Enzyme definition, Enzyme immobilization introduction , Enzyme immobilization definition, Explanation about support/ matrix, Examples about immobilized enzymes and their product, Advantages of immobilization, Applications of immobilization, Methods of immobilization in different categories like Adsorption method, Covalent bonding method, Entrapment method, Co polymerization /Cross linking method, Encapsulation method, Applications of immobilized enzymes, Diagrammatic explanation about methods of immobilization.
As enzymes are biological catalysts that promote the rate of reactions but are not themselves consumed in the reactions; they may be used repeatedly for as long as they remain active. However, in most of the processes, enzymes are mixed in a solution with substrates and cannot be economically recovered after the reaction and are generally wasted. Thus, there is an incentive to use enzymes in an immobilized or insolubilized form so that they may be retained in a biochemical reactor for further catalysis.
Enzyme immobilization may be defined as a process of confining the enzyme molecules to a solid support over which a substrate is passed and converted to products. The process whereby the movement of enzymes, cells, organelles, etc. in space is completely or severely restricted usually resulting in a water-insoluble form of the enzyme
Introduction :
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria)
The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and in 1928 "rediscovered" by Alexander Fleming from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum.
The antibiotic substance, named penicillin, was not purified until the 1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in time to be used at the end of the second world war.
Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation
Production of tetracyclin and cephalosporinSamsuDeen12
Tetracyclin and cephalosporins are one of the major used antibiotics commonly all around the world. They are used to treat against microorganisms as a bactericidal, these eliminates those organisms in the host through various mechanism. These antibiotics are produced in a large scale using a bioreactors in many countries.
Vaccines have been revolutionary for the prevention of infectious diseases. Despite worldwide immunization of children against the six devastating diseases, 20% of infants are still left un-immunized; responsible for approximately two million unnecessary deaths every year, especially in the remote and impoverished parts of the globe. This is because of the constraints on vaccine production, distribution and delivery. One hundred percent coverage is desirable, because un-immunized populations in remote areas can spread infections and epidemics in the immunized safe areas, which have comparatively low herd immunity. For some infectious diseases, immunizations either do not exist or they are unreliable or very expensive. Immunization through DNA vaccines is an alternative but is an expensive approach, with disappointing immune response. Hence the search is on for cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socio-culturally readily acceptable vaccines and their delivery systems. As Hippocrates said, Let thy food be thy medicine, scientists suggest that plants and plant viruses can be genetically engineered to produce vaccines against diseases such as dental caries; and life-threatening infections like diarrhea, AIDS, etc (Lal et al., 2007)
As enzymes are biological catalysts that promote the rate of reactions but are not themselves consumed in the reactions; they may be used repeatedly for as long as they remain active. However, in most of the processes, enzymes are mixed in a solution with substrates and cannot be economically recovered after the reaction and are generally wasted. Thus, there is an incentive to use enzymes in an immobilized or insolubilized form so that they may be retained in a biochemical reactor for further catalysis.
Enzyme immobilization may be defined as a process of confining the enzyme molecules to a solid support over which a substrate is passed and converted to products. The process whereby the movement of enzymes, cells, organelles, etc. in space is completely or severely restricted usually resulting in a water-insoluble form of the enzyme
Introduction :
Antibiotics are antimicrobial agents produced naturally by other microbes (usually fungi or bacteria)
The first antibiotic was discovered in 1896 by Ernest Duchesne and in 1928 "rediscovered" by Alexander Fleming from the filamentous fungus Penicilium notatum.
The antibiotic substance, named penicillin, was not purified until the 1940s (by Florey and Chain), just in time to be used at the end of the second world war.
Penicillin was the first important commercial product produced by an aerobic, submerged fermentation
Production of tetracyclin and cephalosporinSamsuDeen12
Tetracyclin and cephalosporins are one of the major used antibiotics commonly all around the world. They are used to treat against microorganisms as a bactericidal, these eliminates those organisms in the host through various mechanism. These antibiotics are produced in a large scale using a bioreactors in many countries.
Vaccines have been revolutionary for the prevention of infectious diseases. Despite worldwide immunization of children against the six devastating diseases, 20% of infants are still left un-immunized; responsible for approximately two million unnecessary deaths every year, especially in the remote and impoverished parts of the globe. This is because of the constraints on vaccine production, distribution and delivery. One hundred percent coverage is desirable, because un-immunized populations in remote areas can spread infections and epidemics in the immunized safe areas, which have comparatively low herd immunity. For some infectious diseases, immunizations either do not exist or they are unreliable or very expensive. Immunization through DNA vaccines is an alternative but is an expensive approach, with disappointing immune response. Hence the search is on for cost-effective, easy-to-administer, easy-to-store, fail-safe and socio-culturally readily acceptable vaccines and their delivery systems. As Hippocrates said, Let thy food be thy medicine, scientists suggest that plants and plant viruses can be genetically engineered to produce vaccines against diseases such as dental caries; and life-threatening infections like diarrhea, AIDS, etc (Lal et al., 2007)
ENZYMES are large biological molecules (catalysts) that speed up rate of chemical reaction without being used up in the reaction. (responsible for the thousands of chemical interconversions that sustain life).
