The document outlines the design process involved in creating a new product, emphasizing the balance between evolutionary and innovative design. It details stages such as identifying customer needs, market analysis, defining goals, and the iterative nature of design from conception to prototype. Additionally, it provides insights on effective communication and marketing strategies necessary for successful product development.

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EST 200, Design Process
MEC

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Contents
• Design Process.
• Ways to Design.
• Design Process Map.
• Stages of the Design Process.
• Product Life Cycle.

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Design Process
• To design is to create a new product that
turns into profit and benefits society.
• Ability to design requires both science and
art.
• Art gained by practice and dedication to
become proficient.
• Science learned through a systematic
process, experience, and problem-solving.

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Design Process
“A sequence of events and a set of
guidelines that helps define a clear starting
point that takes the designer from
visualizing a product in his/her imagination
to realizing it in real life in a systematic
manner without hindering their creative
process”.

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Design Process
• Two ways to design.
• Evolutionary Change:
- Product allowed to evolve over a
period of time.
- Only slight improvement.
- Done if no competition.
- Limits creative capabilities of the
designer.

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Design Process
• Innovative Design:
- Emphasis on new products.
- Companies for their slice of market.
- Heavily draws on innovation.
- Creative skills and analytical ability.
- Future designs to base results on the
past.

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Design Process
• Proficient designers control evolution and
innovation so they occur simultaneously.
• Emphasis is on innovation.
• Designers to test their ideas against prior
design.

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Design
Process Map

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Design Process Map

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Design
Process Map

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Design Process
• Formalize the design process.
• Lean more towards addressing the
problem.
• Postpone the solution to the latter stages
than finding a solution early on and then
try to improve it.
• Design is iterative, require a series of
decisions to move the design along.

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Stages of Design Process

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Needs & Market Analysis
Requirements
Functions
Specifications
Conceptualization
Evaluating Alternatives
Embodiment Design
Detailed Analysis & Simulation
Experiment
Marketing
Require
ments
Product
Concept
Solution
Concept
Embodi
ment
Detailed
Design

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Identifying Customer Needs
• Client Request :
- client submits a request for developing
an artifact.
- client may not express the need clearly.
- client may know only the type of product
he/she wants.

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Identifying Customer Needs
• Modified Design:
- modification of an existing artifact.
- simplicity and ease of use.
- easy to use products appeal to
customers.

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Identifying Customer Needs
• New Product:
- focus on profit for the company and
stockholders.
- every product preempted by another or
degenerates into profitless price
competition.
- New products have a characteristic
lifecycle pattern in sales volume and
profit margins.

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Identifying Customer Needs
• A product will peak out when it has
saturated the market and then begin to
decline.
• Industry to seek out and promote a flow of
new product ideas.
• Patent protection to new products.

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Market Analysis
• Locate what is already available in the
market and what they have to offer.
• Sources of information:
- Technical and trade journals.
- Abstracts.
- Research reports.
- Technical libraries.
- Catalog of component suppliers.
- Patent information.
- Online resources.

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Market Analysis
• Information gathered may reveal an
available design solution and the hardware
to accomplish the goal.
• Knowledge of existing products will save
the designer and client time and money.
• Creativity may be directed towards
generating alternatives.

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Defining Goals
• Define what must be done to resolve need(s).
• Needs should be expressed in functional
terms.
• Definition is a general statement of the
desired end product.
• Difficulties encountered in design may be
traced to poorly stated goals or hastily written
goals.
• Customer needs are not the same as product
specifications.

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Defining Goals
• Customers will offer solutions.
• Designers must determine the real needs,
define the problem, and act accordingly.
• Designer to clarify client’s design
requirements.
• Objective tree is a tool used by designers
to organize the customer’s wants into
categories.

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Product Life Cycle

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Product Life Cycle

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Product Concept –
Establishing Functions
• Recognizing the generality of the need
statement.
• Recognizing where the problem/need
stands in the whole system.
• Assess what actions the product should
perform during its lifetime and operation.
• Consider the level at which the designer is
asked to work.
• Identify functions instead of potential
solutions.

