The document discusses entity relationship diagrams (ERDs) which are used to model relationships between entities in a database. It defines key concepts such as entities, attributes, relationships and cardinality. Entities represent objects of interest with attributes to describe them. Relationships define how entities are connected and cardinality specifies the minimum and maximum number of relationships between entities. The document provides examples of one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many relationships and discusses how ERDs can be used to design the logical structure of a database.

1. Entity Relationship Diagram
(ERD)
22 February 2011

2. An Introduction to designing a Database
• A database is a collection of data that is organized in
such a manner that its contents can be readily
accessed, managed and updated
• An Entity Relationship model (ERM) may be used to
aid the development of a database
– An ER model may be represented pictorially by ERDs
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3. What is a Data Model?
• A detailed model that captures overall
structure of organizational data while being
independent of any implementation
considerations
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4. Rationale for using Data Modelling?
• Typically data modelling is carried out parallel with
other requirements analysis and structuring steps
during the systems analysis phase
• During this phase a data model is developed for the
current system
• Following this, the data model supporting the scope
and requirements of the proposed system is
developed
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5. ERD’s
• Entity Relationship Diagram is a form of data
modelling
• Data modelling involves examining the data
objects in a system and identifying the
relationship between these objects
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6. What is an Entity Relationship Diagram
(ERD)?
• An ERD depicts data in terms of the entities
and relationships described in an information
system
• The primary purpose of an ERD is to
document the logical structure of a database
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7. Two Approaches to ERD’s
• The two most popular approaches to
contructing entity relationship diagrams are:
– SSADM
– Chen ERD
• Visio provides stencils for constructing ERD’s
using these apporaches
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8. ERD Symbols
SSADM Chen
Entity 2 Department
Department
Attribute 2 Department
Staff No Staff No.
Relationship
employs employs
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9. An Entity
• An entity is a thing of interest to a system
about which information is kept
• For example in a Hospital Administration
System, some likely entities would include:
Patient, Doctor, Operation, Ward
• Each of these things are of interest to the
system and would have data stored about
them
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10. Choosing Entities
• Example
– A sale always starts with a customer receiving an
estimate.The estimate then becomes an order. An
order can be for one or more stock items. Each
stock item belongs to a certain stock category
(e.g. taps, sinks, cupboards etc.)
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11. An Attribute
• An attribute is an item of data held about an
entity
• In computer systems an attribute is a field of
information
• Example : Sales System
– Entity : Customer
– Attributes : Customer Name, Customer Address,
Customer Phone Number 11

12. Attributes Continued..
• A key attribute uniquely identifies a specific
occurrence of an entity
• This may also be referred to as a primary key
• Examples of primary keys include:
– ISBN
– Student Number
– Staff ID
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13. For Example
• In a Sales System, customer name and address
are attributes of the entity customer.
• The primary key is likely to be Customer Code
or Customer ID as the unique identifier for
each customer in the system.
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14. Designing a System:
– Data Flow Diagramming
• External entities, process, data stores
• Answers question: “How will the data be used?”
– Entity-Relationship Diagramming (ERDs)
• Depict entities and their relationships amongst
each other
• Answers question: “What data will be captured in
the database, and how will the data relate to each
other?”
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15. Example : Babysitter Service
The AITP Service Club wants to run a
babysitting service. Customers call to request
a sitter and the Club Coordinator assigns an
employee to sit for the customer from a list of
employees available for the particular day
requested.
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16. Babysitting System
• Data is used to:
– Assign employee to job
– Determine availability
• Data to be captured in database:
– Employee data
– Job data
– Customer data
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17. Entity-Relationship Model
• A logical representation of the data of an
organization or business area in graphical
form
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18. ERD - Babysitter Service
Employee Customer
assigned to Related to
Job
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19. Babysitting System
– Employee
• Attributes: EmpID, Name, Address, Phone
Number, Available Hours, JobNo
– Job
• Attributes: JobNo, JobDate, JobTime, EmpID
– Customer
• Attributes: CusNo, Name, Address, Phone
Number, JobNo
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21. Entity Instance
• An entity instance is a single occurrence of an
entity type.
• An entity type is described just once in a data
model while many instances of that data type
may be represented by data stored in the
system.
– There is one EMPLOYEE entity type in most
organisations but there may be hundred or
thousands of instances of this entity type in the
company.
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22. Choosing Entities
• Example
– A sale always starts with a customer receiving an
estimate.The estimate then becomes an order. An
order can be for one or more stock items. Each
stock item belongs to a certain stock category
(e.g. taps, sinks, cupboards etc.)
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23. • From the narrative we can deduce:
– An Estimate becomes and Order
– An Estimate is issued to a particular Customer
– An Estimate refers to a Stock Item(s)
– An Order is placed by the Customer
– An Order refers to a Stock Item(s)
– A Stock Item refers to a particular Stock Category
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24. • From the narrative we can deduce:
– An Estimate becomes and Order
– An Estimate is issued to a particular Customer
– An Estimate refers to a Stock Item(s)
– An Order is placed by the Customer
– An Order refers to a Stock Item(s)
– A Stock Item refers to a particular Stock Category
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25. Order System:
ERD
Refers to
Order
Places
Stock Item
Becomes
Issued to Refers to
Customer Estimate
Refers to
Stock
Category
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26. Entity Primary Key Other
Attributes
Estimate Estimate Number Date
Customer Number
Stock Item Code
Order Order Number Same as Estimate
Customer Customer Number Customer Name
Customer Address
Credit Limit
Stock Item Stock Item Code Description
Number in Stock
Supplier Code
Stock Category Category Code Category
Description 26

