This document discusses hypertension (high blood pressure), including its epidemiology, prevention, and control. It begins with learning objectives and defines hypertension. An estimated 1.13 billion people worldwide have hypertension. Prevalence is increasing and it is a major cause of death. Prevention efforts include population-wide strategies like reducing sodium intake and increasing physical activity, as well as high-risk strategies like monitoring blood pressure from childhood. Treatment involves lifestyle changes and medication to control blood pressure. New initiatives in India are screening for hypertension at all levels of the healthcare system.
Hypertension is a silent, invisible killer that rarely causes symptoms. Increasing public awareness is key, as is access .Raised blood pressure is a warning sign that significant lifestyle changes are urgently needed. People need to know why raised blood pressure is dangerous, and how to take steps to control it.
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
Hypertension is a silent, invisible killer that rarely causes symptoms. Increasing public awareness is key, as is access .Raised blood pressure is a warning sign that significant lifestyle changes are urgently needed. People need to know why raised blood pressure is dangerous, and how to take steps to control it.
India is the highest TB burden country in the world & accounts for nearly 1/5th (20 per cent) of global burden of tuberculosis, 2/3rd of cases in SEAR. Every year approximately 1.8 million persons develop tuberculosis, of which about 0.8 million are new smear positive highly'- infectious cases.Annual risk of becoming infected with TB is 1.5 % and once infected there is 10 % life-time risk of developing TB disease
On 19 November 1985, GOI renamed EPI program, modifying the schedule as ‘Universal Immunization Program’ dedicated to the memory of Late Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi.
UIP has two vital components: immunization of pregnant women against tetanus, and immunization of children
Specific Learning Objectives
At the end of session, the learner shall be able to:
Differentiate Control, elimination and eradication.
Apply Levels of prevention.
Apply Modes of intervention.
Describe International Classification of Disease
NCDs, also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviours factors.
The main types of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes
Epidemiology of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs)Prabesh Ghimire
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
application of epidemiology in htn in community.pptxanjalatchi
Hypertension is when blood pressure is too high. Blood pressure is written as two numbers. The first (systolic) number represents the pressure in blood vessels when the heart contracts or beats. The second (diastolic) number represents the pressure in the vessels when the heart rests between beats.
On 19 November 1985, GOI renamed EPI program, modifying the schedule as ‘Universal Immunization Program’ dedicated to the memory of Late Prime Minister Mrs Indira Gandhi.
UIP has two vital components: immunization of pregnant women against tetanus, and immunization of children
Specific Learning Objectives
At the end of session, the learner shall be able to:
Differentiate Control, elimination and eradication.
Apply Levels of prevention.
Apply Modes of intervention.
Describe International Classification of Disease
NCDs, also known as chronic diseases, tend to be of long duration and are the result of a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental and behaviours factors.
The main types of NCDs are cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma) and diabetes
Epidemiology of Non Communicable Diseases (NCDs)Prabesh Ghimire
Declaration: The materials incorporated in this document have come from variety of sources and compiler bears no responsibilities for any information contained herein. The compiler acknowledges all the sources although references have not been explicitly cited for all the contents in this document.
application of epidemiology in htn in community.pptxanjalatchi
Hypertension is when blood pressure is too high. Blood pressure is written as two numbers. The first (systolic) number represents the pressure in blood vessels when the heart contracts or beats. The second (diastolic) number represents the pressure in the vessels when the heart rests between beats.
This lecture presents the 1-Updated recommendations regarding definition and proper diagnosis of HTN. 2-Updated guidelines for threshold of BP to start treatment and targets of treatment. 3- Updated recommendations on CV risk assessment and management. 4-Hypertension and comorbidities: updated guidelines
HypertensioN, The Silent Killer, Hypertension is a common disease that is simply defined as persistent elevated arterial blood pressure (BP).
Hypertension (HTN), also known as high blood pressure (BP), affects millions of people. High blood pressure is defined as BP ≥140/90 millimeters of mercury (mmHg). As per JNC 8
SYSTEMIC HYPERTENSION AND SCOPE OF HOMOEOPATHY
Dr. Smita Brahmachari
Abstract:
Hypertension (HTN) is an enormous health problem and is one of the biggest health challenges in the 21st century. Although the condition is common, readily detectable, and easily treatable, it is usually asymptomatic and often leads to lethal complications if left untreated. The prevalence of HTN is increasing rapidly in India driven by diverse health transitions. Apart from health implications it has huge societal, developmental and economic costs to resource constrained health systems, particularly developing nations like India. Further, hypertension is also a leading cause for hospitalizations and outpatient visits.
