Epiglottitis Mrcme
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Epiglottitis is a bacterial infection of the epiglottis and surrounding tissues, most commonly caused by Haemophilus influenzae type b. It presents with a sudden onset of sore throat, fever, drooling, and difficulty swallowing in children ages 1-5 years old. On examination, the epiglottis appears red and swollen, often requiring intubation. Treatment involves antibiotics like ceftriaxone to treat the infection along with steroids to reduce swelling and prevent the potential need for tracheostomy. HiB vaccination has greatly reduced the incidence of this disease.
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Paramyxovirus includes viruses like RSV and parainfluenza that cause respiratory tract infections in infants and children. Measles and mumps are among the most contagious childhood diseases. RSV and parainfluenza are limited to the respiratory tract, while measles and mumps can disseminate throughout the body. Paramyxoviruses have an envelope, nucleocapsid containing RNA, and glycoproteins like the fusion protein. They replicate in the cytoplasm and include important pathogens like RSV, parainfluenza, mumps, and measles viruses.
bronchitis (pathology and treatment)by srota dawn
this presentation contains a detailed description about bronchitis ,its types, pathology,causes, treatment etc.
Influenza
The document summarizes information about influenza (flu) including:
1. Flu symptoms are usually more severe than a cold and include fever, muscle aches, and cough. Flu can make people feel quite ill for days or weeks.
2. High risk groups for flu include those over 50, young children, pregnant women, and those with chronic illnesses.
3. Flu spreads through droplets from coughs or sneezes and has an incubation period of 1-3 days. Proper hygiene and avoiding contact can help prevent spread.
upper & lower airway obstruction
Upper and lower airway obstructions are common pediatric emergencies that require prompt recognition and treatment. The upper airway includes the nose, mouth, pharynx and larynx, while the lower airway is the trachea and bronchi. Common causes of obstruction include foreign body aspiration, croup, epiglottitis and diphtheria. Clinical signs may include noisy breathing, difficulty breathing, stridor and cough. Management involves assessing airway patency, giving nebulized medications, suctioning secretions, maintaining hydration and oxygenation, and considering intubation or tracheostomy for severe cases. Prompt intervention is crucial as obstruction can lead to respiratory failure.
Sleep disorders
This document discusses various sleep disorders and approaches to evaluating and treating patients with sleep problems. It covers topics like insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, restless leg syndrome, circadian rhythm disorders, and parasomnias. The key points are obtaining a thorough patient history, performing tests like polysomnography and multiple sleep latency tests to diagnose the underlying cause, and treating the specific disorder through lifestyle changes, medications, CPAP, or other therapies.
Pertusis or Whooping cough class presentation
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis. It is characterized by severe coughing fits that can end in a "whooping" sound. It primarily affects children under 5 years old. The disease spreads through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs or sneezes. It can be prevented through active immunization with the DPT vaccine, which is recommended in 5 doses for children up to age 6.
Lung abscess
Lung abscess is a localized necrotic lesion in the lung tissue containing pus that forms a cavity. It is generally caused by aspiration of anaerobic bacteria from the GI tract into the lungs. The most common areas affected are the superior segment of the lower lobes and the posterior segment of the upper lobes. Clinical manifestations include cough producing foul-smelling pus, fever, chest pain, and shortness of breath.
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Paramyxo virus Classification Symptoms and Lab diagnosis
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Pediatric pneumonia
This document discusses pneumonia in children. It provides definitions, epidemiology, risk factors, classification, etiology, clinical presentation, investigations, treatment and prevention of pneumonia. Some key points:
- Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children under 5 globally, accounting for 16% of deaths. It occurs most frequently in developing countries.
- Risk factors include malnutrition, low birth weight, lack of breastfeeding, lack of immunization, indoor air pollution, parental smoking, and zinc deficiency.
- Clinical features depend on the causative agent. Bacterial pneumonia presents with high fever and chest pain while viral pneumonia shows low grade fever and respiratory distress.
- Investigations include chest X-ray
Bordetella,
Bordetella is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria that includes three human pathogens: B. pertussis, B. parapertussis, and B. bronchiseptica. B. pertussis causes pertussis (whooping cough) in humans. The bacteria are small, aerobic, non-fermentative, and fastidious. They produce several virulence factors like pertussis toxin and filamentous hemagglutinin that contribute to pathogenesis. Pertussis has an incubation period of 1-2 weeks and presents as a catarrhal stage followed by paroxysmal coughing spells characterized by a "whoop". It is highly contagious and vaccine-preventable
Childhood Pneumonia 2017, BSMMU, Bangladesh.
