This document discusses self-incompatibility and male sterility in plants, including their classification and uses in crop improvement. It is classified based on flower morphology, genes involved, site of expression, and pollen cytology. Male sterility is classified as genetic male sterility, cytoplasmic male sterility, or cytoplasmic genetic male sterility depending on whether nuclear genes, cytoplasmic genes, or both control sterility. Self-incompatibility and male sterility help promote cross-pollination and are useful for hybrid seed production without emasculation in crops like cabbage and cauliflower.
BREEDING METHODS FOR ASEXUALLY PROPAGATED SPECIES Naveen Kumar
This document discusses breeding methods for asexually propagated plant species. It describes two main modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction, which includes vegetative propagation methods like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and modified stems/roots, is common in species that cannot or do not flower and sexually reproduce. Methods to develop new varieties in asexually propagated crops include clonal selection, clonal hybridization, and inducing mutations. Clonal selection involves selecting superior clones from a mixed population, while clonal hybridization crosses two desirable clones and selects progeny with superior traits. These methods have been used successfully to develop new varieties of crops like potato, sugarcane, banana and citrus.
Recurrent selection is a method of plant breeding that involves repeatedly selecting superior plants from a population, allowing them to interbreed, and then selecting again from the progeny. This cycles of selection and interbreeding serves to increase the frequency of desirable genes in the population over many generations. There are different types of recurrent selection, including simple recurrent selection based on phenotypes, recurrent selection for general combining ability using test crosses, and reciprocal recurrent selection to improve two populations simultaneously. Recurrent selection has been effective in improving traits with high heritability in several crops.
Maintenance breeding is the branch of plant breeding that deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed to preserve the genetic purity and identity of plant varieties. It involves continuously producing fresh breeder seed through methods like growing isolated plots and bulk selection to remove off-types. Proper handling and roguing of the breeder seed crop is crucial. The breeder seed is then used to produce foundation seed while maintaining a carry-over stock to safeguard against losses. Maintenance breeding helps purify varieties and parental lines, prevent genetic deterioration, support quality seed production, and prolong the life of varieties.
In this presentation you will come to know about the HANDLING OF SEGREGATING GENERATIONS, that is (PEDIGREE METHOD, MASS PEDIGREE METHOD, BULK METHOD, SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD).
The document discusses crop ideotypes and ideotype breeding. It defines an ideotype as an ideal or model plant type designed for a specific environment to maximize yield. Ideotype breeding aims to enhance genetic yield potential through manipulation of individual plant traits. Examples of ideotypes are provided for various crops like wheat, rice, maize, barley and cotton that focus on traits like plant height, tillering ability, leaf characteristics and resistance to stresses. Factors influencing ideotypes and the steps in ideotype breeding are also outlined. Practical achievements highlighted ideotype breeding's role in the green revolution by developing semi-dwarf varieties responsive to fertilizers.
This document discusses heterosis breeding and the commercial exploitation of hybrids. It defines heterosis as increased vigor and fertility from hybridization between unrelated strains. The genetic bases of heterosis are the dominance and overdominance hypotheses. Heterosis breeding led to the development of different types of crosses, including single crosses, double crosses, three-way crosses, and top crosses, which are used commercially. Hybrids show increased yield, quality, disease resistance, and other advantages over pure lines or open-pollinated varieties.
This document provides information on breeding methods for self-pollinated crops. It discusses pureline selection and mass selection methods. Pureline selection involves isolating pure lines from a mixed population and selecting the best ones. Mass selection selects desirable plants from a mixed population based on phenotype. The document compares pureline and mass selection, noting that pureline selection results in more uniform cultivars while mass selection cultivars are heterogeneous mixtures. It also describes multiline breeding, which develops cultivars that are mixtures of isolines or related lines to provide genetic diversity and disease resistance.
This document discusses self-incompatibility and male sterility in plants, including their classification and uses in crop improvement. It is classified based on flower morphology, genes involved, site of expression, and pollen cytology. Male sterility is classified as genetic male sterility, cytoplasmic male sterility, or cytoplasmic genetic male sterility depending on whether nuclear genes, cytoplasmic genes, or both control sterility. Self-incompatibility and male sterility help promote cross-pollination and are useful for hybrid seed production without emasculation in crops like cabbage and cauliflower.
