Power Point is deals with the different aspects of Quantitative genetics in plant breeding it converse Basic Principles of Biometrical Genetics, estimation of Variability, Correlation, Principal Component Analysis, Path analysis, Different Matting design and Stability so on
Stability parameters for comparing varieties (eberhart and russell 1966)Dhanuja Kumar
Phenotype is a result of genotype, environment and GE interaction. GENOTYPE- environment interactions are of major
importance to the plant breeder in developing
improved varieties. The performance of a single variety is not the same in all the environments. To identify a genotype whose performance is stable across environments various models were proposed. One such model was proposed by EBERHART and RUSSELL in 1966. Even after decades, this model is still preferred over others and used till date for stability analysis.
Stability analysis and G*E interactions in plantsRachana Bagudam
Gene–environment interaction is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. Stability refers to the performance with respective to environmental factors overtime within given location. Selection for stability is not possible until a biometrical model with suitable parameters is available to provide criteria necessary to rank varieties / breeds for stability. Different models of stability are discussed.
Power Point is deals with the different aspects of Quantitative genetics in plant breeding it converse Basic Principles of Biometrical Genetics, estimation of Variability, Correlation, Principal Component Analysis, Path analysis, Different Matting design and Stability so on
Stability parameters for comparing varieties (eberhart and russell 1966)Dhanuja Kumar
Phenotype is a result of genotype, environment and GE interaction. GENOTYPE- environment interactions are of major
importance to the plant breeder in developing
improved varieties. The performance of a single variety is not the same in all the environments. To identify a genotype whose performance is stable across environments various models were proposed. One such model was proposed by EBERHART and RUSSELL in 1966. Even after decades, this model is still preferred over others and used till date for stability analysis.
Stability analysis and G*E interactions in plantsRachana Bagudam
Gene–environment interaction is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. Stability refers to the performance with respective to environmental factors overtime within given location. Selection for stability is not possible until a biometrical model with suitable parameters is available to provide criteria necessary to rank varieties / breeds for stability. Different models of stability are discussed.
Description of the rapid generation advance (RGA) system used at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) from 2012 to 2017. A paper was published in the Plant Production Science journal last November 2017. (Article link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1343943X.2017.1391705)
Molecular Breeding in Plants is an introduction to the fundamental techniques...UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
This slide describe the process of molecular breeding in plants which involves the application of molecular markers for Marker Assisted Selection and Marker Assisted Breeding.
The presentation was done as part of the course STAT 504 titled Quantitative Genetics in Second Semester of MSc. Agricultural Statistics at Agricultural College, Bapatla under ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh
Presentation by Jacob van Etten.
CCAFS workshop titled "Using Climate Scenarios and Analogues for Designing Adaptation Strategies in Agriculture," 19-23 September in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Estimates of gene action for yield and its components in bread wheat Triticum...Innspub Net
In order to study gene action for yield and its components using 8 × 8 diallel crosses excluding reciprocals during 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons at Tag El-Ezz Research Station, Dakahlia Governorate, the genotypes were Sides 12, Gemmiza 11, Maser 1, Maser 2, Shandaweel 1, Giza 168, Sakha 93, and Sakha 94. Results revealed that both additive (D) and dominance (H1 and H2) genetic variance were significant for the all studied characters, indicating the importance of additive and dominance gene effects in controlling these characters. The dominance genetic variance was higher in the magnitude as compared to additive one, resulting in (H1/D)0.5 exceeding than more unity for all studied characters except spike density and number of tillers/plant. The “F” values which refer to the covariance of additive and dominance gene effects in the parents revealed positive and significant for flag leaf length and flag leaf area, extrusion length, number of tillers/plant number of spikes/plant, number of grains/spike and 1000- grain weight, indicating that dominant alleles were more frequent than the recessive ones in the parents for this character, while negative “F’ value for remaining characters indicated excess of recessive alleles among parents. The overall dominance effects of heterozygous loci h2, indicated directional dominance for heading date, flag leaf length, flag leaf area, spike length, extrusion length, spike density, grain yield/spike, number of tillers/plant number of spikes/plant, number of grains/ spike and grain yield/plant. Proportion of genes with positive and negative effects in the parent (H2/4H1) was deviated from 0.25 for all studied characters Heritability in narrow sense was moderate (0.369) for grain yield/plant.
