This document discusses environmental risk assessment (ERA). It defines ERA as a generic term for tools and techniques used to gather available information about environmental risks and make judgments about them. The document outlines key steps in ERA, including hazard identification, exposure assessment, and risk estimation. It also discusses challenges like uncertainty, different levels of ERA, and the importance of risk communication. Overall, the document provides an introduction and overview of ERA, its relationship to environmental impact assessment, and considerations for effectively implementing ERA.
Environmental problems and human health, risk assessment and risk managementMd Fahimuzzaman
Environmental problems and human health, risk assessment and risk management
The process of estimating the potential impact of a chemical, physical, microbiological or psychosocial hazard on a specified human population or ecological system under a specific set of conditions and for a certain time frame.
The five stages of environmental health risk assessment:
1. Issue identification
2. Hazard assessment
3. Dose-response
4. Exposure
5. Risk characterisation
Introduction to Risk assessment and management. What is risk assessment and management? How to evaluate risk and how to analyze risk? What is the necessity of risk assessment and management? What are the basic steps for risk assessment and management?
Environmental problems and human health, risk assessment and risk managementMd Fahimuzzaman
Environmental problems and human health, risk assessment and risk management
The process of estimating the potential impact of a chemical, physical, microbiological or psychosocial hazard on a specified human population or ecological system under a specific set of conditions and for a certain time frame.
The five stages of environmental health risk assessment:
1. Issue identification
2. Hazard assessment
3. Dose-response
4. Exposure
5. Risk characterisation
Introduction to Risk assessment and management. What is risk assessment and management? How to evaluate risk and how to analyze risk? What is the necessity of risk assessment and management? What are the basic steps for risk assessment and management?
Presentation by Prof. George Gray, Director of the Centre for Risk Science and Public Health, George Washington University, at the Workshop on Risk Assessment in Regulatory Policy Analysis (RIA), Session 12, Mexico, 9-11 June 2014. Further information is available at http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/
Training slides of Environmental Risk Management addressing issues on the importance of preserving the nature while doing business. Some important highlights:
- Environmental Risk Assessment
- Environmental Degradation
- Disaster Risk Management
- Environment & Sustainability
- Environmental Management Plan
Contact us for further information regarding the training course: info@asia-masters.com
Background, sustainable development, principles of Rio Declaration, Espoo Convention, understanding difference in policy, plan, program & project, key elements of SEA, benefits of SEA.
Presentation by Prof. George Gray, Director of the Centre for Risk Science and Public Health, George Washington University, at the Workshop on Risk Assessment in Regulatory Policy Analysis (RIA), Session 12, Mexico, 9-11 June 2014. Further information is available at http://www.oecd.org/gov/regulatory-policy/
Training slides of Environmental Risk Management addressing issues on the importance of preserving the nature while doing business. Some important highlights:
- Environmental Risk Assessment
- Environmental Degradation
- Disaster Risk Management
- Environment & Sustainability
- Environmental Management Plan
Contact us for further information regarding the training course: info@asia-masters.com
Background, sustainable development, principles of Rio Declaration, Espoo Convention, understanding difference in policy, plan, program & project, key elements of SEA, benefits of SEA.
BBA 4226, Risk Management 1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit II
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Examine the elements of the risk management process.
1.1 Illustrate the use of the risk management process.
2. Analyze the parameters used to categorize risks.
2.1 Categorize risks based on specific parameters.
Course/Unit
Learning Outcomes
Learning Activity
1.1 Unit II Scholarly Activity
2.1
Chapter 3
Unit II Lesson
Unit II Scholarly Activity
Reading Assignment
Chapter 3: Risk
Unit Lesson
We live in interesting and uncertain times, and they are only going to become more complex and risky as the
future unfolds. Individuals and organizations must adapt to an increasingly uncertain environment in order to
identify, mitigate, and survive potential damaging risks. Often, when we think of corporate risks, we think of
natural disasters (e.g., earthquakes and tornados) or even man-made disasters (e.g., fires or attacks such as
the one on September 11, 2001, an oil spill such as the one caused by BP in the Gulf of Mexico, or
information technology (IT) security breaches). Yet, we tend to forget man-made disasters such as the
financial crisis of 2008, which is considered one of the worst global financial crises of all time because of its
ripple effect around the world. We also tend to overlook disruptions in the supply chain of corporations that
could be equally distressing to a company’s survival. Because of the interconnectedness of the world, an
interruption of supplies in one side of the world can have very disruptive and lasting negative effects in
another side.