BREEDING METHODS FOR ASEXUALLY PROPAGATED SPECIES Naveen Kumar
This document discusses breeding methods for asexually propagated plant species. It describes two main modes of reproduction - asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction, which includes vegetative propagation methods like rhizomes, tubers, bulbs and modified stems/roots, is common in species that cannot or do not flower and sexually reproduce. Methods to develop new varieties in asexually propagated crops include clonal selection, clonal hybridization, and inducing mutations. Clonal selection involves selecting superior clones from a mixed population, while clonal hybridization crosses two desirable clones and selects progeny with superior traits. These methods have been used successfully to develop new varieties of crops like potato, sugarcane, banana and citrus.
Recurrent selection is a method of plant breeding that involves repeatedly selecting superior plants from a population, allowing them to interbreed, and then selecting again from the progeny. This cycles of selection and interbreeding serves to increase the frequency of desirable genes in the population over many generations. There are different types of recurrent selection, including simple recurrent selection based on phenotypes, recurrent selection for general combining ability using test crosses, and reciprocal recurrent selection to improve two populations simultaneously. Recurrent selection has been effective in improving traits with high heritability in several crops.
Maintenance breeding is the branch of plant breeding that deals with producing and maintaining breeder seed to preserve the genetic purity and identity of plant varieties. It involves continuously producing fresh breeder seed through methods like growing isolated plots and bulk selection to remove off-types. Proper handling and roguing of the breeder seed crop is crucial. The breeder seed is then used to produce foundation seed while maintaining a carry-over stock to safeguard against losses. Maintenance breeding helps purify varieties and parental lines, prevent genetic deterioration, support quality seed production, and prolong the life of varieties.
In this presentation you will come to know about the HANDLING OF SEGREGATING GENERATIONS, that is (PEDIGREE METHOD, MASS PEDIGREE METHOD, BULK METHOD, SINGLE SEED DESCENT METHOD).
The document discusses crop ideotypes and ideotype breeding. It defines an ideotype as an ideal or model plant type designed for a specific environment to maximize yield. Ideotype breeding aims to enhance genetic yield potential through manipulation of individual plant traits. Examples of ideotypes are provided for various crops like wheat, rice, maize, barley and cotton that focus on traits like plant height, tillering ability, leaf characteristics and resistance to stresses. Factors influencing ideotypes and the steps in ideotype breeding are also outlined. Practical achievements highlighted ideotype breeding's role in the green revolution by developing semi-dwarf varieties responsive to fertilizers.
This document discusses heterosis breeding and the commercial exploitation of hybrids. It defines heterosis as increased vigor and fertility from hybridization between unrelated strains. The genetic bases of heterosis are the dominance and overdominance hypotheses. Heterosis breeding led to the development of different types of crosses, including single crosses, double crosses, three-way crosses, and top crosses, which are used commercially. Hybrids show increased yield, quality, disease resistance, and other advantages over pure lines or open-pollinated varieties.
This document provides information on breeding methods for self-pollinated crops. It discusses pureline selection and mass selection methods. Pureline selection involves isolating pure lines from a mixed population and selecting the best ones. Mass selection selects desirable plants from a mixed population based on phenotype. The document compares pureline and mass selection, noting that pureline selection results in more uniform cultivars while mass selection cultivars are heterogeneous mixtures. It also describes multiline breeding, which develops cultivars that are mixtures of isolines or related lines to provide genetic diversity and disease resistance.
Floral Biology, Selfing & Crossing techniques and Seed Production on MustardDhaval Bhanderi
This document provides information about mustard floral biology, selfing and crossing techniques, and hybrid seed production. It discusses the floral structure of mustard, including the androecium and gynoecium. It describes selfing using muslin bags and crossing techniques involving emasculation and controlled pollination. The document outlines breeding objectives like higher yield, biotic/abiotic stress resistance. It also discusses breeding methods used in mustard like hybridization, mass selection and hybrid seed production using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system with A, B, and R lines.
Recurrent selection is a plant breeding technique that involves repeated cycles of selection and intermating to improve quantitative traits in a population. There are several types including simple recurrent selection, recurrent selection for general combining ability, and recurrent selection for specific combining ability. Recurrent selection for specific combining ability uses homozygous testers to select for specific combining ability through multiple generations of testing cross performances, selecting best performers, and intermating selections. This allows for systematic accumulation of favorable alleles while maintaining genetic variation to continue making progress from selection.
