The document provides information on entity relationship diagrams (ERDs), including the objectives, components, and steps to create an ERD. It defines key ERD concepts like entities, attributes, relationships, and cardinality. It describes the entity modeling process and discusses how to recognize entities, attributes, relationships, and cardinalities in a database. It outlines the general steps to create an ERD, including identifying entities, finding relationships between entities, drawing a rough ERD, defining primary keys, identifying attributes, mapping attributes to entities, and drawing a fully attributed ERD. Sample ERDs are provided to illustrate concepts like cardinality constraints.
Considering Company as a Mini world Problem we need to design the Database.
Company Database consists of:
Company Info
Employee Info
Project Info
The Formulated Requirements are:
The company is organized into departments. Each department has a unique name, a unique number, and a particular employee who manages the department. We keep track of the start date when that employee began managing the department. A department may have several location
A department controls a number of projects, each of which has a unique name, a unique number, and a single location
We store each employee’s name, Social Security number, address, salary, sex (gender), and birth date. An employee is assigned to one department, but may work on several projects, which are not necessarily controlled by the same department. We keep track of the current number of hours per week that an employee works on each project. We also keep track of the direct supervisor of each employee (who is another employee).
We want to keep track of the dependents of each employee for insurance purposes
Functional dependencies in Database Management SystemKevin Jadiya
Slides attached here describes mainly Functional dependencies in database management system, how to find closure set of functional dependencies and in last how decomposition is done in any database tables
Considering Company as a Mini world Problem we need to design the Database.
Company Database consists of:
Company Info
Employee Info
Project Info
The Formulated Requirements are:
The company is organized into departments. Each department has a unique name, a unique number, and a particular employee who manages the department. We keep track of the start date when that employee began managing the department. A department may have several location
A department controls a number of projects, each of which has a unique name, a unique number, and a single location
We store each employee’s name, Social Security number, address, salary, sex (gender), and birth date. An employee is assigned to one department, but may work on several projects, which are not necessarily controlled by the same department. We keep track of the current number of hours per week that an employee works on each project. We also keep track of the direct supervisor of each employee (who is another employee).
We want to keep track of the dependents of each employee for insurance purposes
Functional dependencies in Database Management SystemKevin Jadiya
Slides attached here describes mainly Functional dependencies in database management system, how to find closure set of functional dependencies and in last how decomposition is done in any database tables
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation.
What is dimension modeling? ,
Difference between ER modeling and dimension modeling,
What is a Dimension? ,
What is a Fact?
Start Schema ,
Snow Flake Schema ,
Difference between Star and snow flake schema ,
Fact Table ,
Different types of facts
Dimensional Tables,
Fact less Fact Table ,
Confirmed Dimensions ,
Unconfirmed Dimensions ,
Junk Dimensions ,
Monster Dimensions ,
Degenerative Dimensions ,
What are slowly changing Dimensions? ,
Different types of SCD's,
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
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See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
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Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
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Major cyber events in 2024
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2. Objectives
• Define terms related to entity relationship
modeling, including entity, entity instance,
attribute, relationship and cardinality, and
primary key.
• Describe the entity modeling process.
• Discuss how to draw an entity relationship
diagram.
• Describe how to recognize entities,
attributes, relationships, and cardinalities.
3. Database Model
A database can be modeled as:
– a collection of entities,
– relationship among entities.
Database systems are often modeled using
an Entity Relationship (ER) diagram as the
"blueprint" from which the actual data is
stored — the output of the design phase.
4. Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
• ER model allows us to sketch database designs
• ERD is a graphical tool for modeling data.
• ERD is widely used in database design
• ERD is a graphical representation of the logical
structure of a database
• ERD is a model that identifies the concepts or
entities that exist in a system and the
relationships between those entities
5. Purposes of ERD
An ERD serves several purposes
• The database analyst/designer gains a
better understanding of the information to
be contained in the database through the
process of constructing the ERD.
• The ERD serves as a documentation tool.
• Finally, the ERD is used to communicate
the logical structure of the database to
users. In particular, the ERD effectively
communicates the logic of the database to
users.
6. Components of an ERD
An ERD typically consists of four different
graphical components:
1. Entity
2. Relationship
3. Cardinality
4. Attribute
7. Classification of Relationship
• Optional Relationship
– An Employee may or may not be assigned
to a Department
– A Patient may or may not be assigned to a
Bed
• Mandatory Relationship
– Every Course must be taught by at least
one Teacher
– Every mother have at least a Child
8. Cardinality Constraints
Express the number of entities to which another
entity can be associated via a relationship set.
• Cardinality Constraints - the number of instances
of one entity that can or must be associated with
each instance of another entity.