Reducing systolic and diastolic BP can decrease cardiovascular risk and this can be achieved by non-pharmacological (lifestyle measures) as well as pharmacological means (medicines). Homoeopathic system of medicine particularly individualized constitutional approach has significant beneficial effects on patients suffering from HTN and thus widely used in length and breadth of our nation as an alternative public health approach in curbing the increasing prevalence of HTN because of its cost effectiveness and minimal side effects.
In current scenario with rising burden of HTN posing a serious health threat to health care system of India, the present article makes a sincere attempt to present before its readers how to timely and effectively address a case of HTN at primary level health care set-up with homoeopathic medicines.
Author : The author has done her post-graduation from National Institute of Homoeopathy, Kolkata in the subject Homoeopathic Repertory. She is presently working as Medical Officer in Dept. of ISM &Homoeopathy under Govt. of NCT Delhi.
E-mail id: smita.brahmachari@rediffmail.com.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
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- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
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- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
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- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
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Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
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MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...
Epidemiology prevention control of hypertension
1. Dr. Abhishek Tiwari,
Assistant Professor,
Department of Community Medicine,
Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, Prayagraj
Epidemiology,
Prevention &
Control of
Hypertension
2. Learning Objectives
To understand why Hypertension is a Public
Health Concern
To understand the Epidemiology of Hypertension
What all should be done to Prevent it ?
Methods available to Control Hypertension ?
11-10-2021
2
4. Introduction
An estimated 1.13 billion people worldwide have
HYPERTENSION, most of them (2/3rd) living in low &
middle-income countries.
Prevalence 30-40%, 24% in men & 20% women
Prevalence > 60% in people aged >60 years
In 2015, 1 in 4 men & 1 in 5 women had HTN
Annual increase of 15-20% estimated by 2025
A major cause of premature death worldwide.
One of the global targets for Noncommunicable
diseases is to reduce the prevalence of hypertension by
25% by 2025 (baseline 2010)
5. Burden - India
National Family Health Survey 2015-16
11% women and 15% in men were hypertensive
Prevalence was found to be higher in males and
those with high Body Mass Index.
Consistent increase in prevalence with increase in
BMI
Now – health & wellness center are focusing on
Noncommunicable Diseases and their prevention in
particular
6. Hypertension
Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood
against the walls of the body’s arteries, the major blood
vessels in the body. Hypertension is when blood
pressure is too high.
The first (systolic) number represents the pressure in
blood vessels when the heart contracts or beats. The
second (diastolic) number represents the pressure in
the vessels when the heart rests between beats.
If on 2 different days, systolic BP readings on both
days is ≥140 mmHg and/or the diastolic BP readings on
both days is ≥90 mmHg only then we diagnose as HTN
7. Symptoms of HTN
Hypertension is called a "silent killer“
Most people with HTN are unaware of their status as
they have no warning signs or symptoms
It is essential to get blood pressure measured regularly.
When symptoms do occur, they are early morning
headaches, nosebleeds, irregular heart rhythms, vision
changes & buzzing in the ears
Severe hypertension can cause fatigue, nausea,
vomiting, confusion, anxiety, chest pain & muscle
tremors.
The only way to detect hypertension is to measure
8. Grading of HTN
Category Systolic (mm of
Hg)
Diastolic (mm
of Hg)
Optimal <120 And < 80
Normal 120 – 129 And/or 80 - 84
High Normal 130 – 139 And/or 85 - 89
Grade 1 HTN 140 – 159 And/or 90 - 99
Grade 2 HTN 160 – 179 And/or 100 - 109
Grade 3 HTN >= 180 And/or > 110
Isolated systolic HTN >= 140 And < 90
When systolic BP & diastolic BP readings fall in different
category, the higher category should be taken.
Higher the BP higher the risk of Cardiovascular disease.
Extent of organ damage varies in individuals with HTN, hence
it depends on many factors.
9. Measurement
Accurate measurement are essential under
STANDARDIZED conditions for valid comparisons
3 identified source of errors
a) Observer Error – Hearing acuity, interpretation of
korotkow sounds.
b) Instrumental error – e.g. leaking valves, cuffs not
encircling arm etc.
c) Subject errors – physical environment, position,
external stimuli such as fear, anxiety & so on
Sitting position is recommended and a uniform policy
of measurement is essential
10. Classification
Primary [Essential]
Cause unknown, accounts for 90% cases, most
common
Secondary
Some other disease process or abnormality
involved in causation, like kidney disease, adrenal
gland disorder, narrowing of Aorta, toxemia of
pregnancy, altogether less than 10% cases
11. Risk Factors of HTN
The “LIFESTYLE” disease has a range of risk factors
HTN is itself a major risk factor and it has its own risk
factors
NON MODIFIABLE
1) Age – BP increases with age in both sexes due to
accumulation of environmental factors and ageing
phenomenon
2) Sex – in adolescence Men display higher average,
difference is clearly evident in young & adults. Later
on this pattern narrows & may even reverse. Post
menopausal changes are contributory.