This document discusses the backcross breeding method. It defines key terms like recurrent parent and donor parent. It explains that backcrossing is used to transfer traits from a donor parent to a recurrent parent while recovering the genotype of the recurrent parent. Over 5-7 backcrosses are typically done. The procedure differs depending on whether the gene being transferred is dominant or recessive. Backcrossing has been used successfully to develop disease resistance in many crops. It allows for trait transfer between related species.
This document describes the ear to row method of plant breeding in cross-pollinated plants. The ear to row method involves selecting individual plants based on phenotype, allowing them to open pollinate, growing progeny rows from the seed of each plant, evaluating the progeny rows for desirable traits, selecting superior progenies, and repeating the process over multiple cycles of selection and progeny testing to improve the crop variety. It was developed by Hopkins in 1908 and is commonly used for maize breeding. The method allows for selection based on progeny performance rather than just plant phenotype.
Stability analysis and G*E interactions in plantsRachana Bagudam
Gene–environment interaction is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. Stability refers to the performance with respective to environmental factors overtime within given location. Selection for stability is not possible until a biometrical model with suitable parameters is available to provide criteria necessary to rank varieties / breeds for stability. Different models of stability are discussed.
Rice (Oryza sativa L. 2n = 2x = 24) is a staple food for over half of the world's populationproviding 43% of calorie. Rice yield has experienced many fold jumps since the 1950s. This happened primarily as the result of genetic improvement and increasing harvest index by reducing plant height using the semi-dwarf genes and utilization of heterosis by producing hybrids. Heterosis is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. An offspring exhibits heterosis if its traits are enhanced as a result of mixing the genetic contributions of its parents. Genetic basis of heterosis included overdominance, dominance, and additive effects.
This document discusses the development of inbred lines through repeated self-pollination and selection over multiple generations. It describes how inbred lines are developed from variable source populations in both self- and cross-pollinated crops using methods like pedigree selection. Inbred lines are homozygous genotypes that are then used to produce hybrid varieties which benefit from heterosis or hybrid vigor. The document outlines the procedures for inbred line development and some of the early hybrid varieties released for important crops in India.
This document discusses the concept of heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document then discusses the history of heterosis research and different hypotheses for the genetic basis of heterosis, including dominance, overdominance and epistasis. It also covers types of heterosis estimates and how heterosis is manifested. Factors affecting heterosis and various methods for heterosis breeding in crops are outlined.
Floral biology and crossing techniques in groundnutManjappa Ganiger
1) Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important oilseed crop grown in tropical and warm regions between 400N to 400S latitude. India is the second largest producer after China.
2) The document discusses the floral biology, crossing techniques, breeding objectives and future thrusts in groundnut improvement. It details the flowering, pollination, peg formation and pod development process.
3) Major breeding objectives are increasing yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance including drought, diseases, and temperature stresses, and improving quality traits like oil content. Using wild species to enhance the gene pool and transgenic approaches are suggested for future stress resistance.
This document discusses ideotype breeding, which aims to develop ideal plant models for specific environments. It outlines the steps in ideotype breeding, including developing a conceptual model, selecting base materials, incorporating desirable traits, and selecting an ideal plant type. Advantages are that it can break yield barriers and solve multiple problems at once. However, it is difficult to combine all desired traits and is a slow process compared to traditional breeding. The ideotype is also constantly evolving with new knowledge and demands.
GPB 311: RICE-Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Rice crop.
1. Inbred lines are developed through repeated self-pollination or inbreeding of plants over multiple generations to produce genotypes that are homozygous and genetically uniform.
2. The pedigree method is most commonly used to develop maize inbred lines, involving self-pollination over 6-7 generations with selection of desirable plants each generation.
3. Doubled haploid lines can also be used, in which haploid cells are induced and then chromosome doubled to instantly produce completely homozygous lines.
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsDev Hingra
This document discusses methods of breeding in cross-pollinated crops. It describes mass selection, progeny selection (ear-to-row method), modified ear-to-row method, and recurrent selection. It also discusses hybrid varieties, synthetic varieties, and the operations involved in producing hybrids and synthetics. The key methods discussed are mass selection, ear-to-row selection, and recurrent selection.
This document is an assignment on the floral biology of pigeon pea submitted by Jay Khaniya, an M.Sc. (Agri.) student, to their professor Dr. C. A. Babariya. It contains diagrams and descriptions of the pigeon pea flower from immature to mature stages, including its raceme structure and the parts of the flower such as the standard, wings, keels, staminal column, ovary, style and stigma.
