The document describes various types of laboratory equipment used in biotechnology and medical laboratories. It includes microscopes, incubators, autoclaves, ovens, centrifuges, balances, hot plates, water baths, biological safety cabinets, Bunsen burners, inoculating loops and needles, anaerobic jars, glassware such as slides, petri dishes, pipettes, cylinders, beakers and flasks. It also discusses analytical centrifuges, thermalcyclers, and electrophoresis chambers which are used to separate DNA, RNA and proteins based on size and charge.

1. LAB EQUIPMENT
IN BIOTECHNOLOGY

2. Safety glasses

3. Erlenmeyer flask

4. Transfer pipet(te)

5. Beaker

6. Graduated cylinder

7. Volumetric pipet(te)

8. Wire / inoculating loop

9. Graduated pipet(te)

10. Bunsen burner

11. Volumetric flask
(with a calibration mark)

12. Bench top bin

13. Safety gloves

14. Disinfectant spray
= incidin® foam

15. Pipette bulb
= pipette filler

16. Pasteur Pipet(te)

17. Petri dish

18. Sterile pipet(te)
=serological pipet

19. Pipettor
= automatic pipet

20. Pipet tip(s)

21. Test tube rack

22. Tweezers

23. Lab slides
= microscope slides

24. Laboratory shaker

25. Wash bottle

26. Funnel

27. Biohazard bag

28. Precision scale

29. Microscope

30. Lab coat

31. Broth cultures

32. Staining reagents

33. Absorbent tissue

34. Agar plate

35. Fume hood

36. Incubator

37. Swab

38. Stoppers
= lab caps

39. What Is a Laboratory?
• A laboratory is a room or a place equipped for
the performance of tests, experimentation,
investigative processes .

40. Medical laboratory
• A medical laboratory or clinical laboratory is
a laboratory where tests are done on clinical
specimens in order to get information about
the health of a patient as pertaining to the
diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of
disease.

41. Lab equipment
Lab. equipment refers to the various tools used
by scientists working in a laboratory.

42. Microscopy
What is a microscope?
• Is an optical instrument consisting of a combination
of lenses which magnifies the image of the object
seen through it.
• It is used for the morphological study of a very small
organisms which are not visible by naked eye.
Micro= small scope=to view

43. Types of microscopes
• Simple
• Compound
• Electron

44. Incubator
• Is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological
cultures.
• The incubator maintains optimal temperature,
humidity and other conditions such as the carbon
dioxide (CO2) and oxygen content of the atmosphere
inside.

45. Incubator

46. Autoclave
• An autoclave is a pressure chamber used
to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting
them to high pressure saturated steam at 121 °C for
around 15–20 minutes depending on the size of the
load and the contents.
• Used to sterilize culture media, discard, and other
equipments.

47. Autoclave

48. Oven
• device used in sterilization.
• oven uses dry heat to sterilize.
• It used to sterilize items that might be damaged by
moist heat (e.g., glasswares, powders, oils).

50. Laboratory refrigerator
Is used for a wide variety of purposes such as:
• maintenance and storage of stock culture between
subculturing periods.
• storage of sterile media to prevent dehydration.
• also used as repository for thermolable solutions, antibiotics
and serums.

51. Lab. refrigerator

52. Centrifuge
• is an apparatus that rotates at high speed
and separates substances of different densities.

54. Balance
• used to measure an object’s mass to a very high
degree of precision.

55. hot plate / stir plate
• used to heat and stir substances.
Magnetic stirring bars

56. Water bath
• is a device that maintains water at a constant
temperature.
• It is used in the microbiological laboratory for
incubations.

57. Biological Safety Cabinets
• is an enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace for
safely working with materials contaminated
with pathogens.

59. Bunsen burner
is a common piece of laboratory equipment that
produces a single open gas flame, which is used for
heating and sterilization.

60. Inoculating loops and needles
• Inoculating loops are used to transfer microorganisms to
growth media or for staining slides.
• The wire forms a small loop with a diameter of about 5 mm.
• The loop of wire at the tip may be made
of platinum or nichrome.

61. • Needles are straight wires (no loop) used to pick up
bacteria from closely packed colonies or to inoculate
in a very defined area.
• needles commonly used to inoculate semi-soft
media.

63. Anaerobic jar
• is an instrument used in the production of an
anaerobic environment.
• This method of anaerobiosis is used to culture
bacteria which die or fail to grow in presence
of oxygen.

65. Glassware
Glass slide and cover slip
• Glass slide:
used to place specimens on to observe under the microscope.
• Cover slip:
used to cover specimens on a microscope slide.