Description of the rapid generation advance (RGA) system used at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) from 2012 to 2017. A paper was published in the Plant Production Science journal last November 2017. (Article link: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1343943X.2017.1391705)
Molecular Breeding in Plants is an introduction to the fundamental techniques...UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
This slide describe the process of molecular breeding in plants which involves the application of molecular markers for Marker Assisted Selection and Marker Assisted Breeding.
The presentation was done as part of the course STAT 504 titled Quantitative Genetics in Second Semester of MSc. Agricultural Statistics at Agricultural College, Bapatla under ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh
Presentation by Jacob van Etten.
CCAFS workshop titled "Using Climate Scenarios and Analogues for Designing Adaptation Strategies in Agriculture," 19-23 September in Kathmandu, Nepal.
Estimates of gene action for yield and its components in bread wheat Triticum...Innspub Net
In order to study gene action for yield and its components using 8 × 8 diallel crosses excluding reciprocals during 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 growing seasons at Tag El-Ezz Research Station, Dakahlia Governorate, the genotypes were Sides 12, Gemmiza 11, Maser 1, Maser 2, Shandaweel 1, Giza 168, Sakha 93, and Sakha 94. Results revealed that both additive (D) and dominance (H1 and H2) genetic variance were significant for the all studied characters, indicating the importance of additive and dominance gene effects in controlling these characters. The dominance genetic variance was higher in the magnitude as compared to additive one, resulting in (H1/D)0.5 exceeding than more unity for all studied characters except spike density and number of tillers/plant. The “F” values which refer to the covariance of additive and dominance gene effects in the parents revealed positive and significant for flag leaf length and flag leaf area, extrusion length, number of tillers/plant number of spikes/plant, number of grains/spike and 1000- grain weight, indicating that dominant alleles were more frequent than the recessive ones in the parents for this character, while negative “F’ value for remaining characters indicated excess of recessive alleles among parents. The overall dominance effects of heterozygous loci h2, indicated directional dominance for heading date, flag leaf length, flag leaf area, spike length, extrusion length, spike density, grain yield/spike, number of tillers/plant number of spikes/plant, number of grains/ spike and grain yield/plant. Proportion of genes with positive and negative effects in the parent (H2/4H1) was deviated from 0.25 for all studied characters Heritability in narrow sense was moderate (0.369) for grain yield/plant.
Genetic control and heterosis depend directly on genetic divergence among the parents in generating promising hybrids
required by plant breeders. The purpose of this study was to determine the relative importance of heterosis, combining
abilities, regression and correlation estimates in order to develop hybrid cultivars in maize. The 28 F1 hybrids obtained by
partial diallel cross of 8 inbreds in a randomized complete block design were evaluated at the Lower Niger River Basin
Authority, Oke-Oyi, Nigeria in three years. General (GCA) and specific combining abilities (SCA) produced significant (P
< 0.01) effects for all the characters, while non-additive genetic effects were predominant. The levels of heterosis for grain
yield varied widely among crosses, ranging from -16.83 to 9.76%. Positive and significant genotypic and phenotypic
correlations among grain yield and some related characters (days to anthesis and silking; plant and ear heights; number of
ears plant-1 and 1000 seed weight) showed that each character could be used indirectly to selection of grain yield. These
results also indicated that SCA was more effective than heterosis for describing hybrid performance. The regression of
actual hybrid characters on the expected hybrid characters, based on parental GCA values, was highly significant.
Regression analysis also showed that all the agronomic characters jointly contributed 19.4% to grain yield of maize. The
inbreds (Pop 66 SR and 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4) and crosses (Pop 66 SR x, 2000 EV DT-Y STRC4, Pop 66 SR x KU1409
and 9006 x KU1409) featured prominently with respect to better GCA × Year and SCA × Year effects with high heterotic
values for maize grain yield and associated characters. These inbreds could serve as donors to obtain early and short
statured hybrids with higher yield, while the crosses may be exploited and adapted to the Nigerian Savannas. This study
also affirmed that genotypic and phenotypic correlation coefficients as well as combining abilities, heterosis and regression
analyses were found to be suitable models for yield improvement in maize breeding.
