11. THE RESEARCH
PROCESS
Research process is a systematic manner
in which the researcher approaches his/her
area of study to produce knowledge that
the community will consider to be
worthwhile within the field (Rao, 2017).
RESEARCH
12. The Research Process
The following table shows the five
phases of the research process along
with their definition (Whittemore &
Melkus, 2008).
15. The Stages in
Research
STAGE 1
STAGE 3
STAGE 2
Identifying the
problem
Reviewing the
Literature
Setting research
questions,
objectives, and
hypothesis
16. The Stages in
Research
STAGE 4
STAGE 6
STAGE 5
Choosing the
study design
Deciding on the
sample design
Collecting data
18. Now, here’s the simplified
flow of the significant steps
you need to take in
conducting a study as
presented by Rao (2017):
The
Research
Process
19. • Define the
research
problem.
To begin your research, you must
look at a significant real-life
problem. Factors like area of
interest, availability of fund, socio-
economic significance of the study,
and the safety measures to be
undertaken should be considered in
finding and defining the research
problem.
20. 2. Review
the
literature
Read various publications or surf
the internet to become aware of
the previous works already done
about the chosen topic. You may
utilize different resources like
books, magazines, journals,
newspapers, or even in the
internet.
21. 3.
Formulate
hypothesi
A hypothesis is a
theoretical statement in
solving a logical
relationship between
variables. It should be
based on the problem
being solved.
22. Identify what is the best
means to collect and
analyze data in the study
to clarify and improve
the research problem,
purpose, and questions.
4.
Prepare
the
research
23. Use an appropriate
data collection
method to elicit the
needed information.
5. Collect
data.
25. Put the information in
perspective and
present the solution to
the proposed problem
based on the findings
of the investigation.
7.
Interpret
and report
the
26. Arrange the following steps to
illustrate the research process.
Use one to seven (1-7) to
indicate the correct
chronological order.
Knowledge Check
27. ______ Prepare the research design
______ Analyze data
______ Interpret and report the findings
______ Review the literature
______ Collect data
______ Define the research problem
______ Formulate hypothesis problem
28. Categorize the following steps in which phase of the
research process they belong to. Use the legend below.
A – Conceptual Phase
B – Design and Planning Phase
C – Empirical Phase
D – Analytic Phase
E - Dissemination Phase
Knowledge Check
29. 1. Making conclusions
2. Developing study procedures
3. Identifying the problem
4. Selecting a research design
5. Developing the research framework
30. 6. Collecting data
7. Interpreting results
8. Analyzing data
9. Reviewing the literature
10. Determining the sampling and data
collection plan
31. RESEARCH ETHICS
Research Ethics provides guidelines for the
responsible conduct of research. It
educates and monitors the conduct of
researches to ensure high ethical
standards.
RESEARCH ETHICS
33. Ethics guides the
researchers in obtaining
knowledge, truth, and
avoidance of error by
prohibiting fabrication,
falsification and
misrepresentation of
research data.
It
promotes
the aims
of
34. Many researchers who are
working in different disciplines
and institutions cooperate and
coordinate to accomplish a
particular research. They also
maintain trust, accountability,
mutual respect, and fairness. It
ensures that researchers can be
held accountable to the public.
It upholds
values that
are essential
to
collaborative
35. People express and
lend their support by all
means if they can trust
the quality and integrity
of research.
It builds
public
support for
research.
36. Ethical principles help the
researcher avoid practices that
can adversely harm the research
subjects and the community.
Thus, it encourages social
responsibility, human rights,
animal welfare, compliance with
the law, and public health and
safety.
It promotes a
variety of
moral and
social values.
38. The researcher should strive to
truthfully report data in
whatever form of
communication all throughout
the study.
Honestly report data, results,
methods and procedures, and
publication status. Do not
fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent
data.
HONESTY
39. The researcher should avoid
being biased. The study
should not be influenced by
his/her personal motives,
beliefs and opinions.