66. slide and coverslip

67. Glassware
Petri dishes
• often used to make agar plates for microbiology studies.
• The dish is partially filled with warm liquid containing agar and a mixture of
specific ingredients that may include:
• nutrients
• blood
• salts
• Carbohydrates
• dyes
• indicators
• amino acids
or
• antibiotics

68. Glassware
• Pipet and Graduated Cylinders
• Glass or plastic
• Used to measure liquid volume.
• Graduated in ml.

69. Graduated Cylinders Pipet

70. Glassware
Beaker
• Glass or plastic
• Used to stir, heat(if glass) and measure liquid volume
in ml.

71. Glassware
Flask
• Glassware used to heat and store substances.

72. Glassware
Funnel
aids in pouring liquids into small openings without
spilling them.

73. Glassware
• Test tube
used to mix, heat or store substances.
• Test tube rack
used to hold test tubes.

74. wash Bottles
• used to rinse various pieces of laboratory
glassware.

75. Filter paper
• special paper used to separate solids from
liquids.

76. End

77. ANALYTICAL CENTRIFUGE
INVENTED BY : TheodorSvedberg
A centrifuge is a equipment that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis applying a
potentially strong force perpendicular to the axis of spin (outward).
PRINCIPLE: The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal
acceleration causes denser substances and particles to move outward in the radial direction.
At the same time, objects that are less dense are displaced and move to the center.
USES: centrifuge can spin at up to 15,000 rpm to facilitate separation of the different
phases of the extraction.
In DNA extraction
To move precipitated DNA to the bottom of the container and make it stick there, so that
the supernatant can be poured off without losing your extract.
To separate cell debris from DNA-containing supernatant, so that this supernatant can be
removed and DNA can be precipitated out of it.

79. THERMALCYCLER
• Developed in 1983 by Kary Mullis
• The thermal cycler (also known as a thermocycler, PCR machine or DNA
amplifier) is a laboratory apparatus most commonly used to amplify segments
of DNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
• Working principle of PCR.As the name implies, it is a chain reaction, a small
fragment of the DNA section of interest needs to be identified which serves as
the template for producing the primers that initiate the reaction.One DNA
molecule is used to produce two copies, then four, then eight and so forth.
• There are three major steps in a PCR, which are repeated for 30 or 40 cycles.
This is done on an automated cycler, which can heat and cool the tubes with
the reaction mixture in a very short time.

80. Denaturation at 94°C :
During the denaturation, the double strand melts open to single stranded DNA, all enzymatic
reactions stop (for example : the extension from a previous cycle).
Annealing at 54°C :
The primers are jiggling around, caused by the Brownian motion. Ionic bonds are constantly
formed and broken between the single stranded primer and the single stranded template.The
more stable bonds last a little bit longer (primers that fit exactly) and on that little piece of double
stranded DNA (template and primer), the polymerase can attach and starts copying the
template.Once there are a few bases built in, the ionic bond is so strong between the template
and the primer, that it does not break anymore.
Extension at 72°C :
This is the ideal working temperature for the polymerase.The primers, where there are a few
bases built in, already have a stronger ionic attraction to the template than the forces breaking
these attractions. Primers that are on positions with no exact match, get loose again (because of
the higher temperature) and don't give an extension of the fragment.
The bases (complementary to the template) are coupled to the primer on the 3' side (the
polymerase adds dNTP's from 5' to 3', reading the template from 3' to 5' side, bases are added
complementary to the template)

82. ELECTROPHORESISCHAMBER
• Gel electrophoresis chamber is an equipment for separation and analysis of macromolecules
(DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.
• Principle:"Electrophoresis" refers to the electromotive force (EMF) that is used to move the
molecules through the gel matrix. By placing the molecules in wells in the gel and applying an
electric field, the molecules will move through the matrix at different rates, determined largely
by their mass when the charge to mass ratio (Z) of all species is uniform. However, when
charges are not all uniform then, the electrical field generated by the electrophoresis
procedure will affect the species that have different charges and therefore will attract the
species according to their charges being the opposite.Species that are positively charged will
migrate towards the cathode which is negatively charged (because this is an electrolytic rather
than galvanic cell). If the species are negatively charged they will migrate towards the
positively charged anode. Nucleic acid molecules are separated by applying an electric field to
move the negatively charged molecules through a matrix of agarose or other substances.
Shorter molecules move faster and migrate farther than longer ones because shorter
molecules migrate more easily through the pores of the gel.This phenomenon is called
sieving.[2] Proteins are separated by charge in agarose because the pores of the gel are too
large to sieve proteins.

83. • Uses : It is used in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate a mixed population
of DNA and RNA fragments by length, to estimate the size of DNA and RNA fragments or
to separate proteins by charge.
• Gels used are
• Agarose gel: used for seprating DNA fragments of usually 50-20,000 bp in size
• polyacrylamide gel :Polyacrylamide gels are usually used for proteins and small
fragments of DNA (5-500 bp)
• Starch :Partially hydrolysed potato starch makes for another non-toxic medium for
protein electrophoresis.
• Invented by:ArneTiselius in the 1931.

