotary evaporator. The extract contains the following secondary metabolites-alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, saponins and glycosides. The antipyretic activity was investigated using brewer’s yeast to induce pyrexia.
Result -The root of Ritchiea longipedicellata exhibited significant (p<0.05) antipyretic effect at 600 mg/kg from 1 h to 4 h and at 3 h to 4 h at 300 mg/kg compared with the control.
Conclusion-The claim of Idemili people of Anambra State Nigeria on the use of Ritchiea longipedicellata appears to be obvious in line with the results of the investigation.
Article Citation:
Chinedu Fred Anowi, Ezugwu CO, Ilodigwe EE, Ajaghaku DL.
Preliminary Phytochemical Studies and Evaluation of Antipyretic Property of the Methanol Extract of the Rootbark of Ritchiea longipedicellata Gilg (capparidaceae)
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 192-195.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0048.pdf
A detail karyomorphological study was undertaken in Allium wallichii Kunth. and Allium hookeri Thw. The study included determination of somatic chromosome number, total chromosome length, volume, arm ratio and centromeric position. The karyotypic study of Allium wallichii Kunth. and Allium hookeri Thw. showed that, both of them have somatic chromosome number 2n=16 and 2n=22 respectively. Chromosome classification was done on the basis of the position of the centromere. In case of A. wallichii, the total chromosome length was found to be 150.94 μm while the relative chromosome length varied in between 4.22 μm - 8.19 μm. The arm ratio was varied from 1.00 - 3.06 .In A. wallichii, out of 16 somatic chromosomes, 9 were of metacentric, 6 were of sub-metacentric and 1 was of sub-telocentric type. For A.hookeri, the total chromosome length was found to be 164.05 μm and the relative chromosome length was varied in between 2.59 μm- 6.95 μm; arm ratio also varied from 1.00 - 4.36. Out of 22 somatic chromosomes, 2 chromosomes were of metacentric, 13 were of sub-metacentric and 7 were of sub-telocentric type. No satellite chromosomes were found in any one of the two species. The karyotype formulae deduced for the two species of Allium may be represented as: A. wallichii Kunth.: m9 +sm6 +st1 +t0 = 2n = 16 and A. hookeri Thw.: m2 +sm13 +st7 +t0 = 2n = 22.
Article Citation:
Harinita Toijam, Borah SP, Bhaben Tanti and Borthakur SK.
Karyomorphological studies in two species of Allium L.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 213-221.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0060.pdf
Comparison of some physiological parameters in leaves and stems of wild and c...researchplantsciences
The purpose of this study was to determine total pigment contents (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids), phenolic compounds and carbohydrate contents in leaves and stem of wild and cultivated almonds growing in the Adıyaman Province. Levels of chlorophyll a in leaves and stems of wild almond were found to be higher than cultivated almond. Chlorophyll b was determined to be at approximate levels for both almonds. While carotenoid levels in leaves of wild almond were higher than cultivated one, it was higher in stems of cultivated almond as well. Total phenolics in leaves and stems of wild almond were higher compared to cultivated almond. Total carbohydrate contents were higher in leaves and stems of cultivated almond in comparison with the wild almond.
Article Citation:
Aysel Sivaci
Comparison of some physiological parameters in leaves and stems of wild and cultivated almonds growing in Adiyaman Province/Turkey
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 222-226.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0063.pdf
Bioadsorption is a form of environmental clean-up which involves the use of plant biomass. In the present study, the seedling of Guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub.] were treated with various concentrations of match and plate making industrial effluents (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%). Both the effluents cause stress to the plant. The effluents caused a drastic reduction in morphometric, pigment and other biochemical characters. But same effluents after seaweed treatment have bought about considerable increase in morphometric and biochemical characteristics of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (L.) Taub. Seaweed dry powder used in this study is found to be nullifying the toxicity of the effluents. From this investigation, it is clear that the naturally occurring green macro algae possess an excellent adsorption capacity.
Article Citation:
Selvaraj K, Sevugaperumal R and Ramasubramanian V.