The document discusses the pedigree selection method for plant breeding. It begins by explaining that the pedigree method was first outlined in 1927 and involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations and recording their progeny relationships until homozygosity is reached.
It then notes that a pedigree record details the relationships between selected plants and their progeny, and is helpful for determining genetic relatedness. The pedigree method is commonly used for self-pollinated crops to select for specific traits like disease resistance over multiple generations. While it is effective for simply inherited traits and faster than bulk methods, maintaining accurate pedigree records takes time and skill from breeders.
This document discusses three plant breeding methods: bulk method, pedigree method, and single seed descent method. The bulk method involves growing segregating generations in bulk with selection in later generations to isolate homozygous lines. The pedigree method uses individual plant selection from F2 onward. The single seed descent method modifies the bulk method by harvesting a single seed from each F2 plant to maintain equal survival of segregates.
Participatory Plant Breeding, Biodiversity, Genetic Resources, Gender and Cli...CIAT
This document discusses participatory plant breeding and biodiversity. It notes that biodiversity is key to food security but 75% of genetic diversity in agricultural crops has been lost. Participatory plant breeding is presented as a way to reconcile biodiversity and food security by involving farmers in plant breeding. It describes participatory plant breeding programs in many countries on various crops, including barley, lentils, wheat, and chickpeas. Benefits of participatory plant breeding include variety development, building institutional capacity, empowering farmers, enhancing biodiversity, and higher benefit-cost ratios compared to conventional breeding.
1) Synthetic and composite varieties are developed in cross-pollinated crops by mixing seeds from multiple parental lines and allowing open-pollination.
2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
3) Both synthetic and composite varieties allow farmers to use saved seed for a few years and are maintained by open-pollination, providing more yield stability than hybrids.
The document summarizes three plant breeding methods: bulk method, pedigree method, and line breeding.
The bulk method involves growing generations of plants in bulk and delaying selection until later generations, allowing natural selection to influence the population. The pedigree method involves maintaining detailed records on individual plants and their progeny over multiple generations to develop pure lines. Line breeding uses male sterile lines to facilitate hybrid seed production, including one-line approaches using apomixis, two-line approaches using genetic or cytoplasmic male sterility, and three-line approaches using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
Floral Biology, Selfing & Crossing techniques and Seed Production on MustardDhaval Bhanderi
This document provides information about mustard floral biology, selfing and crossing techniques, and hybrid seed production. It discusses the floral structure of mustard, including the androecium and gynoecium. It describes selfing using muslin bags and crossing techniques involving emasculation and controlled pollination. The document outlines breeding objectives like higher yield, biotic/abiotic stress resistance. It also discusses breeding methods used in mustard like hybridization, mass selection and hybrid seed production using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system with A, B, and R lines.
Recurrent selection is a plant breeding technique that involves repeated cycles of selection and intermating to improve quantitative traits in a population. There are several types including simple recurrent selection, recurrent selection for general combining ability, and recurrent selection for specific combining ability. Recurrent selection for specific combining ability uses homozygous testers to select for specific combining ability through multiple generations of testing cross performances, selecting best performers, and intermating selections. This allows for systematic accumulation of favorable alleles while maintaining genetic variation to continue making progress from selection.
This document discusses the backcross breeding method. It defines key terms like recurrent parent and donor parent. It explains that backcrossing is used to transfer traits from a donor parent to a recurrent parent while recovering the genotype of the recurrent parent. Over 5-7 backcrosses are typically done. The procedure differs depending on whether the gene being transferred is dominant or recessive. Backcrossing has been used successfully to develop disease resistance in many crops. It allows for trait transfer between related species.
This document describes the ear to row method of plant breeding in cross-pollinated plants. The ear to row method involves selecting individual plants based on phenotype, allowing them to open pollinate, growing progeny rows from the seed of each plant, evaluating the progeny rows for desirable traits, selecting superior progenies, and repeating the process over multiple cycles of selection and progeny testing to improve the crop variety. It was developed by Hopkins in 1908 and is commonly used for maize breeding. The method allows for selection based on progeny performance rather than just plant phenotype.
Stability analysis and G*E interactions in plantsRachana Bagudam
Gene–environment interaction is when two different genotypes respond to environmental variation in different ways. Stability refers to the performance with respective to environmental factors overtime within given location. Selection for stability is not possible until a biometrical model with suitable parameters is available to provide criteria necessary to rank varieties / breeds for stability. Different models of stability are discussed.