In today’s economy, many risks have an effect around the world. Thus, it is critical that corporations and
governments implement risk management strategies. First, however, let’s start with defining what risks are all
about.
Risk
Risk is defined as the probability and consequence of not achieving a specific goal. As an example, can the
project be completed within budget? Risk is the probability of loss or the expectation of an unfavorable
outcome as a result of a particular action. Risk is really a measure of future uncertainties or the combination
of an event occurring and the consequences of that event. Newsome (2014) noted that there are different
standards of risk definitions but settled on risks as the “changes, effects, and consequences” of an event’s
potential returns (p. 25). Thus, risk is associated with all future adverse outcomes of an action.
A good description of risks facilitates the understanding, identification, and analysis of risks (Newsome, 2014).
A detailed risk definition and description is the first step to identifying risks. An example of a structured
standardized version of risk description is depicted in Table 3.2 on page 29 of your textbook.
UNIT II STUDY GUIDE
Risk
BBA 4226, Risk Management 2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
Components of Risk
Risk ...
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Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Discuss the difference between risk managers and risk assessors.
2. Identify and discuss the four main steps of risk assessment.
3. Evaluate the role of uncertainty and variability in risk assessment.
4. Discuss the elements of risk communication to the general public.
5. Evaluate the differences between conducting risk assessments for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic substances.
6. Define the hazard quotient and discuss how it is used to evaluate the overall risk associated with a substance.
7. Define common terms encountered in performing a risk assessment.
Written Lecture
After the toxicity and epidemiological data on a chemical has been collected, how do we decide what levels are safe for public health and the environment? Regulators use the process of risk assessment to set pollutant emission levels based on the benefits and consequences to society. In setting these limits, the exposure to the pollutant, as well as its toxicity, are considered. However, as Phalen & Phalen (2013) point out, there are gaps in the toxicity data due to the fact that most of the data is for large exposures. Our everyday exposure is more moderate, and there is uncertainty regarding the extrapolation of the high-exposure data to lower levels of exposure.
There are four main steps involved in risk assessment. Those steps are (1) hazard identification, (2) hazard assessment, (3) exposure assessment, and (4) risk characterization. During the hazard identification stage of a risk assessment, toxicolological, biological, epidemiological, and chemical data is examined to determine how toxic a substance is and what effects if will have on health. The hazard identification of carcinogens is difficult because the effects of certain carcinogens might not be seen for many years after the exposure (Phalen & Phalen, 2013). There are several different classification systems for carcinogens. One main system, used by the EPA, divides carcinogens into seven categories. Following is .
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Environmental Risk Assessment by Mhammed Nour
1.
2. 1- Introduction to ERA.
2- Overview.
3- Definition of ERA.
4- the Basic framework of ERA.
5- ERA in the Context of EIA.
6- Problems with terminology.
7- Legislative and policy background.
8- Key Steps in Performing an ERA.
9- Different Levels Of ERA.
10- Challenges facing the ERA.
11- Risk Communication.
12- Conclusion.
3. Risk Provide an answer to three keys questions:
- What can go wrong ?
- How likely is it ?
- What are the consequences ?
4. -what can be done to manage any risks
identified & who should be involved?
6. There is now a wealth of publications
coming from a guiding principles set by
governments for Public Domain Risk
Analyses, To handbooks Describe more
detailed approaches to a particular
aspect of risk assessment.
In the last ten years, there have been
several seminal textbooks summarizing
a wealth of scientific papers on all
aspects of ecological and human risk
assessment.
7. EIA practitioners are also increasingly
familiarsing themselves with risk assessment
as a complementary and powerful tool for
analysis.
However, ERA are typically undertaken by a
separate specialists (trained for example in
software applications).
8. Despite the government guidance , there
are still some issues related to where the
term “Impact” is used , rightly or wrongly
In an interchangeable way with “Risk”.
9. this chapter was written with the
needs of the EIA practitioners in
mind, rather than a Risk Specialist.
And it seeks to demonstrate the
considerable benefits of following a
Risk-Based approach.
10. From an EIA perspective, Risk Assessment
has conventionally been used as a tool for
“prediction” & “Evaluation”.
But this chapter Also seeks to explore it’s role as
a complementary approach in it’s own rights.
11. Risk Assessment is well established in fields
of banking, Insurance, & Engineering as a
management tool for dealing with
“Uncertainty”.
It is also used as a tool for improving
occupational safety & setting priorities for
the allocation of resources.
12. Back several decades, Individuals used risk
assessment Consciously or Sub-Consciously, in
their everyday lives.