Bioadsorbent: To clean industrial effluents by seaweeds.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(1): 167-176.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0045.pdf
The vascular organization of the node in 12 genera has been investigated. The leaves are unifoliate in Atalantia, Citrus and Paramignya, 3-5 foliate in Aegle, Luvunga, Toddalia and Glycosmis, decompounds in Ruta and imparipinnately compound in other taxa. These are alternate or opposite and exstipulate. The foliar nodes are trilacunar, three-trace in the majority of the plants. It is unilacunar in Atalantia racemosa, Citrus jambhiri, C. maxima and Glycosmis pentaphylla. The results are discussed with respect to the evolutionary conception of node.
Article Citation:
Snehal P. Salunke, Sarala C. Tadavi and Vijay V. Bhadane
Nodal anatomical study of certain members of the Rutaceae.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(1): 177-181.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0053.pdf
The identity and occurrence of primula reidii duthie var. reidii from Shivali...researchplantsciences
Primula reidii var reidii is reported and identified its presence from Shivalik Hill Ranges of Himachal Pradesh. Earlier records pertaining to occurrence & distribution of the species, detailed description and other ecological parameters including its photograph, have been discussed and detailed.
Article Citation:
Subramani SP and Kapoor KS.
The identity and occurrence of Primula reidii Duthie var. reidii
from Shivalik hill ranges, Himachal Pradesh, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 104-108.
Full Text:
http:/www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0022.pdf
Basketry is the traditional occupation of Koragas, one of the most primitive tribes, living along the Kerala-Karnataka border. They make use of a number of plants to weave baskets of different name, size and shape. At present both baskets and their creators are facing the threat of extinction owing to changing socio-economic trends. The paper lists out 29 species of plants used by the Koraga for weaving baskets, which may pave the way for conservation of both plants and the traditional craft.
Article Citation:
Subrahmanya Prasad K and Raveendran K.
Plants used for basketry in Kasaragod District, Kerala.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 153-159.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0038.pdf
Intraspecific variation in Solanum xanthocarpum schard. and wendl.revealed by...researchplantsciences
Inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) analysis was performed in seven accessions of Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. and Wendl. of Assam to evaluate the applicability of this analysis for assessing the intraspecific variation. The value of similarity indices ranged from 0.375 to 0.125. The similarity result indicates the presence of high level of genetic diversity among the accessions of Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. and Wendl. UPGMA cluster analysis revealed clear grouping among the populations. The primers showed abilities in detecting genetic diversity across wild accessions of Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. and Wendl. Thus, ISSR-PCR technology can be used to study genetic variation and genetic relationships in the genus Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. and Wendl.
Article Citation:
Ajoy Kumar Das, Sailendra Prasad Borah.
Intraspecific variation in Solanum xanthocarpum Schard. and Wendl. revealed by ISSR marker.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 146-152.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0035.pdf
Camellia sinensis is the economically most important Camellia species. The genus Camellia belongs to the family Theaceae. This genus accommodates as many 82 species (Sealy, 1958) and over 200 species (Zhijian et al., 1988). The tea plant was originally included in the genus Thea by Linnaeus (1752) hence, Thea sinensis L., the original name of the tea plant has now become camellia sinensis (L) O. Kuntze. As the age of tea bushes from pruning advances, size and weight of harvestable shoots decline due to the reduction in the vascular supply to growing buds. An extreme case of growth retardation is evident in the higher proportion of banji shoots at the plucking table. Also, the upper and knots where many new stems have originated, despite the maintenance of foliage and losses efficiency, lower leaves drop off, leading to uneconomic harvesting (Wilson, 1999). Under continued plucking without pruning or skiffing, the plucking table becomes inconveniently high and growing apices gradually lose vigour. Pruning at this stage becomes necessary by which these irregularities could be remedied. It is an important practice in tea cultivation which involves removal of certain amount of growth of the bush.
From the view of the observed interaction between clones, seedling cultivars pruning height and tipping measures, it is evident that a required specific pruning height and tipping measure is necessary for maximum crop production. However, in South India below 30cm, 45cm, 55cm, 60cm, 65cm and above 65cm pruning heights can be advantageously adopted for the sinensis and assamica cultivars, respectively under four to five years pruning cycles. Analysing the yield at different heights of pruning, suggests that at 55cm it is hard pruning, at 60cm it is medium pruning and at 65cm it is light pruning. Integrated harvesting methods were followed by the trails. Light pruning trail yield is low and banji percentage is high, hard pruning trail yield as well as banji percentage is low, in medium pruning trail banji percentage is low and yield is high.
Article Citation:
Balamurugan T and Nandagopalan V.