This study aims to determine the genetic components like Vg(Variance of genotype), Vp ( Variance of phenotype), GCV (Genotypic co-efficient of variation), PCV (Phenotypic coefficient of variation), Hb (Heritability) and GA% (Genetic advance in percentage of means) in F2 generation of the cross Nagina x Bushbeef-steak for predicting quantitative traits. Data was collected on P1, P2 F1 and F2 generation for various yield components and were analyzed. Analyzed data showed relatively high difference between, GCV, Vp and PCV for the traits: Flowers/cluster, Fruits/cluster and Fruit weight and relatively low difference was noted for Vg, GCV and Vp, PCV values in the traits: Fruit diameter, Fruit length and fruits/plant. Highest value of GCV (79.90%) and PCV (92.79%) were noted in the trait: yield/plant and the lowest values of GCV (14.68%) and PCV (16.78%) were noted for fruit-length. Highest value (84.08%) of broad sense heritability %(Hb%) was noted in fruit diameter and the lowest value of heritability(27.58) was noted for the trait fruits/cluster. Moderate value of heritability (74.13%) along with low value (15.22) of GA% was noted for yield/plant.
Heterosis, Combining ability and Phenotypic Correlation for Some Economic Tra...Galal Anis, PhD
This investigation was carried out to study heterosis , combining ability and phenotypic correlation in a diallel mating design among 6 Egyptian rice genotypes (excluding reciprocals),including 3 varieties ( Sakha 101, Sakha 104 and Sakha 105),and 3 promising lines (Gz6903, Gz7576 and Gz8479). An experiment was conducted at the research Farm of Rice Research and Training Center (RRTC), Sakha, Kafr EL-sheikh, Egypt during 2013 growing season and designed in a randomize complete block with three replications. Data were recorded on nine traits; days to maturity, chlorophyll content, flag leaf area, plant height, number of panicles / plant, panicle fertility (%), Panicle weight ,1000-grain weight and grain. The results revealed that, the genotypes were highly significant different in all studied characters. The cross (Sakha 101 × GZ6903) showed positive and significant heterosis for mid and better parents for most studied traits. The parent (Sakha 101) was good general combiner for most studied traits. The cross (Sakha 101 × GZ6903) showed positive and highly significant for specific combining ability effects for grain yield and its components.Grain yield was significantly and positively correlated with days to maturity, chlorophyll content, plant height, number of panicles/plant and panicle weight .On the contrary, plant height had significant negative association with days to maturity.
Genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as percen...Premier Publishers
Field experiment was conducted to estimate genetic variability, heritability, genetic advance, genetic advance as a percent mean and character association for forty nine genotypes of Ethiopian mustards collected from different agro ecologies. The experiment was carried out in a simple lattice design. The analysis of variance showed that there were significant differences among genotypes for all traits compared. The significant difference indicates the existence of genetic variability among the accessions which is important for improvement. High genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variations were observed in seed yield per plot, oil yield per plot, and plant height. This shows that selection of these traits based on phenotype may be useful for yield improvement. The highest heritability in broad sense was recorded for thousand seed weight (68.80%) followed by days to flowering (65.91%), stand percent (63.14%), linolenic acid(62.58%), days to maturity (60.43%), plant height (59.63%), palmitic acid (58.19%), linoleic acid (57.46%),oil content (50.33%), oil yield (44.84%), seed yield per plot(42.99%),and primary branches(34.20%). This suggests that large proportion of the total variance was due to the high genotypic and less environmental variance. In the correlation coefficient analysis, seed yield per plot showed positive correlation with oil content, oil yield, plant height and seed yield per plant. In the path analysis, number of primary branches and oil yield showed positive direct effect on seed yield per plot. In this study, seed yield per plot, oil content, oil yield and primary branches were found to be the most important components for the improvement of seed and oil. Therefore more emphasis should be given for highest heritable traits of mustard and to those positively correlated traits to improve these characters using the tested genotypes.