Rice (Oryza sativa L. 2n = 2x = 24) is a staple food for over half of the world's populationproviding 43% of calorie. Rice yield has experienced many fold jumps since the 1950s. This happened primarily as the result of genetic improvement and increasing harvest index by reducing plant height using the semi-dwarf genes and utilization of heterosis by producing hybrids. Heterosis is the improved or increased function of any biological quality in a hybrid offspring. An offspring exhibits heterosis if its traits are enhanced as a result of mixing the genetic contributions of its parents. Genetic basis of heterosis included overdominance, dominance, and additive effects.
This document discusses the development of inbred lines through repeated self-pollination and selection over multiple generations. It describes how inbred lines are developed from variable source populations in both self- and cross-pollinated crops using methods like pedigree selection. Inbred lines are homozygous genotypes that are then used to produce hybrid varieties which benefit from heterosis or hybrid vigor. The document outlines the procedures for inbred line development and some of the early hybrid varieties released for important crops in India.
This document discusses the concept of heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor. It defines heterosis as the superiority of F1 hybrids over their parents in traits like yield, vigor and adaptation. The document then discusses the history of heterosis research and different hypotheses for the genetic basis of heterosis, including dominance, overdominance and epistasis. It also covers types of heterosis estimates and how heterosis is manifested. Factors affecting heterosis and various methods for heterosis breeding in crops are outlined.
Floral biology and crossing techniques in groundnutManjappa Ganiger
1) Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important oilseed crop grown in tropical and warm regions between 400N to 400S latitude. India is the second largest producer after China.
2) The document discusses the floral biology, crossing techniques, breeding objectives and future thrusts in groundnut improvement. It details the flowering, pollination, peg formation and pod development process.
3) Major breeding objectives are increasing yield, biotic and abiotic stress resistance including drought, diseases, and temperature stresses, and improving quality traits like oil content. Using wild species to enhance the gene pool and transgenic approaches are suggested for future stress resistance.
This document discusses ideotype breeding, which aims to develop ideal plant models for specific environments. It outlines the steps in ideotype breeding, including developing a conceptual model, selecting base materials, incorporating desirable traits, and selecting an ideal plant type. Advantages are that it can break yield barriers and solve multiple problems at once. However, it is difficult to combine all desired traits and is a slow process compared to traditional breeding. The ideotype is also constantly evolving with new knowledge and demands.
GPB 311: RICE-Centre of origin, distribution of species, wild relatives and major breeding objectives and procedures for development of varieties and hybrids for improvement yield, adoptability, stability, biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and quality of Rice crop.
1. Inbred lines are developed through repeated self-pollination or inbreeding of plants over multiple generations to produce genotypes that are homozygous and genetically uniform.
2. The pedigree method is most commonly used to develop maize inbred lines, involving self-pollination over 6-7 generations with selection of desirable plants each generation.
3. Doubled haploid lines can also be used, in which haploid cells are induced and then chromosome doubled to instantly produce completely homozygous lines.
Breeding methods in cross pollinated cropsDev Hingra
This document discusses methods of breeding in cross-pollinated crops. It describes mass selection, progeny selection (ear-to-row method), modified ear-to-row method, and recurrent selection. It also discusses hybrid varieties, synthetic varieties, and the operations involved in producing hybrids and synthetics. The key methods discussed are mass selection, ear-to-row selection, and recurrent selection.
This document is an assignment on the floral biology of pigeon pea submitted by Jay Khaniya, an M.Sc. (Agri.) student, to their professor Dr. C. A. Babariya. It contains diagrams and descriptions of the pigeon pea flower from immature to mature stages, including its raceme structure and the parts of the flower such as the standard, wings, keels, staminal column, ovary, style and stigma.
The document discusses the pedigree selection method for plant breeding. It begins by explaining that the pedigree method was first outlined in 1927 and involves selecting individual plants from segregating generations and recording their progeny relationships until homozygosity is reached.
It then notes that a pedigree record details the relationships between selected plants and their progeny, and is helpful for determining genetic relatedness. The pedigree method is commonly used for self-pollinated crops to select for specific traits like disease resistance over multiple generations. While it is effective for simply inherited traits and faster than bulk methods, maintaining accurate pedigree records takes time and skill from breeders.
This document discusses three plant breeding methods: bulk method, pedigree method, and single seed descent method. The bulk method involves growing segregating generations in bulk with selection in later generations to isolate homozygous lines. The pedigree method uses individual plant selection from F2 onward. The single seed descent method modifies the bulk method by harvesting a single seed from each F2 plant to maintain equal survival of segregates.