Pneumonia is a major cause of death among children under 5 years old globally. It accounts for 16% of under-5 mortality. The incidence of pneumonia in under-5 children is 0.22 episodes per child per year, with 11.5% progressing to severe episodes. Bacterial and viral pathogens are common causes. Clinical presentation, imaging and laboratory findings can help distinguish between bacterial and viral pneumonia. Appropriate treatment includes antibiotics, supportive care and prevention strategies like breastfeeding, immunization, nutrition and hygiene.
100 mc qsintropicalmedicine
P. falciparum causes more severe disease in pregnancy. It is the only malarial parasite capable of greater than 20% parasitemia and the only cause of cerebral malaria. P. falciparum is not associated with relapses after treatment due to liver hypnozoites like P. vivax, and infection is typically not associated with thrombocytopenia.
1 topic 1 differential diagnosis of pneumonia in children. complications of ...
1. The document discusses differential diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia in children. It outlines common causes of pneumonia and complications like respiratory failure.
2. Physical examination skills are prerequisites for evaluating patients with suspected pneumonia. Educational objectives include understanding pneumonia etiology and ability to diagnose, treat, and manage pneumonia cases.
3. The self-study section covers pneumonia signs and symptoms, investigations, treatment including antibiotics. It also discusses pleural effusions including causes, signs, investigations and treatment like drainage.
Acute infections of the larynx
This document discusses various causes of laryngeal inflammation including infections of the vocal cords caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, and other irritants. It describes the clinical features of different laryngeal infections such as laryngitis, epiglottitis, croup and infectious mononucleosis. The management of these conditions involves treatments such as antibiotics, steroids, intubation and vocal rest. Fungal laryngitis is also discussed and diagnosed by laryngoscopy and biopsy.
Haemophilus influenza powerpoint
Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative coccobacillus that commonly infects the human respiratory tract and can cause serious invasive disease. The most virulent strain is type b, which most commonly causes meningitis in young children. Symptoms of H. influenzae infection vary depending on the site of infection but may include fever, respiratory distress, and neurological dysfunction. Treatment involves antibiotics like ceftriaxone. Routine vaccination against H. influenzae has dramatically reduced the incidence of invasive disease in countries where it is part of the standard childhood vaccine schedule.
Diphtheria :- acute bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria is an acute bacterial infection caused by *Corynebacterium diphtheriae*. It primarily affects the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract, particularly the throat and nose, but can also affect the skin. The hallmark of respiratory diphtheria is the formation of a thick, gray pseudomembrane covering the throat and tonsils, which can cause breathing difficulties and swallowing problems. Symptoms include sore throat, fever, swollen glands, and general malaise.
The bacteria produce a toxin that can lead to severe complications such as myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle), neuropathy, and airway obstruction. Diphtheria is highly contagious, spreading through respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing.
Prevention is primarily through vaccination with the diphtheria toxoid, which is part of the DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis) vaccine series given in childhood. Treatment includes administration of diphtheria antitoxin to neutralize the toxin, and antibiotics (such as penicillin or erythromycin) to eradicate the bacteria.
Prompt medical attention is crucial to manage diphtheria effectively and prevent severe complications or death.
Tuberculosis Power Point
A 34-year-old homeless white male presented with a 5-6 week history of intermittent fever, cough producing blood-tinged sputum, and right-sided chest pain with deep breathing. Examination found decreased breath sounds in the right upper lung field. A chest x-ray showed a cavitary lesion in the right upper lobe and hilar adenopathy, suggestive of tuberculosis. The patient was discharged with instructions for close follow-up and definitive treatment, as admission was not required due to clinical stability and ability to follow-up.
Listeria
SF is a 55-year-old male who presented with fever, diarrhea, and altered mental status. Testing revealed Listeria monocytogenes in his blood and cerebrospinal fluid, indicating he had developed listeriosis, an infectious disease. His symptoms improved with antibiotic treatment. Listeria is a foodborne pathogen that commonly causes meningitis and sepsis in high-risk groups like pregnant women, newborns, and immunocompromised individuals. It is found in soil and contaminated foods and enters the body through ingestion.