Formation, growth and productivity of the tea bush.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 116-123.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0034.pdf
The Medicinally important Convolvulacean members used by the Kattunaikkan Tri...researchplantsciences
A floristic and ethnobotanical studies on the kattunaikan tribe of Wayand district was carried out. The study documented the use of 11 plant species of the family Convolvulaceae by the Kattunaika tribe. The different parts like leaves, stem, fruits, flowers and sometimes the whole plant are used to cure various diseases.
Article Citation:
Joseph MA and Antony VT.
The Medicinally important Convolvulacean members used by the
Kattunaikkan Tribe of Wayand District.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 093-097.
Full Text:
http:/www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0025.pdf
Effect of Sucrose and Benzyl Adenine in the promotion of cut flower vase life...researchplantsciences
Red ginger (Alpinia purpurata Vieill.) is an ornamental perennial herb reaching 2 to 5 m in height and each tiller ending in a showy inflorescence. The main attraction is the brightly coloured red bracts of the inflorescence which has a long vase life. The present experiment was carried out to exploit the long vase life property of these plants to the maximum and thereby add their value in cut flower industry. The effect of various combinations of Sucrose + BA + 8-HQS was studied and appropriate concentrations were standardized.
Article Citation:
Thomas VP, Prabhu Kumar KM, Sabu M, Prasanth AV and Mohanan KV.
Effect of Sucrose and Benzyl Adenine in the promotion of cut flower vase life in
Alpinia purpurata Vieill., a charming ornamental ginger.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 089-092.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0030.pdf
Effects of stimulated Ultraviolet Radiation on the growth of Maize Seedlingsresearchplantsciences
The effects of ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B radiation on the growth of maize seedlings have been studied under controlled conditions. Maize (Zea mays) seeds were planted and exposed to ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B radiation for 0-10 hours. The results showed a decrease in the concentration of chlorophyll a and b for both ultraviolet A and B as time of exposure increases. There is also a decrease in the height, diameter of stem, and number of leaves in the seedlings exposed to UV-A and UV-B with the increase in the time of exposure. The decrease in chlorophyll a and b concentrations was more pronounced in plants exposed to UV-B. The study indicates that UV radiation pose a serious threat to plants and this might lead to significant loss of production or reduced quality of products in agricultural sectors.
Article Citation:
Marius Hedimbi, Natalia Naikaku and Shyam Singh.
Effects of stimulated Ultraviolet Radiation on the growth of Maize Seedlings.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(2): 098-103.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0020.pdf
Copper is an essential metal for normal plant growth and development, although it is also potentially toxic. Copper participates in numerous physiological processes and is an essential cofactor for many metalloproteins, however, problems arise when excess copper is present in cells. Excess copper inhibits plant growth and impairs important cellular processes (i.e., photosynthetic electron transport).The mechanisms involved in the acquisition of this essential micronutrient have not been clearly defined although a number of genes have recently been identified which encode potential copper transporters. The present investigation is an attempt to understand of the copper toxicity and tolerance in rice cultivars, and to compare the ten rice cultivars of Karimganj district of Assam. Copper caused growth reduction in rice and among the screened cultivars Amu Sali seems to be a copper sensitive cultivar.
Article Citation:
Upadhyaya H, Bhattacharjee MK, Deboshree Roy, Soumitra Shome.
Toxic effect of copper on ten rice cultivars.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 038-044.
Full Text:
http://www.plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0011.pdf
The study has been designed with the objective to examine the methanol extracts of eight medicinal plants belonging to the family Lamiaceae. Fresh matured leaves were collected; shade dried and aqueous-extracted to screen the active chemical constituents. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of these plants confirm the presence of various phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, steroids and phenolic compounds in their aqueous leaf extracts. Quantitative analysis was carried out using TLC scanning method, a combination of Petroleum ether, Methanol and Benzene in the ratio of 8:1:1.5 respectively was employed as the mobile phase. The TLC chromatograms constituted different coloured phytochemical compounds with different Rf values. It can be conveniently used to evaluate the quality of different area samples. Present paper deals with the significance of these phytochemicals with respect to the role of these plants in traditional medicinal system.
Article Citation:
John De Britto A, Steena Roshan Sebastian and Mary Sujin R.
