Mitochondria
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Mitochondria are organelles found in the cells of eukaryotic organisms that generate energy through cellular respiration. They have their own DNA and are passed down solely from the mother. Mitochondria play a key role in apoptosis, the programmed cell death in multicellular organisms.
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Miitochondria_Juken
Mitochondria are organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that are known as the "powerhouses of the cell". They produce energy through oxidative phosphorylation to fuel cellular processes. Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes and are thought to have originated from ancient bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells in a endosymbiotic relationship. The inner mitochondrial membrane is folded into cristae to increase surface area for ATP production. Mitochondria are semi-autonomous and can replicate themselves to meet cellular energy demands.
Biomembranes
Biological membranes are thin, flexible surfaces that separate cells and organelles from their environments. They are made up of proteins, lipids like phospholipids and glycolipids, and carbohydrates. Phospholipids are the major lipid component, consisting of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form the fluid lipid bilayer structure of the membrane. Membrane proteins can be integral and span the membrane or peripheral and attach to its surface. They perform many functions including transport, cell signaling, and anchoring the cytoskeleton. Together, the components of the membrane give it key properties such as selective permeability and fluidity to control what enters and exits the cell while protecting it.
Structure of Prokaryotic Cell
1. Prokaryotic cells have three main structural components - appendages, cell envelope, and cytoplasm. Appendages include flagella, pili, and fimbriae which allow movement and attachment.
2. The cell envelope is composed of the cell wall and cell membrane. The cell wall provides shape and protection, and its structure differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
3. The cytoplasm contains ribosomes, the nucleoid, and various inclusions like storage granules. Some bacteria also contain structures like magnetosomes or endospores.
Bacterial cytology cell inclusions
This document discusses various types of cell inclusions found in prokaryotic cells, including gas vesicles, carboxysomes, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules, metachromatic granules, glycogen bodies, starch granules, magnetosomes, sulfur granules, and chlorosomes. It describes the structure, function, and organisms where each type of inclusion is found. For example, it notes that gas vesicles allow planktonic bacteria to float and position themselves, while carboxysomes concentrate carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and PHB granules store carbon and energy.
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Nucleus
Presentation include Nucleus and its components like nuclear envelope, nucleolus, chromatin fibers, ultra structure of nucleus and its general functions.
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Mitochondria
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are considered the powerhouses of the cell. They contain their own DNA and machinery for transcription and translation. Evidence suggests that mitochondria originated from bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells in an endosymbiotic event. Mitochondria have similarities to bacteria in terms of size, membrane structure, ribosomes, and DNA shape. They produce energy for the cell through oxidative phosphorylation and are involved in processes like apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to disease by failing to produce sufficient energy for cellular functions.
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Miitochondria_Juken
Mitochondria are organelles found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells that are known as the "powerhouses of the cell". They produce energy through oxidative phosphorylation to fuel cellular processes. Mitochondria have their own DNA and ribosomes and are thought to have originated from ancient bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells in a endosymbiotic relationship. The inner mitochondrial membrane is folded into cristae to increase surface area for ATP production. Mitochondria are semi-autonomous and can replicate themselves to meet cellular energy demands.
Biomembranes
Biological membranes are thin, flexible surfaces that separate cells and organelles from their environments. They are made up of proteins, lipids like phospholipids and glycolipids, and carbohydrates. Phospholipids are the major lipid component, consisting of a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails, allowing them to form the fluid lipid bilayer structure of the membrane. Membrane proteins can be integral and span the membrane or peripheral and attach to its surface. They perform many functions including transport, cell signaling, and anchoring the cytoskeleton. Together, the components of the membrane give it key properties such as selective permeability and fluidity to control what enters and exits the cell while protecting it.
Structure of Prokaryotic Cell
1. Prokaryotic cells have three main structural components - appendages, cell envelope, and cytoplasm. Appendages include flagella, pili, and fimbriae which allow movement and attachment.
2. The cell envelope is composed of the cell wall and cell membrane. The cell wall provides shape and protection, and its structure differs between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
3. The cytoplasm contains ribosomes, the nucleoid, and various inclusions like storage granules. Some bacteria also contain structures like magnetosomes or endospores.
Bacterial cytology cell inclusions
This document discusses various types of cell inclusions found in prokaryotic cells, including gas vesicles, carboxysomes, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) granules, metachromatic granules, glycogen bodies, starch granules, magnetosomes, sulfur granules, and chlorosomes. It describes the structure, function, and organisms where each type of inclusion is found. For example, it notes that gas vesicles allow planktonic bacteria to float and position themselves, while carboxysomes concentrate carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and PHB granules store carbon and energy.