85. AIRDISPLACEMENTMICROPIPETTS
Air displacement micropipettes are a type of adjustable micropipette that deliver a measured
volume of liquid; depending on size, it could be between about 0.1 µl to 1000 µl (1 ml).These
pipettes require disposable tips that come in contact with the fluid.
PRINCIPLE :These pipettes operate by piston-driven air displacement. A vacuum is generated by
the vertical travel of a metal or ceramic piston within an airtight sleeve. As the piston moves
upward, driven by the depression of the plunger, a vacuum is created in the space left vacant by the
piston. The liquid around the tip moves into this vacuum (along with the air in the tip) and can then
be transported and released as necessary. These pipettes are capable of being very precise and
accurate
The micropipette was invented and patented in 1960 by Dr.Heinrich Schnitger Marburg, Germany.
Afterwards, the co-founder of the biotechnology company Eppendorf, Dr. Heinrich Netheler, inherited
the rights and initiated the global and general use of micropipettes in labs.

87. UV TRANSILLUMINATOR
• UV-transilluminators are used in molecular biology labs to view DNA (or RNA)
that has been separated by electrophoresis through an agarose gel.
• PRINCIPLE : During or immediately after electrophoresis, the agarose gel is
stained with a fluorescent dye which binds to nucleic acid. Exposing the
stained gel to a UVB light source causes the DNA/dye to fluoresce and become
visible.

89. ULTRALOWTEMPERATUREFREEZERS
• The instrument groupULT freezer is defined as freezers for -80 to -85°C.ULT is the shortcut
for ultra low temperature.There are upright and chest freezers.The inner volume is in
general between 300 and 800 L.
• Principle:The refrigeration system of the ultra freezers basic cascade refrigeration
principle, the choice of two hermetic compressors as high, the compressor of the cryogenic
stage.The cryogenic stage system is also equipped with gas heat exchanger, allows low-
pressure gas from the evaporator heat exchange with the high-pressure gas condensate
evaporator, it will not only reduce the heat load of the condensate evaporator, and the full
use of the heat .
• Uses: for long term storage for biological samples like DNA, RNA, proteins, cell extracts, or
reagents.To reduce the risk of sample damage, these types of samples need extremely
low temperatures as -80 to -85°C.
• Invented & patented by ChuanWeng, Allan Kelly

91. INCUBATORS
• An incubator is a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures.
The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as carbon
di oxide and oxygen content of atmosphere inside.
• Invented by louis Pasteur
• PRINCIPLE: an incubator has a compressor that works as a heater as well as cooler and
maintains the optimum or required temperature for growth.

93. Vortex mixer
vortex mixer, or vortexer, is a simple device used commonly in laboratories to mix small vials of
liquid. It consists of an electric motor with the drive shaft oriented vertically and attached to a
cupped rubber piece mounted slightly off-center.As the motor runs the rubber piece oscillates
rapidly in a circular motion.When a test tube or other appropriate container is pressed into the
rubber cup (or touched to its edge) the motion is transmitted to the liquid inside and a vortex is
created.
Principle: vortex, In fluid dynamics, a vortex is a region in a fluid in which the flow rotates around
an axis line, which may be straight or curved.[
The vortex mixer was invented by the Kraft brothers (JackA. Kraft and Harold D. Kraft) while
working for Scientific Industries (a laboratory equipment manufacturer).[1] A patent was filed by
the Kraft brothers on April 6, 1959 and granted on October 30, 1962.[2] Scientific Industries still
makes a version of this original vortex mixer.

95. PESTLE AND MORTAR
• A mortar and pestle is a kitchen device used since ancient times to prepare
ingredients or substances by crushing and grinding them into a fine paste or
powder.The mortar is a bowl, made of hardwood, ceramic or stone.The pestle is a
heavy blunt club shaped object, end of which is used for crushing and grinding.
• Uses it is used for grinding plant samples which lead to disrupting cellular
membranes and specially cell wall. Or in other words to release biological
molecules from inside the cell.
• Other methods : bead disruptor developed by tim Hopkins
cryopulverization developed by smucker and pfister
ultrasonic homogenizer:

97. EPPENDROFFTUBES
• Are small capped plastic tubes used for centrifuge or in pcr apparatus.
• Available in different volumes like 0.5 ml, 1.5 ml, 2 ml but the most comman size is
1.5 ml

99. GLOVES AND UV GLASSES OR FACE
SHIELDS
• Laboratory gloves are made of latex and nitrile.They protect the hands of wearer
against chemicals which may be corrosive or carcinogenic or hazrdous in any
nature. Do not use vinyl gloves which can transmit significant amount of uv.
• Uv glasses or face shields : use poly carbonate face shields that are rated for uv
protection. It should be marked withZ87 to indicate that the shield meets the
standard.