Deficiency of Vitamin A in body.
Vitamin A deficiency is most common in Africa and Southeast Asia.
Vitamin A deficiency can cause blindness.
It can also increase the risk of serious, sometimes fatal, infections. Symptoms include night blindness, dry skin and frequent infections.
Deficiency of Vitamin A in body.
Vitamin A deficiency is most common in Africa and Southeast Asia.
Vitamin A deficiency can cause blindness.
It can also increase the risk of serious, sometimes fatal, infections. Symptoms include night blindness, dry skin and frequent infections.
this slide share admixed with pictures and animations will give an overall idea of immunological disorders of cornea. it covers anatomy immunology, and pharmacology as well
this slide share admixed with pictures and animations will give an overall idea of immunological disorders of cornea. it covers anatomy immunology, and pharmacology as well
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
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Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
2. Learning objectives
● To understand the importance of Vitamin A
● Its daily requirement
● The available sources of Vit A
● The spectrum of deficiency disorders
● Causes, prevention & control
● chicken eyes, bitots spot
3. Introduction – Vit. A
● Essential nutrient needed in small amount for
● Normal functioning of visual system
● Growth & development
● Maintainance of epithelial integrity
● Immune function
● Reproduction
4. Importance of Vit. A
● Essential for somatic function growth, development
and differentiation of epithelial structures
● Essential for spermatogenesis, oogenesis, placental
development, fetal & embryonic growth
● Retinol – needed for Rhodopsin by rods, for dark vision
● Also has anti-infective properties
5. Problem magnitude
● Leading preventable cause of childhood blindness
● Globally - 30 % underfive are having VAD, 2% deaths
● SEARO – highest burden in preschool, 91.5 million <0.7
µmol/L and Night blindness 82.4%
● NNMB India 8 states – Bitots spot 0.8% rural preschool
● Blood VAD (retinol < 0.70 µmol/L ) 61%
● Severe blood VAD (retinol < 10 µg/dL ) 21.5%
6. Sources – Vitamin A (Retinol)
● Animal foods – liver, egg yolk, fish & meat
● Dairy products – butter, cheese, whole milk
● Beta-carotene – provitamin A precursor in GLV, yellow
fruits- papaya, mango, pumpkin (less bioavailable)
● Stored in liver (buffer)
● RDA – 0-12 mt – 350 µg. 1to6yr-390-510µg, 7to9yr-630 µg
● 10-17yr-770-1000 µg and adult man – 1000 µg women 840
µg, pregnancy 900 µg lactation 950 µg (ICMR 2020)
7. Vitamin A Defeciency - VAD
● A systemic disease that affects cells and organs, causing
“keratinizing metaplasia” in respiratory, urinary and
intestinal epithelium
● Goblet cell numbers are reduced reuced mucus
secretion, reduced antimicrobial activity
● Thus protective tissue fails to regenerate & differentiate
● Gradual depletion leads to xerophthalmia
9. Prevalence criteria for VAD
Indicator Minimum prevalence, %
XN Night blindness > 1
X1BBitot’s spot > 0.5
X2, X3A, X3B, Corneal Xerosis /
Corneal ulceration/ keratomalacia
> 0.001
XS Corneal Scar > 0.005
For determining the public health significance of spectrum of
VAD in 6mt to 6 yr
10. Indicators of Vit. A deficiency
Criteria Group
Public Health Importance
Mild Moderate Severe
Night Blindness
Children (24-
71mt)
<1% 1-5% ≥5%
Pregnant women ≥5%
Plasma retinol
< 0.70 µmol/L
Preschool
children/pregnant
women
≥2-≤10% ≥10-<20% ≥20%
11. XN - Night blindness
● Earliest manifestation, function of rods impaired, affected
child is unable to move around the house or
neighbourhood after dusk, unable to find their toys or
food
● Also known as “chicken eyes”. Difficult to recognize in
children who have not yet begun to crawl
12. X1A – Conjunctival Xerosis
● Loss of goblet cells & transformation of conjunctival
epithelium to stratified squammous type
● Conjucntiva becomes dry, roughened & corrugated with
fine droplets or bubbles on surface & appears like
● “SANDBANKS AT RECEDING TIDE”
● Xerosis – whitish, yellow triangular patch and is usually
seen in both eyes leads to Bitot’s spot
● Temporal, bulbar conjunctiva adjacent to limbus
13. X1B - Bitot’s Spot
Triangular
dry, whitish,
foamy
appearing
lesions,
located m/c
on temporal
side
14. X2 - Corneal Xerosis
● Dryness of cornea, absence of
tear cells most obviously
manifest in the inferonasal
part of cornea (the part
covered last by eyelids)
● Clinically apparent as
punctate white spots over
cornea which stains brightly
with fluorescein
15. X3A &B - Corneal ulceration/ keratomalacia
● Corneal ulceration/ keratomalacia <1/3 corneal surface
● Loss of corneal epithelium with or without underlying
stromal defect.