Participatory Plant Breeding, Biodiversity, Genetic Resources, Gender and Cli...CIAT
This document discusses participatory plant breeding and biodiversity. It notes that biodiversity is key to food security but 75% of genetic diversity in agricultural crops has been lost. Participatory plant breeding is presented as a way to reconcile biodiversity and food security by involving farmers in plant breeding. It describes participatory plant breeding programs in many countries on various crops, including barley, lentils, wheat, and chickpeas. Benefits of participatory plant breeding include variety development, building institutional capacity, empowering farmers, enhancing biodiversity, and higher benefit-cost ratios compared to conventional breeding.
1) Synthetic and composite varieties are developed in cross-pollinated crops by mixing seeds from multiple parental lines and allowing open-pollination.
2) Synthetic varieties are produced by evaluating parental lines for general combining ability and mixing seeds in a controlled manner, while composite varieties simply mix seeds without evaluating parental lines.
3) Both synthetic and composite varieties allow farmers to use saved seed for a few years and are maintained by open-pollination, providing more yield stability than hybrids.
The document summarizes three plant breeding methods: bulk method, pedigree method, and line breeding.
The bulk method involves growing generations of plants in bulk and delaying selection until later generations, allowing natural selection to influence the population. The pedigree method involves maintaining detailed records on individual plants and their progeny over multiple generations to develop pure lines. Line breeding uses male sterile lines to facilitate hybrid seed production, including one-line approaches using apomixis, two-line approaches using genetic or cytoplasmic male sterility, and three-line approaches using cytoplasmic genetic male sterility.
This document provides an introduction to principles of quantitative genetics. It discusses the history and development of the field, beginning with Mendel's foundational work in genetics and Galton's development of statistical techniques. It describes how early geneticists differed in their views of inheritance as qualitative vs quantitative. Key figures who helped establish quantitative genetics are mentioned, including Fisher who integrated Mendelian and statistical approaches. The document outlines differences between Mendelian and polygenic traits. It also discusses types of statistics used in quantitative genetics like first and second degree statistics, as well as biometrical techniques and parameters used in plant breeding like assessment of variability, selection of elite genotypes, choice of parents, and stability analysis.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
हिंदी वर्णमाला पीपीटी, hindi alphabet PPT presentation, hindi varnamala PPT, Hindi Varnamala pdf, हिंदी स्वर, हिंदी व्यंजन, sikhiye hindi varnmala, dr. mulla adam ali, hindi language and literature, hindi alphabet with drawing, hindi alphabet pdf, hindi varnamala for childrens, hindi language, hindi varnamala practice for kids, https://www.drmullaadamali.com
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
Executive Directors Chat Leveraging AI for Diversity, Equity, and InclusionTechSoup
Let’s explore the intersection of technology and equity in the final session of our DEI series. Discover how AI tools, like ChatGPT, can be used to support and enhance your nonprofit's DEI initiatives. Participants will gain insights into practical AI applications and get tips for leveraging technology to advance their DEI goals.
Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
Assessment and Planning in Educational technology.pptxKavitha Krishnan
In an education system, it is understood that assessment is only for the students, but on the other hand, the Assessment of teachers is also an important aspect of the education system that ensures teachers are providing high-quality instruction to students. The assessment process can be used to provide feedback and support for professional development, to inform decisions about teacher retention or promotion, or to evaluate teacher effectiveness for accountability purposes.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
7. gpb 621 estimation of heterosis & inbreeding depression
1. ESTIMATION OF HETEROSIS & INBREEDING
DEPRESSION
GPB 621 – PRINCIPLES OF QUANTITATIVE GENETICS
CLASS – 7
Dr. K. SARAVANAN
Professor
Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding
Faculty of Agriculture
Annamalai University
2. Dr. K. Saravanan, GPB, AU
• Shull in 1914
• Superiority of F1 hybrid over its parents.
• In other words, heterosis refers to increase of F1 in fitness and vigour
over the parental values
• Heterosis refers to the phenomenon (cause), hybrid vigour is the
phenotypic expression (effect) of the genetical phenomenon. In current
usage, heterosis and hybrid vigour are used as synonyms and
interchangeable
Heterosis
3. Dr. K. Saravanan, GPB, AU
Estimation of heterosis
The heterosis can be classified into three on the basis of
estimation.
