Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major public health problem globally and in India. RTAs are projected to become the third leading cause of death worldwide by 2020. In India, over 1.3 lakh people die from RTAs each year. The risk factors for RTAs include speeding, drunken driving, reckless behavior like cell phone use while driving, lack of helmets and seatbelts. Prevention strategies include mandatory helmet and seatbelt laws, setting and enforcing speed limits, banning cell phone use while driving, and road safety infrastructure improvements. Management of RTA victims focuses on providing medical care, especially first aid, within the first hour to reduce mortality and injury severity. A multifaceted, collaborative approach is needed
Epidemiology, prevention and control of road traffic accidentsDr.Hemant Kumar
Road Traffic Accidents(RTAs)are Major Global Health problems and 8th leading cause of death leading to more than 1.2 million deaths and 20-50 million injuries annually.While the situation in many countries in now improving, India still holds the dubious distinction of being only country who faces more than 14 fatalities and 53 injuries every hour due to RTA.
Epidemiology, prevention and control of road traffic accidentsDr.Hemant Kumar
Road Traffic Accidents(RTAs)are Major Global Health problems and 8th leading cause of death leading to more than 1.2 million deaths and 20-50 million injuries annually.While the situation in many countries in now improving, India still holds the dubious distinction of being only country who faces more than 14 fatalities and 53 injuries every hour due to RTA.
This presentation has the following.
1. Definitions - accidents and injuries
2. The burden of accidents and injuries
3. Epidemiology of RTA, industrial accidents, railway accidents, violence, domestic violence, drowning, burns, domestic accidents, poisoning and snakebite.
4. Prevention and control of RTA, industrial accidents, railway accidents, violence, domestic violence, drowning, burns, domestic accidents, poisoning and snake bite.
Each year nearly 1.3 million people die as a result of a road traffic collision—
more than 3000 deaths each day—and more than half of these people are not
travelling in a car. Ninety percent of road traffic deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries,
which claim less than half the world\'s registered vehicle fleet. Road traffic injuries
are among the three leading causes of death for people between 5 and 44 years
of age. Unless immediate and effective action is taken, road traffic injuries are
predicted to become the fifth leading cause of death in the world, resulting in an
estimated 2.4 million deaths each year.
This presentation has the following.
1. Definitions - accidents and injuries
2. The burden of accidents and injuries
3. Epidemiology of RTA, industrial accidents, railway accidents, violence, domestic violence, drowning, burns, domestic accidents, poisoning and snakebite.
4. Prevention and control of RTA, industrial accidents, railway accidents, violence, domestic violence, drowning, burns, domestic accidents, poisoning and snake bite.
Each year nearly 1.3 million people die as a result of a road traffic collision—
more than 3000 deaths each day—and more than half of these people are not
travelling in a car. Ninety percent of road traffic deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries,
which claim less than half the world\'s registered vehicle fleet. Road traffic injuries
are among the three leading causes of death for people between 5 and 44 years
of age. Unless immediate and effective action is taken, road traffic injuries are
predicted to become the fifth leading cause of death in the world, resulting in an
estimated 2.4 million deaths each year.
Abstract
Introduction
Causes of accident
(a) Driver’ attitudes
(b) Road and weather condition
Effect of accident
Ways to overcome road accident
(a)Have a good attitudes
(b)Good road condition
Conclusion
The world as suffered from a consistent source of accidents and there by increasing the level of death rate, In this article I elaborated on the causes and some ways of avoiding/reducing road accidents and thereby increasing road safety.
This Global Plan has been developed by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Regional Commissions, in cooperation with partners in the United Nations Road Safety Collaboration and other stakeholders, as a guiding document to support the implementation of the Decade of Action 2021–2030 and its objectives.
Road traffic accidents a major teen killerCPBansal
To bring awareness about this major cause of teen deaths, RTA have many predisposing factors - like road conditions, poor licencing, poor condition of vehicles apart from speed and distracted driving.
Similar to Epidemiology, prevention & control of rta (20)
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Anti ulcer drugs and their Advance pharmacology ||
Anti-ulcer drugs are medications used to prevent and treat ulcers in the stomach and upper part of the small intestine (duodenal ulcers). These ulcers are often caused by an imbalance between stomach acid and the mucosal lining, which protects the stomach lining.
||Scope: Overview of various classes of anti-ulcer drugs, their mechanisms of action, indications, side effects, and clinical considerations.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
1. Dr. Abhishek Tiwari,
Assistant Professor
Department of Community Medicine
MLN Medical College, Prayagraj
Epidemiology,
Prevention & Control of
Road Traffic Accidents
2. Learning Objectives
To understand if Road Traffic Accident is a Public
Health Concern
To understand the Epidemiology of RTA – Agent,
Host, Environment
What all could be done to Prevent infection?
What are the ways available to minimise RTA?
11-10-2021
2
3. Introduction
A road traffic accident (RTA) is any injury due to
crashes originating from, terminating with or involving
a vehicle partially or fully on a public road.
It is projected that RTA will become third position by
2020 among leading causes of the global disease
burden
They are considerable economic losses to victims,
their families, and to countries as a whole.
11-10-2021
3
4. Introduction
The Global status report on road safety 2013 says
1.24 million people die per year.
Leading cause of death among young people, aged
15–29 years.
Children, pedestrians, cyclists and older people are
among the most vulnerable of road users constituting
half of those dying on the world’s roads
Majority of the world's fatalities on roads occur in
low-income and middle-income countries, even
though these countries have approximately half of
the world's vehicles.