Phytochemical analysis of eight medicinal plants of Lamiaceae.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 001-006.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0001.pdf
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu - A pote...researchplantsciences
The dry deciduous forests of Maruthamalai, part of Western Ghats, Coimbatore district, Tamilnadu hold rich number of 201 species belonging to 153 genera of 51 families. The families Poaceae, Fabaceae, Mimosaceae and Euphorbiaceae have contributed high number of species 19, 18, 13, 12 respectively to the community. In the floristic list, a high number of 165 species (82.5%) is recognized as economically important also. Based on the importance value index secured, it is determined that the species like Acacia tora, Albizzia amara, A. lebbeck, Azadirachta indica, Chromolaena odorata, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Euphorbia antiquorum, Fluggea leucopyrus, Pterolobium indicum and Zizyphus oenoplia are considered to be ecologically important and established well in the low hills of Maruthamalai (450m above m.s.l.). In higher altitudes at 750m above msl, the species like Albizzia amara, Azadirachta indica, Chloroxylon swietenia, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Holoptelea integrifolia have secured higher importance value index and established well in the habitats. At 950m above m.s.l., the vegetation has been occupied predominantly by the species like Acacia torta, Albizzia amara, Commiphora caudata, Erythroxylon monogynum, Fluggea leucopyrus and Syzigium cumini as they derived higher importance value index. Among the 165 medicinal plants, 37 species (22%) where present in all the three plots located at different altitudes. Despite the variation in species composition and ecological importance at all levels of altitudes throughout the Maruthamalai hills, the habitat conditions are favourable for the growth of plants of higher secondary metabolites of medicinal importance. Hence wastelands available in Maruthamalai hills may be suggested for the cultivation of native medicinal and other economically important plants.
Article Citation:
Paulsamy S.
Maruthamalai hills of Western Ghats, Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu –
A potential ecosystem for medicinal plants.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 012-026.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0005.pdf
Ipomoea capitellata var. multilobata (Convolvulaceae) – A new variety from Ja...researchplantsciences
Ipomoea capitellata choisy var. multilobata Bhellum var. nov. collected from Jammu and Kashmir, India is described and illustrated.
Article Citation:
Bhellum BL.
Ipomoea capitellata var. multilobata (Convolvulaceae) – A new variety from Jammu and Kashmir State, India.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(1): 060-062.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0017.pdf
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic l...researchplantsciences
A provenance trial of Entada pursaetha containing five provenances from Eastern ghats were used for this study. Individual seed characteristics varied among provenances and highest was recorded in Talakona and lowest in Kolli hills. Cent percent emergence was recorded with high seedling vigour in the seeds of Talakona. Inter-correlation studies revealed a strong positive correlation between emergence and seed length, maximum seed width, and seed weight, while minimum seed width showed weak correlation. Araku valley and Kolli hills exhibited close proximity, while the genetic distance between Talakona and Rollapenta was the highest. There was no influence of environment on the seed characters.Maximum and minimum seed width exhibited higher values of heritability.
Article Citation:
Sai Vishnu Priya K, Srinivasa Rao JV
Influence of provenance in seed and emergence characteristics of a gigantic liana- Entada pursaetha DC.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2011) 1(1): 032-037.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0006.pdf
In vitro organogenesis protocol for Rauvolfia serpentina - an endangered medi...researchplantsciences
Rauvolfia serpentina commonly known as sarpagandha is a pharmacologically important medicinal plant containing numerous alkaloids with antibacterial, antidysentric and antidotal properties. The present study reports an efficient in vitro regeneration protocol by using nodal explants for this species. The sterilization technique was first standardized using ethyl alcohol, mercuric chloride and sodium hypochlorite with hot water and without hot water treatment. 100% aseptic culture was obtained when the explants were treated with hot water (at 500 C for 10 minutes) and 0.1% mercuric chloride. The aseptic cultures were inoculated in to culture medium with different concentrations of growth regulators. Higher explants response (78.33%) and higher multiple shoot formation from Rauvolfia serpentina nodal explants was observed in the medium supplemented with BAP (1mg/l) + KIN (1mg/l) + GA3 (0.5mg/l).
Article Citation:
Singh K and Dash M.
In vitro organogenesis protocol for Rauvolfia serpentina - an endangered medicinal plant.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1(1): 083-088.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0028.pdf
In vitro organogenesis protocol for Rauvolfia serpentina - an endangered medi...
