This document discusses different types of research misconduct including fabrication and falsification, plagiarism, and illegitimate authorship. Fabrication and falsification involve intentionally manipulating or inventing data, while plagiarism refers to presenting someone else's work as your own without citation. Illegitimate authorship means improperly including or excluding authors. All of these undermine scientific integrity and can have serious consequences like retractions, loss of funding, or legal action. The presentation aims to raise awareness of these issues and strategies for prevention.
In academia, the pressure to publish is high and the competition intense. This can lead authors to follow unethical publication practices, such as salami slicing, duplicate publication, and simultaneous submission. This slide deck explains these malpractices and shares tips on how authors can avoid them.
Predatory Publications and Software Tools for IdentificationSaptarshi Ghosh
Journals that publish work without proper peer review and which charge scholars sometimes huge fees to submit should not be allowed to share space with legitimate journals and publishers, whether open access or not. These journals and publishers cheapen intellectual work by misleading scholars, preying particularly early career researchers trying to gain an edge. The credibility of scholars duped into publishing in these journals can be seriously damaged by doing so. It is important that as a scholarly community we help to protect each other from being taken advantage of in this way.
This is a presentation I gave to the Research Coordinators in the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan (04.03.2015).
It included the following topics:
• Overview on the Knowledge Management Cycle and how research fits in it
• Brief historical background on research ethics
• What makes research ethical?
• Definition and examples of scientific misconduct
• How to make your research ethical and avoid scientific misconduct?
One of the most important research ethical issues that should be taken into consideration is “scientific misconduct” such as fabrication, falsification and plagiarism. Plagiarism can occur at any stage of the research activities such as reporting, communicating, authoring, and peer review. The purpose of this workshop is to engage researchers in their responsibility to conduct an ethical research.
Redundant, Duplicate and Repetitive publications are the most important concerns in the scientific research/literature writing. The occurrence of redundancy affects the concepts of science/literature and carries with it sanctions of consequences. To define this issue is much challenging because of the many varieties in which one can slice, reformat, or reproduce material from an already published study. This issue also goes beyond the duplication of a single study because it might possible that the same or similar data can be published in the early, middle, and later stages of an on-going study. This may have a damaging impact on the scientific study/literature base. Similar to slicing a cake, there are so many ways of representing a study or a set of data/information. We can slice a cake into different shapes like squares, triangles, rounds, or layers. Which of these might be the best way to slice a cake? Unfortunately, this may be the wrong question. The point is that the cake that is being referred to, the data/ information set or the study/findings, should not be sliced at all. Instead, the study should be presented as a whole to the readership to ensure the integrity of science/technology because of the impact that may have on patients who will be affected by the information contained in the literature/findings. Redundant, duplicate, or repetitive publications occur when there is representation of two or more studies, data sets, or publications in either electronic or print media. The publications can overlap partially or completely, such that a similar portion, major component(s), or complete representation of a previously/simultaneous ly or future published study is duplicated.
SALAMI SLICING: The slicing of research publication that would form one meaningful paper into several different papers is known as salami publication or salami slicing. Unlike duplicate publication, which involves reporting the exact same data in two or more publications, salami slicing involves breaking up or segmenting a large study into two or more publications. These segments are called slices of a study. As a general rule, as long as the slices of a broken-up study share the same hypotheses, population, and methods, this is not acceptable in general practice. The same slice should never be published more than once at all. According to the United States Office of Research Integrity (USORI), salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature/findings by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each salami slice (journal article) is derived from a different subject sample/source. Somehow this practice not only skews the scientific database but it creates repetition to waste reader's time as well as the time of editors and peer reviewers, who must also handle each paper separately.
Through the course of your research, right until you get your your paper published, there will be several individuals who have contributed to your research project in different ways. However, not all of these individuals can be considered as authors of your paper. So who qualifies as an author on your manuscript?
This slide deck will clarify who is an author, who does not qualify as an author of your paper and also three unethical authorship-related practices that you must avoid.
Ethical research and publication practices are essential for honest scholarly and scientific research. Most journals today are keenly aware of this: they publish policies on these issues and expect authors to “be aware of, and comply with, best practice in publication ethics”.This article discusses two widespread and related publishing practices that are considered unethical—duplicate publication and simultaneous submission. It draws on definitive international publication ethics guidelines.
Selective Reporting and Misrepresentation of DataSaptarshi Ghosh
Research integrity means conducting research according to the highest professional and ethical standards, so that the results are trustworthy.