Intermediate filaments
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Eukaryotic cell wall
The document summarizes the structure and composition of eukaryotic cell walls. It discusses the key components of plant cell walls including cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and lignin. It describes the layers of the plant cell wall - the middle lamella, primary wall, and secondary wall. The secondary wall may have three layers and is thicker than the primary wall. It provides structure and protection to the plant cell.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles found in eukaryotic cells that are considered the powerhouses of the cell. They contain their own DNA and machinery for transcription and translation. Evidence suggests that mitochondria originated from bacteria that were engulfed by early eukaryotic cells in an endosymbiotic event. Mitochondria have similarities to bacteria in terms of size, membrane structure, ribosomes, and DNA shape. They produce energy for the cell through oxidative phosphorylation and are involved in processes like apoptosis. Mitochondrial dysfunction can lead to disease by failing to produce sufficient energy for cellular functions.
Cell motility cilia and flagella
Cilia and flagella are hair-like organelles that project from the surface of eukaryotic cells. They are composed of microtubules arranged in a 9+2 pattern and powered by dynein motor proteins. Cilia are usually shorter and more numerous, while flagella are longer and occur singly or in pairs. Cilia create currents for functions like moving mucus and debris in the lungs. Flagella propel sperm and protists through fluid. Both undergo intracellular transport to assemble and are shed and regrown from basal bodies that anchor them.
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The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm. It provides structure and organization to the cell, determining shape and positioning organelles. The three main types of filaments are actin filaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules. Actin filaments are the thinnest filaments and form structures like filopodia, lamellipodia, and stress fibers. Microtubules are hollow cylinders composed of tubulin dimers and originate from the centrosome. They are involved in processes like cell division, organelle transport, and motility. Cilia and flagella project from the cell surface and use microtubule motors for movement.
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Discovery
Distribution
Origin
Shape
Chemical composition
Structure
Common functions
Cell specific functions
Proteoglycans are assembled in G A
Lpid metabolism in G A
Protein sorting
Vesicular Tubular Clusters (VTCs)
Only properly folded and assembled protein can leave ER
Proteins leave ER in COPII coated transport vesicles
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“oxidative phosphorylation”.
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2. Mitochondria contain their own circular DNA and ribosomes. They are the powerhouses of the cell and only inherited maternally.
3. Mitochondria have many functions including ATP production, generating reactive oxygen species, programmed cell death, cellular proliferation, and heat production. They also play roles in various metabolic processes.
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It includes composition of membranes (fluid mosaic model)
where these membranes are present?
what functions membranes perform?
Cell inclusions
This document discusses different types of cell inclusions found in prokaryotic cells, which are reserve deposits that accumulate nutrients when plentiful and use them when the environment is deficient. The main types discussed are metachromatic granules, which contain inorganic phosphate; polysaccharide granules containing glycogen and starch; lipid inclusions containing polymers like PHB; sulfur granules in sulfur-oxidizing bacteria; and carboxysomes containing the enzyme RuBisCO for carbon fixation in photosynthetic bacteria. Cell inclusions can be identified through staining and serve important metabolic functions for nutrient storage.
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Mitochondria are found in eukaryotic cells and are known as the powerhouses of the cell. They have a double membrane structure, with an outer membrane that is permeable and an inner membrane that folds inwards in cristae formations. In the cristae are found F1 particles or oxysomes that are involved in oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis. The number of mitochondria in a cell depends on the activity level of the cell. Mitochondria perform important functions such as ATP production through the Krebs cycle, electron transport, and duplication.
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The Power point presentation consists of 77 slides including following heads
Introduction
Discovery
Distribution
Origin
Shape
Chemical composition
Structure
Common functions
Cell specific functions
Proteoglycans are assembled in G A
Lpid metabolism in G A
Protein sorting
Vesicular Tubular Clusters (VTCs)
Only properly folded and assembled protein can leave ER
Proteins leave ER in COPII coated transport vesicles
summary
questions
References
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Secondary lymphoid organs include lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, appendix, Peyer's patches, and other mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT). They trap antigens and mount immune responses by activating B and T cells. Lymph nodes contain cortex, paracortex, and medulla regions and filter lymph. The spleen filters blood and contains red pulp and white pulp. MALT includes tissues like Peyer's patches in the intestine and tonsils, which protect mucosal surfaces from pathogens.
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Role of cytoskeleton & molecular motors
Differentiate the three types of cytoskeletal elements
Drugs acting on cytoskeletal elements and their uses
Pathological basis of disorders associated with cytoskeletal elements
Interaction between cytoskeleton and molecular motor proteins
Endoplasmic reticulum
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Structure of Plasma membrane
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