• Minimum Cardinality
– If zero, then optional
– If one or more, then mandatory
• Maximum Cardinality
– The maximum number
9. Cardinality Constraints (Contd.)
• For a binary relationship set the mapping
cardinality must be one of the following types:
–One to one
• A Manager Head one Department and vice versa
–One to many ( or many to one)
• An Employee Works in one Department or One
Department has many Employees
–Many to many
• A Teacher Teaches many Students and A student
is taught by many Teachers
11. Cardinality Constraints Example
• In our model, we wish to indicate that each
school may enroll many students, or may not
enroll any students at all.
• We also wish to indicate that each student
attends exactly one school. The following
diagram indicates this optionality and
cardinality:
12. Cardinality Constraints Example (Contd.)
SCHOOL
STUDENT
Each school enrolls
at least zero
and at most many
students
Each student attends
at least one
and at most one
school
13. General Steps to create an ERD
• Identify the entity
• Identify the entity's attributes
• Identify the Primary Keys
• Identify the relation between entities
• Identify the Cardinality constraint
• Draw the ERD
• Check the ERD
15. Developing an ERD
The process has ten steps:
1. Identify Entities
2. Find Relationships
3. Draw Rough ERD
4. Fill in Cardinality
5. Define Primary Keys
6. Draw Key-Based ERD
7. Identify Attributes
8. Map Attributes
9. Draw fully attributed ERD
10. Check Results
16. A Simple Example
A company has several departments. Each
department has a supervisor and at least one
employee. Employees must be assigned to at
least one, but possibly more departments. At
least one employee is assigned to a project,
but an employee may be on vacation and not
assigned to any projects. The important data
fields are the names of the departments,
projects, supervisors and employees, as well
as the supervisor and employee number and a
unique project number.
17. Identify entities
• One approach to this is to work through the
information and highlight those words which you think
correspond to entities.
• A company has several departments. Each
department has a supervisor and at least one
employee. Employees must be assigned to at least
one, but possibly more departments. At least one
employee is assigned to a project, but an employee
may be on vacation and not assigned to any projects.
The important data fields are the names of the
departments, projects, supervisors and employees, as
well as the supervisor and employee number and a
unique project number.
• A true entity should have more than one instance
18. Find Relationships
• Aim is to identify the associations, the
connections between pairs of entities.
• A simple approach to do this is using a
relationship matrix (table) that has rows and
columns for each of the identified entities.
19. Find Relationships (Contd.)
• Go through each cell and decide whether or not
there is an association. For example, the first cell
on the second row is used to indicate if there is a
relationship between the entity "Employee" and
the entity "Department".
20. Identified Relationships
Names placed in the cells are meant to
capture/describe the relationships. So you
can use them like this
• A Department is assigned an employee
• A Department is run by a supervisor
• An employee belongs to a department
• An employee works on a project
• A supervisor runs a department
• A project uses an employee
21. Draw Rough ERD
Draw a diagram and:
• Place all the entities in rectangles
• Use diamonds and lines to represent the
relationships between entities.
• General Examples
25. Fill in Cardinality
• Supervisor
– Each department has one supervisor.
• Department
– Each supervisor has one department.
– Each employee can belong to one or more departments
• Employee
– Each department must have one or more employees
– Each project must have one or more employees
• Project
– Each employee can have 0 or more projects.
26. Fill in Cardinality (Contd.)
The cardinality of a relationship can only
have the following values
–One and only one
–One or more
–Zero or more
–Zero or one
28. Cardinality Examples
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
Each instance of A is related to a minimum of
zero and a maximum of one instance of B
Each instance of B is related to a minimum of
one and a maximum of one instance of A
Each instance of A is related to a minimum of
one and a maximum of many instances of B
Each instance of B is related to a minimum of
zero and a maximum of many instances of A
34. Identify Attributes
• In this step we try to identify and name all the attributes
essential to the system we are studying without trying to
match them to particular entities.
• The best way to do this is to study the forms, files and reports
currently kept by the users of the system and circle each data
item on the paper copy.
• Cross out those which will not be transferred to the new
system, extraneous items such as signatures, and constant
information which is the same for all instances of the form
(e.g. your company name and address). The remaining
circled items should represent the attributes you need. You
should always verify these with your system users.
(Sometimes forms or reports are out of date.)
• The only attributes indicated are the names of the
departments, projects, supervisors and employees, as well
as the supervisor and employee NUMBER and a unique
project number.
35. Map Attributes
• For each attribute we need to match it with exactly
one entity. Often it seems like an attribute should
go with more than one entity (e.g. Name). In this
case you need to add a modifier to the attribute
name to make it unique (e.g. Customer Name,
Employee Name, etc.) or determine which entity an
attribute "best' describes.
• If you have attributes left over without
corresponding entities, you may have missed an
entity and its corresponding relationships. Identify
these missed entities and add them to the
relationship matrix now.
38. Check ERD Results
• Look at your diagram from the point of view of
a system owner or user. Is everything clear?
• Check through the Cardinality pairs.
• Also, look over the list of attributes associated
with each entity to see if anything has been
omitted.