IMMOBILIZATION means that the biocatalysts are limited in moving due to chemically or physically treatment.
Immobilization techniques are used by the movement of cells and enzymes. First enzyme immobilized in Japan. The immobilized enzyme is aminoacylase. This process is carried out by various methods such adsorption, covalent bonding, cross linking, entrapment, encapsulation. Immobilization of cells is an alternative method for immobilization of enzymes.
Enzyme immobilization is defined as confining the enzyme molecules to a distinct phase from the one in which the substrates and the products are present.
It is achieved by fixing the enzyme molecules to or within some suitable material.
Proline introduction, extraction of proline from plant samples, estimation by ninhydrin method, principle, materials required, procedure, absorbance
observation and calculation, result, some questions and answer related to proline, videolinks
Ripening definition, Biochemistry of fruit ripening, Cell wall degradation, Modifications of cell wall components, starch into simple sugars, degradation of chlorophyll content
Estimation of reducing and nonreducing sugarsJasmineJuliet
Reducing suar, non reducing sugar introduction, examples, extraction from plant sample, estimation of reducing sugar, estimation of total sugar, detected value applied in formulas, result.
Estimation of total sugars, Extration, Total sugar introduction, estimation, principle, materials required, procedure, calculation , result , observation , colorimetry, calibration curve, important note, videolinks.
Chemical interactions of food components emulsion, gelation, browning.JasmineJuliet
Food definition, Chemical components of food, chemical interactions of food components, Emulsion, emulsifier definition, Emulsified food products, Chemical interactions of food components during emulsion, Gelation definition, gelation food products, Gelation process, Browning, Enzymatic browning, nonenzymatic browning, Maillard reaction, caramelisation, uses of browning in food industry, browning reaction in chemical pathway.
Photorespiration - Introduction, why is it occur in plants, pathway of photorespiration, Enzymes names, pathway step by step explanation, Benefits of photorespiration, additional information related to photorespiration, Rubisco enzyme, Oxygenase enzyme, Oxygen concentration higher leads to photorespiration, problem to carry out calvin cycle.
Estimation of reducing and non reducing sugarJasmineJuliet
Reducing sugar definition and example, non-reducing sugar definition and example, Estimation of reducing sugar by DNSA method, Estimation of total sugars by anthrone metod, Estimation of non-reducing sugar from amount of total sugars and reducing sugar, formula for estimation of non-reduci
Estimation of starch by anthrone methodJasmineJuliet
Starch introduction, colorimetric principle, antrone reagent preparation, anthrone method preparation, anthrone test priciple, materials required, procedure, calculation, starch content formula from glucose content, references, videolinks related to estimation of starch, stock, working standard preparation,
Coenzyme - Introduction, Definition, Examples for coenzyme, reaction catalysed by coenzyme, Types of coenzymes - cosubstrate and prosthetic group coenzymes, second type of classification of coenzyme- hydrogen group transfer , other than hydrogen group transfer.
Enzymes definitions, types & classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzyme - Introduction, Biocatalysts, Definition of enzymes, Types of enzymes, classification of enzyme, Nomenclature of enzymes, EC number, Types of enzymes with examples, and reaction.
Enzymes properties, nomenclature and classificationJasmineJuliet
Enzymes - Definition, Introduction about biocatalysts, Properties of enzymes, Specificity, capacity for regulation, Example for enzyme at specific pH, Nomenclature of enzymes, Systematic name, common name, enzyme commission number, Classification of enzymes: Oxidoreductase, Transferase, lyases, ligases, isomerases, hydrolases.
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloidsJasmineJuliet
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
Glycoproteins and lectin ( Conjugated Carbohydrate)JasmineJuliet
Glycoprotein - Introduction, Structure, Significance. Lectin - Introduction, Structure, Significance. Lipid definition, Some review questions related to Glycoprotein and lectins
Polysaccharide introduction, example, structure, starch, cellulose, chitin those structure and important functions and their presence in plants and animals, polysaccharide types based on functions and their composition , functions of polysaccharides , important images for relevant polysaccharides types, polysaccharide role in plants and animal cells. Starch - structure and functions, cellulose structure and functions, chitin - structure and functions
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
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Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
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In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. Enzyme - Introduction
• Enzymes are biological catalysts promote chemical
reactions in living organisms.