Line × tester analysis for yield contributing morphological traits in Triticu...Innspub Net
The present study was carried out for the development of the water stress wheat cultivars with higher grain yield by studying the genetic basis of crucial morphological traits. Nine wheat genotypes were grouped into six lines and three testers and these parents were crossed line x tester fashion. Eighteen crosses including nine parents were planted in the field in randomized complete block design with three replications. Three drought tolerant varieties Chakwal-50, Chakwal-86 and Kohistan-97 were also sown to compare the results in water stress environment. Highest negative GCA effects were observed in WN-36 for plant height (-6.17) and flag leaf area (-1.53), while for peduncle length it was noted in 8126 lines (-1.15). Highest positive GCA effects were observed in WN-32 for a number of grains per spike (5.21), grain yield per plant (2.08) and for spikelet per spike (0.33), while for 8126 and WN-10 the number of tillers per plant (0.67) and spike length (0.25) was found, respectively. The crosses 9451 × WN-25, WN-36 × 8126, WN-10 × 8126 showed highest negative SCA effects for plant height (-8.06), flag leaf area (-2.89), and peduncle length (-2.05), respectively. Moreover, the cross combinations of WN-36 × WN-25, WN-32 × WN-25 and AARI-7 × 9526 showed positive SCA effects for number of tillers per plant (1.52), spike length (0.72) and number of spikelet per spike (0.84) respectively, while the interaction of WN-35 × 8126 crosses showed highest positive SCA effects for number of grains/spike (5.69) and grain yield/plant (2.75). The parental material used in this study and cross combinations obtained from these parents may be exploited in future breeding endeavors.
Genetic Variability and Morphological Diversity among Open-Pollinated Maize (...Premier Publishers
A study to characterize and determine the magnitude of genetic variation among 60 open-pollinated maize varieties was conducted at two contrasting locations in Sierra Leone during the 2015 wet cropping season. Results revealed that traits such as grain moisture content, anthesis-silking interval, plant and ear heights, number of ears harvested, field weight and grain yield showed moderate to high values of the components of genetic variation while days to 50% anthesis and silking revealed low values of the components of genetic variation. The first two PCA axes explained 54% of the total variation, of which the first principal component (PC1) accounted for 35% and PC2 contributed 19% of the total variation. The cluster diagram grouped the genotypes into seven main clusters and results suggest that crosses involving clusters I and V with any other clusters would produce segregants with low grain yields while the crosses between clusters IV, VI and VII would be expected to manifest higher heterosis and could result in segregants with higher grain yields. There was significant genetic variability observed among the genotypes evaluated thereby suggest the scope to bring about traits improvement of genotypes through direct selection and hybridization.
cultivation of rice
paddy cultivation
Introduction
Morphology of Paddy (Rice)
Classification
Special characteristics
sowing time /बोने का समय
Verities/ किस्मे
Seed Rate /बीजदर
plant distance /पोध अंतराल
Fertilizer खाद एवं उर्वरक
Irrigation / सिचाई
Disease, insect and weed /रोग, कीट एवं खरपतवार
MP PSC ADA \\ Assistant Director of Agriculture Naveen Jakhar
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CG ADA CG PSC ADA || Assistant Director of Agriculture old question paper Naveen Jakhar
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परागण (Pollination): परागकणों (Pollengrains) के परागकोष (Anther) से मुक्त होकर उसी जाति के पौधे के जायांग (Gynoecium) के वर्तिकाग्र (stigma) तक पहुँचने की क्रिया को परागण कहते हैं।
परागण के प्रकार Type of Pollination:
परागण दो प्रकार के होते हैं-