Phytochemical studies on selected medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre.
1. Phytochemical studies on selected medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre.
Keywords:
Phytochemical, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, TLC, Physicochemical
analysis, Fluorescent analysis.
This article is governed by the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/2.0), which gives permission for unrestricted use, non-commercial, distribution, and
reproduction in all medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Dates:
Received: 06 Apr 2012 Accepted: 19 Apr 2012 Published: 21 May 2012
Article Citation:
Gnana Sangeetha D and Jegadeesan M.
Phytochemical studies on selected medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1: 077-082
Original Research
JournalofResearchinPlantSciences
Authors:
Gnana Sangeetha D1
.
and Jegadeesan M2
.
Institution:
1. Department of Chemistry,
PSNA College of
Engineering and Technology,
Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India
2. Department of
Environmental and Herbal
Sciences, Tamil University,
Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu,
India.
Corresponding author:
Gnana Sangeetha D.
Web Address:
http://plantsciences.info/
documents/PS0027.pdf.
Journal of Research in
Plant Sciences
An International Scientific
Research Journal
077-082 | JRPS | 2012 | Vol 1 | No 1
www.plantsciences.info
ABSTRACT:
Gymnema sylvestre R. (Br).(Asclepiadaceae) is a common medicinal plant
available in Tamil Nadu is a woody, climbing plant that grows in the tropical forest of
central and Southern India. It also happens to be a first-rate warrior against diabetes.
The plant is called Gud-mar (Gud-Jaggery, mar-kills) in India and well known for
masking sweet taste. It is reported to be effective against many chronic diseases is
screened for its phytochemical content, microbial activity and anti-inflammatory
activity. Extracts (Alcoholic, aqueous, acetone and hexane) from the plant is prepared
and analyzed. Qualitative phytochemical tests are done to detect the presence of
Carbohydrate, Alkaloid, Tannins, Phenols, Saponins, Fixed oils, Gums and Mucilage.
Quantitative methods like phytochemical analysis, gravimetric estimation, RBC
membrane stabilization and TLC profiles are used to determine the active principle
Gymnemic acid, anti-inflammatory activity and antimicrobial activity. The results
showed that the leaf extracts studied contain the bio active compounds phenols,
alkaloids, tannins, saponins and Gymnemic acid. Water extract of normal var. had
positive reaction for carbohydrate (Molisch reagent) hairy var. leaves had negative
reaction. The presence of active phytochemical substances with antimicrobial and anti
-inflammatory activities may provide substantial basis for the use of this plant in
ethno medicine.
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences An International Scientific Research Journal
2. INTRODUCTION:
India has been the rich source of plant based
drugs. Most of the Indian populations especially in rural
areas use traditional medicines only. On realizing the fact
that herbal medicine has no side effect (Bhandari and
Grover 1998, Shetty and Sunderasan, 1997) and many
more herbal medicines are reported to be effective
against many chronic disease for which there were no
allopathic drugs, production of herbal based medicine
has increased tremendously throughout the world. In
modern India extracts of Gymnema leaves are used
successfully, either alone or in combination with other
Ayurvedic compounds as a remedy against diabetes
mellitus. The term “Destroyer of sugar” is tradionally
used for Gymnema because chewing the leaves will
abolish the taste of sweetness. That is sweet food no
longer tasted sweet, but rather became almost completely
tasteless. The medicinally active parts of the plant are the
leaves and roots. Gymnema sylvestre is an Indian
medicinal plant used for diabetes in folk medicine,
Siddha and Ayurveda. Modern scientific studies also
proved its efficacy against the disease (Gent et al., 1999).