OBJECTIVIT
Y
40. The researcher should
establish credibility through
the consistency of his/her
thought and action. He/she
should act with sincerity
especially on keeping
agreements.
INTEGRI
TY
41. The researcher should never
neglect even the smallest
detail of the study. All
information should be
critically examined. Records
of research activities should
be properly and securely
kept. Avoid careless errors
and negligence.
CAREFUL
NESS
42. The researcher should be
willing to accept criticisms
and new ideas for the
betterment of the study.
Research results and findings
should be shared to the
public.
OPENNES
S
43. The researcher should not
plagiarize. Credit should be
given to who or where it is
due. All authors cited and
sources used in the study
should be properly
acknowledged.
Respect
for
Intellectual
Property
44. Plagiarism refers to the act of
illegally using another person’s
ideas, works, processes, and
results. Thus, it constitutes
claiming an intellectual property
as one’s own that can be
penalized through Republic Act
8293 known as the Intellectual
Property Code of the Philippines.
PLAGIARI
SM
45. The researcher should take
steps to protect all
confidential
communications or
documents from being
discovered by others.
CONFIDENTI
ALITY
46. The researcher should ensure
that his/her work is clear,
honest, complete, accurate,
and balanced, thus avoiding
wasteful and duplicate
publication. It should likewise
refrain from selective,
misleading, or ambiguous
reporting.
RESPONSIB
LE
PUBLICATIO
47. The researcher should
teach responsible conduct
of research and share
professional knowledge
and skills especially to
new or less- experienced
researchers.
RESPONSIB
LE
MENTORING
48. The researcher should
show courtesy to
his/her colleagues by
treating them equally
and fairly.
RESPECT
FOR
COLLEGUES
49. The researcher should
promote social good by
working for the best
interests and benefits
of the environment and
society as a whole.
SOCIAL
RESPONSIBI
LITY
50. The researcher should not
discriminate based on sex,
race, ethnicity, or any factor
relating to scientific
competence and integrity.
Thus, research should be
open to all people or entities
who will participate in
research.
NON-
DISCRIMINA
TION
51. The researcher should
possess necessary knowledge
and skills in conducting a
study. He/she should be
equipped with a sense of
professionalism and expertise
to ensure competent results.
COMPETEN
CE
52. The researcher should
know and abide by
relevant laws,
institutional and
government policies
concerning the legal
conduct of research.
LEGALITY
53. The researcher should
protect human lives by
preventing and minimizing
harms and risks. He/she
should always uphold the
human dignity, privacy, and
autonomy of human subjects
to be used in the study.
HUMAN
SUBJECT
PROTECTIO
55. The research participants must
be given the privilege to exercise
their free will whether to
participate or not. They have the
right to refuse involvement in
the study. Thus, any person
should not be forced to take part
in any research undertaking.
1. Voluntary
participation
56. The research
participants must be
provided with sufficient
information about the
procedures and risks
involved in the research.
2. Informed
Consent
57. The research participants must be
protected from any type of harm
whether it may be physical,
psychological, social, or economic.
The researcher must avoid, prevent,
or minimize threats especially when
they are exposed and engaged in
invasive and risky procedures.
3. Risk of
Harm
58. The research participants must be
assured of their privacy particularly
on personal information. The
researcher must secure that all
information disclosed by them will
not be used without authorized
access.
4. Confidentiality
59. The research participants must
remain anonymous or unidentified
throughout the study even to the
researchers themselves. They have
the right to keep their identities
secret as they participate especially
in case- sensitive studies.
5. Anonimity
60. Activity Time
Identify whether the following actions
follow the ethical codes and policies for
research. Write GO if you think it is
ethical, and STOP if it is unethical.
61. 1. Securing the safety of research participants GO
2. Rejecting criticisms from others GO
3. Exposing personal identity of respondents STOP
4. Carrying out inconsistent actions STOP
5. Treating all peers equally GO
62. 6. Duplicating other publications STOP
7. Obeying relevant laws GO
8. Keeping agreements GO
9. Searching from credible online sources of
information GO
10. Falsifying reported data and results STOP