It concerns the behavior of researchers at all stages of the research life-cycle, including declaring competing interests; data collection and data management; using appropriate methodology; drawing conclusions from results; and writing up research findings.
In academia, the pressure to publish is high and the competition intense. This can lead authors to follow unethical publication practices, such as salami slicing, duplicate publication, and simultaneous submission. This slide deck explains these malpractices and shares tips on how authors can avoid them.
Predatory Publications and Software Tools for IdentificationSaptarshi Ghosh
Journals that publish work without proper peer review and which charge scholars sometimes huge fees to submit should not be allowed to share space with legitimate journals and publishers, whether open access or not. These journals and publishers cheapen intellectual work by misleading scholars, preying particularly early career researchers trying to gain an edge. The credibility of scholars duped into publishing in these journals can be seriously damaged by doing so. It is important that as a scholarly community we help to protect each other from being taken advantage of in this way.
This is a presentation I gave to the Research Coordinators in the Federal Ministry of Health, Sudan (04.03.2015).
It included the following topics:
• Overview on the Knowledge Management Cycle and how research fits in it
• Brief historical background on research ethics
• What makes research ethical?
• Definition and examples of scientific misconduct
• How to make your research ethical and avoid scientific misconduct?
One of the most important research ethical issues that should be taken into consideration is “scientific misconduct” such as fabrication, falsification and plagiarism. Plagiarism can occur at any stage of the research activities such as reporting, communicating, authoring, and peer review. The purpose of this workshop is to engage researchers in their responsibility to conduct an ethical research.
Redundant, Duplicate and Repetitive publications are the most important concerns in the scientific research/literature writing. The occurrence of redundancy affects the concepts of science/literature and carries with it sanctions of consequences. To define this issue is much challenging because of the many varieties in which one can slice, reformat, or reproduce material from an already published study. This issue also goes beyond the duplication of a single study because it might possible that the same or similar data can be published in the early, middle, and later stages of an on-going study. This may have a damaging impact on the scientific study/literature base. Similar to slicing a cake, there are so many ways of representing a study or a set of data/information. We can slice a cake into different shapes like squares, triangles, rounds, or layers. Which of these might be the best way to slice a cake? Unfortunately, this may be the wrong question. The point is that the cake that is being referred to, the data/ information set or the study/findings, should not be sliced at all. Instead, the study should be presented as a whole to the readership to ensure the integrity of science/technology because of the impact that may have on patients who will be affected by the information contained in the literature/findings. Redundant, duplicate, or repetitive publications occur when there is representation of two or more studies, data sets, or publications in either electronic or print media. The publications can overlap partially or completely, such that a similar portion, major component(s), or complete representation of a previously/simultaneous ly or future published study is duplicated.
SALAMI SLICING: The slicing of research publication that would form one meaningful paper into several different papers is known as salami publication or salami slicing. Unlike duplicate publication, which involves reporting the exact same data in two or more publications, salami slicing involves breaking up or segmenting a large study into two or more publications. These segments are called slices of a study. As a general rule, as long as the slices of a broken-up study share the same hypotheses, population, and methods, this is not acceptable in general practice. The same slice should never be published more than once at all. According to the United States Office of Research Integrity (USORI), salami slicing can result in a distortion of the literature/findings by leading unsuspecting readers to believe that data presented in each salami slice (journal article) is derived from a different subject sample/source. Somehow this practice not only skews the scientific database but it creates repetition to waste reader's time as well as the time of editors and peer reviewers, who must also handle each paper separately.
Through the course of your research, right until you get your your paper published, there will be several individuals who have contributed to your research project in different ways. However, not all of these individuals can be considered as authors of your paper. So who qualifies as an author on your manuscript?
This slide deck will clarify who is an author, who does not qualify as an author of your paper and also three unethical authorship-related practices that you must avoid.
Ethical research and publication practices are essential for honest scholarly and scientific research. Most journals today are keenly aware of this: they publish policies on these issues and expect authors to “be aware of, and comply with, best practice in publication ethics”.This article discusses two widespread and related publishing practices that are considered unethical—duplicate publication and simultaneous submission. It draws on definitive international publication ethics guidelines.
Selective Reporting and Misrepresentation of DataSaptarshi Ghosh
Research integrity means conducting research according to the highest professional and ethical standards, so that the results are trustworthy.
It concerns the behavior of researchers at all stages of the research life-cycle, including declaring competing interests; data collection and data management; using appropriate methodology; drawing conclusions from results; and writing up research findings.
