![ELECTROPHORESISCHAMBER
• Gel electrophoresis chamber is an equipment for separation and analysis of macromolecules
(DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge.
• Principle:"Electrophoresis" refers to the electromotive force (EMF) that is used to move the
molecules through the gel matrix. By placing the molecules in wells in the gel and applying an
electric field, the molecules will move through the matrix at different rates, determined largely
by their mass when the charge to mass ratio (Z) of all species is uniform. However, when
charges are not all uniform then, the electrical field generated by the electrophoresis
procedure will affect the species that have different charges and therefore will attract the
species according to their charges being the opposite.Species that are positively charged will
migrate towards the cathode which is negatively charged (because this is an electrolytic rather
than galvanic cell). If the species are negatively charged they will migrate towards the
positively charged anode. Nucleic acid molecules are separated by applying an electric field to
move the negatively charged molecules through a matrix of agarose or other substances.
Shorter molecules move faster and migrate farther than longer ones because shorter
molecules migrate more easily through the pores of the gel.This phenomenon is called
sieving.[2] Proteins are separated by charge in agarose because the pores of the gel are too
large to sieve proteins.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/equipmentsinbiotechlab-210910111823/85/Equipments-in-biotech-lab-82-320.jpg)
![Vortex mixer
vortex mixer, or vortexer, is a simple device used commonly in laboratories to mix small vials of
liquid. It consists of an electric motor with the drive shaft oriented vertically and attached to a
cupped rubber piece mounted slightly off-center.As the motor runs the rubber piece oscillates
rapidly in a circular motion.When a test tube or other appropriate container is pressed into the
rubber cup (or touched to its edge) the motion is transmitted to the liquid inside and a vortex is
created.
Principle: vortex, In fluid dynamics, a vortex is a region in a fluid in which the flow rotates around
an axis line, which may be straight or curved.[
The vortex mixer was invented by the Kraft brothers (JackA. Kraft and Harold D. Kraft) while
working for Scientific Industries (a laboratory equipment manufacturer).[1] A patent was filed by
the Kraft brothers on April 6, 1959 and granted on October 30, 1962.[2] Scientific Industries still
makes a version of this original vortex mixer.](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/equipmentsinbiotechlab-210910111823/85/Equipments-in-biotech-lab-93-320.jpg)
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Equipments in biotech lab
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- 11. Volumetric flask (with acalibration mark)
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- 15. Pipette bulb = pipettefiller
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- 23. Lab slides = microscopeslides
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- 39. What Is aLaboratory? • A laboratory is a room or a place equipped for the performance of tests, experimentation, investigative processes .
- 40. Medical laboratory • Amedical laboratory or clinical laboratory is a laboratory where tests are done on clinical specimens in order to get information about the health of a patient as pertaining to the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease.
- 41. Lab equipment Lab. equipmentrefers to the various tools used by scientists working in a laboratory.
- 42. Microscopy What is amicroscope? • Is an optical instrument consisting of a combination of lenses which magnifies the image of the object seen through it. • It is used for the morphological study of a very small organisms which are not visible by naked eye. Micro= small scope=to view
- 43. Types of microscopes •Simple • Compound • Electron
- 44. Incubator • Is adevice used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures. • The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as the carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen content of the atmosphere inside.
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- 46. Autoclave • An autoclaveis a pressure chamber used to sterilize equipment and supplies by subjecting them to high pressure saturated steam at 121 °C for around 15–20 minutes depending on the size of the load and the contents. • Used to sterilize culture media, discard, and other equipments.
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- 48. Oven • device usedin sterilization. • oven uses dry heat to sterilize. • It used to sterilize items that might be damaged by moist heat (e.g., glasswares, powders, oils).
- 50. Laboratory refrigerator Is usedfor a wide variety of purposes such as: • maintenance and storage of stock culture between subculturing periods. • storage of sterile media to prevent dehydration. • also used as repository for thermolable solutions, antibiotics and serums.
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- 52. Centrifuge • is anapparatus that rotates at high speed and separates substances of different densities.
- 54. Balance • used tomeasure an object’s mass to a very high degree of precision.
- 55. hot plate /stir plate • used to heat and stir substances. Magnetic stirring bars
- 56. Water bath • isa device that maintains water at a constant temperature. • It is used in the microbiological laboratory for incubations.
- 57. Biological Safety Cabinets •is an enclosed, ventilated laboratory workspace for safely working with materials contaminated with pathogens.
- 59. Bunsen burner is acommon piece of laboratory equipment that produces a single open gas flame, which is used for heating and sterilization.
- 60. Inoculating loops andneedles • Inoculating loops are used to transfer microorganisms to growth media or for staining slides. • The wire forms a small loop with a diameter of about 5 mm. • The loop of wire at the tip may be made of platinum or nichrome.
- 61. • Needles arestraight wires (no loop) used to pick up bacteria from closely packed colonies or to inoculate in a very defined area. • needles commonly used to inoculate semi-soft media.