स्वपरागण (self Pollination): जब एक पुष्प के परागकण उसी पुष्प के वर्तिकाग्र पर या उसी पौधे पर स्थित किसी अन्य पुष्प के वर्तिकाग्र पर पहुँचता है, तो इसे स्वपरागण कहते हैं।
पर-परागण (Cross pollination): जब एक पुष्प का परागकण उसी जाति के दूसरे पौधे पर स्थित पुष्प के वर्तिकाग्र पर पहुँचता है, तो उसे पर-परागण कहते हैं। पर-परागण कई माध्यमों से होता है। पर परागण पौधों के लिए उपयोगी होता है। पर-परागण के लिए किसी माध्यम की आवश्यकता होती है। वायु, कीट, जल या जन्तु इस आवश्यकता की पूर्ति करते हैं।
परागण की विधियां (Methods of pollination): परागण की निम्नलिखित विधियां हैं–
वायु परागण (Anemophilous): वायु द्वारा परागण
कीट परागण (Entomophilous): कीट द्वारा परागण
जल परागण (Hydrophilous): जल द्वारा परागण
जन्तु परागण (zoophilous): जन्तु द्वारा परागण
पक्षी परागण (Ornithophilous): पक्षियों द्वारा परागण
मेलेकोफिलस (Malacophilous): घोंघे द्वारा परागण
चिरोप्टोफिलस (Chiroptophilous): चमगादड़ द्वारा परागण
निषेचन (Fertilization): परागण के पश्चात निषेचन की क्रिया प्रारम्भ होती है। परागनली (Pollen tube) बीजाण्ड (ovule) में प्रवेश करके बीजाण्डासन को भेदती हुई भ्रूणपोष (Endosperm) तक पहुँचती है और परागकणों को वहीं छोड़ देती है। इसके पश्चात् एक नर युग्मक एक अण्डकोशिका से संयोजन करता है। इसे ही निषेचन कहते हैं। अब निषेचित अण्ड (Fertilized egg) युग्मनज (zygote) कहलाता है। यह युग्मनज बीजाणुभिद की प्रथम इकाई है।
निषेचन के पश्चात बीजाण्ड से बीज, युग्मनज से भ्रूण (embryo) तथा अण्डाशय से फल का निर्माण होता है। आवृत्तबीजी पौधों (Angiospermic plants) में निषेचन को त्रिक संलयन (Triple fusion) कहते हैं।
Flower \ morphology of plant \flower structure and functions Naveen Jakhar
पुष्प Flowers
पुष्पीय पौधों में पुष्प एक अत्यन्त महत्त्वपूर्ण अंग है। आकारकीय (Morphological) रूप से पुष्प एक रूपान्तरित प्ररोह (स्तम्भ) है जिस पर गाँठे तथा रूपान्तरित पुष्पी पत्तियाँ लगी रहती हैं। पुष्प प्रायः तने या शाखाओं के शीर्ष अथवा पत्ती के अक्ष (Axil) में उत्पन्न होकर प्रजनन (Reproduction) का कार्य करती है तथा फल एवं बीज उत्पन्न करता है।
पुष्प की रचना: पुष्प एक डंठल द्वारा तने से सम्बद्ध होता है। इस डंठल को वृन्त या पेडिसेल (Pedicel) कहते हैं। वृन्त के सिरे पर स्थित चपटे भाग को पुष्पासन या थेलामस (Thalamus) कहते हैं। इसी पुष्पासन पर पुष्प के विविध पुष्पीय भाग (Floral Parts) एक विशेष प्रकार के चक्र (Cycle) में व्यवस्थित होते हैं।
पुष्प के चार मुख्य भाग होते हैं-
बाह्य दलपुंज (Calyx),
दलपुंज (Corolla),
पुमंग (Androecium)
जायांग (Gynoecium)
Agriculture important questions for all agriculture exam Naveen Jakhar
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Agriculture - Current Affairs Questions important questions for exam point of view ...important for AFO bank exam and other Agriculture related exams ...
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Astronomy Update- Curiosity’s exploration of Mars _ Local Briefs _ leadertele...
Estimation of genetic variability and efficiency of selection for grain yield and its components in two wheat
1. SEMINAR PRESENTATION
ON
ESTIMATION OF GENETIC VARIABILITY AND EFFICIENCY OF SELECTION FOR GRAIN
YIELD AND ITS COMPONENTS IN TWO WHEAT CROSSES(Triticum aestivum L.)
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,
Allahabad School of Agriculture,
Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences
(Formerly Allahabad Agriculture Institute)
Deemed-to-be-University
Allahabad, UP
2016
PRESENTED BY
NAVEEN JAKHAR
ID. No.-14MSCGPB029
2. Detail of research paper
Introduction
Objectives
Materials and methods
Observation were recorded
Statistical analysis
Results and discussion
Conclusion
References
CONTENT
3. DETAIL OF RESEARCH PAPER
International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences
Volume 7, Issue 2, June 2014
ISSN 2227-670X
Estimate of Genetic Variability and Efficiency of Selection for Grain yield and Its
Components in Two Wheat Crosses(Triticum aestivum L.)
Published By-
Mohamed A. Abd El-Shafi
Agronomy Department Faculty of Agriculture, Cairo University, El-Gamma Street, P.O. Box
12613 Giza, Egypt.
4. INTRODUCTION
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the most important food crop of the
world and ranks first among all the cereals.