Such as Negotiating a busy road as a pedestrian,
or place a bet on a horse race.
However, these days Risk Assessment Techniques
have been extended to wider Environmental
Considerations.
13. Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA):
a generic term for a series of tools and techniques
concerned with the structured gathering of available
information about Environmental Risks, and then the
formation of a judgment about them.
Risk Management: Involves reaching decisions on a
range of options that balance these risks against the
costs and benefits ( Specifically Including the
Environmental Costs and Benefits).
14. Communicating the nature and scale of risk and
the options is also a key part of the process.
The next sketch shows the basic elements of a
framework within which ERA may be carried out.
Including the options of generic and tailored
Quantitative Risk Assessment.
QRA : use of measurable , objective data to determine asset
of values , probability of loss , and Associated Risk(s).
http://www.businessdictionary.com
16. ERA and EIA are often overlap and are mutually supportive for
each other, as they both deal with Uncertainty.
Uncertainty: Is an inherent and unavoidable aspect of EIA
and is a characteristic of all natural systems.
Uncertainty arise from a variety of sources , Including the
available Data and The Decision making Process it self.
Approaches for managing uncertainty have been developed in
parallel with risk assessment techniques.
17. ERA and EIA are very similar concepts that broadly have
the same goals and tools that can inform decision-makers
about frequency and magnitude of adverse environmental
impacts that arise from certain activities.
A major additional aspect provided by ERA is that it can
provide probabilities to predicted impacts.
As a response to that, a manager would like to mitigate or
eliminate that particular impact or to reduce it’s potential
risk.
Alternative sites or technology options may be desirable
when doing risk management as seen in the next example.
18. Type ( Flood Risk Assessment )
Description ( the procedure set out by the Government
aims to avoid inappropriate development in areas at risk
from flooding ).
A Flood Risk Assessment ( needs to assess the risk from all
forms of flooding , to and from , the development and
demonstrate how these flood risks will be managed ,
taking climatic changes into account ).
19. ERA Ensuring acceptability of site-specific risks and
Hazards.
ERAs are Legal requirement for activates that
potentially cause damage to the environment or
human Health.
However, the question arises as to when in the
planning process ERAs should be carried out?
- LPAs have stipulated that ERA should submitted at
the same time as an EIA.
20. As for that, potentially there are considerable
Cost-Saving and time advantages by combining
approaches such as ERA and EIA.
21. One of the difficulties with the concept of risk is that it
has been developed and applied across a broad range
of disciplines and activities, leading to different
Terminologies.
22. Such as The following definitions that employed in this
chapter:
Hazard: a property or situation with the potential to cause
Harm.
Risk: a combination of the probability, or frequency of the
occurrence of a particular hazard and the Magnitude of
the adverse effects or harm arising to the quality of human
health or the environment.
Probability: the occurrence of a particular event in a given
period of time or among a number of possible events.
Risk Management: the process of implementing decisions
about accepting or altering risks.
23. When EIA has been evolving for more than two decades
in UK, it’s only in the last decades that policies for
consistent approaches to risk assessment have been
developed for environmental protection.
Then many regulations and proposed legislation
required for Human Health Risk Assessment.
Risk assessment concerned with ecosystem is still not
specifically defined in legislation unlike EIA.
24. In the other hand, risk terminology has crept into the
ecological chapters of many Environmental Statements
in the UK, promoted by the acceptance of Uncertainty
about Impacts and effectiveness of it’s Mitigations.
And as for Interest groups and source of information , ERA
and Management had been undertaken as a
commitment to Sustainable Development.
For Example : The Environmental Agency, through it’s
National Center for Risk Analysis and Options Appraisal.
25. 1- Hazard identification and Analysis.
For a hazard to result in harm there must be a way in which
it can be affect a “Receptor”.
Or as some specialists use the term “Source (Hazard)–
pathway–receptor”.
For example in Flood Defense Scheme might be:
-How likely is it that the scheme will over-topped with flood
water? (Hazard)
-How might people living on the neighboring floodplain be
exposed? (Pathway)
-What effects might be experienced by an exposed
individual? (Receptor)
26. Event tree analysis: is an accepted means of undertaking
hazard analysis.
It’s Important not to make them to complicated for the easy
of understanding.
Example: event tree analysis for accidental spillages and
pollution risk (next slide).
Hazard analysis also involve Estimating the probability or
chance of occurrence of a particular Hazard.