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Establishing Functions
• Remain solution neutral, no solution is
referred to at this stage.
• No fixation on a solution that the customer
provides unintentionally.
• Explore alternatives that can address the
needs and goals.
• Systematic design guides the designer to
a problem-focused design than a solution-
focused one.

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Product Concept –
Task Specifications
• Designer to list all pertinent data and
parameters that tend to control the design
and guide it towards the desired goal.
• Sets limits on the acceptable solutions.
• Not to be defined too narrowly- designer
will eliminate acceptable solutions.
• Not to be defined too broad or vague - will
leave the designer with no direction to
satisfy the design goal.

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Solution Concept –
Conceptualisation
• Starts with generating new ideas.
• Designer to review market analysis and
task specifications.
• Requires free-hand sketches for producing
a series of alternative solutions.
• Alternatives not to be worked out in detail
but recorded as possibilities to be tested.
• Alternatives to perform the functions to be
listed in an organized fashion.

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Solution Concept –
Evaluating Alternatives
• Decision to be made on which
alternative(s) to enter the next, most
expensive, stages of the design process.
• A scoring matrix forces a more penetrating
study of each alternative against specified
criteria.

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Embodiment Design
• Details not included yet - no dimensions
or tolerances, etc.
• A clear definition of a part, how it will look,
and how it interfaces with the rest of the
parts in the product assembly.
• Concept may remain the same, execution
and parts or the ‘embodiment’ of the
design can change.

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Analysis and Optimisation
• Synthesis phase of design completed
once a possible solution for the stated goal
chosen.
• Analysis phase begins – known as
detailed design.
• Solution to be tested against physical
laws.
• Manufacturability of the chosen product to
be checked to ensure usefulness.

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Analysis and Optimisation
• Iterative sequencing with the original
synthesis phase.
• Analysis requires a concept to be altered
or redefined then reanalyzed.
• Design is constantly shifted between
analysis and synthesis.
• Analysis includes estimation followed by
order of magnitude calculation.

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Analysis and Optimisation
• Estimation:
– educated guess based on experience.
• Order of magnitude analysis:
- a rough calculation of the specified
problem.
- not an exact solution.
- gives the order in which the solution
should be expected.

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Experiment
• Design on paper transformed to a physical
reality.
• Piece of hardware constructed and tested
to verify the concept and analysis of the
design as to its work ability, durability, and
performance characteristics.
• First to deal with the mock-up, then the
model, and finally the prototype when
entering the experimental stage.

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Experiment –
Techniques of Construction
• Mock Up:
- least expensive technique.
- provides the least amount of information.
- quick and relatively easy to build.
- constructed to scale from plastics, wood,
cardboard etc.
- to check clearance, assembly technique,
manufacturing considerations, and
appearance.

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Techniques of Construction
• Model:
- representation of a physical system
through a mathematical similitude.
- to predict behavior of the real system.
- four types of models : true model,
adequate model, distorted model,
dissimilar model.

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Models
• True model:
- exact geometric reproduction of the
real system.
- built to scale.
- satisfies all restrictions imposed in the
design parameters.
• Adequate model:
- to test specific characteristics of the
design.

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Models
• Distorted model:
- purposely violates one or more design
conditions.
- violation required when it is difficult to
satisfy the specified conditions.

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Models
• Dissimilar model:
- no apparent resemblance to the real
system.
- through appropriate analogies.
- accurate information on behavioral
characteristics.

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Techniques of Construction
• Prototype:
- an idea comes to life.
- constructed, full-scale working physical
system.
- most expensive experimental
technique.
- produces greatest amount of
information.

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Marketing
• Requires specific information that defines
the device, system, or process.
• Designer to put his/her thoughts regarding
the design on paper for the purpose of
communication with others.
• Communication involved in selling the
idea.

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Marketing
Documents for communication:
• Flyer:
- contains a list of the special features
design can provide.
- advertisements, promotional
literature, market testing etc.

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Marketing Documents
• Report:
- detailed device description, how it
satisfies the need, how it works, detailed
assembly drawing, specifications for
construction, list of standard parts, cost
breakdown, and other information.
- ensures that the design is understood and
constructed as intended.

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Thank You