Individual plant selection in early segregating generations for
quantitatively inherited traits such as grain yield has met with limited
success. This impedition may due to several factors such as polygenic
nature, low heritability of a trait (grain yield, number of spike per
plant, etc.) linkage, non–additive gene effects and environmental
effects. The most frequent reason given for this failure in wheat
include the inability to identify useable genetic variations and a large
environment effect (Rezqui 1993)
In order to overcome these difficulties it is necessary to get as much as
possible information about genetic structure of crosses under going
selection. This mean identifying the gene effects that control the
inheritance of a trait of interest and contributing to the exploitable
genetic variance in the crosses.
5. Contd..
The high heritability associated with high genetic advance for main
quantitative traits in wheat offer better scope of selection of genotypes in early
segregating generations(Memon et al. 2005). The heritability of a character
determines the extent to which it is transmitted from one generations to the
next and it is most valuable tool when used in conjunction with other
parameters in predicting genetic gain that follows in the selection for that
character (Bloch et al. 2003, Ansari et al. 2004, 2005, El-Ameen et al. 2013)
Numerous methods have been proposed but only a few valid comparisons
have been made among alternative procedures .Pedigree methods of selection
are very common selection technique in self–pollinated crops.
This method represents the procedure where an individual plant is selected
successively through generations(f 2 -fn) by monitoring selected offspring till
homozygous lines.
Pedigree method has drawbacks due to high costs of record keeping,
utilization of manpower, genetic drift and loss of desirable genes.
Verma et al.(1997) and El-Ameen et al. (2013) showed that pedigree method
of selection was more effective in improving plant height and yield and its
6. Objective of the present research work was therefore conducted to
study the relative response to selection in two bread wheat crosses for
two cycles started in F2 using pedigree selection procedure for
improving grain yield and its components
7. OBJECTIVE
Estimates the genetic variability and efficiency of selection
for grain yield and its components in two wheat crosses.
8. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present experiment was conducted over three seasons
(2010-2011, 2011-2012 and 2012-2013) at Faculty of
agriculture, Cairo University, Agriculture Experiment and
Research Station, in Giza governorate, Egypt.
In 2010-2011
Genotypes - 300 F2 plants
Experimental design -Randomized Block Design
(RBD)
Replications - 02
Row to raw distance -10cm
Plant to plant distance -30cm
.
9. In 2011-2012
F3 progenies of selected f2 plants for each cross with there
parents were planted.
Replication 2
Rows length 1.30 m
Specing 30 X 10
In 2012-2013
For each cross a sample of 48 families (a family is the
progeny of an individual f2 plant), each represented by two
lines (a line is the progeny of an individual f3 plant)
Replication 3
Single row plot 30 x 10
10. OBSERVATIONS WERE RECORDED
S.NO Observations
1 Plant height
2 Spike length
3 Spikelets per spike
4 No. of kernels per spike
5 No. of spikes per plant
6 Grain yield per plant
11. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS
Data for each cross was considered a individually in the analysis of
variance . The data were statistically analyzed by MSTST-C V.2.1
(Russell 1994).
Heritability in broad sense(H)
Broad sense heritability was estimated using the components of variation
according to the formulae outlined by Weber and Moorthy (1952) .
Actual and predicted gains
In a cycle 1 the predicted gains of F3 progenies were derived from
selected F2 lines were obtained by multiplying the differential between
the F2 parental sample mean by the heritability percentage. The actual
gain represented by differential between the progeny of the selected
parents and F2 cross mean.
In cycle 2 the predicted gains of F4 progenies derived from selected F3
lines were obtained by multiplying differential between the F3 cross and
parental sample means by the heritability percentage. The actual gain
represented by the differential between the progeny of the selected
parents and F4 cross mean.
Phenotypic (PCV%) and Genotypic (GCV%) coefficients of variations
for the studied traits were calculated as described by Burton(1952).
12. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analysis of variance
Results of analysis of variance for the studied two crosses (L-39 x V92/17)
and (New valley x V92/17)are presented in table.
These results revealed significant(p=0.05)and highly significant
(p=0.01)difference among genotypes (families + parents) and families for all
studies traits across the three generations (F2, F3 & F4), except spikelets per
spike.
Which exhibited no significance difference among families in f3 generations
for cross 1 and 2. These finding indicates that a greater response to selection
can be expected from these crosses.