27. Entity Instance
• An entity instance is a single occurrence of an
entity type.
• An entity type is described just once in a data
model while many instances of that data type
may be represented by data stored in the
system.
– There is one EMPLOYEE entity type in most
organisations but there may be hundred or
thousands of instances of this entity type in the
company.
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28. ERD Relationships
• A relationship is an association between two
entities that is important to the system.
• We must also consider the extent to which
each entity is related to another.
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29. The Cardinality of a Relationship
• Cardinality defines the minimum and
maximum number of occurrences of one
entity for a single occurrence of the other
• From the previous example we can say that:
– A customer can place several orders if they wish
– But an order can only be placed by one customer
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30. Cardinality
• Cardinality is bi-directional
• This means that it must be defined for both
directions of the entity relationship.
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31. One-to-One Relationship (1:1)
• A one-to-one relationship occurs where a
single occurrence of one entity relates to one
occurrence of a second entity.
becomes
Estimate Order
An estimate can only become one order and an
order is derived from one estimate.
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32. One-to-Many Relationship(1:N)
• One-to-Many relationships occur when a
single entity instance is related to many
occurences of a second entity.
is issued with
Customer Estimate
One customer can be issued with many estimates (the
relationship is described as one-to-many)
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33. Many-to-Many Relationship (N:M)
• Many-to-many relationships occur where many
instances of an entity relate to many instances of a
second entity
• These relationships usually contain a hidden entity
which should be extracted
• Usually N:M relationships are broken into one or
more pairs of one-to-many relationships
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34. N:M
Refers to
Estimate Stock Item
Many estimates refers to many stock items (or many stock items
are referred to by many estimates)
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35. Sales ERD
Refers to
Order
Places
Stock Item
Becomes
Issued to Refers to
Customer Estimate
Refers to
Stock
Category
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36. Cardinality
• Optional Cardinality
– Where the analyst considers whether an entity
occurrence at one end of the relationship can ever be
present in the system without the presence of the
corresonding occurrence of the entity at the other end of
the relationship
• Mandatory Cardinality
– When the occurrence of the entity at either end of the
relationship must be present in the system
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37. Mandatory - Mandatory
• Some relationships are mandatory and some
are optional
Is responsible for
Doctor Patient
Registered
with
A doctor must be responsible for one or more patients
and a patient must be registered with one and only
one doctor
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38. Optional – Mandatory
Is responsible for
Doctor PROJECT
Registered
with
A doctor may be responsible for one or more patients
and a patiente must be registered with one and only
one doctor
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39. Mandatory – Optional
• A doctor must be responisble for one of more
patients and a patient may be registered with
one and only one doctor
Is responsible
for
Doctor Patient
Registered
with
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40. Optional – Optional
• A doctor may be responsible for one or more
patients and a patient may be registered with
one and only one doctor
Is responsible
for
Doctor Patient
Registered
with
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41. Relationship Cardinality
Graphic Cardinality
Exactly 1
0 or 1
1 or more
0 or many
More than 1
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42. Note
• || denotes 1 and only
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