- 63. Anaerobic jar • isan instrument used in the production of an anaerobic environment. • This method of anaerobiosis is used to culture bacteria which die or fail to grow in presence of oxygen.
- 65. Glassware Glass slide andcover slip • Glass slide: used to place specimens on to observe under the microscope. • Cover slip: used to cover specimens on a microscope slide.
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- 67. Glassware Petri dishes • oftenused to make agar plates for microbiology studies. • The dish is partially filled with warm liquid containing agar and a mixture of specific ingredients that may include: • nutrients • blood • salts • Carbohydrates • dyes • indicators • amino acids or • antibiotics
- 68. Glassware • Pipet andGraduated Cylinders • Glass or plastic • Used to measure liquid volume. • Graduated in ml.
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- 70. Glassware Beaker • Glass orplastic • Used to stir, heat(if glass) and measure liquid volume in ml.
- 71. Glassware Flask • Glassware usedto heat and store substances.
- 72. Glassware Funnel aids in pouringliquids into small openings without spilling them.
- 73. Glassware • Test tube usedto mix, heat or store substances. • Test tube rack used to hold test tubes.
- 74. wash Bottles • usedto rinse various pieces of laboratory glassware.
- 75. Filter paper • specialpaper used to separate solids from liquids.
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- 77. ANALYTICAL CENTRIFUGE INVENTED BY: TheodorSvedberg A centrifuge is a equipment that puts an object in rotation around a fixed axis applying a potentially strong force perpendicular to the axis of spin (outward). PRINCIPLE: The centrifuge works using the sedimentation principle, where the centripetal acceleration causes denser substances and particles to move outward in the radial direction. At the same time, objects that are less dense are displaced and move to the center. USES: centrifuge can spin at up to 15,000 rpm to facilitate separation of the different phases of the extraction. In DNA extraction To move precipitated DNA to the bottom of the container and make it stick there, so that the supernatant can be poured off without losing your extract. To separate cell debris from DNA-containing supernatant, so that this supernatant can be removed and DNA can be precipitated out of it.
- 79. THERMALCYCLER • Developed in1983 by Kary Mullis • The thermal cycler (also known as a thermocycler, PCR machine or DNA amplifier) is a laboratory apparatus most commonly used to amplify segments of DNA via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). • Working principle of PCR.As the name implies, it is a chain reaction, a small fragment of the DNA section of interest needs to be identified which serves as the template for producing the primers that initiate the reaction.One DNA molecule is used to produce two copies, then four, then eight and so forth. • There are three major steps in a PCR, which are repeated for 30 or 40 cycles. This is done on an automated cycler, which can heat and cool the tubes with the reaction mixture in a very short time.
- 80. Denaturation at 94°C: During the denaturation, the double strand melts open to single stranded DNA, all enzymatic reactions stop (for example : the extension from a previous cycle). Annealing at 54°C : The primers are jiggling around, caused by the Brownian motion. Ionic bonds are constantly formed and broken between the single stranded primer and the single stranded template.The more stable bonds last a little bit longer (primers that fit exactly) and on that little piece of double stranded DNA (template and primer), the polymerase can attach and starts copying the template.Once there are a few bases built in, the ionic bond is so strong between the template and the primer, that it does not break anymore. Extension at 72°C : This is the ideal working temperature for the polymerase.The primers, where there are a few bases built in, already have a stronger ionic attraction to the template than the forces breaking these attractions. Primers that are on positions with no exact match, get loose again (because of the higher temperature) and don't give an extension of the fragment. The bases (complementary to the template) are coupled to the primer on the 3' side (the polymerase adds dNTP's from 5' to 3', reading the template from 3' to 5' side, bases are added complementary to the template)
- 82. ELECTROPHORESISCHAMBER • Gel electrophoresischamber is an equipment for separation and analysis of macromolecules (DNA, RNA and proteins) and their fragments, based on their size and charge. • Principle:"Electrophoresis" refers to the electromotive force (EMF) that is used to move the molecules through the gel matrix. By placing the molecules in wells in the gel and applying an electric field, the molecules will move through the matrix at different rates, determined largely by their mass when the charge to mass ratio (Z) of all species is uniform. However, when charges are not all uniform then, the electrical field generated by the electrophoresis procedure will affect the species that have different charges and therefore will attract the species according to their charges being the opposite.Species that are positively charged will migrate towards the cathode which is negatively charged (because this is an electrolytic rather than galvanic cell). If the species are negatively charged they will migrate towards the positively charged anode. Nucleic acid molecules are separated by applying an electric field to move the negatively charged molecules through a matrix of agarose or other substances. Shorter molecules move faster and migrate farther than longer ones because shorter molecules migrate more easily through the pores of the gel.This phenomenon is called sieving.[2] Proteins are separated by charge in agarose because the pores of the gel are too large to sieve proteins.
- 83. • Uses :It is used in biochemistry and molecular biology to separate a mixed population of DNA and RNA fragments by length, to estimate the size of DNA and RNA fragments or to separate proteins by charge. • Gels used are • Agarose gel: used for seprating DNA fragments of usually 50-20,000 bp in size • polyacrylamide gel :Polyacrylamide gels are usually used for proteins and small fragments of DNA (5-500 bp) • Starch :Partially hydrolysed potato starch makes for another non-toxic medium for protein electrophoresis. • Invented by:ArneTiselius in the 1931.