This is about honesty in professional environment. It is about trustfulness and trustworthiness. Professional honesty is strongly related with academic integrity. Research integrity has paramount importance when it comes to honesty.
Research ethics and problems encountred by reseachers ErTARUNKASHNI
Definition of research ethics
Objective of research ethics
Importance of research ethics
Principles of research ethics
Do’s and don'ts of research ethics
Problems encountered by researchers
Ethics in medical sciences research may not always translate into ethical publications.
Ethical violations in conducting medical research always promote unethical scientific publications.
Published research influences other researchers and establishes credibility for individual or journal.
Research Integrity in a Developing Country: Review and Analysis (Issues, Chal...dbpublications
Research integrity, research misconduct, ethics in research is profound terms. Research integrity is simply, justice and honesty in conducting research where research misconduct is just opposite including insufficient care for the subject of research; breaches of confidentiality, improprieties of publication involving conflict of interest. It‘s harmful for society. If someone involved embezzling, plagiarizing, stealing the output of others, such as methodology, output, data including unpublished is called violation of academic or research ethics. This research paper tried to find out the core concepts of research, integrity, misconduct, ethics, and issues related to research integrity in a developing country like Bangladesh. The broad objective of the study was to review and analyze the challenges and opportunities of research integrity in a developing country like Bangladesh. It‘s an exploratory and qualitative research based on mainly secondary sources of data. Various literatures have been reviewed for the desired data. Promoting research integrity in a developing country like Bangladesh requires a greater understanding. There is a dearth of
empirical research addressing issues related to research integrity and misconduct in science, business, environment etc. This paper found many challenges in this regard and also a great opportunity to overcome those. More research on these issues might be supported not only to provide useful guidance to researchers, policy makers but also to stimulate a critical mass of scholars to develop research on research integrity as a legitimate field of scientific inquiry.
Exploring Authorship: Understanding Traditional, Ghost, and Gift Authorship"Raju678948
This presentation delves into the concepts of authorship in academic and literary contexts. We explore traditional authorship, where the named individual has made a substantial contribution to the work, ghost authorship, where an uncredited individual writes on behalf of another, and gift authorship, where credit is given to someone who has not significantly contributed to the work. Understand the ethical implications, real-world examples, and guidelines for maintaining integrity in publishing."
Research Skills Session 8: Avoid Scientific MisconductNader Ale Ebrahim
One of the most important research ethical issues that should be taken into consideration is “scientific misconduct” such as fabrication, falsification and plagiarism. Plagiarism can occur at any stage of the research activities such as reporting, communicating, authoring, and peer review. The purpose of this workshop is to engage researchers in their responsibility to conduct an ethical research.
Research Skills Session 8: Avoid Scientific MisconductNader Ale Ebrahim
One of the most important research ethical issues that should be taken into consideration is “scientific misconduct” such as fabrication, falsification and plagiarism. Plagiarism can occur at any stage of the research activities such as reporting, communicating, authoring, and peer review. The purpose of this workshop is to engage researchers in their responsibility to conduct an ethical research.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2. AGENDA
Introduction to the topic
Types of research misconduct
Examples of research misconduct
Consequences of research misconduct
Preventions
Summary
2023 Types of Research Misconduct 2
3. INTRODUCTION
Research misconduct is a serious issue that undermines the
integrity of scientific research. It can take many forms, including
fabrication and falsification, plagiarism, illegitimate authorship,
and unjustified duplication. This presentation will focus on these
different types of research misconduct and their consequences.
Purpose of the presentation: The purpose of this presentation is
to raise awareness about the different types of research
misconduct and their consequences, and to provide strategies
for preventing and addressing research misconduct in the
scientific community.
2023 Types of Research Misconduct 3
4. FABRICATION AND
FALSIFICATION
Definition of fabrication and falsification: Fabrication
and falsification refer to the intentional and deliberate
manipulation or invention of data or results.
Fabrication involves creating data or results that do not
exist, while falsification involves changing or
manipulating existing data or results.
Examples of fabrication and falsification in research
include:
Creating data or results that support a hypothesis
without conducting experiments or observations
Altering or omitting data to make it appear more
significant
Changing the conclusions of a study to fit a
preconceived narrative or hypothesis
5. CONSEQUENCES OF
FABRICATION AND
FALSIFICATION:
Fabrication and falsification undermine the integrity and credibility of
scientific research. They can lead to the publication of false or
misleading information, which can have serious consequences for public
health and safety. Researchers found guilty of fabrication and
falsification can face severe consequences, including loss of funding,
damage to their reputation, and legal action.