11-10-2021
4
5. India
More than 1.3 lakh people died, giving India the
dubious honour of topping the global list of fatalities
from road crashes
Rapid urbanization, motorization, lack of
appropriate road engineering, poor awareness levels,
non-existent injury prevention programmes, and
poor enforcement of traffic laws has exacerbated the
situation.
11-10-2021
5
6. Road Accidents : A Snapshot
Major but a Neglected Public Health Problem as it
mainly effects males in productive age group
resulting in loss of an earning member of Family
India : 2016
Accidents – 4,80,652
Deaths – 1,50,785
Person Injured – 4,94,624
Every Day 1,317 Accidents /day and 413 Persons
killed/day
Every Hour 55 Accidents /hr & 17 Persons killed /hr
11-10-2021
6
7. RTA types
Thus RTA includes a collision between vehicles;
between vehicles and pedestrians; between vehicles
and animals; or between vehicles and geographical
or architectural obstacles.‘
Road traffic accidents are a human tragedy. They
involve high human suffering and socioeconomic
costs in terms of premature deaths, injuries, and loss
of productivity,
11-10-2021
7
8. Measurement of Problems
Mortality
Proportional mortality rate
Number of deaths per million population
Death rate /1000 (or 1 lakh) registered vehicles/yr
Number of accidents or fatalities as a ratio of number
of vehicles per km or passengers per km.
Deaths of vehicles occupants per thousand vehicles /
year.
Morbidity - Based on Abbreviated injury scale
Serious injuries and Slight injuries
Disability- temporary or permanent ,partial/total 11-10-2021
8
10. Epidemiology
The Triad of RTA
Agent – Vehicle
(Speed,
Maintenance
status, driver etc.)
Host – Individual
at risk (most
common)
Environment –
Condition of Road
etc. 11-10-2021
10
11. Risk factors
Many human factor contribute to RTA
Drunken driving, over speeding, refusal to follow
traffic rules, and reckless driving are main reasons
for road accidents.
Drunken driving is one of the major causes
of RTA especially among commercial vehicle drivers
on highways. (70% of road fatalities in Delhi and
Mumbai)
Risk of being involved in a crash increases
significantly above a (BAC) of 0.04 g/dl. 11-10-2021
11
12. Risk factors
Over speeding increases the probability of fatal
injuries for car occupants from near zero to almost
100% as the change of speed during the impact
increases from 20 kilometers per hour to 100
kilometers per hour.
Pedestrians have a 90% chance of surviving car
crashes at 30 kilometers per hour or below, but a
less than 50% chance of surviving impacts at
45 kilometers per hour or above.
11-10-2021
12
13. Risk factors
Reckless driving like use of mobile phones
during driving, non-use of helmets, non-use of seat-
belts are significant contributing factors
Driver fatigue & sleepiness contribute to
crashes
Improper designing of roads and lack of
pedestrian pavement are other contributing factors
Only 28 countries have comprehensive road
safety laws on major key risk factors like drunken
driving, speeding, and failing to use helmets, seat-
belts, and child restraints. 11-10-2021
13
14. Prevention Strategies
Helmets for two-wheeler riders:
Enforcing mandatory helmet use is an effective
intervention for reducing injuries and fatalities
among two-wheeler users
Wearing a helmet decreases
the risk and severity of injuries
by about 72% and likelihood
of death by 39% as per WHO
road safety manual on use of
helmets. 11-10-2021
14
15. Prevention Strategies
Seat-belts & child restraints: It should be mandatory
to wear seatbelts both for front & rear occupants
Wearing a seat-belt reduces risk of a fatality among
front-seat passengers by 40–50% & of rear-seat
passengers by 25–75%
Children of any age should not be seated in the front
seat and should have child restraints
The latter is also effective in reducing injuries that
can occur during non-crash events, such as a sudden
stop, a swerving evasive manoeuvre or a door opening
during vehicle movement. 11-10-2021
15
16. Prevention Strategies
Setting and enforcing speed limits:
Pedestrians have 90% chance of survival if hit by
car at 30km/h or below, but less than 50% chance
of surviving an impact of 45km/h or above
Setting and enforcing alcohol limits: Laws
that establish blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of
0.05g/dl or below are effective
Banning drivers from using hand-held
mobile phones: they are four times more likely to
be involved in a crash
11-10-2021
16
17. Prevention Strategies
Road Safety: The central & state governments
have been implementing measures to make our
roads safer
All stakeholders have to join hands to make road
safety a social movement
“Road Safety Week” is observed throughout the
country every year in the month of January.
Road Safety and Transport Bill, 2014: The new Bill
makes penalties more stringent, with an obvious
aim to curb traffic violation 11-10-2021
17
18. Management Strategies
The term "golden hour" is commonly used to
characterize the urgent need for the care of trauma
patients. This term implies that morbidity and
mortality are affected if care is not instituted within
the first hour after injury.
If proper first aid is given, road accident victims
have a greater chance of survival and a reduction in
the severity of their injuries, even the The Hon’ble
Supreme Court has stressed that victims of RTA
need to be provided medical aid FIRST
11-10-2021
18
In order to achieve an AIDS-free generation, the UNAIDS has set an ambitious target code named 90-90-90, which aims to ensure that 90% of all people living with HIV will know their status, 90% of all people diagnosed will receive sustained antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 90% of all people receiving ART will have viral suppression (90-90-90)