Approach to uawo
This document provides an outline and objectives for a seminar on approaches to upper airway obstruction. It discusses the definition of upper airway obstruction, types of obstruction, causes including infectious and non-infectious, clinical presentation in pediatrics, and management. Specific conditions covered in more depth include croup, acute epiglottitis, and retropharyngeal abscess. Croup is the most common cause and presents with barking cough and inspiratory stridor, often treated with nebulized epinephrine and steroids. Epiglottitis requires securing the airway with intubation due to risk of complete obstruction. Retropharyngeal abscess can develop from local infections draining to neck lymph
Yellow fever
Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Viscerophilus tropicus, an enveloped single stranded RNA arbovirus belonging to the Flavivirus genus.
1st viral disease to be discovered
Not present in india and Russia
IP: 2-6 days
Quarantine period: 6 days
Reservoir: Monkeys, Man, Aedes
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This document provides an overview of meningitis beyond the neonatal period. It discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, complications and prognosis of meningitis. The most common causative organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Clinical features may include fever, headache, vomiting, and signs of meningeal irritation. Diagnosis involves lumbar puncture and culture of CSF. Empiric antibiotic treatment is initiated while awaiting culture results. Complications can be early like seizures or late like hearing loss. Prognosis depends on causative organism, age of presentation, and presence of co-morbidities.
1. Acute Resp dzs
1. Pneumonia is a leading cause of death in children worldwide, killing 1.6 million children per year. It is commonly caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi and risk factors include malnutrition, indoor air pollution, and parental smoking.
2. Clinical features may include fever, cough, difficulty breathing, and abnormal chest exam or X-ray findings. Treatment involves antibiotics for bacterial cases, supportive care, and prevention through immunizations.
3. Asthma is a common chronic respiratory condition in children characterized by airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness leading to wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. It has both genetic and environmental triggers and treatment involves bronchodilators, steroids, and
Vaccines: A guide for medical students
Vaccines are preparations of pathogens that induce immunity against diseases. They are considered a form of primary prevention and work by eliciting an active immune response. Different types of vaccines include live attenuated, killed whole organisms, and fragments of organisms. The UK immunization schedule outlines which vaccines children should receive at various ages to protect against diseases. High-risk groups like asplenic patients require additional vaccines. Vaccines are important for both individual and public health by providing direct protection and herd immunity.
Tb -copy
Tuberculosis is caused by mycobacterium species, mainly M. tuberculosis, which is transmitted via airborne droplets. It most commonly affects the lungs, causing symptoms like cough and sputum production. Diagnosis involves chest x-ray, sputum smear and culture. Treatment involves a multi-drug regimen over 6-12 months to prevent resistance. Complications include pleural effusion, pneumonia or other organ involvement. Prevention focuses on treatment of active cases, BCG vaccination, and improving socioeconomic conditions.
Epi Target Diseases
This document provides information about pertussis (whooping cough). It discusses the causative bacteria, Bordetella pertussis, and describes the typical three stages of the disease - catarrhal, paroxysmal, and convalescent. It notes the disease is highly contagious and a major killer of infants. Complications in infants can include pneumonia, seizures, and death. Diagnosis is usually clinical based on symptoms, and confirmed with lab tests. Antibiotics are the treatment of choice and aim to shorten the illness and prevent spread. Immunization provides protection but does not prevent all cases of pertussis.
Croup 1
Croup is a common viral illness affecting the larynx and trachea in young children, characterized by a barking cough and inspiratory stridor. It is usually self-limiting but steroids are an effective treatment option shown to improve symptoms within 6 hours for up to 12 hours. Steroids can be given orally, via nebulization, or intramuscularly with equivalent outcomes. Mild to moderate croup can often be safely managed as outpatients with supportive care and steroids. Complications include otitis media but antibiotics are not usually indicated for an underlying viral illness.
Universal Immunization Program 2017
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1. Mechanical ventilators have evolved from simple analog machines to sophisticated microprocessor-controlled devices with advanced modes of ventilation.
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Capnography can be used to summarize 3 key applications for intubated patients:
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Capnography measures exhaled carbon dioxide (CO2) to provide real-time monitoring of ventilation, unlike pulse oximetry which monitors oxygen saturation in the blood and is slower to detect changes. A normal capnographic waveform has four phases: 1) dead space, 2) ascending, 3) alveolar plateau, and 4) descending. The end-tidal CO2 value reflects the highest CO2 concentration in exhaled air and typically ranges from 35-45mmHg. Capnography can immediately detect conditions that impact ventilation such as hypoventilation, hyperventilation, and bronchospasm based on changes to the waveform shape, frequency, and CO2 values.
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