2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 5
6. PREVENTION OF FABRICATION AND FALSIFICATION:
20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 6
Preventing fabrication and falsification in research is crucial for maintaining the integrity and credibility of scientific research.
Here are some strategies for preventing fabrication and falsification:
• Collect and record all researcher data, research data, and research results as they are.
• Record the source of the data accurately and collect it legitimately.
• Avoid selectively judging the value of data and storing it.
• Maintain objectivity in the translation and interpretation of data to prevent biased results.
• Base the removal of non-pure data and outliers on universal standards of academia and expert judgment.
• Avoid deleting unfavorable data to lower the P value within the valid range (usually 0.05), as it is a form of falsification.
• Always store and preserve evidence that can be submitted and make a copy.
• Store and disclose research raw data to prepare for alleged tampering.
• Prepare and manage research notes faithfully to prevent distortion when storing and preserving data.
• Record only objective facts in detail and accurately without fabrication and falsification.
• Record the research process and results so that third parties can reproduce them.
• Enter the person's signature and date when revising the description or attaching additional data.
7. PLAGIARISM
20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 7
Plagiarism refers to the act of presenting someone else's work or ideas as your own without proper
attribution. This includes copying text, ideas, or data from a source without citing it, as well as self-
plagiarism, which involves reusing your own previously published work without permission or
acknowledgement.
Forms of plagiarism:
Plagiarism can take many forms, including:
Copying and pasting text from a source without citation.
Paraphrasing text from a source without proper attribution.
Using data or figures from a source without citation.
Reusing your own previously published work without permission or acknowledgement.
8. CONSEQUENCES OF PLAGIARISM:
20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 8
Plagiarism is a serious ethical violation that can have significant consequences. In addition to damaging the
reputation and credibility of the researcher, plagiarism can lead to retraction of published papers, loss of
funding, and legal action. It also undermines the integrity of the scientific community and can erode public
trust in science.
9. PREVENTION OF PLAGIARISM
2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 9
Plagiarism can be prevented by accurately indicating the source and citing within an appropriate
range.
Direct and indirect citations should be applied correctly.
Direct citation method: Literally quoting the sentence expressions of the original text, marking the cited
part in double quotes, and adding source indicator (footnote or annotation).
Indirect citation method: Transforming or summarizing the expression of the original text in the meaning
one understands and adding source indicator (footnote or annotation).
Even if the source is accurately indicated, excessive citation corresponds to plagiarism.
Indicating secondary information as if it were primary information, is also plagiarism.
If multiple parts are cited from the same reference, the source must be indicated for all parts
cited.
Before submitting the manuscript, plagiarism should be actively prevented by using a sentence
similarity test program.
Even when translating and using another person's work, appropriate source must be indicated.
10. ILLEGITIMATE AUTHORSHIP
20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 10
Illegitimate authorship refers to including someone as an author on a research paper
who did not contribute significantly to the research or excluding someone who did. It can
also include listing authors in an inappropriate order or using authorship to reward or
manipulate colleagues.
Examples of illegitimate authorship:
Including someone as an author who did not contribute significantly to the research.
Excluding someone who made significant contributions to the research.
Adding someone as an author to increase the chances of publication.
Including someone as an author to curry favor with them or their institution.
11. CONSEQUENCES OF
ILLEGITIMATE
AUTHORSHIP
Illegitimate authorship undermines the integrity of the scientific
community and can lead to mistrust among researchers and the
public. It can also lead to unfair distribution of credit and
rewards, which can have long-term consequences for the
careers of researchers.
Additionally, it can result in sanctions from funding agencies and
journals and can damage the reputation of both the researcher
and their institution.
20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 11
12. HOW WE GET THERE
ROI
Envision multimedia-based
expertise and cross-media
growth strategies
Engage worldwide
methodologies with web-
enabled technologies
NICHE MARKETS
Pursue scalable customer
service through sustainable
strategies
Engage top-line web services
with cutting-edge deliverables
SUPPLY CHAINS
Cultivate one-to-one customer
service with robust ideas
Maximize timely deliverables
for real-time schemas
20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 12
13. SUMMARY
At Contoso, we believe in giving 110%. By using our next-
generation data architecture, we help organizations
virtually manage agile workflows. We thrive because of
our market knowledge and great team behind our product.
As our CEO says, "Efficiencies will come from proactively
transforming how we do business."
20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 13