• Enzyme has the ability to catalyze reactions under
very mild conditions with high degree of substrate
specificity thus decreasing the formation of by-
products.
3. Enzyme immobilization -
Introduction
• Enzymes are extensively used in diverse food processing, for e.g. in beer,
wine, and cheese production.
• However, the widespread industrial application of enzymes, which has
been going on for a long time, is often hindered by their short shelf-
storage life, and inconvenient recovery and reutilization.
• These downsides can generally be overcome using various methods to
immobilize the enzymes.
• Supported materials for immobilization are selected on the basis of
enzyme application.
4. Enzyme immobilization -
Introduction
• Enzyme immobilization is a technique specifically designed to
restrict the freedom of movement of an enzyme.
• Immobilization of enzymes is a common practice, to minimize
enzyme costs on the process by making it possible to reuse the
enzyme many times.
• The immobilization technique may be modify the enzyme
behavior, thus reducing the enzyme and product costs.
• Many techniques have been used for enzyme immobilization.
5. Enzyme immobilization - Definition
• Immobilization is defined as the imprisoned of cell or
enzyme in a distinct support or matrix.
• The support or matrix on which the enzymes are immobilized
to allows the exchange of medium containing substrate or
effector or inhibitor molecules.
• The practice of immobilization of cells is very old and the
first immobilized enzyme was Amino acylase of Aspergillus
oryzae for the production of L-aminoacids in Japan.
6.
7. Examples for immobilized enzymes
and their products
Enzyme Product
Glucose isomerase High-fructose corn syrup
Aminoacid acylase Aminoacid production
Penicillin acylase Semi-synthetic penicillins
Nitrile hydratase Acrylamide
Β-Galactosidase Hydrolyzed lactose(Whey)
8. Advantages of immobilization
1) Increased functional efficiency of enzyme
2) Enhanced reproducibility of the process.
3) Reuse of enzyme.
4) Continuous use of enzyme.
5) Less labour input in the processes.
6) Saving in capital cost and investment of the process.
9. Advantages of immobilization
7) Minimum reaction time.
8) Less chance of contamination in the products.
9) More stability of products.
10) Stable supply of products in the market.
11) Improved process control.
12)High Enzyme substrate ratio.
10. Applications of enzyme immobilization
(1) Industrial production of antibiotics, beverages, aminoacids
etc. Uses immobilized enzymes or whole cells.
(2) Biomedical applications: Immobilized enzymes are widely
used in the diagnosis and treatment of many diseases.
(3) Food industry: Enzymes like pectinases, and cellulases
immobilized are successfullyused in the production of jams,
jellies and syrups from fruits and vegetables.
11. Applications of enzyme
immobilization
(4) Research: The use of immobilized enzyme allow
researcher to increase the efficiency of different
enzymes such as Horse Radish Peroxidase (HRP) in
blotting experiments.
(5) Production of bio-diesel from vegetable oils.
(6) Waste water management: treatment of sewage
and industrial effluents.
12. Applications of enzyme
immobilization
(7) Textile industry: Scouring, Bio- polishing, desizing
of fabrics.
(8) Detergent industry: immobilization of lipase
enzyme for effective dirt removal from clothes.
13.
14. Support / matrix used in immobilization
technology
• The matrix or support immobilizes the enzyme by holding
it permanently or temporarily for a brief period of time.
• There are a wide variety of matrixes or carriers or
supports are available for immobilization.
• The matrix used should be cheap and easily available.
• Their reactions with the components of the medium or with
the enzyme should be minimum possible.
15. Support / matrix used in immobilization
technology
• The matrixes or supports for immobilization of enzymes or whole cells are
grouped into three categories:
Support/matrix Example
Natural polymers Alginate, chitosan, chitin, collagen, carageenan,
gelatin, cellulose, starch, pectin.
Synthetic
polymers
Diethylaminoethylcellulose, Polyvinylchloride, UV
activated polyethylene glycol (PEG).
Inorganic
materials
Zeolites. ceramics, Diacetomaceous earth, silica, glass,
Activated carbon, Charcoal.
19. Methods of immobilization
• Based on matrix or support and the types of bond involved, there are
five different methods of immobiliztion of enzymes or whole cells:
o Adsorption
o Covalent bonding
o Entrapment
o Copolymerization
o Encapsulation
20.
21.
22. (I) Adsorption
• Adsorption is the oldest and simplest method of enzyme immobilization.
• Nelson & Griffin used charcoal to adsorb invertase for the first time in
1916.