27. Do nothing (severe pollution)
significant
Monitor
Intervene (contain and mitigate)
Do Nothing
insignificant
Do nothing (severe pollution)
significant
SPILLAGE
Monitor
Intervene (contain and mitigate)
Monitor
insignificant
Do nothing (severe pollution)
Intervene
significant
Point of uncertainty
Final Value
Monitor
Intervene (contain and mitigate)
insignificant
28. 2- Exposure Assessment.
Examine the potential consequences associated with
exposure to a hazardous event. Ex-(Chemical Spell).
By taking account for these considerations:
I - A clear definition of the hazard.
II - the characteristic of the local environment.
III - the behavior of the Hazard.
IV - the specific “Dose-Response” relationships that
might be known for particular species or
environmental feature.
29. Determining the 1st factor is relatively straightforward process
, but to determine the other 3 is difficult & complex.
(Example of a various levels of consequences)
Very High Risk: Ecosystem Irreversibly altered, no recovery,
over 100Km2affected.
High Risk: Ecosystem altered, but not irreversibly, recover
may take long as 50 years, 50-100 Km2 affected.
Moderate Risk: only one component of the ecosystem
affected, 10 years of recovery period.
Low Risk: Temporary alternation, less than 0.5Km2, less than
5 years of recovery period.
Very Low Risk: Temporary alternation, very localized, and
minor consequences.
30. 3- Risk Estimation.
Risk can be determined by combining the result of
hazard and consequences analysis.
The simplest form of Risk Estimation is “matrix”.
Such matrices designed to be simple or complex as
appropriate.
Approaches to complete these matrices can be
qualitative, quantative, or a combination for both.
Such approaches that considered more complex or more
controversial, the use of “Multi-Criteria Analysis”.
31. In Risk Estimations , sometimes it is possible to present
risk results in Numerical Terms.
Example : that there is a 20% chance that the use of
pesticide will lead to the loss of 50% of butterfly in a
certain ecosystem.
32. The important in this step is in the “Judgment of the
acceptability of the risk” , By considering it’s effect on
Human health and the Environmental Components.
Option appraisal can be useful in authoring “Alternative”
Ex : For Each option, what are risks, costs and Benefits?
33. In risk management it is possibly to pinpoint where the
improvements could be made.
Risk Management uses the ERA’s Results to Mitigate or
eliminate unacceptable Risks.
But it’s important that to consider where or not a
particular risk management measures not to lead to a
secondary consequences.
Also in risk management, it’s important not to direct a
huge fund at a minor Risk.
34. The different levels of risk assessment can be describe as
following :
1- Risk Screening : determine the range of risks , and the
factors that control whether they will result in
environmental changes.
2- Risk Prioritization : Describe the most Important
Risks.
3- Generic Quantative Risk Assessment : the use of
generally available and tested models to provide a simple
quantification of the risks.
4- Tailored Quantative Risk Assessment : the
development of a specific models to meet a particular
purposes (Usually Complex And Costly).
35. Since ERA deals with Uncertainty measurements , the
main challenges that facing ERA are related to some
factors that leading to Uncertainty in ERA as described
in the next slide.
36. 1- Ecosystems are open, dynamic and complex system with
“Built-in” variability and Recoverability.
2- Individuals sub-systems may be interdependent.
3- recovery from a particular impacts may be over a time span
longer than human life.
4- it’s sometimes difficult to measure causal relationships.
5- persisted materials may cause Irreversible changes.
6- Synergistic Impacts may arise.
7- perceived risk(s) may be just as important as the real risk (if
not more).
37. However, if the best available information at the
time is used, and erroneous data discounted, the
gross errors can be Avoided.
38. Risk communication mean : that all decision-making
should bring together all relevant social, political,
economic, and ethical factors in selecting an
appropriate risk management option.
Communicating allow people to participate in decisionmaking and management processes, if they where
effectively presented.
It is important that communication between risk experts
and decision-makers is appropriate.
39. A more open approaches in risk communication is to create
a dialogue about what the public already knows about
risk and to take on board the public’s insight and views on
particular risk management option.
In communicating risk it is important for risk experts to
convey that there is no such thing as “risk-free” world.
And there are considerable uncertainties in scientific
knowledge.
40. EIA and ERA are Similar forms of impact assessment.
While EIA currently remains the predominantly used tool
for assessing the potential impacts of projects and
proposals.
also it is clear that ERA has much to offer both in
supportive capacity and as a complementary technique.
41. Risk Assessment Can Avoid Giving Wrong Answers
But It Cannot Give Uniquely Right Answers