Mean values
Mean values of F2 plants , F3 and F4 lines selected for yield and its component
are shown in table. The difference between the high and low mean value
relative to high mean value (R%). In the F2 generation ranged from 13.28%
for spikelets per spike in the L-39 x V92/17 cross to 41.80% for grain yield
per plant in the New valley x V92/17 cross to55.81% for grain yield per plant
in the New valley x V92/17 cross.
13. Contd..
Mean while, in the F4 generations, the differences between the
high and low mean value relative to high mean value (R%)
ranged from 13.62% for spikelets per spike in the L-39 X V92/17
cross to 70.03%for no. of spike per plant in the L-39 X V92/17
cross.
These % were higher for grain yield than for any yield
component in all crosses in the F2 generation and in one of two
crosses in the F3 generations .On the contrary , all of two crosses
were lower for grain yield than for any yield components in the
F4 generations .
The presence of the differences between high and low suggested
that selection would be effective in these crosses .these crosses
.These findings were in harmony with those obtained by
Alexender et al (1984).
14. Pertinent analysis of variance of two crosses across three generations (F2, F3 and F4) for
the studied traits.
Plant Height
Cross 1 Seg. Gen. F2 F3 F4
L-39 Genotypes(g) 61.15 157.01 445.39
X Families(F) 57.86 155.53 431.75
V92/17 Parents(p) 1089.00 441.00 477.56
Cross 2 S.V. F2 F3 F4
New valley Genotypes(g) 26.05 142.17 703.63
X Families(F) 23.97 132.80 599.16
V92/17 Parents(p) 33.64 1089.00 519.91
22. Variability
Variance is considered one of the most important factors for efficiency
of selection and breeding methods. Data of phenotypic variance ,
genotypic variance ,phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV%),
genotypic coefficient of variations (GCV%) and broad sense
heritability are presented in table.
Results of plant height showed difference values of phenotypic,
genotypic variance and variability of (PCV% & GCV%) according to
crosses and generations. The small difference between PCV% and
GCV%, confirming the importance of genetic components of
variability controlling plant height rather then the environmental
effects.
Broad sense heritability estimates for plant height were (52.41, 94.96
and 83.54) and (63.29, 96.98 and 88.86) for F2, F3 and F4 in the cross 1
and 2 respectively. These results indicate that plant height was less
affected by environmental factors.
23. Contd..
Results of variances and variability for spike length and spikelets /spike show that
less values were detected according to crosses and generations.
Estimates of broad sense heritability for spike length varied from low percentage
37.07% in cross 1 and 2 for F2 generation to high percentage in F4 generation through
the two crosses.
Estimates of broad sense heritability for number of spikes /plant varied from
intermediate in F2 and F3 generations to high in F4 generation across the two crosses .
These results indicate that number of kernels /spike and number of spikes /plant
were less affected by environmental factors and are controlled mainly by genetic
system.
Results of grain yield /plant revealed that the magnitude of phenotypic and genotypic
variances were high variability. The variability of PCV% and GCV% has low
percentages indicating decrease of variability. These results suggested that the
directional selection appears to reduce the range and variability for grain yield /plant
in the F4.
Difference between phenotypic, genotypic variances were low indicate that grain
yield /plant were less affected by environmental factors and this is clearing in the
high values of broad sense heritability for the two crosses especially in F4 generation.
24.
25. For plant height the selection parental sample in the F2 of cross 1 was
1.93% higher than the cross mean, and was almost identical 1.89%
with mean plant height of their progenies of the F3. However , the trend
of the predicted (7.28%) was higher than the actual gains (4.90%)in
cycle 2 from F3 and F4 generation. Meanwhile , for plant height in cross
2 they behavior were identical with cross 1. These results of close
agreement between the expected and actual gains suggest that the gene
action involved in cycle 1 and 2 is largely additive.
For spike length, spikelets / spike , kernels /spike and No. of spikes
/plant the actual gain as percentage of cross mean was higher than the
predicted one , through cycle 1 and 2 for the two crosses. These results
confirming the predominance of dominance gene effects.
For grain yield /plant the actual gain as percentage of cross mean was
higher than the predicted one, through cycle 1 and 2 for the two
crosses. These results of highest values of actual than predicted
indicate that dominance gene effects are involved in the inheritance of
that trait.
Response to selection
26.
27. CONCLUSION
From the results obtained in this work, it can
be concluded that pedigree selection method
was effective in improving the grain yield and
its components . Also selection was effective to
produce new lines with higher grain yield .