1. Relative heterosis over mid-parent - di
2. Heterobeltiosis over better parent - dii
3. Standard heterosis/ Economic heterosis over commercial hybrid /
variety - diii
4. Dr. K. Saravanan, GPB, AU
P1 P2 F1
SP
MP BP
Relative Heterosis (di)
Heterobeltiosis (dii)
Standard
Heterosis (diii)
HETEROSIS
P1 – Parent 1 Mean Value
P2 – Parent 2 Mean Value
F1 – P1 x P2
MP – Mid Parent value
BP – Better Parent Value
SP – Standard Parent Mean value
5. Dr. K. Saravanan, GPB, AU
Relative heterosis :
• The superiority of F1 hybrid over the mid-parental value (i.e, mean
value or average of two parents involved in the cross) is known as
mid-parent heterosis, which is estimated as follows :
Relative heterosis percent (di) = X 100
where,
F1 is the mean value of F1 hybrid
MP is the average of two parents involved in the cross
Significance of Relative heterosis :
t (di) = SEd =
MP
MP
F
1
d
SE
MP
F
1
r
EMS
2
3
6. Dr. K. Saravanan, GPB, AU
Heterobeltiosis :
The superiority of F1 hybrid over the better parent or superior parent
Heterobeltiosis (dii)= x 100
Where,
F1 is the mean value of F1 hybrid
BP is the mean value of better parent/ Best parent of the particular
cross
Significance of Heterobeltiosis :
t (dii) = SEd =
BP
BP
F
1
d
SE
BP
F
1
r
EMS
2
7. Dr. K. Saravanan, GPB, AU
Standard heterosis :
• The superiority of F1 hybrid over the standard commercial variety / hybrid is known as
standard heterosis.
• The term useful heterosis was used by Meredith and Bridge (1972). It is also called as
economic heterosis. This type of heterosis is of direct practical value in plant breeding
Standard heterosis (diii)= x 100
Where,
F1 is the mean value of F1 hybrid
SV is the standard variety / hybrid
Significance of Heterobeltiosis :
t (diii) = SEd =
SV
SV
F
1
d
SE
SV
F
1
r
EMS
2
8. Dr. K. Saravanan, GPB, AU
INBREEDING DEPRESSION :
• To decrease in fitness and vigour due to inbreeding .
• The degree of inbreeding is measured by the inbreeding co-efficient.
• Inbreeding depression results due to fixation of unfavorable recessive
genes in F2.
• The fixation of all favorable dominant genes in one homozygous line is
impossible due to linkage between some unfavorable recessive and
favorable dominant genes.
9. Dr. K. Saravanan, GPB, AU
ESTIMATION OF INBREEDING DEPRESSION :
• The inbreeding depression is estimated when both F1 and F2 populations of the same
cross are available.
Inbreeding Depression = x 100
Where,
F1 is the mean value of F1 hybrid F2 is the mean value of F2 generation
Significance of Inbreeding Depression :
t = SEd =
Where SE1, SE2 are standard error of F1 and F2 respectively
1
2
1
F
F
F
d
SE
F
F 2
1 2
2
2
1 SE
SE
10. Dr. K. Saravanan, GPB, AU
• The estimation of heterosis and inbreeding depression together provide information
about the type of gene action involved in the expression of various quantitative
traits.
1. If high heterosis if followed by high inbreeding depression, it indicates the presence of non –
addivitve gene action.
2. If heterosis is followed by low inbreeding depression, it indicates presence of additive gene
action.
3. The heterosis will be high when some alleles are fixed in one parent and other alleles in the
other parent (dispersion of alleles).
4. The Genes with lack of dominance will not exhibit heterosis in F1 but may show increase in
performance in F2 (low inbreeding depression) due to fixation of genes i.e., additive gene
action.
Heterosis, Inbreeding Depression & Gene action
11. Dr. K. Saravanan, GPB, AU
Problem
A total of 15 cotton hybrids and their parents was evaluated in a RBD with four replications. The
following is the data on yield in gms. Work out the heterosis percent on all the three bases and comment on the
results. Assume P3 is the standard check.