Gymnema sylvestre leaf extracts decreased the blood
sugar level in varying degrees. Blood sugar lowering unit
(BLU) of activity of each leaf extract
(Chatopadhyay;1999).Amrycard composed of Gymnema
sylvestre was tried in 20 patients of diabetes for three
weeks.Dose was determined on the basis of condition of
patients as 3 caps to insulin dependend case,2caps for
moderate case and 1 cap to mild diabetic case.It is
concluded that the drug provides a total beneficial
therepy in all type of diabetes and tends to increase
insulin secretion from islets of pancreas.(Bhagwan
singh;1997) Gymnema sylvestre is a liane.Two varities
exist in this species;one with normal and the other with
hairy leaf.Leaf in normal variety is lanceolate to ovate
apex acute and base truncate, less pubescent on both
sides.The hairy variant is ovate to cordate in shape, apex
acute and base cordate. With the above background the
present study investigates the pharmacological,
phytochemical properties and anti-inflammatory,
antimicrobial activities of the leaves of normal and hairy
variants of the medicinal plant Gymnema sylvestre.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Collection of plant material and identification:
The plant specimen Gymnema sylvestre were
collected from herbal garden, Tamil University,
Tanjavur. Collected plants were carefully examined and
identified with the help of Local Floras. Identities of
specimens are further confirmed with reference to
herbarium sheets at Rapinath Herbarium,
Trichy.Voucher specimen were deposited at Tamil
University, Herbarium.
Extraction:
The leaves of Variants Gymnema sylvestre are
shade dried and mechanically powdered after keeping it
in an oven at 40˚C for 24 hours. These powdered
materials are used for further physiochemical,
phytochemical and fluorescent analysis.
Preliminary phytochemical analysis:
Preliminary phytochemical analysis is done using
the procedures of Kokate (1994), (Balakumar etal; 1998).
Alkaloids, Carbohydrate, Tannins, Phenols, and
Saponins, Fixed oils, gums, mucilage and fats were
quantitatively analyzed. The intensity of the coloration
determines the abundance of the compound present.
Antimicrobial studies:
The aqueous extract of leaves Variants of
Gymnema sylvestre (Alagesaboopathi C. 2011) is used
throughout the study. The aqueous extract 10%, 20% and
40% are tested against different bacterial pathogens
(Microbial Type Culture Collection-MTCC) such as
Staphylococcus epidermis (MTCC-435), Klebsiella
pneumonia (MTCC-2653), Serratia marcens (MTCC-
2645), and Citrobacter diversus for its antimicrobial
activity. It was demonstrated by well diffusion assay.
Sangeetha and Jegadeesan, 2012
078 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1: 077-082
3. Physicochemical analysis:
Leaves of Gymnema sylvestre are analyzed for
ash value, loss on drying, extractive values, solubility
etc...In different solvents and extracts, using the
procedures recommended in Indian pharmacopoeia
(Anonymous, 1996; 1985; 1966). The colour of the leaf
powder of normal variety is dark green and that of hairy
variant is light green.
Fluorescent analysis: Fluorescent analyses of
leaves of Variants of Gymnema sylvestre in different
chemical reagents were analyzed using both Visible and
UV light.
TLC Profiles:
For TLC separation the alcoholic extracts of
leaves of Variants of selected medicinal plant Gymnema
sylvestre is spotted on silica gel-G coated plates.BAW,
Water, Ferosal and 60%Acetic acid was used as mobile
phase. Equal proportion of iodine chamber was used as
detecting reagent.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Physiochemical Analysis:
Physiochemical values of leaf of normal, hairy
var. and stored leaf are given in Table 5. It is interesting
to note that all the physiochemical values of normal leaf
and stored leaf differ greatly the values are also differ
between leaves of normal and hairy var. Total ash
content value of hairy var. is grater than that of normal
var. and among normal var. total ash content of fresh
leaves is less (13.7%) than stored leaves. Acid insoluble
ash value for normal var. is less (0.36%) than that for
hairy leaf (0.65%) in normal variant stored leaf
registered more acid insoluble ash value (0.41%). Water
soluble ash content of normal var. was far grater
(39.82%) than that of hairy var. (27.09%) and this value
in stored leaf was also lower than fresh leaves. Sulphated
ash value of normal var. was less (10.43%) when
compare to hairy var. (11.26%) and stored leaf (15.48%).
Normal var. had lower loss on drying. Solubility of leaf
of normal var. is more (29.96%) than that of hairy var.
(20.16%) and stored leaf (28.74%). Extractive value %
of normal var. is more (32.34%) compared to hairy and
stored leaf.