● Xerosis predisposes cornea to infection due to loss of tear
film, which penetrate beneath and erode stromal tissues
● Keratomalacia – complete erosion of stromal tissues at
site of ulcer
● Corneal Ectasia – bulging out of cornea (thinning)
16. XS - Corneal Scar
● Healing response at
ulceration site
opacity – Scar
● Nebular, macular or
leukomatous as per
severity
● Staphyloma – Iris
adherent to corneal scar
17. Causes
● Demographic features – low SES, developing countries,
illeterate, overcrowded slums, low sanitation & hygiene
● Age – preschool primarily, due to susceptibility to
infections, increased requirements, may occur at any age
● Feeding practices – rare in breast fed (absorbable retinol)
● At start of complementary feeding
● low vit A diet, SEA where rice is staple (no β carotene)
18. Causes
● Decreased bioavailability of provitamin A carotenoids as
in fat malabsoption, liver disorders
● Interference with absorption or storage, celiac disease,
cystic fibrosis, pancreatic insufficiency, duodenal byppass,
bile duct obstruction
● Concomitant intestinal & respiratory infections aften result
in poor absorption, utilization – predisposing to VAD
19. Prevention & Control
● Promoting consumption of Vit. A rich food
● Fortification of edible oil
● Administering supplemental dose of Vit.
● Administering measles containing vaccine
● Address concomitant illeness
20. Prevention & Control
● Promoting consumption of Vit. A rich food
● Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months & timely
complimentary feeding. Colustrum must
● Regular consumption of food rich in Vit A, by children ,
pregnant and lactating mothers
● Health education - women visiting anganwadi, ANC, IMM
21. Prevention & Control
● Fortification of edible oil with Vit. A – FSSAI
recommends, also for all toned & double tonned milk
● Administering supplemental dose of Vit. A to all under 5
● 9 months – 100,000 IU
● 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54, 60 months – 200,000 IU
● UIP – Vit A every 6 months (6mt – 59 mt), 2MCV
22. Prevention & Control
● Administering measles containing vaccine – 2 doses of
MCV to every eligible child
● Address concomitant illeness like diarrhea, measles etc.
● Treatment – Xerophthalmia responds to Vit A
● 200,000 IU (110mg) of retinol palmitate orally – 2 days
● Infants or < 8kg half dose – 100,000 IU
23. Hypervitaminosis A
● Effects of excessive vitamin A
● Limit of liver stores of retinoid exceeds
● Symptoms-vision problems, skin changes & bone pain.
● Excess vit. A enters circulation causing systemic toxicity
● Β Carotene a precursor of vitamin A, is selectively
converted into retinoids & does not cause toxicity.
Editor's Notes
2% of all deaths in this age attributable to vAD. National nutrition monitoring bureau
Night blindness is the difficulty for the eyes to adjust to dim light. Affected individuals are unable to distinguish images in low levels of illumination. People with night blindness have poor vision in the darkness, but see normally when adequate light is present
Xerosis leads to bitots spot, keratinization of xerotic conjunctiva & colonization by saprophytic bacilli
Xerosis leads to bitots spot, keratinization of xerotic conjunctiva & colonization by saprophytic bacilli
In case of vomitting/diarrhea give IM 100,000 IU then 200,000 IU 1-4 weeks later
In case of vomitting/diarrhea give IM 100,000 IU then 200,000 IU 1-4 weeks later