- 85. AIRDISPLACEMENTMICROPIPETTS Air displacement micropipettesare a type of adjustable micropipette that deliver a measured volume of liquid; depending on size, it could be between about 0.1 µl to 1000 µl (1 ml).These pipettes require disposable tips that come in contact with the fluid. PRINCIPLE :These pipettes operate by piston-driven air displacement. A vacuum is generated by the vertical travel of a metal or ceramic piston within an airtight sleeve. As the piston moves upward, driven by the depression of the plunger, a vacuum is created in the space left vacant by the piston. The liquid around the tip moves into this vacuum (along with the air in the tip) and can then be transported and released as necessary. These pipettes are capable of being very precise and accurate The micropipette was invented and patented in 1960 by Dr.Heinrich Schnitger Marburg, Germany. Afterwards, the co-founder of the biotechnology company Eppendorf, Dr. Heinrich Netheler, inherited the rights and initiated the global and general use of micropipettes in labs.
- 87. UV TRANSILLUMINATOR • UV-transilluminatorsare used in molecular biology labs to view DNA (or RNA) that has been separated by electrophoresis through an agarose gel. • PRINCIPLE : During or immediately after electrophoresis, the agarose gel is stained with a fluorescent dye which binds to nucleic acid. Exposing the stained gel to a UVB light source causes the DNA/dye to fluoresce and become visible.
- 89. ULTRALOWTEMPERATUREFREEZERS • The instrumentgroupULT freezer is defined as freezers for -80 to -85°C.ULT is the shortcut for ultra low temperature.There are upright and chest freezers.The inner volume is in general between 300 and 800 L. • Principle:The refrigeration system of the ultra freezers basic cascade refrigeration principle, the choice of two hermetic compressors as high, the compressor of the cryogenic stage.The cryogenic stage system is also equipped with gas heat exchanger, allows low- pressure gas from the evaporator heat exchange with the high-pressure gas condensate evaporator, it will not only reduce the heat load of the condensate evaporator, and the full use of the heat . • Uses: for long term storage for biological samples like DNA, RNA, proteins, cell extracts, or reagents.To reduce the risk of sample damage, these types of samples need extremely low temperatures as -80 to -85°C. • Invented & patented by ChuanWeng, Allan Kelly
- 91. INCUBATORS • An incubatoris a device used to grow and maintain microbiological cultures or cell cultures. The incubator maintains optimal temperature, humidity and other conditions such as carbon di oxide and oxygen content of atmosphere inside. • Invented by louis Pasteur • PRINCIPLE: an incubator has a compressor that works as a heater as well as cooler and maintains the optimum or required temperature for growth.
- 93. Vortex mixer vortex mixer,or vortexer, is a simple device used commonly in laboratories to mix small vials of liquid. It consists of an electric motor with the drive shaft oriented vertically and attached to a cupped rubber piece mounted slightly off-center.As the motor runs the rubber piece oscillates rapidly in a circular motion.When a test tube or other appropriate container is pressed into the rubber cup (or touched to its edge) the motion is transmitted to the liquid inside and a vortex is created. Principle: vortex, In fluid dynamics, a vortex is a region in a fluid in which the flow rotates around an axis line, which may be straight or curved.[ The vortex mixer was invented by the Kraft brothers (JackA. Kraft and Harold D. Kraft) while working for Scientific Industries (a laboratory equipment manufacturer).[1] A patent was filed by the Kraft brothers on April 6, 1959 and granted on October 30, 1962.[2] Scientific Industries still makes a version of this original vortex mixer.
- 95. PESTLE AND MORTAR •A mortar and pestle is a kitchen device used since ancient times to prepare ingredients or substances by crushing and grinding them into a fine paste or powder.The mortar is a bowl, made of hardwood, ceramic or stone.The pestle is a heavy blunt club shaped object, end of which is used for crushing and grinding. • Uses it is used for grinding plant samples which lead to disrupting cellular membranes and specially cell wall. Or in other words to release biological molecules from inside the cell. • Other methods : bead disruptor developed by tim Hopkins cryopulverization developed by smucker and pfister ultrasonic homogenizer:
- 97. EPPENDROFFTUBES • Are smallcapped plastic tubes used for centrifuge or in pcr apparatus. • Available in different volumes like 0.5 ml, 1.5 ml, 2 ml but the most comman size is 1.5 ml
- 99. GLOVES AND UVGLASSES OR FACE SHIELDS • Laboratory gloves are made of latex and nitrile.They protect the hands of wearer against chemicals which may be corrosive or carcinogenic or hazrdous in any nature. Do not use vinyl gloves which can transmit significant amount of uv. • Uv glasses or face shields : use poly carbonate face shields that are rated for uv protection. It should be marked withZ87 to indicate that the shield meets the standard.