Qualitative phytochemical Analysis:
Leaf extract of Gymnema var. in water and
alcohol positively for all the phytochemical compounds
(Table 1). Though both water and alcohol extracts of
normal and hairy var. had similar phytochemical
Sangeetha and Jegadeesan, 2012
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1: 077-082 079
Table -1 Prelimnary phytochemical analysis of gymnema sylvestre
S. No.
Compound
Tested
Reagent
Water Alcohol
Normal
Normal
(stored)
Hairy Normal
Normal
(stored)
Hairy
1 Carbohydrate
Fehling’s - - - - - -
Molish ++ ++ - + ++ ++
2 Alkaloid
Picric +++ +++ ++ ++ +++ +++
Mayer ++ ++ + + ++ ++
Wagner’s +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ -
3 Tannis & Phenols
Fecl3 +++ +++ ++ ++ - -
Gelatin + + ++ ++ ++ ++
Lead acetate +++ +++ +++ +++ ++ -
4 Saponin Foam +++ +++ +++ ++ +++ +++
5 Gum & Mucilage - ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++
6 Fixed & Oils - + - + ++ ++ ++
(+++) - Appreciable Amount
(++) - Moderate
(+) - Small Amount
(-) - Completely Absent
4. constituents, some diagnostic characteristics were noted.
Water extract of normal var. had positive reaction for
carbohydrate (Molish reagent) hairy var. leaves had
negative reaction. Alcohol extracts of normal, stored and
hairy leaves answered positive for carbohydrates. It is to
be noted that water and alcohol extracts of the three leaf
samples had not answered for Fehling’s reagent
indicating absences of reducing sugar. It was also
observed that stored leaf had not answered for oil and fat.
Anti Inflammatory:
The in-vitro anti-inflammatory study (RBC
membrane stabilization) using different concentrations
(10, 25, 50, 75, 100 & 200 µg/ml) of Gymnema aqueous
extracts was carried out. It was found that leaf extract of
normal var. at a concentration of 200 µg/ml showed
membrane stabilization activity with maximum activity
200 µg/ml concentrations (Graph 1&2). It was found that
leaf extract of hairy var. also showed membrane
stabilization activity concentration 200 µg/ml.
Antimicrobial activity:
Water extract of G. sylvestre normal and hairy
var. were screened for antibacterial and antifungal
activity against Staphylococcus epidermis, Klebsiella
pneumonia, Serratia marcens, Citrobacter diversus,
Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus (Table 2).
Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts of both
variants revealed that all concentration inhibited growth
of S.epidermis with increase in zone of inhibitions with
increasing concentration. Leaf extract of normal
G.sylvestre had inhibitory activity against K.pneumonia
and A.niger whereas that of hairy var. had no activity
against these organisms. Both variant had activity against
S.marcens whereas hairy var. had inhibitory action
against C.diversus and A.flavus. Normal var. had no
activity.
TLC Studies:
Rf values of aqueous extracts of G. sylvestre leaf
(normal, hairy and stored) were determined on TLC
(Table 4). On TLC when 60% acetic acid was used as
mobile phase, all the three leaf samples had only one
spot Rf value 0.95. In BAW solvent phase, the normal
variant had two spots with Rf values 0.18 and 0.88.
Hairy var. had two spots with Rf values at 0.18 and 0.53.
Stored leaf had only spot corresponding with Rf value
0.16. TLC profile using Ferosal as mobile phase gave a
single spot with Rf value 0.74 for normal leaf, two spots
at Rf values 0.74 and 0.81 for hairy var. and two spots at
0.74 and 0.83 for stored leaf. In water, normal leaf, hairy
leaf and stored leaf exhibited only one spot with Rf value
0.79. Thus the three leaf samples of G.sylvestre had
distinguished.TLC profiles in the four mobile phase
used. Thus the three leaf samples had different profiles,
though they had common spots with similar Rf values.
Thus, as 60% acetic acid as solvent base, all the leaf
samples had only one spot with Rf value 0.95. In BAW,
the entire sample had a band at Rf 0.18. In Ferosal at Rf
0.74 all samples had spot. And in water, all the samples
had only one spot with Rf value at 0.79. This indicates
that while similar biological active compounds are
present in all the samples they differ by either presence
or absence of additional compounds.