Genotype R I R II R III R IV Total Mean
P1 x P6 64.4 60.8 51.0 58.0 234.2 58.55
P2 x P6 91.8 89.2 98.8 92.7 372.5 93.13
P3 x P6 38.1 48.2 42.5 45.8 174.6 93.65
P4 x P6 54.1 55.6 62.7 61.7 234.1 58.53
P5 x P6 74.2 85.3 78.8 84.5 322.8 80.70
P1 x P7 86.9 81.4 75.8 70.4 314.5 78.63
P2 x P7 99.8 88.2 83.3 92.3 363.6 90.90
P3 x P7 109.2 102.3 108.2 104.5 424.2 106.05
P4 x P7 99.7 106.5 112.8 110.9 429.9 107.48
P5 x P7 105.2 106.7 97.9 111.4 421.2 105.3
P1 x P8 54.4 60.8 64.8 64.1 244.1 61.03
P2 x P8 53.9 48.3 50.6 54.6 207.4 51.85
P3 x P8 93.5 93.1 89.2 83.8 359.6 89.90
P4 x P8 81.4 79.8 82.8 83.7 327.7 81.93
P5 x P8 88.6 94.2 90.8 96.2 369.8 92.45
Geno R I R II R III R IV Total Mean
P1 64.4 56.2 62.9 59.3 242.8 60.70
P2 96.9 91.4 83.8 88.4 360.5 90.13
P3 95.8 99.3 96.2 99.4 390.7 97.68
P4 62.4 70.8 73.8 69.8 276.8 69.20
P5 81.5 72.8 89.8 83.7 327.8 81.95
P6 53.2 60.6 61.6 56.8 232.2 58.05
P7 93.2 99.7 90.2 99.4 382.5 95.63
P8 85.3 89.6 79.4 84.3 338.6 84.65
Total 1827.9 1840.8 1827.7 1855.7 7352.1
16. Dr. K. Saravanan, GPB, AU
Hybrid
Relative
heterosis
t value Heterobeltiosis t value
Standard
heterosis
t value
P1 x P6 -1.40 0.28 -3.54 0.63 -40.06* 11.38
P2 x P6 25.70* 6.39 3.33 0.87 -4.66 1.32
P3 x P6 20.37* 11.49 -4.12* 15.71 -4.12* 15.71
P4 x P6 -8.02 1.71 -15.42* 3.10 -40.08* 11.38
P5 x P6 15.29* 3.59 -1.53 0.36 -17.38* 4.91
P1 x P7 0.59 0.15 -17.78* 4.94 -19.50* 5.54
P2 x P7 -2.13 0.66 -4.95 1.38 -6.94 1.97
P3 x P7 9.71* 3.15 8.57* 2.43 8.57* 2.43
P4 x P7 30.41* 8.41 12.39* 3.44 10.03* 2.85
P5 x P6 18.59* 5.54 10.11* 2.81 7.80* 2.22
P1 x P8 16.03* 3.91 -27.90* 6.87 -37.52* 10.65
P2 x P8 -40.67* 11.93 -42.47* 11.13 -46.92* 13.32
P3 x P8 -1.39 0.43 -7.69* 2.26 -7.96* 2.26
P4 x P8 6.50 1.68 -3.21 0.79 -16.12* 4.58
P5 x P6 10.98* 3.07 9.21* 2.27 -5.35 1.52
Results :
P1 X P6
t value for di = 0.28
t value for dii = 0.63
t value for diii = 11.38
Tabulated ‘t’ value at 5% for df66 = 1.997
17. Dr. K. Saravanan, GPB, AU
Hybrid
Relative
heterosis
t value Heterobeltiosis t value
Standard
heterosis
t value
P1 x P6 -40.06* 11.38
P2 x P6 25.70* 6.39
P3 x P6 20.37* 11.49 -4.12* 15.71 -4.12* 15.71
P4 x P6 -15.42* 3.10 -40.08* 11.38
P5 x P6 15.29* 3.59 -17.38* 4.91
P1 x P7 -17.78* 4.94 -19.50* 5.54
P2 x P7
P3 x P7 9.71* 3.15 8.57* 2.43 8.57* 2.43
P4 x P7 30.41* 8.41 12.39* 3.44 10.03* 2.85
P5 x P7 18.59* 5.54 10.11* 2.81 7.80* 2.22
P1 x P8 16.03* 3.91 -27.90* 6.87 -37.52* 10.65
P2 x P8 -40.67* 11.93 -42.47* 11.13 -46.92* 13.32
P3 x P8 -7.69* 2.26 -7.96* 2.26
P4 x P8 -16.12* 4.58
P5 x P6 10.98* 3.07 9.21* 2.27
Results :
The hybrids P3X P7, P4 XP7 and
P5 XP7and excelled other hybrids
by recording significantly superior
heterosis on all the three bases.