• In this method enzyme is adsorbed to external surface of the support.
• The support or carrier used may be of different type such as:
Mineral support e.g. Aluminium oxide, clay
Organic support e.g. Starch
Modified sepharose and exchanged resin.
23. (I) Adsorption
• There is no permanent bond formation between the enzyme and
carrier in adsorption method.
• Only weak bonds stabilize the enzyme to the support or carrier.
• The weak bonds ( low energy bonds) involved are mainly:
o Ionic interaction
o Hydrogen bonds
o Vander waals force
24.
25. Methods of adsorption
• Static Process: Immobilization to carrier by allowing the
solution containing enzyme to contact the carrier without
stirring.
• Dynamic batch process: Carrier is placed in the enzyme
solution and mixed by stirring or agitation.
• Reactor loading process: Carrier is placed in the reactor,
and then the enzyme sloution is transferred to the reactor with
continuous agitation.
26. Methods of adsorption
• Electrode position process: Carrier is placed near to
an electrode in an enzyme bathh and then the current is put
on, under the electric field the enzyme migrates to the carrier
and deposited on its surface.
27. Advantages of adsorption method
• No pore diffusion limitation.
• Easy to carry out.
• No reagents are required.
• Minimum activation steps involved.
• Comparatively cheap method of immobilization.
• Less disruptive to enzyme than chemical methods.
28. (II) Covalent bonding
• It is one of the widely used method enzyme
immobilization.
• In covalent bonding, the covalent bonds formed
between the chemical groups in enzyme and the
chemical groups on the support or carrier.
• Hydroxyl groups and amino groups of support or
enzyme form covalent forms quickly.
29. (II) Covalent bonding
• Carriers or supports are commonly used for
covalent bonding are:
Carbohydrates e.g. cellulose, DEAE cellulose,
Agarose.
Synthetic agents e.g. Polyacrylamide.
Protein carriers e.g. collagen, gelatin.
Inorganic carriers e.g. silica, porous glass.
30.
31. Methods of covalent bonding
• Diazoation: Bonding between amino groups of support and
tyrosyl or histidyl group of enzyme.
• Peptidyl bond: Bonding between amino or carboxyl group of the
support and that of the enzyme.
• Poly functional reagents: Use of a bi-functional or
multifunctional reagent (glutaraldehyade) which forms covalent
bonds between the amino group of the support and amino group of
the enzyme.
32.
33. Advantages of covalent bonding
a) Strong linkage of enzyme to the support.
b) No leakage or desorption problem.
c) Comparatively simple method.
d) A variety of support with different functional groups
available.
e) Wide applicability.
34. (III) Entrapment
• In this method enzymes are physically entrapped inside a
porous matrix.
• Bonds involved in stabilizing the enzyme to the matrix may
be covalent or non-covalent.
• The matrix used will be a water soluble polymer.
• Examples of commonly used matrixes:
• Agar, Polyacrylamide gels, cellulose triacetate,
gelatin.
35. Methods of Entrapment
• Inclusion in the gels: Enzymes trapped inside the
gels.
• Inclusion in fibers: Enzymes supported on fibers
made of matrix material.
• Inclusion in microcapsules: Enzymes entrapped in
microcapsules formed by monomer mixtures such as
polyamine and calcium alginate.
36.
37. Advantages of Entrapment
Fast method of immobilization.
Cheap.
Easy to practice at small scale.
Mild conditions are required.
Less chance of conformational changes in enzyme.
Can be used for sensing applications.
38. (IV) Copolymerization
• This method is also called as cross linking.
• Enzymes are directly linked by covalent bonds between
various groups of enzymes via polyfunctional reagents.
• There is no matrix or support is involved in this method.
• Commonly used polyfunctional reagents are glutaraldehyde
and diazonium salt.
• This method is widely used in commercial preparations and
industrial applications.
39.
40. (V) Encapsulation
• Immobilization is done by enclosing the enzymes
in a membrane capsule.
• The capsule will be made up of semipermeable
membrane like nitrocellulose or nylon.
• In this method the effectiveness depends upon the
stability of enzymes inside the capsule.
41.
42. Advantages of Encapsulation
• Cheap and simple method.
• Large quantity of enzymes can be
immobilized by encapsulation.
43. Immobilized enzymes - Conclusion
• Enzymes are intimately involved in a wide variety of traditional food
processes, such as cheese-, beer- and wine-making.
• Desirable characteristics of enzymes and their widespread industrial
applications are often hampered by their lack of long-term operational
stability and shelf-storage life.
• These drawbacks can be overcome by immobilization of enzymes.
• In recent years, much attention has been directed towards the potentiality
of immobilized enzymes in the food industry.