Sangeetha and Jegadeesan, 2012
080 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1: 077-082
Table -2 Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extracts of gymnema sylvestre
S. No Organism
Zone of Inhibition (cm)
Concentration
10% 20% 30%
Normal Hairy Normal Hairy Normal Hairy
1 Staphylococcus epidermis 1.3 0.7 1.5 2.7 2.7 3.0
2 Klebsiella pneumonia 1.0 Nil 1.1 Nil 1.4 Nil
3 Serratia marcesens 1.0 0.9 1.1 1.9 2.1 1.5
4 Citrobactor diversus Nil 0.6 Nil 1.4 Nil 1.7
5 Aspergillus niger 1.4 Nil 2.0 0.8 2.2 1.1
6 Aspergillus flavus Nil 1.2 Nil 1.8 Nil 1.9
5. Leaves of normal and hairy variants of
Gymnema sylvestre varieties in water and alcohol had
answered positively for all the phytochemical
compounds (Table-1).
Anti-microbial activity (Table-2) of water
extracts of normal and hairy varieties of G.sylvestre was
screened. Both varieties had shown dosage dependent
inhibitory activity against S.epidermis .Normal varieties
had activity against K.pneumoniae,A.niger while hairy
variant had no activity. Hairy variant had action against
C.diversus and A.flavus. Thus two variants of
G.sylvestre have similar and dissimilar antimicrobial
activity against specific organisms.
Physicochemical, organoleptic, quantitative,
microscopical analysis of two varieties of G.sylvestre
revealed both similar and dissimilar characters which can
be used for diagnostic purpose.
Fluorescent analyses of leaf powder of normal
and hairy varities of G.sylvestre in different chemical
reagents. (Table-3) showed no major distinguishing
features for both Visible and UV light. This indicates
that both varieties have similar chemical constituents
Water extract of normal and hairy varieties
exhibited RBC membrane stabilizing activity (Siddiqui,
2000) at 200µg/ml concentration. Thus both varieties
have anti-inflammatory activity (Graph-1&2).
Sangeetha and Jegadeesan, 2012
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1: 077-082 081
Table -3 Fluorescent analysis of dried leaf powder of gymnema sylvestre
S. No Powder + Reagent
Normal Var. Hairy Var.
Visible UV Visible UV
1 Powder Light Green Light Green Light Green Light Green
2 P + IN HCL Dark Green Dark Green Dark Green Dark Green
3 P + H2SO4 Dark Brown Dark Brown Dark Brown Dark Brown
4 P + HNO3 Yellow Light Yellow Yellow Dark Yellow
5 P + NH4OH Dark Green Dark Green Dark Green Dark Green
6 P+Picric Acid Light Green Light Green Light Green Light Green
7 P+Iodine Light Brown Dark Brown Brown Brown
8 P+FeCl3 Black Brown Black Brown
Table -4 Rƒ values of aqueous extract of gymnema sylvestre leaf
Mobile Phase
Rƒ Value of Gymnema Sylvestre
Normal Hairy Normal (Stored)
Spot-I Spot-II Spot-I Spot-II Spot-I Spot-II
Acetic Acid 0.95 - 0.95 - 0.95 -
BAW 0.18 0.88 0.18 0.53 0.18 -
Ferosal 0.74 - 0.74 0.81 0.74 0.83
Water 0.79 - 0.79 - 0.79 -
Graph 1: Effect of aqueous extract of Gymnema
Sylvestre (Normal) on RBC Lysis
ODAT560mm
Graph 2: Effect of aqueous extract of Gymnema
Sylvestre (Hairy) on RBC lysis
ODAT560mm
6. Sangeetha and Jegadeesan, 2012
082 Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2012) 1: 077-082
TLC profiles of aqueous extracts (Table-4) of
normal, hairy and stored leaves samples of G. sylvestre
revealed diagnostic features. All the three leaf samples
developed only one spot in acetic acid and water,
whereas in BAW and ferosol three samples developed
different bands with different Rƒ values. The TLC study
is a further proof that these two variants are
phytochemically different.
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S.No Parameter Normal
Normal
(Stored)
Hairy
1. Total Ash 13.71 15.50 17.88
2.
Acid-insoluble
Ash
0.36 0.41 0.65
3.
Water-soluble
Ash
39.82 18.00 27.09
4. Sulphate Ash 10.43 15.48 11.26
5.
Loss on
Drying
3.23 - 4.44
6.
Solubility
Water 29.96 28.74 20.16
Alcohol 10.26 36.02 22.52
7.
Extractive
Value Water
32.34 26.62 22.89
8.
Gymnemic
Acid
2.75 3.7 3.75
Table-5 Physiochemical Values (Precentage) of
Leaf Powder Gymnema Sylvestre
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