.
12. Risk Factors of HTN
NON MODIFIABLE
3) Genetic factors – evidence suggests BP levels are
determined partly by genetic factors, with
polygenic inheritance.
Twin studies - BP of monozygotic twins are strongly
related than zygotic twins. In contrast no relation
was found in levels of husband & wife, and between
adopted children.
Family studies – children of 2 normotensive parents
have 3% possibility of developing HTN, while it is
45% for hypertensive parents
.
13. Risk Factors of HTN
NON MODIFIABLE
4) Ethnicity – Population studies have shown higher
levels in black population
MODIFIABLE
1. OBESITY – Greater the wt. gain greater the risk.
On loosing weight the BP also decreases. “Central
obesity” has been positively correlated with high
BP
2. SALT INTAKE – high intake 7-8 g/day increases
the risk. Low sodium intake decreases the BP.
Japan sodium intake is above 400 mmol/day has
higher incidence
.
14. Risk Factors of HTN
3) SATURATED FAT – It raises BP & serum
cholesterol. Cholesterol & LDL are involved in
atherosclerosis.
Recommended – greater intake of PUFA and less
intake of saturated fat. Fat intake should be less than
30% of total calories.
4) DIETARY FIBRE – beneficial in reducing total
plasma total & LDL cholesterol.
5) ALCOHOL INTAKE – high intake is harmful
.
15. Risk Factors of HTN
6) HEART RATE – hypertensive subjects were found
to have higher heart rate. This may be due to
resetting of sympathetic activity at a higher level
7) PHYSICAL INACTIVITY – minimum of 30 minutes
for at least 5 days a week is essential to reduce
the risk of HTN and NCD. Sedentary lifestyle leads
to obesity and predisposes to NCD
8) ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS – higher noradrenaline
in hypertensive supports that over activity of
sympathetic system is involved
.
16. Risk Factors of HTN
9) SOCIO-ECONOMIC STATUS – earlier higher
disease burden in developed countries, but now
the trend is transitioning. More cases in low &
middle income countries.
10)OTHER FACTORS – most common cause of
secondary HTN is oral contraception, because of
oestrogen
.
17. Rule of Halves
Hypertension is an
“ICEBERG” Disease
Only 1/2 have been
diagnosed
Only 1/2 of those
diagnosed have been
treated
Only 1/2 of those
treated are adequately
controlled
Thus, only
12.5%overall are
adequately controlled
18. Tracking of Blood Pressure
If blood pressure of
individuals were followed up
over a period of years from
early childhood into adult
life, then those whose
pressures were initially high
in distribution, would
continue in the same “track”
as adults.
This phenomenon of
PERSISTENCE is called
tracking & can be applied in
identifying “AT RISK”
children & adolescents.
20. Prevention
WHO recommended approach:
1. Primary Prevention- “all measures to reduce the
incidence of disease in population by reducing
RISK of onset”
a. Population Strategy
b. High Risk Strategy
2. Secondary Prevention
We can control hypertension by medication
(secondary) but the ultimate goal is PRIMARY
Prevention 11-10-2021
20
21. Population Strategy- for All
Even a small reduction in average BP of Population
would produce large reduction in incidence of CVD
complications.
GOAL – to shift the BP
towards lower levels
with multifactorial
approach & non
Pharmacotherapeutic
interventions
11-10-2021
21
Interventions
Nutrition – DASH (dietary
approach to stop HTN), low
sodium & fat
Weight reduction – maintain
BMI < 25
Exercise promotion
Behavioural changes
Health Education
Self Care
22. High - Risk Strategy
GOAL – To prevent the attainment of levels of
blood pressure which requires treatment.
Appropriate for community with low prevalence of
risk factors
Detection of High RISK subjects by assessing all
predisposing factors & clinical methods
11-10-2021
22
Interventions to identify those at Higher RISK
Tracking of Blood Pressure from childhood
Family History details of hypertension
23. Secondary Prevention
GOAL – To detect & control high BP of effected
individual
1) Early Case detection – major problem, remember
silent killer and iceberg phenomenon. SCREENING
of population with adequate follow up
2) Treatment - modern Anti-hypertensive therapy
3) Patient compliance – “the extent to which the
patients behaviour coincides with clinical
prescription” . Health education improves
compliance
it’s a control and not cure so has to be LIFELONG
11-10-2021
23
25. Newer initiatives for NCD
Screening at all levels in the health care delivery
system from sub-centre & above
Capacity building at various levels of health care for
prevention, early diagnosis, treatment, rehabilitation,
IEC/BCC, operational research and rehabilitation.
To support for development of database of NCDs
through Surveillance System and to monitor NCD
morbidity and mortality and risk factors.
Health promotion through behaviour change with
involvement of community, civil society, community
based organizations, media etc.
11-10-2021
25